1  6441 109 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), AS A MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE, IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY COMPLEX PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY, WHICH OFTEN DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD INCLUDE DIET, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS, INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS, OXIDATIVE/NITROSATIVE STRESS, AUTOPHAGY DYSREGULATION, HEPATIC INFLAMMATION, GUT-LIVER AXIS, GUT MICROBES, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND REGULATION OF HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM. SOME OF THE NEW DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD ARE INTRODUCED HERE. ALL OF THEM ACHIEVE THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES BY INTERFERING WITH CERTAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS OF NAFLD, INCLUDING FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (FGF) ANALOGUES, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPARS) AGONISTS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS, G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS), SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-2I), FARNESOID X RECEPTOR (FXR), FATTY ACID SYNTHASE INHIBITOR (FASNI), ANTIOXIDANTS, ETC. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES SOME PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NAFLD AND ESTABLISHED TARGETS AND DRUGS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  6648  37 UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS A CHRONIC COMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS WHICH MAY EVENTUALLY LEAD TO END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE (ESKD). DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN GLYCAEMIC CONTROL AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT WITH RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) BLOCKADE, THE CURRENT THERAPY CANNOT COMPLETELY HALT DKD PROGRESSION TO ESKD IN SOME PATIENTS. DKD IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE ENTITY IN TERMS OF ITS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND THE RATE OF PROGRESSION, WHICH MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS. IT WAS FORMERLY CONSIDERED THAT ALBUMINURIA PRECEDED KIDNEY FUNCTION DECLINE IN DKD, BUT RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES REVEALED THAT A DISTINCT GROUP OF PATIENTS PRESENTED KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION WITHOUT DEVELOPING ALBUMINURIA. OTHER COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, OBESITY AND GOUT, ALSO AFFECT THE CLINICAL COURSE OF DKD. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DKD IS COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING BOTH METABOLIC AND HAEMODYNAMIC FACTORS. THESE INDUCE ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPOXIA, DYSREGULATED AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH RESULT IN KIDNEY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. RECENTLY, TWO GROUPS OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS, SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITORS AND GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) RECEPTOR AGONISTS, WERE DEMONSTRATED TO PROVIDE RENOPROTECTION ON TOP OF THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING EFFECTS. SEVERAL OTHER THERAPEUTIC AGENTS ARE ALSO BEING DEVELOPED AND EVALUATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3   465  41 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  4909  20 PAIN AND STRESS IN A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE: RECIPROCAL NEURAL, ENDOCRINE, AND IMMUNE INTERACTIONS. THIS PAPER ADVANCES A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS VIEW OF PAIN IN WHICH PHYSICAL INJURY, OR WOUNDING, GENERATES A COMPLEX STRESS RESPONSE THAT EXTENDS BEYOND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN. THROUGH A COMMON CHEMICAL LANGUAGE COMPRISING NEUROTRANSMITTERS, PEPTIDES, ENDOCANNABINOIDS, CYTOKINES, AND HORMONES, AN ENSEMBLE OF INTERDEPENDENT NERVOUS, ENDOCRINE, AND IMMUNE PROCESSES OPERATES IN CONCERT TO COPE WITH THE INJURY. THESE PROCESSES ACT AS A SINGLE AGENT AND COMPRISE A SUPERSYSTEM. ACUTE PAIN IN ITS MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS, AND THE RELATED SYMPTOMS THAT COMMONLY OCCUR WITH IT, ARE PRODUCTS OF THE SUPERSYSTEM. CHRONIC PAIN CAN DEVELOP AS A RESULT OF UNUSUAL STRESS. SOCIAL STRESSORS CAN COMPOUND THE STRESS RESULTING FROM A WOUND OR ACT ALONE TO DYSREGULATE THE SUPERSYSTEM. WHEN THE SUPERSYSTEM SUFFERS DYSREGULATION, HEALTH, FUNCTION, AND SENSE OF WELL-BEING SUFFER. SOME CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS ARE THE PRODUCT OF SUPERSYSTEM DYSREGULATION. INDIVIDUALS VARY AND ARE VULNERABLE TO DYSREGULATION AND DYSFUNCTION IN PARTICULAR ORGAN SYSTEMS DUE TO THE UNIQUE INTERACTIONS OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AS WELL AS THE PAST EXPERIENCES THAT CHARACTERIZE EACH PERSON. PERSPECTIVE: ACUTE TISSUE INJURY ACTIVATES AN ENSEMBLE OF INTERDEPENDENT NERVOUS, ENDOCRINE, AND IMMUNE PROCESSES THAT OPERATE IN CONCERT AND COMPRISE A SUPERSYSTEM. SOME CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS RESULT FROM SUPERSYSTEM DYSREGULATION. INDIVIDUALS VARY AND ARE VULNERABLE TO DYSREGULATION DUE TO THE UNIQUE INTERACTIONS OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND PAST EXPERIENCES THAT CHARACTERIZE EACH PERSON. THIS PERSPECTIVE CAN POTENTIALLY ASSIST CLINICIANS IN ASSESSING AND MANAGING CHRONIC PAIN PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  6473  38 TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE: PART II. DIABETES AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASES. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS CHARACTERIZED BY INABILITY OF FAULTY PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS TO SECRET A NORMAL AMOUNT OF INSULIN TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY CONSUMPTION, AND/OR PERIPHERAL TISSUE HAS A DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSULIN, RESULTING IN HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. SIMILAR TO OTHER CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, DM IS A RESULT FROM DYSREGULATED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ETHNIC, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, IMMUNOREGULATORY, HORMONAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THEREFORE, IT IS RATIONAL TO SUPPOSE THE CONCEPT AS "TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE", WHILE USING ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS (ADA), A MAIN PHARMACOLOGIC AGENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF DM, CAN PROVIDE AN EXTRAGLYCEMIA EFFECT ON COMORBIDITIES OR CONCOMITTENT COMORBIDITIES TO DM. IN THIS REVIEW, BASED ON THE MUCH STRONG CORRELATION BETWEEN DM AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASES (MAFLD) SHOWN BY SIMILAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND A HIGH PREVALENCE OF DM IN MAFLD AND ITS VICE VERSA (A HIGH PREVALENCE OF MAFLD IN DM), IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE THE STRATEGY TO TARGET BOTH DISEASES SIMULTANEOUSLY. WE FOCUS ON A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF ADA, SUCH AS GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP1R) AGONIST AND SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 (SGLT-2) INHIBITORS TO SHOW THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EXTRAGLYCEMIC EFFECT ON MAFLD. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE MANAGEMENT OF DM PATIENTS, ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE WHO NEED ADA AS ADJUVANT THERAPY SHOULD INCLUDE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION TO OVERCOME THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, CONTRIBUTING TO THE URGENT NEED OF AN EFFECTIVE WEIGHT-REDUCTION STRATEGY. GLP1R AGONIST IS ONE OF EFFECTIVE BODY WEIGHT-LOWERING MEDICATIONS, WHICH MAY BE A BETTER CHOICE FOR DM COMPLICATED WITH MAFLD OR ITS-ASSOCIATED SEVERE FORM AS METABOLIC ASSOCIATED STEATOHEPATITIS (MASH), ALTHOUGH THE ROLE OF SGLT-2 INHIBITORS IS ALSO IMPRESSIVE. THE PRESCRIPTION OF THESE TWO CLASSES OF ADA MAY SATISFY THE CONCEPT "TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE", BASED ON SUCCESSFUL SUGAR-LOWERING EFFECT FOR CONTROLLING DM AND EXTRAGLYCEMIA BENEFITS OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY IN DM PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  1384  36 DIABETES AND KIDNEY DISEASE: EMPHASIS ON TREATMENT WITH SGLT-2 INHIBITORS AND GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. KIDNEY DISEASE IS A FREQUENT MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION OF BOTH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. HISTORIC TRIALS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT A TIGHT GLYCAEMIC CONTROL IS THE MOST POWERFUL APPROACH TO DECREASE THE CHANCES OF DEVELOPING DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. HOWEVER, HAVING AN HBA1C < 7% DOES NOT COMPLETELY SUPPRESS THE RISK OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE OBSERVED RESIDUAL RISK IS LIKELY ASCRIBABLE TO TWO PHENOMENA: 1- THE PRESENCE OF RISK FACTORS AND ALTERATIONS ADDITIVE TO AND INDEPENDENT OF GLYCAEMIA, AND 2- THE ACTIVATION OF LONG-LASTING IMBALANCES BY PERIODS OF EXPOSURE TO UNCONTROLLED GLYCEMIA, A PHENOMENON REFERRED TO AS METABOLIC MEMORY OR LEGACY EFFECT. LONG-LASTING OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND THE RESULTING CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION ARE ALL CANDIDATE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHY DESPITE PROPER CONTROL OF RISK FACTORS. RECENTLY, TWO CLASSES OF DRUGS, I.E. GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE (GLP) 1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS (RA) AND SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-I) HAVE CHANGED THIS SCENARIO. INDEED, CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME AND OTHER TRIALS HAVE CLEARLY SHOWN A RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECT FOR THESE DRUGS, WELL-BEYOND THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING PROPERTIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE: 1- SELECTED KEY TRIALS AND MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND 2- THE RESULTS RELATIVE TO RENAL ENDPOINTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF GLP-1 RA AND SGLT-2I. THEN, WE BRIEFLY DISCUSS SOME OF THE HYPOTHESES POSITED TO EXPLAIN THE MARKED RENOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF THESE TWO CLASSES, EVIDENCING THE STILL EXISTING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND PROPOSING FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT THE USE OF THESE POWERFUL, DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  4971  32 PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A FOCUS ON CURRENT AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AROUND THE GLOBE AND IS ONE OF THE MAIN COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 AND 2 DIABETES. THE STANDARD TREATMENT FOR DKD IS DRUGS CONTROLLING HYPERGLYCEMIA AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM BLOCKADE AND SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITION HAVE YIELDED PROMISING RESULTS IN DKD, BUT MANY DIABETIC PATIENTS ON SUCH TREATMENTS NEVERTHELESS CONTINUE TO DEVELOP DKD, LEADING TO KIDNEY FAILURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMORBIDITIES. NEW THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS ARE URGENTLY REQUIRED. WE REVIEW HERE THE PROMISING THERAPEUTIC AVENUES BASED ON INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF DKD THAT HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED, INCLUDING MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, SGLT2 INHIBITORS, GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR AGONIST, ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR A INHIBITION, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATORS AND EPIGENETIC REMODELLING. THE INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN DKD PATHOGENESIS, TOGETHER WITH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIABILITY OF THIS CONDITION, MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO TARGET THIS HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION WITH A SINGLE DRUG. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE GENETIC AND MECHANISTIC VARIABILITY, MAY THEREFORE IMPROVE RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH DKD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  1200  21 CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE AND IMAGING, RETHINKING THE STRESS AXIS. THE STRESS SYSTEM PROVIDES INTEGRATION OF BOTH NEUROCHEMICAL AND SOMATIC PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS WITHIN ORGANISMS AS AN ADAPTIVE MECHANISM TO CHANGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT EVOLUTION. IN MAMMALS AND PRIMATES THE COMPLEXITY AND SOPHISTICATION OF THESE SYSTEMS HAVE SURPASSED OTHER SPECIES IN TRIAGING NEUROCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNALING TO MAXIMIZE CHANCES OF SURVIVAL. CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) AND ITS RELATED PEPTIDES AND RECEPTORS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED OVER THE LAST THREE DECADES AND ARE FUNDAMENTAL MOLECULAR INITIATORS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE. THEY ARE CRUCIAL IN THE TOP DOWN REGULATORY CASCADE OVER A MYRIAD OF NEUROCHEMICAL, NEUROENDOCRINE AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EVENTS. FROM NEUROSCIENCE, WE'VE SEEN THAT STRESS ACTIVATION IMPACTS BEHAVIOR, ENDOCRINE AND SOMATIC PHYSIOLOGY AND INFLUENCES NEUROCHEMICAL EVENTS THAT ONE CAN CAPTURE IN REAL TIME WITH CURRENT IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES. TO DELINEATE THESE EFFECTS ONE CAN DEMONSTRATE HOW THE CRH NEURONAL NETWORKS INFILTRATE CRITICAL COGNITIVE, EMOTIVE AND AUTONOMIC REGIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) WITH SOMATIC EFFECTS. ABUNDANT PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES SHOW INTER-REGULATORY ACTIONS OF CRH WITH MULTIPLE NEUROTRANSMITTERS/PEPTIDES. STRESS, BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC HAS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WHICH MAGNIFY GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO ALTER NEUROCHEMISTRY; STRESS SYSTEM ACTIVATION CAN ADD CRITICAL VARIABLES IN DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF BASIC AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE AND RELATED RESEARCH. THIS REVIEW WILL ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SPECTRUM OF KNOWN FUNCTIONS AND SPECULATIVE ACTIONS OF CRH AND STRESS RESPONSES IN LIGHT OF IMAGING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS INTERPRETATION. METABOLIC AND NEURORECEPTOR POSITRON EMISSION/SINGLE PHOTON TOMOGRAPHY (PET/SPECT), FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI), ANATOMIC MRI, DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING (DTI), AND PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (PMRS) ARE TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN DELINEATE BASIC MECHANISMS OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. STRESS MODULATES THE MYRIAD OF NEUROCHEMICAL AND NETWORKS WITHIN AND CONTROLLED THROUGH THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ACTIVATION ON IMAGING WILL BE HIGHLIGHTED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9   397  33 AN UPDATE ON FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME-PATHOGENESIS, RISKS, AND TREATMENT. ALCOHOL IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED TERATOGEN THAT CAN CAUSE VARIABLE PHYSICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS ON THE FETUS. THE MOST SEVERE CONDITION IN THIS SPECTRUM OF DISEASES IS KNOWN AS FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS). THE DIFFERENCES IN MATERNAL AND FETAL ENZYMES, IN TERMS OF ABUNDANCE AND EFFICIENCY, IN ADDITION TO REDUCED ELIMINATION, ALLOW FOR ALCOHOL TO HAVE A PROLONGED EFFECT ON THE FETUS. THIS CAN ACT AS A TERATOGEN THROUGH NUMEROUS METHODS INCLUDING REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (GENERATED AS BY PRODUCTS OF CYP2E1), DECREASED ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS, MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE, LIPID PEROXIDATION, DISRUPTED NEURONAL CELL-CELL ADHESION, PLACENTAL VASOCONSTRICTION, AND INHIBITION OF COFACTORS REQUIRED FOR FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. MORE RECENTLY, ALCOHOL HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. INCREASED FETAL EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL AND SUSTAINED ALCOHOL INTAKE DURING ANY TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF FAS. OTHER RISK FACTORS INCLUDE GENETIC INFLUENCES, MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS, FOR EXAMPLE, LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUSES AND SMOKING, AND PATERNAL CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE. THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FAS HAVE RECENTLY STARTED TO BE EXPLORED ALTHOUGH NONE ARE CURRENTLY APPROVED CLINICALLY. THESE INCLUDE PRENATAL ANTIOXIDANT ADMINISTRATION FOOD SUPPLEMENTS, FOLIC ACID, CHOLINE, NEUROACTIVE PEPTIDES, AND NEUROTROPHIC GROWTH FACTORS. TACKLING THE WIDER IMPACTS OF FAS, SUCH AS COMORBIDITIES, AND THE FAMILY SYSTEM HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF FAS PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO FOCUS ON THE PATHOGENESIS, ESPECIALLY MECHANISMS OF ALCOHOL TERATOGENICITY, AND RISKS OF DEVELOPING FAS. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, INCLUDING PRENATAL INTERVENTIONS, ARE DISCUSSED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  1459  27 DISORDERED APP METABOLISM AND NEUROVASCULATURE IN TRAUMA AND AGING: COMBINED RISKS FOR CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS. TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), ADVANCED AGE, AND CEREBRAL VASCULAR DISEASE ARE FACTORS CONFERRING INCREASED RISK FOR LATE ONSET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). THESE CONDITIONS ARE ALSO RELATED PATHOLOGICALLY THROUGH MULTIPLE INTERACTING MECHANISMS. THE HALLMARK PATHOLOGY OF AD CONSISTS OF PATHOLOGICAL AGGREGATES OF AMYLOID-BETA (ABETA) PEPTIDES AND TAU PROTEINS. THESE MOLECULES ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN NEUROPATHOLOGY OF SEVERAL OTHER CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, AND ARE UNDER INTENSE INVESTIGATION IN THE AFTERMATH OF TBI AS POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTORS TO THE RISK FOR DEVELOPING AD AND CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE). THE PATHOLOGY OF TBI IS COMPLEX AND DEPENDENT ON INJURY SEVERITY, AGE-AT-INJURY, AND LENGTH OF TIME BETWEEN INJURY AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION. IN ADDITION, THE MECHANISMS INFLUENCING PATHOLOGY AND RECOVERY AFTER TBI LIKELY INVOLVE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC FACTORS AS WELL AS ADDITIONAL DISORDERS OR COMORBID STATES RELATED TO AGE AND CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR HEALTH. IN THIS REGARD, DYSFUNCTION OF THE AGING NEUROVASCULAR SYSTEM COULD BE AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN TBI AND CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, EITHER AS A PRECIPITATING EVENT OR RELATED TO ACCUMULATION OF AD-LIKE PATHOLOGY WHICH IS AMPLIFIED IN THE CONTEXT OF AGING. THUS WITH ADVANCED AGE AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION, TBI CAN TRIGGER SELF-PROPAGATING CYCLES OF NEURONAL INJURY, PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN AGGREGATION, AND SYNAPTIC LOSS RESULTING IN CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS EVIDENCE SUPPORTING TBI AND AGING AS DUAL, INTERACTING RISK FACTORS FOR AD, AND THE ROLE OF ABETA AND CEREBRAL VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN THIS RELATIONSHIP. EVIDENCE IS DISCUSSED THAT ABETA IS INVOLVED IN CYTO- AND SYNAPTO-TOXICITY AFTER SEVERE TBI, AND THAT ITS CHRONIC EFFECTS ARE POTENTIATED BY AGING AND IMPAIRED CEREBRAL VASCULAR FUNCTION. FROM A THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVE, WE EMPHASIZE THAT IN THE FIELDS OF TBI- AND AGING-RELATED NEURODEGENERATION PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES SHOULD INCLUDE PRESERVATION OF NEUROVASCULAR FUNCTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  6375  28 THE ROLE OF NEURO-IMMUNE INTERACTION IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS; FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME, NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION, AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE INCREASINGLY DIAGNOSED IN CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS NOT ATTRIBUTED TO PHYSICAL AILMENTS. CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME, OR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ARE COMMON DISORDERS THAT BELONG IN THIS BROAD CATEGORY. SUCH SYNDROMES ARE CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF ONE OR MULTIPLE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS INCLUDING WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISORDERS, AND ABDOMINAL PAIN, AMONGST OTHER ISSUES. SYMPTOMS ARE BELIEVED TO RELATE TO A COMPLEX INTERACTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, WHERE A DEFINITE AETIOLOGY HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. THEORIES SUGGEST CAUSATIVE PATHWAYS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH SEVERAL RISK FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ONE OR MORE FUNCTIONAL SYNDROMES. RISK FACTORS INCLUDING STRESS AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ARE NOW RECOGNISED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, AND SEXUAL ABUSE DURING CHILDHOOD IS CONSIDERED A SEVERE STRESSOR HAVING A HIGH PREVALENCE IN FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME SUFFERS. SUCH TRAUMA PERMANENTLY ALTERS THE BIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE OF THE SUFFERS LEADING TO NEUROEXCITATORY AND OTHER NERVE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN ADULTS. TRAUMATIC AND CHRONIC STRESS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN STRESS RESPONSE GENES, WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY AXIS, THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MANIFESTING IN A BROAD ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS. IMPORTANTLY, THESE SYSTEMS ARE KNOWN TO BE DYSREGULATED IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE ALSO HIGHLY PREVALENT CO-MORBIDITIES OF PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS, MOOD DISORDERS, AND ANXIETY. CONSEQUENTLY, THIS REVIEW AIMS TO PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO THE ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, AND CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12  5766  20 SPECIAL ISSUE: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. MORE THAN 45 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE HAVE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD), A DETERIORATION OF MEMORY AND OTHER COGNITIVE DOMAINS THAT LEADS TO DEATH WITHIN 3 TO 9 YEARS AFTER DIAGNOSIS. THE PRINCIPAL RISK FACTOR FOR AD IS AGE. AS THE AGING POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE WILL APPROACH 131 MILLION CASES WORLDWIDE IN 2050. AD IS THEREFORE A GLOBAL PROBLEM CREATING A RAPIDLY GROWING EPIDEMIC AND BECOMING A MAJOR THREAT TO HEALTHCARE IN OUR SOCIETIES. IT HAS BEEN MORE THAN 20 YEARS SINCE IT WAS FIRST PROPOSED THAT THE NEURODEGENERATION IN AD MAY BE CAUSED BY DEPOSITION OF AMYLOID-BETA (ABETA) PEPTIDES IN PLAQUES IN BRAIN TISSUE. ACCORDING TO THE AMYLOID HYPOTHESIS, ACCUMULATION OF ABETA PEPTIDES, RESULTING FROM A CHRONIC IMBALANCE BETWEEN ABETA PRODUCTION AND ABETA CLEARANCE IN THE BRAIN, IS THE PRIMARY INFLUENCE DRIVING AD PATHOGENESIS. CURRENT AVAILABLE MEDICATIONS APPEAR TO BE ABLE TO PRODUCE MODERATE SYMPTOMATIC BENEFITS BUT NOT TO STOP DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS AS WELL AS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR AD HAS BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS OF RESEARCH. RECENT FINDINGS, HOWEVER, SHOW THAT NEURONAL-INJURY BIOMARKERS ARE INDEPENDENT OF ABETA SUGGESTING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, GENE-GENE AND/OR GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE DISEASE ETIOLOGY, AND CALLING FOR RECONSIDERATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CASCADE AND ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION, RECENT RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING THE EXPRESSION OF THE BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) GENE RESULTING IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS APP-MRNA ISOFORMS AND THEIR QUANTIFICATION, ESPECIALLY FOR IDENTIFYING THE MOST ABUNDANT ONE THAT MAY DECISIVE FOR THE NORMAL STATUS OR DISEASE RISK, HAVE BEEN REPORTED. AS SUCH, A MORE COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF AD PATHOGENESIS WILL LIKELY REQUIRE GREATER INSIGHTS INTO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13   105  30 A REVIEW OF MICROBIOTA AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: FUTURE IN THERAPIES. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS), ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, IS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC AND RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN AND ALTERED BOWEL HABIT. THE ORIGIN SEEMS TO BE MULTIFACTORIAL AND IS STILL NOT WELL DEFINED FOR THE DIFFERENT SUBTYPES. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND SEX-RELATED MODIFICATIONS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE NERVOUS AND IMMUNE-ENDOCRINE SUPERSYSTEMS AND REGULATION OF BRAIN-GUT PHYSIOLOGY AND BILE ACID PRODUCTION AND ABSORPTION ARE CERTAINLY INVOLVED. ACQUIRED PREDISPOSITION MAY ACT IN CONJUNCTION WITH INFECTIOUS, TOXIC, DIETARY AND LIFE EVENT-RELATED FACTORS TO ENHANCE EPITHELIAL PERMEABILITY AND ELICIT MUCOSAL MICROINFLAMMATION, IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND DYSBIOSIS. NOTABLY, STRONG EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL, VIRAL AND PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN TRIGGERING IBS, AND TARGETING MICROBIOTA SEEMS PROMISING IN VIEW OF THE POSITIVE RESPONSE TO MICROBIOTA-RELATED THERAPIES IN SOME PATIENTS. HOWEVER, THE LACK OF HIGHLY PREDICTIVE DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS AND THE COMPLEXITY AND HETEROGENEITY OF IBS PATIENTS MAKE MANAGEMENT DIFFICULT AND UNSATISFACTORY IN MANY CASES, REDUCING PATIENT HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AND INCREASING THE SANITARY BURDEN. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS TARGETING THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN IBS, INCLUDING PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, SYNBIOTICS, NON-ABSORBABLE ANTIBIOTICS, DIETS, FECAL TRANSPLANTATION AND OTHER POTENTIAL FUTURE APPROACHES USEFUL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF IBS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  5280  18 PROMOTING SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES. ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) DYSFUNCTION MAY BE THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF MANY MS CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATION AND REDUCED RESPONSE TO IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES, DEPRESSION, FATIGUE AND SLEEP DISORDERS, MIGRAINE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CHRONIC CEREBROSPINAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY, THE NEWER MS VASCULAR ETIOLOGY. WE HAVE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WITH THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCING ANS ACTIVITY, AND THE INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS. THIS REVIEW EXPANDS UPON PREVIOUS ONES, DESCRIBING THE PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES THAT COULD BE ADOPTED TO PREVENT AND MINIMIZE THE DETERIORATION IN ANS FUNCTION, PROMOTING A STATE OF SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE. HOWEVER, THESE STRATEGIES SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED AS "ONE SIZE FITS ALL", BUT SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NATURE AND THE DEGREE OF ANS DYSFUNCTION. THESE STRATEGIES WOULD BE EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING ANS FUNCTION NOT ONLY IN MS, BUT ALSO IN OTHER AUTOIMMUNE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, WHERE THE DYSFUNCTION OF THIS SYSTEM PLAYS A ROLE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  4107  30 MECHANISMS AFFECTING NEUROENDOCRINE AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT AND ONSET OF PUBERTY: POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE CHILD BORN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA). SIGNALING PEPTIDES PRODUCED IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES SUCH AS GUT, ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND PANCREAS COMMUNICATE WITH BRAIN CENTERS, SUCH AS HYPOTHALAMUS AND HINDBRAIN TO MANAGE ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS. THESE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF ENERGY INTAKE AND STORAGE HAVE EVOLVED DURING LONG PERIODS OF HUNGER IN THE EVOLUTION OF MAN TO PROTECT THE SPECIES FROM EXTINCTION. IT IS NOW CLEAR THAT THESE CIRCUITRIES ARE INFLUENCED BY PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTIVE CHEMICALS. HYPOTHALAMIC APPETITE REGULATORY SYSTEMS DEVELOP AND MATURE IN UTERO AND EARLY INFANCY, AND INVOLVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT ARE IMPORTANT ALSO FOR THE REGULATION OF PUBERTY ONSET. RECENT STUDIES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS HAVE SHOWN THAT METABOLIC PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF GROWTH, BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND SEXUAL MATURATION ARE LARGELY AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING THAT CAN IMPACT BOTH CURRENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, INTRAUTERINE AND EARLY INFANTILE DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES OF HIGH PLASTICITY ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO FACTORS THAT AFFECT METABOLIC PROGRAMMING THAT THEREFORE, AFFECT METABOLIC FUNCTION THROUGHOUT LIFE. IN CHILDREN BORN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, POOR NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS DURING GESTATION CAN MODIFY METABOLIC SYSTEMS TO ADAPT TO EXPECTATIONS OF CHRONIC UNDERNUTRITION. THESE CHILDREN ARE POTENTIALLY POORLY EQUIPPED TO COPE WITH ENERGY-DENSE DIETS AND ARE POSSIBLY PROGRAMMED TO STORE AS MUCH ENERGY AS POSSIBLE, LEADING TO LATER OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME, DISTURBED REGULATION OF NORMAL PUBERTY AND EARLY ONSET OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. MOST CASES OF DISTURBED ENERGY BALANCE ARE LIKELY A RESULT OF A COMBINATION OF GENETICS, EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS POTENTIAL MECHANISMS LINKING INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION WITH CHANGES IN GROWTH, ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS AND SEXUAL MATURATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  6446  33 THERAPEUTIC INSIGHTS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A LEADING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. THROUGH ITS EFFECT ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE, CKD DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. CLASSICAL OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF CKD INCLUDES BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL, TREATMENT OF ALBUMINURIA WITH ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS OR ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS, AVOIDANCE OF POTENTIAL NEPHROTOXINS AND OBESITY, DRUG DOSING ADJUSTMENTS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION. DIABETES MIGHT ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN HALF OF CKD BURDEN, AND OBESITY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PROMPTED FACTOR FOR THIS DISEASE. NEW ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC DRUGS, SUCH AS SODIUM-GLUCOSE-COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS HAVE SHOWN TO SLOW THE DECLINE OF GFR, BRINGING ADDITIONAL BENEFIT IN WEIGHT REDUCTION, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND OTHER KIDNEY OUTCOMES. ON THE OTHER HAND, A NEW GENERATION OF NON-STEROIDAL MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST HAS RECENTLY BEEN DEVELOPED TO OBTAIN A SELECTIVE RECEPTOR INHIBITION REDUCING SIDE EFFECTS LIKE HYPERKALEMIA AND THEREBY MAKING THE DRUGS SUITABLE FOR ADMINISTRATION TO CKD PATIENTS. MOREOVER, TWO NEW POTASSIUM-LOWERING THERAPIES HAVE SHOWN TO IMPROVE TOLERANCE, ALLOWING FOR HIGHER DOSAGE OF RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM INHIBITORS AND THEREFORE ENHANCING THEIR NEPHROPROTECTIVE EFFECT. REGARDLESS OF ITS CAUSE, CKD IS CHARACTERIZED BY REDUCED RENAL REGENERATION CAPACITY, MICROVASCULAR DAMAGE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, RESULTING IN FIBROSIS AND PROGRESSIVE, AND IRREVERSIBLE NEPHRON LOSS. THEREFORE, A HOLISTIC APPROACH SHOULD BE TAKEN TARGETING THE DIVERSE PROCESSES AND BIOLOGICAL CONTEXTS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CKD PROGRESSION. TO DATE, THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS WHEN TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS IS ALREADY ESTABLISHED HAVE PROVED TO BE INSUFFICIENT, THUS RESEARCH EFFORT SHOULD FOCUS ON UNRAVELING EARLY DISEASE MECHANISMS. AN ARRAY OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TARGETING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS ARE NOW UNDERGOING PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS AND MIGHT PROVIDE A SIMULTANEOUS REGULATORY ACTIVITY THAT COORDINATELY REGULATE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF CKD PROGRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  4649  33 NEUROPEPTIDES AND NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS: DRUG TARGETS, AND PEPTIDE AND NON-PEPTIDE LIGANDS: A TRIBUTE TO PROF. DIETER SEEBACH. THE NUMBER OF NEUROPEPTIDES AND THEIR CORRESPONDING RECEPTORS HAS INCREASED STEADILY OVER THE LAST FOURTY YEARS: INITIALLY, PEPTIDES WERE ISOLATED FROM GUT OR BRAIN (E.G., SUBSTANCE P, SOMATOSTATIN), THEN BY TARGETED MINING IN SPECIFIC REGIONS (E.G., CORTISTATIN, OREXIN IN THE BRAIN), OR BY DEORPHANIZATION OF G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCRS; OREXIN, GHRELIN RECEPTORS) AND THROUGH THE COMPLETION THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT. NEUROPEPTIDES (AND THEIR RECEPTORS) HAVE REGIONALLY RESTRICTED DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE NEUROPEPTIDE SIGNALING IS SOMEWHAT MORE DISTINCT SPATIALLY THAN SIGNALING WITH CLASSICAL, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT NEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT ARE MORE WIDELY EXPRESSED, AND, THEREFORE, ONE ASSUMES THAT DRUGS ACTING AT NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS MAY HAVE MORE SELECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS WITH POSSIBLY FEWER SIDE EFFECTS THAN DRUGS ACTING ON GLUTAMATERGIC, GABAERGIC, MONOAMINERGIC, OR CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS. NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS, WHICH MAY HAVE A FEW OR MULTIPLE SUBTYPES AND SPLICE VARIANTS, BELONG ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY TO THE GPCR FAMILY ALSO KNOWN AS SEVEN-TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS (7TM), A FAVORITE CLASS OF DRUG TARGETS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY. MOST NEUROPEPTIDES ARE CO-STORED AND CO-RELEASED WITH CLASSIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS, ALBEIT OFTEN ONLY AT HIGHER FREQUENCIES OF STIMULATION OR AT BURSTING ACTIVITY, THUS RESTRICTING THE NEUROPEPTIDE SIGNALING TO SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES, ANOTHER REASON TO ASSUME THAT NEUROPEPTIDE DRUG MIMICS MAY HAVE LESS SIDE EFFECTS. NEUROPEPTIDES POSSESS A WIDE SPECTRUM OF FUNCTIONS FROM NEUROHORMONE, NEUROTRANSMITTER TO GROWTH FACTOR, BUT ALSO AS KEY INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. NEUROPEPTIDES BECOME 'ACTIVE' WHEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS CHALLENGED, E.G., BY STRESS, INJURY, DRUG ABUSE, OR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WITH GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND/OR ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS. THE UNSUSPECTED NUMBER OF TRUE NEUROPEPTIDES AND THEIR COGNATE RECEPTORS PROVIDES OPPORTUNITIES TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS. BOTH, RECEPTOR SUBTYPE-SELECTIVE ANTAGONISTS AND AGONISTS ARE BEING DEVELOPED, AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE SUCCESS OF SOMATOSTATIN AGONISTS, ANGIOTENSIN, AND ENDOTHELIN ANTAGONISTS, AND THE EXPECTED CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF NK-1/2/3 (SUBSTANCE P) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, CRF, VASOPRESSIN, NPY, NEUROTENSIN, OREXIN ANTAGONISTS, OR NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTOR MODULATORS; SUCH LIGANDS HAVE EFFICACY IN PRECLINICAL OR CLINICAL MODELS OF PAIN AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASES, SUCH AS MIGRAINE, CHRONIC/NEUROPATHIC PAIN, ANXIETY, SLEEP DISORDERS, DEPRESSION, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA. IN ADDITION, BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATORS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED WITH INTERESTING IN VIVO ACTIVITIES (E.G., AT GALANIN RECEPTORS). THE FIELD HAS BECOME MORE COMPLEX NOW THAT AN INCREASING NUMBER OF HETEROMERIC NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS ARE DESCRIBED, E.G., GHRELIN RECEPTORS WITH 5-HT(2C) OR DOPAMINE D(1), D(2) RECEPTORS. AT LONG LAST, STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY CAN NOW BE ENVISAGED WITH CONFIDENCE, SINCE CRYSTAL OR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF GPCRS AND GPCR-LIGAND COMPLEXES, INCLUDING PEPTIDE RECEPTORS, ARE PUBLISHED ALMOST ON A MONTHLY BASIS. FINALLY, ALTHOUGH MOST COMPOUNDS ACTING AT PEPTIDE RECEPTORS ARE STILL PEPTIDOMIMETICS, THE LAST DECADE HAS SEEN THE EMERGENCE OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT NONPEPTIDE LIGANDS (E.G., FOR OREXIN, GHRELIN, OR NEUROKININ RECEPTORS), AND SURPRISING PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE WITH BETA- AND GAMMA-PEPTIDES AS VERY STABLE AND POTENT MIMETICS OF, E.G., SOMATOSTATIN (SRIF), WHERE THE NATIVE SRIF HAS A HALF-LIFE LIMITED TO 2-3 MIN. THIS LAST POINT WILL BE ILLUSTRATED MORE SPECIFICALLY, AS WE HAVE HAD A LONG-STANDING COLLABORATION WITH PROF. D. SEEBACH TO WHOM THIS REVIEW IS DEDICATED AT THE OCCASION OF HIS 75TH BIRTHDAY.	2012	

18  4663  30 NEW HORIZONS: NOVEL APPROACHES TO ENHANCE HEALTHSPAN THROUGH TARGETING CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND RELATED AGING MECHANISMS. THE ELDERLY POPULATION IS INCREASING FASTER THAN OTHER SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. AGE IS THE LEADING PREDICTOR FOR MOST CHRONIC DISEASES AND DISORDERS, MULTIMORBIDITY, GERIATRIC SYNDROMES, AND IMPAIRED ABILITY TO RECOVER FROM ACCIDENTS OR ILLNESSES. ENHANCING THE DURATION OF HEALTH AND INDEPENDENCE, TERMED HEALTHSPAN, WOULD BE MORE DESIRABLE THAN EXTENDING LIFESPAN MERELY BY PROLONGING THE PERIOD OF MORBIDITY TOWARD THE END OF LIFE. THE GEROSCIENCE HYPOTHESIS POSITS THAT HEALTHSPAN CAN BE EXTENDED BY TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS, RATHER THAN ATTEMPTING TO ADDRESS EACH AGE-RELATED DISEASE ONE AT A TIME, ONLY SO THE AFFLICTED INDIVIDUAL SURVIVES DISABLED AND DIES SHORTLY AFTERWARD OF ANOTHER AGE-RELATED DISEASE. THESE FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS, STEM CELL/ PROGENITOR DYSFUNCTION, DNA DAMAGE, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, METABOLIC SHIFTS, DESTRUCTIVE METABOLITE GENERATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, MISFOLDED OR AGGREGATED PROTEIN ACCUMULATION, AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. THESE PROCESSES APPEAR TO BE TIGHTLY INTERLINKED, AS TARGETING ANY ONE APPEARS TO AFFECT MANY OF THE REST, UNDERLYING OUR UNITARY THEORY OF FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING MANY FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES ARE BEING DEVELOPED, INCLUDING DIETARY MANIPULATIONS, METFORMIN, MTOR (MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN) INHIBITORS, AND SENOLYTICS, WHICH ARE IN EARLY HUMAN TRIALS. THESE INTERVENTIONS COULD LEAD TO GREATER HEALTHSPAN BENEFITS THAN TREATING AGE-RELATED DISEASES ONE AT A TIME. TO ILLUSTRATE THESE POINTS, WE FOCUS ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND THERAPIES IN DEVELOPMENT TO TARGET SENESCENT CELLS. COMBINING INTERVENTIONS TARGETING AGING MECHANISMS WITH DISEASE-SPECIFIC DRUGS COULD RESULT IN MORE THAN ADDITIVE BENEFITS FOR CURRENTLY DIFFICULT-TO-TREAT OR INTRACTABLE DISEASES. MORE RESEARCH ATTENTION NEEDS TO BE DEVOTED TO TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19   367  27 AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES IN CHILDREN: TREATMENT AND NEW INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: ALTHOUGH MANY DIAGNOSTIC TERMS ARE USED FOR PEDIATRIC CHRONIC PAIN, EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A COMMON THREAD OF SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION, LEADING TO THE UNIFYING TERM 'AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES'. ONGOING RESEARCH PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONTRIBUTORS AND TREATMENTS FOR PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES. RECENT FINDINGS: BASIC SCIENCE INDICATES A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, NEUROCHEMICAL, ENDOCRINE, AND INFLAMMATORY CONTRIBUTORS, ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS. ALTHOUGH MEDICATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS REMAIN COMMON APPROACHES TO CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC PAIN, THEIR EVIDENCE IS LIMITED. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR MINDFULNESS-BASED THERAPIES, YOGA, AND OTHER COMPLEMENTARY/ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE APPROACHES. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE IS FOR EXERCISE-BASED AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENTS, IN PARTICULAR, WHEN COMBINED IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FORMAT. INTENSIVE APPROACHES (PAIN REHABILITATION) HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY TREAT THOSE MOST DISABLED BY AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES, AND LEAD TO SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN PAIN, FUNCTIONING, AND MEDICAL UTILIZATION. SUMMARY: ALTHOUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PEDIATRIC AMPLIFIED PAIN SYNDROMES EVOLVES, STANDARD OF CARE IS MULTIDISCIPLINARY EMPHASIZING EXERCISE THERAPY, COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT, AND SELF-REGULATION. TREATMENT SHOULD TARGET FULL RETURN TO PHYSICAL FUNCTION, WHICH LEADS TO SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OR RESOLUTION OF PAIN. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE CAN BE COORDINATED BY A RHEUMATOLOGIST OR OTHER PHYSICIAN WITH APPROPRIATE REFERRALS, OR THROUGH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20   375  14 AN ENERGETIC VIEW OF STRESS: FOCUS ON MITOCHONDRIA. ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO SUSTAIN LIFE AND ENABLE STRESS ADAPTATION. AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL, ENERGY IS LARGELY DERIVED FROM MITOCHONDRIA - UNIQUE MULTIFUNCTIONAL ORGANELLES WITH THEIR OWN GENOME. FOUR MAIN ELEMENTS CONNECT MITOCHONDRIA TO STRESS: (1) ENERGY IS REQUIRED AT THE MOLECULAR, (EPI)GENETIC, CELLULAR, ORGANELLAR, AND SYSTEMIC LEVELS TO SUSTAIN COMPONENTS OF STRESS RESPONSES; (2) GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND OTHER STEROID HORMONES ARE PRODUCED AND METABOLIZED BY MITOCHONDRIA; (3) RECIPROCALLY, MITOCHONDRIA RESPOND TO NEUROENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC STRESS MEDIATORS; AND (4) EXPERIMENTALLY MANIPULATING MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS ALTERS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. THUS, MITOCHONDRIA ARE ENDOCRINE ORGANELLES THAT PROVIDE BOTH THE ENERGY AND SIGNALS THAT ENABLE AND DIRECT STRESS ADAPTATION. NEURAL CIRCUITS REGULATING SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - AS WELL AS PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES - ARE ALSO INFLUENCED BY MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGETICS. AN INTEGRATIVE VIEW OF STRESS AS AN ENERGY-DRIVEN PROCESS OPENS NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO STUDY MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION AND REGULATION ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.	2018