1  1432 108 DIFFERENTIAL GENE HYPERMETHYLATION IN GENITAL LICHEN SCLEROSUS AND CANCER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. AIMS: LICHEN SCLEROSUS (LS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE GENITAL SKIN OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY. THE ROLE OF LS IN PENILE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOGENESIS IS NOT WELL CHARACTERIZED. HPV HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN BOTH, AS HAVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THE PRESENCE OF HPV AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MGMT, P16, RASSF1, RASSF2, TSLC1 AND TSP1 GENES WERE STUDIED IN PENILE LS; MGMT, RASSF2 AND TSLC1 HYPERMETHYLATION IN PENILE CANCER AND TSLC1 HYPERMETHYLATION IN VULVAR LS AND CANCER EXTENDS PREVIOUS RESULTS REPORTED BY OUR GROUP. METHODS AND RESULTS: THIRTY-SEVEN HPV GENOTYPES AND HYPERMETHYLATION WERE EVALUATED BY PCR/REVERSE-LINE-BLOT AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR RESPECTIVELY, IN 27 PREPUTIAL LS, 24 PENILE SCC, 30 VULVAR SCC, 21 VULVAR LS AND 22 NORMAL SKIN CASES. HPV66 WAS PRESENT IN 3.7% OF PENILE LS CASES, AND P16 AND RASSF2 HYPERMETHYLATION WERE MORE FREQUENT IN PENILE CANCER THAN IN PENILE LS. P16, RASSF1, RASSF2 AND TSP1 HYPERMETHYLATION WERE SIMILAR IN PENILE AND VULVAR LS. CONCLUSIONS: GENE HYPERMETHYLATION IS A COMMON EVENT IN PENILE LS, AND OCCURS APPROXIMATELY AS FREQUENTLY AS IN VULVAR LS. CERTAIN GENES CAN BE HYPERMETHYLATED AS AN EARLY OR LATE EVENT IN LS OR CANCER, RESPECTIVELY. THIS SUGGESTS A POSSIBLE SEQUENTIAL ROLE FOR THESE ALTERATIONS IN THE TRANSITION FROM BENIGN TO MALIGNANT LESIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  6381  38 THE ROLE OF ONCOGENIC DNA VIRUSES IN PENILE CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PENILE CANCER IS A RELATIVELY RARE NEOPLASIA IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. PENILE CANCER CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)-POSITIVE AND HPV-NEGATIVE CASES. WORLDWIDE, THE HPV PREVALENCE IN PENILE CANCER SAMPLES IS AROUND 50%, AND HPV16 IS THE MOST PREVALENT GENOTYPE. ALTHOUGH HPV IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR CANCER DEVELOPMENT, OTHER ONCOGENIC FACTORS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CARCINOGENESIS. SOME OF THESE FACTORS CAN BE INFECTIOUS, SUCH AS THE EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV), AS WELL AS THE MERKEL CELL POLYOMAVIRUS (MCPYV). THE PREVALENCE RATES OF NEARLY 50% FOR BOTH HPV AND EBV INFECTIONS INDICATE AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF THESE VIRUSES IN PENILE TISSUE MALIGNANCY, REINFORCING THE IDEA OF A MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE. ALTHOUGH THE HPV ROLE IS BETTER UNDERSTOOD, EBV IS THOUGHT TO FACILITATE PERSISTENCE, INTEGRATION, AND MUTATIONS. RECENT STUDIES ON THE MERKEL CELL POLYOMAVIRUS HAVE NOT SHOWN A RELEVANT PREVALENCE IN PENILE CANCER SAMPLES, BUT ITS PRESENCE INDICATES THE OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIOUS POTENTIAL OF THIS VIRUS. REGARDING HPV-NEGATIVE CASES, THE LITERATURE SUGGESTS A LINK WITH YOUNGER AGE AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, MAINLY THROUGH THE P16INK4A PATHWAY. RECENTLY, SEVERAL BIOMARKERS THAT MIGHT ACT AS PROGNOSTIC TOOLS (E.G., KI-67, SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ANTIGEN, AMONG OTHERS) HAVE BEEN PROPOSED, BUT THE RESULTS REMAIN CONTROVERSIAL. IN ADDITION, OTHER RISK FACTORS HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PENILE CARCINOGENESIS, SUCH AS THE PRESENCE OF PHIMOSIS, NONCIRCUMCISION, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND NUMBER OF SEXUAL PARTNERS. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DEVELOP TOOLS FOR EARLY DETECTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF PENILE CANCER.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3  6141  32 THE ETIOLOGY OF PEYRONIE'S DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS AND GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS. INTRODUCTION: PEYRONIE'S DISEASE (PD) IS A CHRONIC FIBROSING CONDITION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO PENILE DEFORMITY, CURVATURE, AND PAIN. INITIAL FAMILIAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATED POTENTIAL GENETIC LINKS TO PD. SINCE THAT TIME, VERY FEW INVESTIGATIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCED THE SCIENCE IN THIS AREA. HENCE, THERE IS A LARGE OPPORTUNITY AND SIGNIFICANT NEED TO BETTER STUDY THE UNDERLYING GENOMICS AND PATHOGENESIS OF PD. AIM: TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT GENOMIC LITERATURE RELEVANT TO PD. METHODS: A REVIEW WAS PERFORMED OF ALL PUBMED-INDEXED LITERATURE FROM 1970-2018 RELATING TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF PD. KEY FINDINGS WERE CATEGORICALLY SUMMARIZED TO INCLUDE EPIDEMIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, INHERITANCE PATTERNS, CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY, GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS, EPIGENETICS, DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION, AND PRECLINICAL MODELS OF PD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SUMMARY OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE ON THE GENETICS OF PD. RESULTS: PD IS A COMMON CONDITION AND HAS SEVERAL KNOWN RISK FACTORS AND COMORBID DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS. ALTHOUGH MEN WITH PD ARE BELIEVED TO BE GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED, THERE ARE LIKELY SEVERAL SUBTYPES OF THE CONDITION, EACH WITH VARIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS. AVAILABLE DATA SUGGEST THAT PD IS ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERLYING GENETIC INSTABILITY, INCLUDING DYSREGULATION OF GENES RELATING TO FIBROSIS AND CELLULAR DEGRADATION, THUS, RESULTING IN ABNORMAL PLAQUE DEVELOPMENT AND PENILE DEFORMITY. PRECLINICAL MODELS, INCLUDING CELL CULTURES AND RAT MODELS, DEMONSTRATE SEVERAL CONSISTENCIES WITH PD CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS; HOWEVER, AN IDEAL MODEL WITH SPONTANEOUS DEVELOPMENT OF PD IS LACKING. CONCLUSION: BASED ON LIMITED DATA, PD LIKELY REPRESENTS A HETEROGENEOUS CONDITION, WITH BOTH HERITABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY-DRIVEN EPIGENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ITS DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. HOWEVER, THERE REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT GAP IN THE LITERATURE ON THE UNDERLYING CAUSE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE CONDITION, SUGGESTING A SUBSTANTIAL NEED FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION AND STUDY. SHARMA KL, ALOM M, TROST L. THE ETIOLOGY OF PEYRONIE'S DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS AND GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS. SEX MED REV 2020;8:314-323.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  6711  42 VIRTUES AND WEAKNESSES OF DNA METHYLATION AS A TEST FOR CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION. EPIGENETICS IS THE STUDY OF HERITABLE AND NON-HERITABLE GENETIC CODING THAT IS ADDITIVE TO INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN CLASSICAL DNA BASE PAIR SEQUENCES. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION HAS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTCOME OF MALIGNANCIES, CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND AGING. DNA METHYLATION CAN BE MEASURED ACCURATELY AND EASILY VIA VARIOUS MOLECULAR METHODS AND HAS BECOME A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR RESEARCH AND HEALTHCARE DELIVERY, WITH IMMEDIATE ROLES IN THE ELUCIDATION OF DISEASE NATURAL HISTORY, DIAGNOSTICS AND DRUG DISCOVERY. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON CANCERS OF THE LOWER GENITAL TRACT, FOR WHICH THE MOST EPIGENETIC INFORMATION EXISTS. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS A TRIAGE FOR WOMEN INFECTED WITH HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) AND MAY EVENTUALLY DIRECTLY COMPLEMENT OR REPLACE HPV SCREENING AS A ONE-STEP MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC TEST. METHYLATION OF HUMAN GENES IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN) AND CANCER. OF THE MORE THAN 100 HUMAN METHYLATION BIOMARKER GENES TESTED SO FAR IN CERVICAL TISSUE, CLOSE TO 20 HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN DIFFERENT STUDIES, AND APPROXIMATELY 10 HAVE BEEN REPEATEDLY SHOWN TO HAVE ELEVATED METHYLATION IN CERVICAL CANCERS AND HIGH-GRADE CIN (CIN2 AND CIN3), MOST PROMINENTLY CADM1, EPB41L3, FAM19A4, MAL, MIR-124, PAX1 AND SOX1. OBTAINING CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE DATA FROM THE LITERATURE IS QUITE DIFFICULT BECAUSE MOST METHYLATION STUDIES USED A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT ASSAY METHODOLOGIES AND HAD INCOMPLETE AND/OR BIASED CLINICAL SPECIMEN SETS, VARYING ASSAY THRESHOLDS AND DISPARATE TARGET GENE REGIONS. THERE HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY FEW VALIDATION STUDIES OF DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS IN LARGE POPULATION-BASED SCREENING STUDIES, BUT AN ENCOURAGING DEVELOPMENT MORE RECENTLY IS THE EXECUTION OF WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES TO TEST THE TRUE PERFORMANCE OF THE MARKERS IN REAL-WORLD SETTINGS. METHYLATION OF HPV GENES, ESPECIALLY HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33 AND HPV45, IN DISEASE PROGRESSION HAS BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS OF RESEARCH. ELEVATED METHYLATION OF THE HPV16 L1 AND L2 OPEN READING FRAMES, IN PARTICULAR, IS ASSOCIATED WITH CIN2, CIN3 AND INVASIVE CANCER. ESSENTIALLY ALL CANCERS HAVE HIGH LEVELS OF METHYLATION FOR HUMAN GENES AND FOR DRIVER HPV TYPES, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION TESTS MAY HAVE UTILITY IN PREDICTING CIN2 AND CIN3 THAT ARE LIKELY TO PROGRESS. IT IS STILL EARLY IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF METHYLATION BIOMARKERS, BUT ALREADY THEY ARE SHOWING STRONG PROMISE AS A UNIVERSAL AND SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO MOLECULAR TRIAGE, APPLICABLE TO ALL CANCERS, NOT JUST CANCER OF THE CERVIX. DNA METHYLATION TESTING IS BETTER THAN HPV GENOTYPING TRIAGE AND IS COMPETITIVE WITH OR COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER APPROACHES SUCH AS CYTOLOGY AND P16 STAINING. GENOME-WIDE STUDIES ARE UNDERWAY TO SYSTEMATICALLY EXPAND METHYLATION CLASSIFIER PANELS AND FIND THE BEST COMBINATIONS OF BIOMARKERS. METHYLATION TESTING IS LIKELY TO SHOW BIG IMPROVEMENTS IN PERFORMANCE IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS.	2016	

5  3665  32 INFECTION AS A POTENTIAL COFACTOR IN THE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: THE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC THEORY POSTULATES THAT ENDOMETRIOSIS IS TRIGGERED BY A CUMULATIVE SET OF GENETIC-EPIGENETIC (GE) INCIDENTS. PELVIC AND UPPER GENITAL TRACT INFECTION MIGHT INDUCE GE INCIDENTS AND THUS PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. THUS, THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO REVIEW THE ASSOCIATION OF ENDOMETRIOSIS WITH UPPER GENITAL TRACT AND PELVIC INFECTIONS. METHODS: PUBMED, SCOPUS AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR WERE SEARCHED FOR 'ENDOMETRIOSIS AND (INFECTION OR PID OR BACTERIA OR VIRUSES OR MICROBIOME OR MICROBIOTA)', FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME' AND FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME AND ENDOMETRIOSIS', RESPECTIVELY. ALL 384 ARTICLES, THE FIRST 120 'BEST MATCH' ARTICLES IN PUBMED FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME' AND THE FIRST 160 HITS IN GOOGLE SCHOLAR FOR 'REPRODUCTIVE MICROBIOME AND ENDOMYTRIOSIS' WERE HAND SEARCHED FOR DATA DESCRIBING AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENDOMETRIOSIS AND BACTERIAL, VIRAL OR OTHER INFECTIONS. ALL 31 ARTICLES FOUND WERE INCLUDED IN THIS MANUSCRIPT. RESULTS: WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS HAVE A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED RISK OF LOWER GENITAL TRACT INFECTION, CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS, SEVERE PID AND SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS AFTER HYSTERECTOMY. THEY HAVE MORE COLONY FORMING UNITS OF GARDNERELLA, STREPTOCOCCUS, ENTEROCOCCI AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN THE ENDOMETRIUM. IN THE CERVIX ATOPOBIUM IS ABSENT, BUT GARDNERELLA, STREPTOCOCCUS, ESCHERICHIA, SHIGELLA, AND UREOPLASMA ARE INCREASED. THEY HAVE HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS IN MENSTRUAL BLOOD. A SHIGELLA/ESCHERICHIA DOMINANT STOOL MICROBIOME IS MORE FREQUENT. THE PERITONEAL FLUID OF WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS CONTAINS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MOLLICUTES AND OF HPV VIRUSES. ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS HAVE A SPECIFIC BACTERIAL COLONISATION WITH MORE FREQUENTLY MOLLICUTES (54%) AND BOTH HIGH AND MEDIUM-RISK HPV INFECTIONS (11%). THEY CONTAIN DNA WITH 96% HOMOLOGY WITH SHIGELLA. IN MICE TRANSPLANTED ENDOMETRIUM CHANGES THE GUT MICROBIOME WHILE THE GUT MICROBIOME INFLUENCES THE GROWTH OF THESE ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS. CONCLUSIONS: ENDOMETRIOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE UPPER GENITAL TRACT AND PERITONEAL INFECTIONS. THESE INFECTIONS MIGHT BE CO-FACTORS CAUSING GE INCIDENTS AND INFLUENCING ENDOMETRIOSIS GROWTH.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  3908  30 LICHEN SCLEROSUS: AN AUTOIMMUNOPATHOGENIC AND GENOMIC ENIGMA WITH EMERGING GENETIC AND IMMUNE TARGETS. LICHEN SCLEROSUS (LS) IS AN INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSIS WITH A PREDILECTION FOR ANOGENITAL SKIN. DEVELOPING LESIONS LEAD TO VULVAR PAIN AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, WITH A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF STRUCTURAL ANATOMICAL ARCHITECTURE, SCLEROSIS, AND INCREASED RISK OF MALIGNANCY. ONSET MAY OCCUR AT ANY AGE IN BOTH SEXES, BUT TYPICALLY AFFECTS MORE FEMALES THAN MALES, PRESENTING IN A BIMODAL FASHION AMONG PRE-PUBERTAL CHILDREN AND MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS. A DEFINITIVE CURE REMAINS ELUSIVE AS THE EXACT PATHOGENESIS OF LS REMAINS UNKNOWN. A GENERAL REVIEW OF LS, HISTOLOGIC CHALLENGES, ALONG WITH AMOUNTING SUPPORT FOR LS AS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WITH PREFERENCE FOR A T(H)1 IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST A GENETIC BACKGROUND IS SUMMARIZED. IN ADDITION TO THE CLASSICALLY REFERENCED ECM1 (EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEIN 1), A FOLLOWING DISCUSSION OF OTHER IMMUNE AND GENETIC TARGETS MORE RECENTLY IMPLICATED AS CAUSATIVE OR ACCELERANT AGENTS OF DISEASE, PARTICULARLY MIR-155, DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF ECM1, GALECTIN-7, P53, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TO CDKN2A, ARE ADDRESSED FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THREE DIFFERENT, BUT INTERCONNECTED ASPECTS OF LS PATHOLOGY. COLLECTIVELY, THESE EMERGING TARGETS SERVE NOT ONLY AS INHERENTLY POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT, BUT MAY ALSO PROVIDE FURTHER INSIGHT INTO THIS DEBILITATING AND CRYPTIC DISEASE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  4905  38 P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, AGE, AND GENDER IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PURPOSE: THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE P16INK4A IS MAINLY INACTIVATED BY AN EPIGENETIC CHANGE INVOLVING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL IMPACT OF P16INK4A METHYLATION AND THE POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF P16INK4A IN 50 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND CORRESPONDING NONNEOPLASTIC LIVER LESIONS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES. RESULTS: P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 58% (29 OF 50) OF THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND 16% (6 OF 38) OF THE CORRESPONDING CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS TISSUE SAMPLES. P16INK4A METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION (P <0.001 AND P=0.003, RESPECTIVELY). ALL OF THE P16INK4A-METHYLATED TUMORS WERE POSITIVE FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS MARKERS, BUT NONE OF THE VIRUS-NEGATIVE TUMORS EXHIBITED P16INK4A METHYLATION (P=0.006). THE FREQUENCY OF P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (23 OF 32, 72%) THAN IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (6 OF 13, 46%; P=0.1). ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16INK4A WAS ALSO RELATED SIGNIFICANTLY TO INCREASING AGE, FEMALE GENDER, AND NORMAL LEVELS OF SERUM PIVKA-II (P=0.02, 0.04, AND 0.04, RESPECTIVELY). NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN SURVIVAL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION AND THOSE WITHOUT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS FROM AN EARLY STAGE AND THAT MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS VIRAL INFECTIONS, AGE, AND GENDER, MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  5885  21 SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS FOLLOWING HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION: A CASE-BASED REVIEW. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (AIDS) WITH MANY PATHOGENIC FACTORS, RANGING FROM GENETIC TO EPIGENETIC TO ENVIRONMENTAL. THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV), A VIRAL INFECTIOUS AGENT, IS A COMMON CONTRIBUTOR TO THE ONSET AND EXACERBATION OF SLE. HPV INFECTIONS ARE MORE PREVALENT AMONG SLE PATIENTS THAN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, BRINGING ABOUT A SUBSTANTIAL NEED FOR TREATMENT. WHILE HPV RECOMBINANT GENE VACCINES ARE ACCEPTED AS A UNIVERSAL METHOD FOR INFECTION PREVENTION, THEY POSE A RISK FOR ADVERSE EVENTS SUCH AS FEVER, JOINT PAIN, AND RASHES. IN RARE CASES, THEY MIGHT EVEN TRIGGER AIDS SUCH AS SLE, ESPECIALLY IN PATIENTS WITH A PERSONAL OR FAMILY HISTORY OF SUCH DISEASES. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE PROVIDE A REPORT OF A CASE OF SLE ONSET FOLLOWING HPV VACCINATION AND A REVIEW OF 11 SIMILAR CASES. AN ANALYSIS OF 12 PATIENTS REVEALED THAT 7 CASES OF SLE DEVELOPED BETWEEN 3 WEEKS AND 2 MONTHS POST-VACCINATION. SYMPTOMS OF SLE GENERALLY MANIFEST AS FATIGUE, FEVER, JOINT PAIN, AND MYALGIA. TWO PATIENTS HAD LUPUS NEPHRITIS, 2 SHOWED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT, INCLUDING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND EPILEPTIC SEIZURES, AND 1 HAD INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION. ALL PATIENTS SHOWED RAPID REMISSION WITH GLUCOCORTICOID AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY AND REMAINED STABLE DURING SEVERAL MONTHS OF FOLLOW-UP.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  6748  34 WHOLE GENOME METHYLATION ARRAY ANALYSIS REVEALS NEW ASPECTS IN BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY ETIOLOGY. BACKGROUND: BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY (BEN) REPRESENTS A CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS IN STRIKING CORRELATION WITH UROEPITHELIAL TUMOURS OF THE UPPER URINARY TRACT. THE DISEASE HAS ENDEMIC DISTRIBUTION IN THE DANUBE RIVER REGIONS IN SEVERAL BALKAN COUNTRIES.DNA METHYLATION IS A PRIMARY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT IS INVOLVED IN MAJOR PROCESSES SUCH AS CANCER, GENOMIC IMPRINTING, GENE SILENCING, ETC. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS IN NORMAL DEVELOPMENT, CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IS WIDELY RECOGNIZED, ALTHOUGH STILL STAYS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED WHOLE GENOME DNA METHYLATION ARRAY ANALYSIS ON DNA POOL SAMPLES FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM 159 AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS AND 170 HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. THIS TECHNIQUE ALLOWED US TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF 27 627 CPG ISLANDS THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE GENOME IN HEALTHY CONTROLS AND BEN PATIENTS. THUS WE OBTAINED THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF BEN PATIENTS FROM BULGARIAN AND SERBIAN ENDEMIC REGIONS. RESULTS: USING SPECIFICALLY DEVELOPED SOFTWARE WE COMPARED THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF BEN PATIENTS AND CORRESPONDING CONTROLS AND REVEALED THE DIFFERENTLY METHYLATED REGIONS. WE THEN COMPARED THE DMRS BETWEEN ALL PATIENT-CONTROL PAIRS TO DETERMINE COMMON CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROFILES.SEC61G, IL17RA, HDAC11 PROVED TO BE DIFFERENTLY METHYLATED THROUGHOUT ALL PATIENT-CONTROL PAIRS. THE CPG ISLANDS OF ALL 3 GENES WERE HYPOMETHYLATED COMPARED TO CONTROLS. THIS SUGGESTS THAT DYSREGULATION OF THESE GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE COULD BE A COMMON MECHANISM IN BEN PATHOGENESIS IN BOTH ENDEMIC REGIONS AND IN BOTH GENDERS. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA PROPOSE A NEW HYPOTHESIS THAT IMMUNOLOGIC DYSREGULATION HAS A PLACE IN BEN ETIOPATHOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  6415  35 THE STUDY OF P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND THEIR QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IN PLASMA BY REAL-TIME PCR. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION ARE COMMONLY OBSERVED IN HUMAN EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS (HNSCC). IN THIS STUDY, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IN 73 HNSCC SURGICAL SPECIMENS. P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION WAS ALSO EXAMINED IN 29 PAIRED METASTATIC LYMPH NODES AND 29 PAIRED HISTOLOGICALLY, NORMAL RESECTION MARGIN MUCOSAE. THE QUANTITY OF CELL-FREE METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN THE PLASMA SAMPLES OF 20 HNSCC PATIENTS AND 24 HEALTHY CONTROLS WAS ALSO EXAMINED USING A FLUORESCENCE-BASED REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY. THE FREQUENCIES OF P16 AND P15 METHYLATION IN THE PRIMARY TUMOUR WERE 49% AND 60%, RESPECTIVELY. CONCORDANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND P15 IN TUMOUR SAMPLES AND METASTATIC LYMPH NODES WAS FOUND IN 59 AND 38% OF CASES, RESPECTIVELY. A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PREVALENCE OF P15 METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN HISTOLOGICALLY-NORMAL SURGICAL MARGIN EPITHELIA OF HNSCC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING HABITS COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKERS AND NON-DRINKERS. IN ADDITION, METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE PLASMA OF HNSCC PATIENTS (MEAN 56 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 65 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY) COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS (MEAN 6 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 16 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY). IN CONCLUSION, PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HNSCC AND MAY BE RELATED TO CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING. THE DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS OF METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN PLASMA MIGHT BE POTENTIAL USEFUL MARKERS IN SCREENING HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS FOR EARLY HNSCC AND MONITORING THEIR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  5517  33 RISK FACTOR ASSESSMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN NORTH KERALA. OBJECTIVE: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE; IT LEADS TO DISABLING AND PAINFUL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS. ITS ONSET MAY BE DELAYED OR EVEN PREVENTED BY MODIFYING THE RISK FACTORS INVOLVED. MANY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF RA. THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY WERE TO ASSESS VARIOUS RISK FACTORS IN OUR POPULATION AND TO COMPARE THE SAME WITH AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED CONTROLS. METHODS: WE STUDIED 118 CASES WITH RA DIAGNOSED USING THE EULAR CRITERIA. IN TOTAL, 581 AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED CONTROLS WERE SELECTED. EACH INDIVIDUAL WAS ADMINISTERED A SEPARATE QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING THEIR RISK FACTORS (KNOWN RISK FACTORS WERE STUDIED). THE IMPLICATED DIETARY FACTORS WERE INCORPORATED IN A FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE (FFQ) AND ADMINISTERED TO BOTH CASES AND CONTROLS. COMPARISON WAS MADE BETWEEN THOSE WHO CONSUME AN ITEM AT A PARTICULAR FREQUENCY, WHO CONSUME LESS, AND WHO CONSUME NOTHING AT ALL. AMONG THOSE WHO CONSUME, EACH GROUP WAS RE-COMPARED. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES (IBM CORP.; ARMONK, NY, USA). RESULTS: THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP FOR FAMILY HISTORY, PERIODONTITIS, HISTORY OF CHIKUNGUNYA, AND SUN EXPOSURE (P<0.05). ASSOCIATION WITH VARIOUS FOOD ITEMS WAS STUDIED USING THE FFQ, BUT THE RELATIONSHIP WAS INCONSISTENT, PROBABLY DUE TO CONSUMPTION OF MODIFIED DIET BY THE PERSONS WITH RA. ALSO, A MAJORITY OF CASES WERE FEMALES AND NONSMOKERS FOR ASSESSING AN ASSOCIATION WITH SMOKING HABITS. CONCLUSION: IN OUR POPULATION, PREVIOUS INFECTIONS (E.G., CHIKUNGUNYA AND POOR ORAL HYGIENE WITH PERIODONTITIS) WERE THE PROMINENTLY OBSERVED RISK FACTORS. ALSO, SMOKING WAS LESS COMMON AMONG WOMEN, AND PROBABLY CONTRIBUTED LESS, AS MAJORITY OF CASES WERE FEMALES. FOR DIETARY PATTERN ASSOCIATION, A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY MAY BE NEEDED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12   563  28 BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS: CAN BIOMARKERS PREDICT PROGRESSION TO MALIGNANCY? BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND CAN PROGRESS TO ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. IT IS CHARACTERIZED HISTOLOGICALLY BY A SPECIALIZED INTESTINAL METAPLASIA THAT REPLACES THE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM OF THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS, AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE AND OBESITY. SIMILAR TO THE ADENOMA-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMAS, ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA DEVELOPS THROUGH PROGRESSION FROM BE TO LOW- AND HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA, THEN TO ADENOCARCINOMA WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. THE EXACT MALIGNANCY POTENTIAL OF BE IS UNCERTAIN. DYSPLASIA IS THE MOST PREDICTIVE MARKER FOR RISK OF ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA, WHEREAS ENDOSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES ARE STILL THE GOLD STANDARD FOR SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH BE. HOWEVER, BOTH ARE LIMITED, EITHER BY SAMPLING ERRORS IN BIOPSIES OR BY DIFFERENCES IN HISTOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS THAT MAY HAVE PREDICTIVE VALUE AND MAY SERVE AS ADDITIONAL FACTORS FOR THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE ROLE OF BIOMARKERS IN THE PROGRESSION FROM BE TO ADENOCARCINOMA, FOCUSING ON CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  2938  20 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS AND ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA. ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA (EAC) DEVELOPS FROM BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS (BE), WHEREIN NORMAL SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA IS REPLACED BY SPECIALIZED INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC GASTROESOPHAGEAL ACID REFLUX. BE CAN PROGRESS TO LOW- AND HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA, INTRAMUCOSAL, AND INVASIVE CARCINOMA. BOTH BE AND EAC ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY, ANEUPLOIDY, SPECIFIC GENETIC MUTATIONS, AND CLONAL DIVERSITY. GIVEN THE LIMITATIONS OF HISTOPATHOLOGY, GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES MAY IMPROVE THE PRECISION OF RISK STRATIFICATION. ASSAYS TO DETECT MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSION COULD BE USED TO IMPROVE THE PATHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF BE/EAC AND TO SELECT HIGH-RISK PATIENTS FOR MORE INTENSIVE SURVEILLANCE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  1165  30 CONTRIBUTION OF DNA METHYLATION TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF SJOGREN'S SYNDROME: A REVIEW. SJOGREN'S SYNDROME (SS) IS A CHRONIC SYSTEMIC DISEASE CHARACTERISED BY SALIVARY AND LACRIMAL GLAND DYSFUNCTION WITH SEVERE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WELL-BEING OF BEARING INDIVIDUALS. ALTHOUGH ITS ORIGIN HAS NOT YET BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED, IT IS KNOWN THAT GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS SYNDROME. DNA METHYLATION IS A RELEVANT, WIDELY STUDIED EPIGENETIC FACTOR THAT IS POSSIBLY RELATED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO PERFORM A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE TO COMPILE STUDIES ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF DNA METHYLATION TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF SS. A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN 4 DATABASES (PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, LILACS, AND SCOPUS) USING PREVIOUSLY SELECTED MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MESH) DESCRIPTORS, AND ARTICLE SELECTION CONSIDERED OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES ONLY. AFTER A FULL-TEXT READING OF THE SELECTED ARTICLES, 15 STUDIES WERE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR DATA EXTRACTION. METHYLATION DETECTION APPROACHES INCLUDED GLOBAL METHYLATION, GENOME-WIDE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS, AND SITE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION. FOURTEEN ARTICLES REPORTED ASSOCIATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN SS PATIENTS, BOTH GLOBALLY AND IN SEVERAL GENES IN SALIVARY GLANDS AND BLOOD CELLS. THUS, DNA METHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF SS. THE FINDINGS REINFORCE THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN THE DYNAMICS OF SS AND MAY DIRECT EFFORTS TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  1437  34 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION PATTERN OF XENOBIOTIC METABOLIZING GENES AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY, IN A COHORT OF ROMANIAN PATIENTS. A SEVERE, CHRONIC AND IRREVERSIBLE KIDNEY DISEASE AFFECTING DISCRETE RURAL POPULATIONS IN THE BALKAN PENINSULA COUNTRIES, BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY (BEN) HAS BEEN A SCIENTIFIC PUZZLE FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY. MANY ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER FACTORS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED AS THE PRIMARY CAUSE AND RECENT SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS HAVE LINKED BEN TO ARISTOLOCHIC ACIDS, PHYTOTOXINS DERIVED FROM THE PLANT ARISTOLOCHIA CLEMATITIS, FOUND IN HIGH DENSITY IN THE ENDEMIC AREAS. HOWEVER, GIVEN THAT THE INCIDENCE OF BEN IS LESS THAN 10% IN AFFECTED VILLAGES, AND IT TENDS TO HAVE A FAMILY AGGREGATION, AS YET UNIDENTIFIED GENETIC FACTORS MAY ALSO PLAY A ROLE. TO FURTHER EXPLORE THIS POSSIBILITY, A PILOT STUDY WAS INITIATED TO INVESTIGATE THE DNA METHYLATION OF CYP1A1, CYP1A2, NAT1, NQO1 AND GSTT1 IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM A GROUP OF ROMANIAN BEN PATIENTS, COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS AND NON-BEN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) SUBJECTS. OUR STUDY REVEALED A MORE PRONOUNCED HYPOMETHYLATION PATTERN IN BEN AND NON-BEN CKD GROUPS, COMPARED TO THE HEALTHY CONTROL GROUP AT SPECIFIC CPGS ACROSS ALL FIVE GENES INTERROGATED. AVERAGE METHYLATION ACROSS THE FIVE REGIONS INVESTIGATED INDICATED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES ONLY AT GSTT1, IN BOTH BEN PATIENTS (P = 0.028) AND NON-BEN DISEASE SUBJECTS (P = 0.015), RELATIVE TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. SINCE GSTT1 ACTIVE GENOTYPE APPEARS TO BE A COMMON FEATURE OF SERBIAN AND ROMANIAN BEN PATIENTS, GSTT1 EPIGENETIC VARIATION AND INCREASED GENE ACTIVITY COULD ACT AS A PREDISPOSING (CO)FACTOR IN BEN POPULATIONS FROM THE AFFECTED COUNTRIES. BEN AND NON-BEN CKD GROUPS SHOW SIMILAR METHYLATION PATTERNS WITH EXCEPTION OF GSTT1 CPG8 (P = 0.046).	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  5118  34 POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GERMLINE METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND PSORIASIS RISK IN A TURKISH POPULATION. BACKGROUND: PSORIASIS IS A COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CAUSED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. THERE ARE CONFLICTING RESULTS IN THE LITERATURE ABOUT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PSORIASIS AND THE METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE GENE (MTHFR), RANGING FROM STRONG LINKAGE TO NO ASSOCIATION. AIM: TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE GERMLINE MTHFR POLYMORPHISMS C677T AND A1298C WITH PSORIASIS RISK IN A TURKISH POPULATION. METHODS: THE STUDY ENROLLED 84 PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS AND 212 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS) WITHOUT ANY HISTORY OF PSORIASIS. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES OF PATIENTS AND HCS, AND REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED FOR GENOTYPING. RESULTS WERE COMPARED BY PEARSON CHI(2) TEST AND MULTIPLE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS. RESULTS: THE FREQUENCY OF BOTH THE MTHFR 677TT AND A1298C (HOMOZYGOUS) GENOTYPES WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM HCS. POINT MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN ALL PATIENTS WITH EARLY-ONSET PSORIASIS (BEFORE THE AGE OF 20 YEARS). THE T ALLELE OF MTHFR 677 AND THE C ALLELE OF MTHFR 1298 INCREASED PSORIASIS RISK BY 12.4- AND 17.0-FOLD, RESPECTIVELY, IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH HCS. CONCLUSION: A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WAS DETECTED BETWEENGERMLINE MTHFR 677 C>T AND 1298 A>C GENOTYPES AND PSORIASIS RISK IN A TURKISH POPULATION. THESE RESULTS NEED TO BE CONFIRMED IN FURTHER STUDIES WITH LARGER SAMPLE SIZES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  5182  29 PREMALIGNANT LESIONS OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG: THE MOLECULAR MAKE-UP AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR PROGRESSION. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (SCC), ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF LUNG CANCER, SHOWS ACCELERATED PROGRESSION AND AGGRESSIVE GROWTH AND USUALLY IS OBSERVED AT ADVANCED STAGES. SCC ORIGINATES FROM MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM THAT OCCUR DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: BASAL CELL HYPERPLASIA, SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA, AND DYSPLASIA I-III. HOWEVER, THE PROCESS IS NOT INEVITABLE; IT CAN BE STOPPED AT ANY STAGE, REMAIN IN THE STABLE STATE INDEFINITELY AND EITHER PROGRESS OR REGRESS. THE REASONS AND MECHANISMS OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS OF THE EVOLUTION OF PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN THE RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE LITERATURE DATA (INCLUDING OUR OWN DATA) REGARDING GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND PROTEOMIC PROFILES OF THE PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND HIGHLIGHTED FACTORS (ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES, INFLAMMATION, AND GENE POLYMORPHISM) THAT MAY GOVERN THEIR PROGRESSION OR REGRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, WE REVIEWED STRATEGIES FOR LUNG CANCER PREVENTION AND PROPOSED NEW MODELS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR STUDYING PREMALIGNANT LESIONS AND DEVELOPING NEW TOOLS TO PREDICT THE RISK OF THEIR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  1194  40 CORRELATION OF EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION OF CERTAIN GENES IS AN EPIGENETIC CHANGE THAT IS ESSENTIAL FOR TUMORIGENESIS. ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS (OSF) IS A PRECANCEROUS CONDITION OF ORAL MUCOSA WITH INFLAMMATION AND PROGRESSIVE FIBROSIS OF THE LAMINA PROPRIA AND DEEPER CONNECTIVE TISSUE. THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2) IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY DEMONSTRATE A MILD LESION/MUTATION AT EPIGENETIC LEVELS. THIS STUDY COMPARES THE HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER AND PATIENTS WITH OSF AND ALSO AIMS TO IDENTIFY RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSF. METHODS: DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES OF 50 HEALTHY SUBJECTS, 50 PATIENTS WITH OSF AND 60 PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS PERFORMED ON THESE SAMPLES AND THE PRODUCTS WERE ANALYZED ON 2% AGAROSE GEL. SURVEYS ABOUT ORAL HEALTH HABITS AND CLINICAL PERIODONTAL EXAMINATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH OSF AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CONDUCTED BY WELL-TRAINED DENTISTS, AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY RISK FACTORS FOR OSF. RESULTS: HYPERMETHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 WAS OBSERVED IN 36% AND 22% OF ORAL CANCER SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. IN PATIENTS WITH OSF, THE RATES WERE 52% AND 30%, AND IN HEALTHY CONTROLS THE RATES WERE 4% AND 6%. HYPERMETHYLATION WAS SHOWN TO BE CORRELATED BETWEEN THE 3 GROUPS WITH STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE (P<0.01). METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 OCCURRED MORE FREQUENTLY IN PATIENTS WITH OSF THAN IN THE CONTROL GROUP, BUT LESS FREQUENTLY THAN IN PATIENTS WITH ORAL CANCER. IN THE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS, SMOKING, BRUSHING MORE THAN TWICE DAILY, PERIODONTAL PROBING DEPTH AND PLAQUE INDEX WERE IDENTIFIED AS 4 MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR OSF. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA CONFIRM THAT E-CADHERIN AND COX-2 EXPRESSIONS ARE RELATED TO OSF. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES PRESENTED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MIGHT DEMONSTRATE AN IRREVERSIBLE DESTRUCTION IN THE TISSUES OR ORGANS SIMILAR TO THE EFFECTS OF CANCER. CHRONIC OSF WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION, A CANCER RISK FACTOR.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  2622  33 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN ASTHMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. OBJECTIVE: ASTHMA IS A COMMON CHRONIC RESPIRATORY AIRWAY DISEASE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND POSSIBLY THEIR INTERACTION WITH THE HUMAN GENOME CAUSING EPIGENETIC CHANGES. EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) HAVE MAINLY INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE OR TRAITS, EXPOSURE FACTORS OR GENE EXPRESSION. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AIMED TO IDENTIFY ALL EWAS ASSESSING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA IN HUMANS. DESIGN: STRUCTURED SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE SEARCH FOLLOWING PRISMA GUIDELINES, NEWCASTLE-OTTAWA SCALE (NOS) FOR COHORT STUDIES WAS USED FOR BIAS ASSESSMENT. DATA SOURCES: WE SEARCHED PUBMED AND EMBASE DATABASES FROM 2005 TO 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TESTING ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND ASTHMA IN HUMANS. RESULTS: OVERALL, WE IDENTIFIED 16 EWAS STUDIES COMPLYING WITH OUR SEARCH CRITERIA. TWELVE STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON CHILDREN, AND 10 WERE CONDUCTED ON SAMPLE SIZES <150 SUBJECTS. FOUR HUNDRED AND NINETEEN CPGS WERE REPORTED IN CHILDREN STUDIES AFTER CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE TESTING. IN THE ADULT STUDIES, THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES WERE IDENTIFIED. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN INFLAMMATORY-RELATED GENES CORRELATED WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF GENE EXPRESSIONS OF INFLAMMATORY MODULATORS IN ASTHMA. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA INCLUDED SMAD3, SERPINC1, PROK1, IL13, RUNX3 AND TIGIT. FORTY-ONE CPGS WERE REPLICATED AT LEAST ONCE IN BLOOD SAMPLES, AND 28 CPGS WERE REPLICATED IN NASAL SAMPLES. CONCLUSION: ALTHOUGH MANY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPGS IN GENES KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN ASTHMA HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN EWAS TO DATE, WE CONCLUDE THAT FURTHER STUDIES OF LARGER SAMPLE SIZES AND ANALYSES OF DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO COMPREHENSIVELY EVALUATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND HETEROGENEITY OF ASTHMA, AND THE POTENTIAL CLINICAL UTILITY TO PREDICT OR CLASSIFY PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  2031  25 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN LYMPHOCYTES OF SOLVENT-EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. AIM: WE INVESTIGATED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LYMPHOCYTES OF SOLVENT WORKERS AND CHRONIC TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE) PATIENTS AND EXPLORED POTENTIAL GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR GST. POPULATION & METHODS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY WAS SET UP IN 41 REFERENTS, 128 SOLVENT WORKERS AND 23 CTE PATIENTS. RESULTS: WE FOUND A GLOBAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE SOLVENT-EXPOSED POPULATION COMPARED WITH THE REFERENTS (P = 0.001, R = -0.544). GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE. FURTHERMORE, GSTP1 GENOTYPIC POLYMORPHISM WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED (P = 0.033) WITH GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, WHICH INDICATES A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF SOLVENT-INDUCED NEUROBEHAVIORAL DISORDERS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT SOLVENT-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS HAVE AN IMPACT ON NEUROTOXICITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CTE.	2012