1   718 192 CALCIUM-DEPENDENT INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN PRIMARY CULTURED ADIPOCYTES AND ANK3 GENE VARIATION IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE AFFECTING >1% OF THE SWEDISH POPULATION. DESPITE PROGRESS, PATIENTS STILL SUFFER FROM CHRONIC MOOD SWITCHES WITH POTENTIAL SEVERE CONSEQUENCES. THUS, EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS AND INITIATION OF CORRECT TREATMENT ARE CRITICAL. CULTURED ADIPOCYTES FROM 35 PATIENTS WITH BD AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED USING SIGNAL PATHWAY REPORTER ASSAYS, THAT IS, PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC), PROTEIN KINASE A (PKA), MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK) AND C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK)), MYC, WNT AND P53. THE LEVELS OF ACTIVATED TARGET TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS WERE MEASURED IN ADIPOCYTES BEFORE AND AFTER STIMULATION WITH LITHIUM AND ESCITALOPRAM. VARIATIONS WERE ANALYSED IN THE LOCI OF 25 DIFFERENT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS). ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS IN SEVERAL PATHWAYS ANALYSED WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS UPON DRUG STIMULATION, ESPECIALLY WITH ESCITALOPRAM STIMULATION OF PKC, JNK AND MYC, AS WELL AS LITHIUM-STIMULATED PKC, WHEREAS NO MEANINGFUL DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED BEFORE STIMULATION. UNIVARIATE ANALYSES OF CONTINGENCY TABLES FOR 80 CATEGORICAL SNP RESULTS VERSUS DIAGNOSES SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT LINK WITH THE ANK3 GENE (RS10761482; LIKELIHOOD RATIO CHI(2)=4.63; P=0.031). IN A MULTIVARIATE ORDINAL LOGISTIC FIT FOR DIAGNOSIS, A BACKWARD STEPWISE PROCEDURE SELECTED ANK3 AS THE REMAINING SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR. COMPARISON OF THE ESCITALOPRAM-STIMULATED PKC ACTIVITY AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE SHOWED THEM TO ADD THEIR SHARE OF THE DIAGNOSTIC VARIANCE, WITH NO INTERACTION (15% OF VARIANCE EXPLAINED, P<0.002). THE STUDY IS CROSS-SECTIONAL WITH NO LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP. COHORTS ARE RELATIVELY SMALL WITH NO MEDICATION-FREE PATIENTS, AND THERE ARE NO 'ILL PATIENT' CONTROLS. IT TAKES 3 TO 4 WEEKS OF CULTURE TO EXPAND ADIPOCYTES THAT MAY CHANGE EPIGENETIC PROFILES BUT REMOVE THE POSSIBILITY OF MEDICATION EFFECTS. ABNORMALITIES IN THE REACTIVITY OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS TO STIMULATION AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGENESIS OF BD. ALGORITHMS USING BIOLOGICAL PATTERNS SUCH AS PATHWAY REACTIVITY TOGETHER WITH STRUCTURAL GENETIC SNP DATA MAY PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR EARLIER DETECTION AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF BD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2   598  26 BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING PROMOTES TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION THROUGH HDAC2-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF THROMBOSPONDIN-1. CHRONIC BEHAVIORAL STRESS AND BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PROMOTE CANCER PROGRESSION, WHOSE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE LARGELY UNCLEAR, ESPECIALLY THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 (HDAC2), AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, IS CRITICAL FOR STRESS-INDUCED CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY. IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER IT IS NECESSARY FOR BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING-PROMOTED CANCER PROGRESSION. USING XENOGRAFT MODELS, WE SHOWED THAT CHRONIC BEHAVIORAL STRESS AND BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING PROMOTE ANGIOGENESIS AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION. HDAC2 WAS INDUCED BY BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING IN VITRO AND IN MOUSE XENOGRAFTS. WE NEXT UNCOVERED THAT HDAC2 IS A DIRECT TARGET OF CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB) THAT IS ACTIVATED BY BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING. NOTABLY, HDAC2 IS NECESSARY FOR BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING TO INDUCE ANGIOGENESIS. WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATED THAT, UPON CREB ACTIVATION, HDAC2 REPRESSES THROMBOSPONDIN-1 (TSP1), A POTENT ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR, THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION. TOGETHER, THESE DATA ESTABLISH A NOVEL PATHWAY THAT HDAC2 AND TSP1 ACT DOWNSTREAM OF CREB ACTIVATION IN BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING TO PROMOTE CANCER PROGRESSION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  3633  32 INCREASE IN HDAC9 SUPPRESSES MYOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY IN HYPOXIA. EXTREMELY REDUCED OXYGEN (O(2)) LEVELS ARE DETRIMENTAL TO MYOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MULTINUCLEATED MYOTUBE FORMATION, AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HIGH-ALTITUDE HYPOXIA HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SKELETAL MUSCLE ATROPHY. HOWEVER, HOW CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAUSES MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION REMAINS UNKNOWN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT SEVERE HYPOXIA (1% O(2)) SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED THE FUNCTION OF C2C12 CELLS (FROM A MYOBLAST CELL LINE). IMPORTANTLY, THE IMPAIRMENT WAS CONTINUOUSLY MANIFESTED EVEN DURING CULTURE UNDER NORMOXIC CONDITIONS FOR SEVERAL PASSAGES. MECHANISTICALLY, WE REVEALED THAT HISTONE DEACETYLASES 9 (HDAC9), A MEMBER OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE FAMILY, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN C2C12 CELLS UNDER HYPOXIC CONDITIONS, THEREBY INHIBITING INTRACELLULAR AUTOPHAGY LEVELS BY DIRECTLY BINDING TO THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ATG7, BECLIN1, AND LC3. THIS PHENOMENON RESULTED IN THE SEQUENTIAL DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF GSK3BETA AND INACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, IMPAIRING THE FUNCTION OF THE C2C12 CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPOXIA-INDUCED MYOBLAST DYSFUNCTION IS DUE TO ABERRANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY, AND OUR EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE REVEALS THE POSSIBLE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOME MUSCLE DISEASES CAUSED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND SUGGESTS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  3869  25 JNK1 REGULATES HISTONE ACETYLATION IN TRIGEMINAL NEURONS FOLLOWING CHEMICAL STIMULATION. TRIGEMINAL NERVE FIBERS IN NASAL AND ORAL CAVITIES ARE SENSITIVE TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS STIMULI, WHICH TRIGGER MANY NEUROTOXIC PROBLEMS SUCH AS CHRONIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND TRIGEMINAL IRRITATED DISORDERS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF JNK KINASE CASCADE AND ITS EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING IN TRIGEMINAL GANGLION (TG) NEURONS ACTIVATED BY ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXINS REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF JNK/C-JUN CASCADE IN THE REGULATION OF ACETYLATION OF H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS FOLLOWING IN VITRO STIMULATION BY A NEURO-INFLAMMATORY AGENT, MUSTARD OIL (MO). WE FOUND THAT MO STIMULATION ELICITED JNK/C-JUN PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY BY ENHANCING PHOSPHO-JNK1, PHOSPHO-C-JUN EXPRESSION, AND C-JUN ACTIVITY, WHICH WERE CORRELATED WITH AN ELEVATED ACETYLATED H3 HISTONE IN TG NEURONS. HOWEVER, INCREASES IN PHOSPHO-C-JUN AND C-JUN ACTIVITY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED BY A JNK INHIBITOR, SP600125. WE ALSO FOUND THAT ALTERED H3 HISTONE REMODELING, ASSESSED BY H3 ACETYLATION IN TRIGGERED TG NEURONS, WAS REDUCED BY SP600125. THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE ACTIVATED JNK SIGNALING IN REGULATION OF HISTONE REMODELING MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NEURO-EPIGENTIC CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL SENSORY NEURONS FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXIC EXPOSURE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5   542  25 ATP-CITRATE LYASE IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR TO PROMOTE OBESITY-RELATED KIDNEY INJURY. OBESITY IS A LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), BUT HOW OBESITY PROMOTES RENAL INJURY REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE WE SHOWED THAT ATP-CITRATE LYASE (ACL), AN ENZYME CONVERTING CITRATE TO ACETYL-COA, IS HIGHLY INDUCED IN THE KIDNEY OF OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE PATIENTS WITH CKD AND OB/OB BTBR MICE. ACL INDUCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ECTOPIC LIPID ACCUMULATION (ELA), GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, AND ALBUMINURIA. ACETYL-COA IS THE SUBSTRATE FOR DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS AS WELL AS FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION. BY RAISING ACETYL-COA CONCENTRATION ACL PROMOTES H3K9/14 AND H3K27 HYPERACETYLATION LEADING TO UP-REGULATION OF SEVERAL RATE-LIMITING LIPOGENIC ENZYMES AND FIBROGENIC FACTORS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE EXCESS ACETYL-COA GENERATED AS A RESULT OF ACL INDUCTION PROVIDES THE SUBSTRATE FOR THESE LIPOGENIC ENZYMES TO DRIVE DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS LEADING TO ELA, A DETRIMENTAL EVENT TOWARD RENAL INJURY. IN MESANGIAL CELLS, ACL IS SYNERGISTICALLY INDUCED BY HIGH GLUCOSE, PALMITATE, AND TNF-ALPHA VIA NF-KAPPAB AND PKA PATHWAYS. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, H3K9/14 AND H3K27 HYPERACETYLATION, AS WELL AS THE INDUCTION OF THE LIPOGENIC AND FIBROGENIC PROTEINS, ARE COMPLETELY BLOCKED IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ACL INHIBITOR. COLLECTIVELY, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ACL IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT PROMOTES RENAL ELA AND FIBROGENESIS LEADING TO RENAL INJURY IN OBESITY.-CHEN, Y., DEB, D. K., FU, X., YI, B., LIANG, Y., DU, J., HE, L., LI, Y. C. ATP-CITRATE LYASE IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR TO PROMOTE OBESITY-RELATED KIDNEY INJURY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6   169  34 ABNORMALITIES OF AMPK ACTIVATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. BACKGROUND: POST EXERTIONAL MUSCLE FATIGUE IS A KEY FEATURE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS). ABNORMALITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN SOME BUT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CFS. TO TRY TO LIMIT POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THIS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL IN VITRO SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS COMPARISON OF AMP KINASE (AMPK) ACTIVATION AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM 10 SUBJECTS WITH CFS AND 7 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, SUBJECTED TO ELECTRICAL PULSE STIMULATION (EPS) FOR UP TO 24H AND EXAMINED FOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE. RESULTS: IN THE BASAL STATE, CFS CULTURES SHOWED INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED IL6 SECRETION DURING DIFFERENTIATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES. CONTROL CULTURES SUBJECTED TO 16 H EPS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN BOTH AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE COMPARED WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS. IN CONTRAST, CFS CULTURES SHOWED NO INCREASE IN AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLUCOSE UPTAKE AFTER 16 H EPS. HOWEVER, GLUCOSE UPTAKE REMAINED RESPONSIVE TO INSULIN IN THE CFS CELLS POINTING TO AN EXERCISE-RELATED DEFECT. IL6 SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO EPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN CFS COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES AT ALL TIME POINTS MEASURED. CONCLUSION: EPS IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR ELICITING MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND THE METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS. WE FOUND FOUR MAIN DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH CFS; INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION IN THE BASAL STATE, IMPAIRED ACTIVATION OF AMPK, IMPAIRED STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND DIMINISHED RELEASE OF IL6. THE RETENTION OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS SUBJECTS POINTS TO A GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND PROVIDES A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7   687  29 BRAINSTEM BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED PAIN RELIEF. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT PERSISTENT PAIN CAN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESS THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GAD2 [ENCODING GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE 65 (GAD65)] AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIR THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF GABAERGIC SYNAPSES IN CENTRAL PAIN-MODULATING NEURONS. THIS CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN SENSITIZATION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCREASED GAD65 ACTIVITY CONSIDERABLY, RESTORED GABA SYNAPTIC FUNCTION, AND RENDERED SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOR LESS PRONOUNCED. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH HDAC REGULATES GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION THROUGH GAD65 UNDER PAIN CONDITIONS ARE UNKNOWN. THIS WORK SHOWED THAT HDAC INHIBITOR-INDUCED INCREASES IN COLOCALIZATION OF GAD65 AND SYNAPTIC PROTEIN SYNAPSIN I ON THE PRESYNAPTIC AXON TERMINALS OF THE NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS (NRM) WERE BLOCKED BY A TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST K252A [(9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-HEXAHYDRO-10-HYDROXY-9-METHYL-1-OXO-9,12-EPOXY-1H-DIINDOLO[1,2,3-FG:3',2',1'-KL]PYRROLO[3,4-I][1,6]BENZODIAZOCINE-10-CARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER], INDICATING THAT BDNF-TRKB SIGNALING MAY BE REQUIRED IN GAD65 MODULATION OF GABA SYNAPTIC FUNCTION. AT THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROMOTER, HDAC INHIBITORS INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN H3 HYPERACETYLATION, CONSISTENT WITH THE INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA AND TOTAL PROTEINS. ALTHOUGH EXOGENOUS BDNF FACILITATED GABA MINIATURE INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND GAD65 ACCUMULATION IN NRM NEURONAL SYNAPSES IN NORMAL RATS, IT FAILED TO DO SO IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, BLOCKADE OF THE TRKB RECEPTOR WITH K252A HAS NO EFFECT ON MINIATURE INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS AND SYNAPTIC GAD65 ACCUMULATION UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS. IN ADDITION, THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITORS ON BEHAVIOR WERE BLOCKED BY NRM INFUSION OF K252A. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT BDNF-TRKB SIGNALING IS REQUIRED FOR DRUGS THAT REVERSE THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PAIN AT THE GENE LEVEL, SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  1800  23 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  3331  34 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT REVERSES HYPOSENSITIVITY TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. BACKGROUND: THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) IS IMPORTANT FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT. MOUSE VTA NEURONS ARE HYPOSENSITIVE TO GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) DURING ETHANOL (ETOH) WITHDRAWAL, AND GABA RESPONSIVENESS IS NORMALIZED BY IN VITRO TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI). THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF A SYSTEMICALLY ADMINISTERED HDACI, SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ON GABA SENSITIVITY, AND RELATED MOLECULAR CHANGES IN VTA NEURONS DURING WITHDRAWAL AFTER CHRONIC ETOH INTAKE IN RATS. METHODS: SPRAGUE DAWLEY MALE ADULT RATS WERE FED WITH LIEBER-DECARLI DIET (9% ETOH OR CONTROL DIET) FOR 16 DAYS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL DIET-FED AND ETOH DIET-FED (0- OR 24-HOUR WITHDRAWAL) RATS TREATED WITH EITHER SAHA OR VEHICLE INJECTION. SINGLE-UNIT RECORDINGS WERE USED TO MEASURE THE RESPONSE OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE LEVELS OF HDAC2, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 (ACH3K9), AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS IN THE VTA; QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNITS. RESULTS: VTA NEURONS FROM THE WITHDRAWAL GROUP EXHIBITED GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY. IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT 2 HOURS BEFORE SACRIFICE NORMALIZED THE SENSITIVITY OF VTA NEURONS TO GABA. ETOH WITHDRAWAL WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED ACH3K9 PROTEIN LEVELS; SAHA TREATMENT NORMALIZED ACH3K9 LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE WAS OBSERVED IN THE MRNA LEVELS OF HDAC2. THE MRNA LEVELS, BUT NOT PROTEIN LEVELS, OF GABA(A) RECEPTOR ALPHA1 AND ALPHA5 SUBUNITS WERE INCREASED DURING WITHDRAWAL. CONCLUSIONS: WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETOH EXPOSURE RESULTS IN A DECREASE IN GABA-MEDIATED INHIBITION, AND THIS GABA HYPOSENSITIVITY IS NORMALIZED BY IN VIVO SAHA TREATMENT. DISRUPTION OF SIGNALING IN THE VTA PRODUCED BY ALTERATION OF GABA NEUROTRANSMISSION COULD BE 1 NEUROADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS LEADING TO CRAVING AND RELAPSE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDACI PHARMACOTHERAPY WITH AGENTS LIKE SAHA MIGHT BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR ALCOHOLISM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  1826  36 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  2300  28 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  1831  31 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  1158  38 CONTEXT-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR OF ACTIVATED T CELLS 1 IN PANCREATIC PLASTICITY. BACKGROUND & AIMS: THE ABILITY OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC CELLS TO CHANGE THE CELLULAR PHENOTYPE IS REQUIRED FOR TISSUE REGENERATION UPON INJURY, BUT ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO THEIR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND TUMOR PROGRESSION. WE INVESTIGATED CONTEXT-DEPENDENT SIGNALING AND TRANSCRIPTION MECHANISMS THAT DETERMINE PANCREATIC CELL FATE DECISIONS TOWARD REGENERATION AND MALIGNANCY. IN PARTICULAR, WE STUDIED THE FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NUCLEAR FACTOR OF ACTIVATED T CELLS 1 (NFATC1) IN PANCREATIC CELL PLASTICITY AND TISSUE ADAPTATION. METHODS: WE ANALYZED CELL PLASTICITY DURING PANCREATIC REGENERATION AND TRANSFORMATION IN MICE WITH PANCREAS-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF A CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE FORM OF NFATC1, OR DEPLETION OF ENHANCER OF ZESTE 2 HOMOLOGUE 2 (EZH2), IN THE CONTEXT OF WILD-TYPE OR CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATE KRAS, RESPECTIVELY. ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS WERE INDUCED BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF CAERULEIN. EZH2-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF NFATC1 EXPRESSION WAS STUDIED IN MOUSE IN HUMAN PANCREATIC TISSUE AND CELLS BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, IMMUNOBLOTTING, AND QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. WE USED GENETIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES OF EZH2 AND NFATC1 INHIBITION TO STUDY THE CONSEQUENCES OF PATHWAY DISRUPTION ON PANCREATIC MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE NFATC1 GENE WERE INVESTIGATED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: NFATC1 WAS RAPIDLY AND TRANSIENTLY INDUCED IN EARLY ADAPTATION TO ACINAR CELL INJURY IN HUMAN SAMPLES AND IN MICE, WHERE IT PROMOTED ACINAR CELL TRANSDIFFERENTIATION AND BLOCKED PROLIFERATION OF METAPLASTIC PANCREATIC CELLS. HOWEVER, IN LATE STAGES OF REGENERATION, NFATC1 WAS EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED BY EZH2-DEPENDENT HISTONE METHYLATION, TO ENABLE ACINAR CELL REDIFFERENTIATION AND PREVENT ORGAN ATROPHY AND EXOCRINE INSUFFICIENCY. IN CONTRAST, ONCOGENIC ACTIVATION OF KRAS SIGNALING IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS REVERSED THE EZH2-DEPENDENT EFFECTS ON THE NFATC1 GENE AND WAS REQUIRED FOR EZH2-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF NFATC1. CONCLUSIONS: IN STUDIES OF HUMAN AND MOUSE PANCREATIC CELLS AND TISSUE, WE IDENTIFIED CONTEXT-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NFATC1 ACTIVITY AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF PANCREATIC CELL PLASTICITY. INHIBITORS OF EZH2 MIGHT THEREFORE INTERFERE WITH ONCOGENIC ACTIVITY OF NFATC1 AND BE USED IN TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  6108  32 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  2755  28 EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LIKE ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY, WE INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC), A GROUP OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS THAT SHUTTLE BETWEEN NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM. INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES (AFTER 3 DAYS), AND FINALLY CHRONIC EPILEPSY AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION IN THE GRANULE CELL LAYERS AND IN SECTORS CA1 AND CA3 CONTRALATERAL TO THE SITE OF KA INJECTION LACKING NEURODEGENERATION. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 MRNAS COINCIDED WITH PRONOUNCED GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AT LATE INTERVALS (14-28 DAYS AFTER KA) AND EQUALLY AFFECTED BOTH HDAC9 SPLICE VARIANTS. IN CONTRAST, IN THE PILOCARPINE MODEL (SHOWING NO GRANULE CELL DISPERSION), WE OBSERVED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 AT THE SAME TIME INTERVALS. BEYOND THIS, STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN BOTH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY MODELS SUCH AS FAST DECREASES IN HDAC7 AND 10 MRNAS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS WERE OBSERVED, NOTABLY ALSO IN THE CONTRALATERAL HIPPOCAMPUS NOT AFFECTED BY NEURODEGENERATION. THE PARTICULAR PATTERNS OF HDAC MRNA EXPRESSION SUGGEST A ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. REDUCED EXPRESSION OF HDACS MAY RESULT IN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PRO- AND ANTICONVULSIVE PROTEINS. ON THE OTHER HAND, EXPORT OF HDACS FROM THE NUCLEUS INTO THE CYTOPLASM COULD ALLOW FOR DEACETYLATION OF CYTOPLASMATIC PROTEINS INVOLVED IN AXONAL AND DENDRITIC REMODELING, LIKE GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. HDAC 5 AND HDAC 9 EXPRESSION IS HIGHLY INCREASED IN GRANULE CELLS OF THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARALLELS GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. BOTH HDACS ARE THOUGHT TO BE TARGETED TO THE CYTOPLASM AND TO ACT THERE BY DEACETYLATING CYTOPLASMATIC (E.G. CYTOSCELETON-RELATED) PROTEINS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  4963  41 PATHOGENESIS OF THYROID NODULES: HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION? THYROID NODULE GENESIS MAY BE CONSIDERED AS AN AMPLIFICATION OF THYROID HETEROGENEITY DUE TO GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE CLASSIFIED THE THYROID NODULES IN FIVE TYPES WITH DISTINCT HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES: HYPERPLASTIC, NEOPLASTIC, COLLOID, CYSTIC AND THYROIDITIC NODULES. HYPERPLASTIC: THYROCYTE PROLIFERATION IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF TSH BUT SEVERAL OTHER PARACRINE AND AUTOCRINE FACTORS ARE SECRETED BY FOLLICULAR CELLS, THE STROMAL APPARATUS AND THE LYMPHOCYTES, WHICH ARE IMPLICATED IN INITIATION AND PERPETUATION OF THYROID HYPERPLASIA. GROWTH OCCURS MAINLY THROUGH TSHR, CAMP AND PKA. CONSTITUTIVE CAMP OVERPRODUCTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE DUE TO POINT MUTATION OF THE TSHR OR GS PROTEIN, PRODUCING OVERGROWTH AND HYPERFUNCTION. NEOPLASTIC: SEVERAL ACTIVATED ONCOGENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THYROID MALIGNANCIES. ONCOGENES RELEVANT TO THE THYROID CARCINOGENESIS ARE: MUTATED TSHR AND GSP (CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF CAMP); TRK (RECEPTOR FOR NGF); RET/PTC (PHOSPHORYLATION OF TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR)--AN ISOFORM OF THIS ONCOGENE IS INDUCED BY RADIATION: RAS (IT ENCODES GS PROTEINS TRANSDUCING MITOGENIC SIGNALS); AND C-MET (RECEPTOR FOR HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR). THE EVOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER TOWARDS AN UNDIFFERENTIATED CANCER IS DUE TO A MUTATION OF A FAMILY OF PROTEINS (I.E., P53), WHICH ACTS AS A BRAKE, PREVENTING THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF CANCER. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT A TUMOR INITIATES BY RET OR RAS AND POSSIBLY PROGRESSES--AS A RESULT OF ADDITIONAL MUTATIONS AND BY P53 MUTATION--TO ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA. COLLOID: FLATTENING OF THE EPITHELIUM AND DILATATION OF FOLLICLES CONTAINING VISCOUS MATERIAL--MADE UP BY A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION OF THYROGLOBULIN (HTG)--IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COLLOID NODULE. A DEFECT OF INTRALUMINAL REABSORPTION OF HTG HAS BEEN SUGGESTED BUT NOT PROVEN. EXPERIMENTALLY, A LOAD OF IODINE IS ABLE TO CHANGE THYROID HYPERPLASIA TO A COLLOID FEATURE; HOWEVER, A LOAD OF IODINE IS RARELY FOUND IN THE CLINICAL HISTORY OF PATIENTS. A NEW CLUE TO THE PATHOGENESIS COMES FROM THE FINDING THAT A RELEVANT PART OF THE COLLOID (10-20%) IS MADE UP OF INSOLUBLE GLOBULES, WHERE HTG IS COMPACTED IN A POLYMERIC FORM. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT STOCKING HTG INTO GLOBULES IS DEFECTIVE IN COLLOID NODULES, LEADING TO ENORMOUS ENLARGEMENT OF THE FOLLICLE. CYSTIC: IT IS ESTIMATED THAT BETWEEN 15 AND 40% OF THYROID NODULES ARE PARTLY OR ENTIRELY CYSTIC. THE 'TRUE CYST' IS RARE; MOST OF THE SO-CALLED CYSTIC NODULES ARE 'PSEUDOCYSTS', WHICH FOLLOW NECROSIS AND COLLIQUATION. NECROSIS ISSUES AS AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND THE PRECISELY REGULATED PROCESS OF ANGIOGENESIS. MORE RECENTLY, THE VEGF/VPF HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE AT THE ORIGIN OF RECENT AND RECURRENT CYSTS. IMMUNOTOXIC AND APOPTOTIC MECHANISMS HAVE ALSO BEEN SUGGESTED. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CYSTIC FLUID SHOWED A 'DENATURED' AND 'SERUM-LIKE' PATTERN SUGGESTING DIFFERENT MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE PSEUDOCYSTIC THYROID NODULES. THYROIDITIC: NODULAR LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (NLT) INCLUDES TWO DIFFERENT ENTITIES: 1) LYMPHOCYTE THYROIDITIS GROWING AS A NODULE IN A HYPERPLASTIC OR NORMAL GLAND, AND 2) LYMPHOCYTE THYROIDITIS ASSOCIATED IN THE SAME NODULE WITH OTHER NODULAR DISEASES OF THE THYROID: PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA AND LYMPHOMA HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS.	2001	

17   219  26 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  4913  35 PAIN MODULATION IN WAG/RIJ EPILEPTIC RATS (A GENETIC MODEL OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY): EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN EPILEPSY AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT. ABOUT THAT, WE STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF THE NATURAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE (BUT) IN COMPARISON WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA) IN A VALIDATED GENETIC MODEL OF GENERALIZED ABSENCE EPILEPSY AND EPILEPTOGENESIS. WAG/RIJ RATS WERE TREATED WITH BUT (30 MG/KG), VPA (300 MG/KG), AND THEIR COMBINATION (BUT + VPA) DAILY PER OS FOR 6 MONTHS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED AT RANDALL-SELITTO, VON FREY, HOT PLATE, AND TAIL FLICK TESTS AFTER 1, 3, AND 6 MONTHS OF TREATMENT TO EVALUATE HYPERSENSITIVITY TO NOXIOUS AND NON-NOXIUOUS STIMULI. MOREOVER, PPAR-GAMMA (G3335 1 MG/KG), GABA-B (CGP35348 80 MG/KG), AND OPIOID (NALOXONE 1 MG/KG) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTRATED TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ANALGESIC ACTIVITY. THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB, GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, AND PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS ALSO EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. WAG/RIJ RATS SHOWED AN ALTERED PAIN THRESHOLD THROUGHOUT THE STUDY (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA TREATMENT REDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (P < 0.01). VPA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTIVE ONLY AFTER 1 MONTH (P < 0.01). ALL THE THREE RECEPTORS ARE INVOLVED IN BUT + VPA EFFECTS (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB AND ENHANCED GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (P < 0.01); PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS REDUCED (P < 0.01). NO EFFECT WAS REPORTED WITH VPA. IN CONCLUSION BUT, ALONE OR IN COADMINISTRATION WITH VPA, IS A VALUABLE CANDIDATE FOR MANAGING THE EPILEPSY-RELATED PERSISTENT PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  1238  24 CURCUMIN BLOCKS CHRONIC MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR UPREGULATION. THIS STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MAY COUNTERBALANCE THE ACTION OF MORPHINE IN THE BRAIN. MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AFTER DAILY ADMINISTRATIONS FOR SIX DAYS WAS BLOCKED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ANTI-BDNF IGG ON DAY 5, BUT NOT BY ADMINISTRATIONS ON DAYS 1-4. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF EXON I AND IV BDNF TRANSCRIPTS, INDICATING DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION. DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF THE CREB-BINDING PROTEIN INHIBITOR CURCUMIN ABOLISHED THE UPREGULATION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CURCUMIN MIGHT BE A PROMISING ADJUVANT TO REDUCE MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, AND THAT EPIGENETIC CONTROL COULD BE A NEW STRATEGY USEFUL FOR THE CONTROL OF THIS PROBLEM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20  6582  31 TRICHOSTATIN A, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, ALLEVIATES THE EMOTIONAL ABNORMALITY INDUCED BY MALADAPTATION TO STRESS IN MICE. RECENT REPORTS HAVE IMPLIED THAT ABERRANT BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE BRAIN ARE FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIED BY SUBTLE SHIFTS IN THE CELLULAR EPIGENETIC PROFILE THAT MIGHT UNDERLIE THE PATHOGENIC PROGRESSION OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), A HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, ON THE EMOTIONAL ABNORMALITY INDUCED BY MALADAPTATION TO STRESS IN MICE. MICE WERE EXPOSED TO REPEATED RESTRAINT STRESS FOR 240 MIN/DAY FOR 14 DAYS. WE APPLIED DOSING SCHEDULES. IN ONE SCHEDULE, FROM THE 3RD DAY OF STRESS EXPOSURE, MICE WERE TREATED WITH TSA (1650 MUM/4 MUL, I.C.V.) IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE DAILY EXPOSURE TO RESTRAINT STRESS. IN THE OTHER SCHEDULE, FROM THE 1ST DAY OF STRESS EXPOSURE, MICE WERE TREATED WITH TSA 2 H BEFORE EXPOSURE TO RESTRAINT STRESS. AFTER THE FINAL EXPOSURE TO RESTRAINT STRESS, THE EMOTIONALITY OF MICE WAS EVALUATED USING THE HOLE-BOARD TEST. MICE THAT WERE EXPOSED TO RESTRAINT STRESS FOR 240 MIN/DAY FOR 14 DAYS SHOWED A DECREASE IN HEAD-DIPPING BEHAVIOR. THIS DECREASED EMOTIONALITY OBSERVED IN STRESS-MALADAPTIVE MICE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY RECOVERED BY CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH TSA 2 H BEFORE DAILY EXPOSURE TO RESTRAINT STRESS, WHICH CONFIRMED THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS ADAPTATION. ON THE OTHER HAND, NO SUCH STRESS ADAPTATION WAS OBSERVED UNDER CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH TSA IMMEDIATELY AFTER DAILY STRESS EXPOSURE. A BIOCHEMICAL STUDY SHOWED THAT TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE, THE RATE-LIMITING ENZYME IN SEROTONIN (5-HT) SYNTHESIS, WAS INCREASED IN MIDBRAIN CONTAINING RAPHE NUCLEI OBTAINED FROM STRESS-ADAPTED MICE THAT WERE CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH TSA 2 H BEFORE DAILY STRESS EXPOSURE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN HDAC INHIBITOR MAY HAVE A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON STRESS ADAPTATION BY AFFECTING 5-HT NEURAL FUNCTION IN THE BRAIN AND ALLEVIATE THE EMOTIONAL ABNORMALITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXCESSIVE STRESS.	2022