1   723 126 CAN EPIGENETIC AND INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS IDENTIFY CLINICALLY AGGRESSIVE PROSTATE CANCER? PROSTATE CANCER (PCA) IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT MALIGNANCY AND CONSTITUTES A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. IT EMERGES THROUGH THE ACQUISITION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MICRORNA DEREGULATION. THESE GENERATE HERITABLE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES BUT DO NOT CHANGE THE DNA SEQUENCE. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION (HYPO AND HYPERMETHYLATION) ARE THE MOST CHARACTERIZED IN PCA. THEY LEAD TO GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND INADEQUATE GENE EXPRESSION. MAJOR AND MINOR-SPECIFIC MODIFICATIONS IN CHROMATIN RECASTING ARE INVOLVED IN PCA, WITH SIGNS SUGGESTING A DYSFUNCTION OF ENZYMES MODIFIED BY HISTONES. MICRORNA DEREGULATION ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO THE INITIATION OF PCA, INCLUDING INVOLVEMENT IN ANDROGEN RECEPTOR SIGNALIZATION AND APOPTOSIS. THE INFLUENCE OF INFLAMMATION ON PROSTATE TUMOR CARCINOGENESIS IS CURRENTLY MUCH BETTER KNOWN. RECENT DISCOVERIES ABOUT MICROBIAL SPECIES RESIDENT IN THE URINARY TRACT SUGGEST THAT THESE ARE THE INITIATORS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, PROMOTING PROSTATE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY AND EVENTUALLY LEADING TO PCA. COMPLETE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE URINARY MICROBIOME AND PROSTATIC CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WILL BE CRUCIAL TO DEVELOP PLANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF PCA. THE PREVALENT NATURE OF EPIGENETIC AND INFLAMMATORY ALTERATIONS MAY PROVIDE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR PCA DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT DECISIONS, EVALUATION OF PROGNOSIS AND POSTTREATMENT SURVEILLANCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  4769  40 NUCLEAR MORPHOMETRY, NUCLEOMICS AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION. PROSTATE CANCER (PCA) RESULTS FROM A MULTISTEP PROCESS. THIS PROCESS INCLUDES INITIATION, WHICH OCCURS THROUGH VARIOUS AGING EVENTS AND MULTIPLE INSULTS (SUCH AS CHRONIC INFECTION, INFLAMMATION AND GENETIC INSTABILITY THROUGH REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES CAUSING DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS), FOLLOWED BY A MULTISTEP PROCESS OF PROGRESSION. THESE STEPS INCLUDE SEVERAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AS WELL AS ALTERATIONS TO THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, WHICH OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO THE CARCINOGENIC STRESS-RELATED EVENTS THAT SUSTAIN PROLIFERATIVE SIGNALING. EVENTS SUCH AS EVADING GROWTH SUPPRESSORS, RESISTING CELL DEATH, ENABLING REPLICATIVE IMMORTALITY, INDUCING ANGIOGENESIS, AND ACTIVATING INVASION AND METASTASIS ARE READILY OBSERVED. IN ADDITION, IN CONJUNCTION WITH THESE CRITICAL DRIVERS OF CARCINOGENESIS, OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PCA, INVOLVING ENERGY METABOLISM AND EVASION OF THE IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM, APPEAR TO BE INVOLVED. IN ADDITION, WHEN CANCER SPREAD AND METASTASIS OCCUR, THE 'TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT' IN THE BONE OF PCA PATIENTS MAY PROVIDE A WAY TO SUSTAIN DORMANCY OR SENESCENCE AND EVENTUALLY ESTABLISH A 'SEED AND SOIL' SITE WHERE PCA PROLIFERATION AND GROWTH MAY OCCUR OVER TIME. WHEN PCA IS INITIATED AND PROGRESSION ENSUES, SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS IN NUCLEAR SIZE, SHAPE AND HETEROCHROMATIN (DNA TRANSCRIPTION) ORGANIZATION ARE FOUND, AND KEY NUCLEAR TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL PROTEINS, AS WELL AS MULTIPLE NUCLEAR BODIES CAN LEAD TO PRECANCEROUS AND MALIGNANT CHANGES. THESE SERIES OF CELLULAR AND TISSUE-RELATED MALIGNANCY-ASSOCIATED EVENTS CAN BE QUANTIFIED TO ASSESS DISEASE PROGRESSION AND MANAGEMENT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3  4417  25 MOLECULAR AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROSTATE CANCER IN BULGARIAN PROBANDS. TO CORRELATE THE MOLECULAR DATA TO THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN BULGARIAN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS. PCA3 OVEREXPRESSION, TMPRSS2-ERG GENE FUSION, GSTP1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE AR GENE AND THE IVS1-27G > A POLYMORPHISM IN THE KLF6 GENE WERE STUDIED. A TOTAL OF 148 PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED: 16 AGGRESSIVE PCA, 83 NON-AGGRESSIVE PCA, 25 BPH AND 24 CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. REAL-TIME RT-PCR, DNA SEQUENCING, AND BISULFITE CONVERSION OF DNA, WERE APPLIED. ALL CASES WITH AGGRESSIVE PCA BEFORE TREATMENT WERE TESTED POSITIVE FOR PCA3 OVEREXPRESSION, EXPRESSION OF A T2-ERG GENE FUSION PRODUCT AND GSTP1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. NO SOMATIC MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN THE AR GENE AND ALL PATIENTS SHOWED NORMAL KLF6-IVS1-27G > A GENOTYPE. THE TMPRSS2-ERG POSITIVE STATUS CORRELATES WITH MODERATE TO POORLY DIFFERENTIATED PROSTATE TUMORS AND IT IS CONSIDERED AS UNFAVORABLE DISEASE PREDICTOR. POSITIVE GSTP1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION SEEMS TO BE HIGHLY SPECIFIC AND THE EARLIEST EPIGENETIC CHANGE IN THE PROSTATE GLAND, WHICH INDICATES THE BEGINNING OF THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS. THE APPEARANCE OF POSITIVE MOLECULAR MARKERS IN BLOOD WAS CONSIDERED AS A PREDICTOR OF PCA DISSEMINATION. GSTP1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS FOUND AS THE EARLIEST AND A LONG-LASTING EPIGENETIC MARKER IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF PCA PATIENTS, WHICH MAKES IT SUITABLE AS A MARKER FOR TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP. THE MOLECULAR PROFILE OF PROSTATE CANCER NEEDS TO BE STRICTLY MONITORED DURING THE COURSE OF DISEASE TREATMENT, WHICH IS OF A GREAT HELP IN DETERMINING THE PATIENT'S INDIVIDUAL THERAPY RESPONSE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  2823  36 FLAVONOIDS AS EPIGENETIC MODULATORS FOR PROSTATE CANCER PREVENTION. PROSTATE CANCER (PCA) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE WITH AN UNCLEAR ETIOLOGY. DUE TO ITS HIGH PREVALENCE, LONG LATENCY, AND SLOW PROGRESSION, PCA IS AN IDEAL TARGET FOR CHEMOPREVENTION STRATEGIES. MANY RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF NATURAL FLAVONOIDS ON CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING PCA. DIFFERENT CLASSES OF DIETARY FLAVONOIDS EXHIBIT ANTI-OXIDATIVE, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTI-MUTAGENIC, ANTI-AGING, CARDIOPROTECTIVE, ANTI-VIRAL/BACTERIAL AND ANTI-CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES. WE OVERVIEWED THE MOST RECENT EVIDENCE OF THE ANTITUMORAL EFFECTS EXERTED BY DIETARY FLAVONOIDS, WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THEIR EPIGENETIC ACTION IN PCA. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS KEY INITIATING EVENTS IN SEVERAL KINDS OF CANCER. MANY DIETARY FLAVONOIDS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO REVERSE DNA ABERRATIONS THAT PROMOTE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION, PARTICULARLY FOR PCA. THE EPIGENETIC TARGETS OF THE ACTIONS OF FLAVONOIDS INCLUDE ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, INDIRECTLY CONTROLLED THROUGH THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC ENZYMES SUCH AS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT), HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT), AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC). IN ADDITION, FLAVONOIDS WERE FOUND CAPABLE OF RESTORING MIRNA AND LNCRNA EXPRESSION THAT IS ALTERED DURING DISEASES. THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF FLAVONOIDS AS NATURAL EPIGENETIC MODULATORS FOR CHEMOPREVENTION AND AS A POSSIBLE TREATMENT OF PCA AND OTHER KINDS OF CANCERS COULD REPRESENT A PROMISING AND VALID STRATEGY TO INHIBIT CARCINOGENESIS AND FIGHT CANCER.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5   132  29 AACR WHITE PAPER: SHAPING THE FUTURE OF CANCER PREVENTION - A ROADMAP FOR ADVANCING SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. THE RECENT PACE, EXTENT, AND IMPACT OF PARADIGM-CHANGING CANCER PREVENTION SCIENCE HAS BEEN REMARKABLE. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER RESEARCH (AACR) CONVENED A 3-DAY SUMMIT, ALIGNED WITH FIVE RESEARCH PRIORITIES: (I) PRECANCER ATLAS (PCA). (II) CANCER INTERCEPTION. (III) OBESITY-CANCER LINKAGE, A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC OF CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION. (IV) IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE. (V) CANCER DISPARITIES. ALIGNED WITH THESE PRIORITIES, AACR CO-LED THE LANCET COMMISSION TO FORMALLY ENDORSE AND ACCELERATE THE NCI CANCER MOONSHOT PROGRAM, FACILITATING NEW GLOBAL COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS IN CANCER CONTROL. THE EXPANDING SCOPE OF CREATIVE IMPACT IS PERHAPS MOST STARTLING-FROM NCI-FUNDED BUILT ENVIRONMENTS TO AACR TEAM SCIENCE AWARDED STUDIES OF ASIAN CANCER GENOMES INFORMING GLOBAL PRIMARY PREVENTION POLICIES; CELL-FREE EPIGENETIC MARKS IDENTIFYING INCIPIENT NEOPLASTIC SITE; PRACTICE-CHANGING GENOMIC SUBCLASSES IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASIA (INCLUDING GERMLINE VARIANT TIGHTLY LINKED TO JAK2 V617F HAPLOTYPE); UNIVERSAL GERMLINE GENETIC TESTING FOR PANCREATIC CANCER; AND REPURPOSING DRUGS TARGETING IMMUNE- AND STEM-CELL SIGNALS (E.G., IL-1BETA, PD-1, RANK-L) TO CANCER INTERCEPTION. MICROBIOTA-DRIVEN IL-17 CAN INDUCE STEMNESS AND TRANSFORMATION IN PANCREATIC PRECURSORS (IDENTIFYING ANOTHER REPURPOSING OPPORTUNITY). NOTABLE PROGRESS ALSO INCLUDES HOSTING AN OBESITY SPECIAL CONFERENCE (CONNECTING EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVES TO INFORM CANCER RESEARCH AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES), CO-LEADING CONCERTED NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION EFFORTS IN HPV VACCINATION, AND CHARTING THE FUTURE ELIMINATION OF CANCER DISPARITIES BY INTEGRATING NEW SCIENCE TOOLS, DISCOVERIES AND PERSPECTIVES INTO COMMUNITY-ENGAGED RESEARCH, INCLUDING TARGETED COUNTER ATTACKS ON E-CIGARETTE AD EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN, HISPANICS AND BLACKS. FOLLOWING THIS SUMMIT, TWO UNPRECEDENTED FUNDING INITIATIVES WERE CATALYZED TO DRIVE CANCER PREVENTION RESEARCH: THE NCI CANCER MOONSHOT (E.G., PCA AND DISPARITIES); AND THE AACR-STAND UP TO CANCER BOLD "CANCER INTERCEPTION" INITIATIVE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6  6386  29 THE ROLE OF QUANTITATIVE NPTX2 HYPERMETHYLATION AS A NOVEL SERUM DIAGNOSTIC MARKER IN PANCREATIC CANCER. OBJECTIVES: THE MAJORITY OF PANCREATIC CANCERS ARE FOUND TO BE UNRESECTABLE, AND THE ONLY CHANCE FOR CURE LIES ON EARLY DETECTION AND COMPLETE RESECTION. SEVERAL GENES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED TO BE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED IN PRIMARY PANCREATIC CANCER TISSUE, AND THIS CANCER DNA CAN BE DETECTED IN THE PLASMA. THE AIMS OF THIS STUDY WERE TO DEVELOP A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER BASED ON EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PANCREATIC CANCER. METHODS: WE ENROLLED 104 PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC CANCER, 60 WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, AND 5 WITH BENIGN BILIARY STONE DISEASES. THE BLOOD SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED BEFORE SURGERY OR ANY KINDS OF TREATMENT MODALITIES. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THE PLASMA OF EACH PATIENT, AND NPTX2 (NEURONAL PENTRAXIN II) CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION WAS EXAMINED QUANTITATIVELY BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: NPTX2 HYPERMETHYLATION LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER COMPARED WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (P = 0.016). THE SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY WERE 80% AND 76%, RESPECTIVELY (CUTOFF = 0.015). NPTX2 GENE HYPERMETHYLATION LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN CORRELATION WITH HIGHER AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON CANCER STAGES. CONCLUSIONS: THE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED NPTX2 GENE MAY HELP TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND PANCREATIC CANCER WITH CONVENTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND COULD BECOME A VALUABLE DIAGNOSTIC MARKER.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7   414  25 ANALYSIS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN STOOL: A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: DETECTION OF TUMOR-DERIVED DNA ALTERATIONS IN STOOL IS AN INTRIGUING NEW APPROACH WITH HIGH POTENTIAL FOR THE NONINVASIVE DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC). BECAUSE OF HETEROGENEITY OF TUMORS, USUALLY MULTIPLE MARKERS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE HUMAN GENOME NEED TO BE ANALYZED. THIS IS LABOR INTENSIVE AND DOES NOT ALLOW FOR HIGH THROUGH-PUT SCREENING. THEREFORE, MARKERS WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY AND GOOD SPECIFICITY ARE NEEDED. WE EXPLORED THE POTENTIAL OF A SINGLE EPIGENETIC MARKER IN COMPARISON WITH FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TESTING (FOBT) FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF PATIENTS WITH CRCS AND ADENOMAS FROM THOSE WITHOUT. METHODS: METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO ANALYZE HYPERMETHYLATED IN CANCER 1 (HIC1) PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS IN A BLINDED FASHION IN STOOL SAMPLES FROM 26 PATIENTS WITH CRC, 13 WITH ADENOMA > OR =1 CM, 9 WITH HYPERPLASTIC POLYPS, 9 WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, AND 32 WITH ENDOSCOPICALLY NORMAL COLON. RESULTS: NINETY-SEVEN PERCENT OF THE STOOL SAMPLES CONTAINED AMPLIFIABLE DNA. FORTY-TWO PERCENT OF THE SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH CRC AND 31% OF THE SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOMA > OR =1 CM WERE POSITIVE FOR HIC1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. NO METHYLATED HIC1 PROMOTER DNA WAS DETECTED IN THE FECAL DNA FROM PATIENTS WITH ENDOSCOPICALLY NORMAL COLON OR HYPERPLASTIC POLYPS. CONCLUSIONS: THE EPIGENETIC MARKER HIC1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CARRIES HIGH POTENTIAL FOR THE REMOTE DETECTION OF CRCS. WE POSTULATE THAT A PANEL OF MERELY A FEW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WILL BE REQUIRED FOR THE HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC DETECTION OF CRCS AND ADENOMAS IN FECAL SAMPLES FROM AFFECTED PATIENTS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8  3873  25 K-RAS AND P16(INK4A)ALTERATIONS IN SPUTUM OF NSCLC PATIENTS AND IN HEAVY ASYMPTOMATIC CHRONIC SMOKERS. NSCLC RATES AMONG THE MOST FREQUENT AND LETHAL NEOPLASM WORLD-WIDE AND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RELIES ONLY UPON EFFECTIVE EARLY DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES. WE INVESTIGATED K-RAS MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION IN TUMOR TISSUE AND SPUTUM OF 50 PATIENTS WITH NSCLC AND CORRELATED THEM WITH SPUTUM CYTOLOGY AND WITH TUMOR STAGING, GRADING AND LOCATION, TO ASCERTAIN, IN SPUTUM, THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC IMPACT. THE SAME GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES AND CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES WERE ALSO EVALUATED IN SPUTUM FROM 100 CHRONIC HEAVY SMOKERS. GENETIC ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN 64% TUMORS (14/50 K-RAS MUTATIONS AND 24/50 P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION) AND IN 48% SPUTUM (11/50 K-RAS MUTATIONS AND 16/50 P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION). IN TUMORS K-RAS MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION WERE MOSTLY MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, BEING FOUND IN THE SAME PATIENTS IN 3 CASES ONLY. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN SPUTUM WERE DETECTED ONLY IN MOLECULAR ABNORMAL TUMORS. MOLECULAR CHANGES IN SPUTUM HAD RATES OF DETECTION SIMILAR TO CYTOLOGY (42%) BUT THE CYTO-MOLECULAR COMBINATION INCREASED THE DIAGNOSTIC YIELD UP TO 60%. INTERESTINGLY, THE RATE OF DETECTION OF GENETIC CHANGES IN SPUTUM OF TUMORS AT EARLY STAGE (T1) WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF TUMORS AT MORE ADVANCED STAGE (T2-T4). IN FACT K-RAS POINT MUTATIONS WERE FREQUENTLY RECOGNISED IN TUMORS AT EARLY STAGE WHILE P16(INK4A) INACTIVATION PREVAILED IN TUMORS AT ADVANCED STAGE ( P=0.0063). AS EXPECTED, DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGICAL FINDINGS WERE MORE FREQUENTLY FOUND IN TUMORS AT ADVANCED STAGE (P=0.004). NO CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN TUMOR GRADING AND LOCATION (CENTRAL VERSUS PERIPHERAL) AND MOLECULAR CHANGES. P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION, BUT NOT K-RAS MUTATIONS, WAS DOCUMENTED IN SPORADIC CASES OF ASYMPTOMATIC HEAVY SMOKERS (4%) WHERE IT WAS UNCOUPLED FROM CYTOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES. IN CONCLUSION THE CYTO-MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY ADOPTED IN THIS STUDY WAS ABLE TO DETECT THE MAJORITY OF TUMORS BUT IN ORDER TO BE PROPOSED AS EFFECTIVE AND EARLY DIAGNOSTIC TOOL, THIS MOLECULAR PANEL NEEDS TO BE TESTED IN PROSPECTIVE STUDIES WITH ADEQUATE FOLLOW-UP.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  6201  35 THE INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT AND MICROBIOME IN PROSTATE CANCER DEVELOPMENT. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL TYPES OF SOLID CANCERS AND MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS. THIS HYPOTHESIS PARTLY ORIGINATES IN THE FREQUENT OBSERVATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN THE PROSTATE MICROENVIRONMENT OF ADULT MEN. INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH PUTATIVE PROSTATE CANCER PRECURSOR LESIONS, TERMED PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY. INFLAMMATION MIGHT DRIVE PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS VIA OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES THAT INDUCE MUTAGENESIS. ADDITIONALLY, INFLAMMATORY STRESS MIGHT CAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT PROMOTE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY IS ENRICHED FOR PROLIFERATIVE LUMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPE THAT MIGHT BE PRONE TO GENOMIC ALTERATIONS LEADING TO PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA AND PROSTATE CANCER. STUDIES IN ANIMALS SUGGEST THAT INFLAMMATORY CHANGES IN THE PROSTATE MICROENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTE TO REPROGRAMMING OF PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS, A POSSIBLE STEP IN TUMOUR INITIATION. PROSTATIC INFECTION, CONCURRENT WITH EPITHELIAL BARRIER DISRUPTION, MIGHT BE A KEY DRIVER OF AN INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT; THE DISCOVERY OF A URINARY MICROBIOME INDICATES A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FREQUENT EXPOSURE OF THE PROSTATE TO A DIVERSE NUMBER OF MICROORGANISMS. HENCE, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT INFLAMMATION AND ATROPHY ARE INVOLVED IN PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS AND SUGGESTS A ROLE FOR THE MICROBIOME IN ESTABLISHING AN INFLAMMATORY PROSTATE MICROENVIRONMENT THAT MIGHT PROMOTE PROSTATE CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  1064  36 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN CIRCULATING DNA OF PANCREATIC CANCER PATIENTS. INTRODUCTION: PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA (PDAC) IS A VERY AGGRESSIVE CANCER. THERE ARE VARIOUS SUB-CELLULAR EVENTS (BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC) THAT GET DYSREGULATED LEADING TO TUMORIGENESIS. METHYLATION IN PROMOTERS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS ONE OF THESE EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA CONTRIBUTING TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER. GENES ANALYZED FOR PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS IN THIS STUDY NAMELY SPARC (SECRETED PROTEIN ACIDIC AND RICH IN CYSTEINE, UCHL1 (UBIQUITIN CARBOXY-TERMINAL HYDROLASE L1), NPTX2 (NEURONAL PENTRAXIN 2), PENK (PROENKEPHALIN) HAD BEEN STUDIED IN PANCREATIC CANCER, BUT THERE IS A NEED TO CHECK METHYLATION IN THESE GENES AS CIRCULATORY NON-INVASIVE MARKERS. THIS STUDY ANALYZED THE ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF METHYLATION LEVELS OF SPARC, UCHL1, PENK, AND NPTX2 GENES PROMOTERS IN PDAC PATIENTS AS WELL AS IN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (CP) PATIENTS AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS (HC) AND EVALUATED ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: THE STUDY INCLUDED 65 PDAC PATIENTS, 25 CP PATIENTS, AND 25 HEALTHY CONTROLS. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THEIR PLASMA SAMPLES AND SUBSEQUENTLY GIVEN BISULFITE TREATMENT. ABSOLUTE QUANTIZATION OF METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED COPIES OF GENE PROMOTERS OF ALL THE FOUR GENES WAS PERFORMED USING REAL-TIME PCR (SYBR GREEN) BY THE STANDARD CURVE METHOD. METHYLATION LEVELS WERE EXPRESSED AS METHYLATION INDEX (MI) FOR EACH GENE IN EACH PATIENT. MI WAS CALCULATED FROM ABSOLUTE COPY NUMBERS AS FOLLOWS: MI-METHYLATED COPY NUMBER/METHYLATED COPY NUMBER + UNMETHYLATED COPY NUMBER). THESE INDICES WERE USED TO COMPARE GENE METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN DIFFERENT GROUPS AND TO CORRELATE WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SURVIVAL OF PANCREATIC CANCER PATIENTS. AN APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED. RESULTS: METHYLATION INDICES FOR ALL THE FOUR GENES IN PDAC CASES WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER AS COMPARED TO THAT IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. SPARC MI VALUES WERE FOUND TO DIFFERENTIATE EARLY-STAGE PDAC PATIENTS FROM CP PATIENTS. PDAC PATIENTS WITH THE METASTASIZED DISEASE AND STAGE IV DISEASE WERE FOUND TO HAVE HIGH MI FOR THE SPARC GENE AS WELL AS FOR THE NPTX2 GENE, WHILE A HIGHER UCHL1 METHYLATION INDEX WAS FOUND TO CORRELATE WITH AN ADVANCED STAGE OF THE DISEASE. HIGHER MI VALUES FOR SPARC AND NPTX2 GENES WERE FOUND TO ASSOCIATE WITH POOR SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH PDAC. CONCLUSION: METHYLATION LOAD IN THE FORM OF MI FOR EACH OF THE FOUR GENES ASSESSED IN PLASMA MAY EMERGE AS A NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKER TO DIFFERENTIATE PANCREATIC CANCER FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. BUT ONLY SPARC AND NPTX2 HYPERMETHYLATION WERE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH PANCREATIC CANCER FROM CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. ASSOCIATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN SPARC AND NPTX2 GENE WITH METASTASIS AND POOR SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS SUGGEST THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN THESE GENES AS PROGNOSTIC MARKERS.	2020	

11  1431  25 DIFFERENTIAL FREQUENCIES OF P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, P53 MUTATION, AND K-RAS MUTATION IN EXFOLIATIVE MATERIAL MARK THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER IN SYMPTOMATIC CHRONIC SMOKERS. PURPOSE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE FREQUENCY OF THREE (EPI)GENETIC ALTERATIONS (P53 AND K-RAS MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION) IN SYMPTOMATIC CHRONIC SMOKERS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER AND TO EVALUATE THE USE OF EXFOLIATIVE MATERIAL FOR SUCH ANALYSES. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FIFTY-ONE PATIENTS WITH HISTOLOGICALLY CONFIRMED LUNG CANCER AND 25 CHRONIC SMOKERS (> 20 PACK-YEARS) WERE INVESTIGATED FOR MUTATIONS IN THE K-RAS (CODON 12) AND P53 (CODONS 248, 249, AND 273) GENES AND FOR ALLELIC HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE P16(INK4A) GENE. DNA WAS ISOLATED FROM SPUTUM AND BILATERAL BRONCHIAL LAVAGE, AND BRUSHINGS WERE TAKEN AT BRONCHOSCOPY. RESULTS: FORTY-ONE GENETIC LESIONS WERE DETECTED WITHIN EXFOLIATIVE MATERIAL FROM THE GROUP OF 51 PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER AND 10 LESIONS IN THE CHRONIC SMOKER GROUP. K-RAS MUTATIONS OCCURRED EXCLUSIVELY IN THE LUNG CANCER GROUP, WHEREAS P53 MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WERE ALSO FOUND IN CHRONIC SMOKERS. THREE OF EIGHT CHRONIC SMOKERS WHO HARBORED AN (EPI)GENETIC ALTERATION WERE SUBSEQUENTLY DIAGNOSED WITH LUNG CANCER. ANALYSIS OF SPUTUM YIELDED INFORMATION EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF SAMPLES OBTAINED DURING BRONCHOSCOPY. CONCLUSION: P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND P53 MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR IN CHRONIC SMOKERS BEFORE ANY CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF NEOPLASIA AND MAY BE INDICATIVE OF AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING LUNG CANCER OR OF EARLY DISEASE. K-RAS MUTATIONS OCCUR EXCLUSIVELY IN THE PRESENCE OF CLINICALLY DETECTABLE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF SPUTUM FOR SUCH MARKERS MAY PROVIDE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SCREENING CHRONIC SMOKERS TO ENABLE EARLIER DETECTION AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION OF LUNG CANCER.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  2436  34 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOCS3 IDENTIFIES A SUBSET OF PROSTATE CANCER WITH AN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND SUBSEQUENT TISSUTAL ALTERATIONS MAY PLAY A KEY ROLE IN PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS. IN THIS WAY, MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3 (SOCS3), ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INHIBITORY MOLECULE OF INFLAMMATORY SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CIRCUITRIES, COULD CONTRIBUTE TO EXPLAIN THE PLEIOTROPIC ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) IN THIS TYPE OF CANCER. METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF SOCS3 IN 20 BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIAS (BPH) AND IN 51 PROSTATE CANCER SPECIMENS. WE ANALYZED THE SOCS3 METHYLATION STATUS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. HYPERMETHYLATION WAS CONFIRMED BY SEQUENCING AFTER SUBCLONING. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THIS GENE WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. RESULTS AND CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL DATA WERE STATISTICALLY ANALYZED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT THE PROMOTER OF SOCS3 WAS METHYLATED IN 39.2% OF PROSTATE CANCER. ON THE CONTRARY, ALL BPH AND NORMAL CONTROLS HAD AN UNMETHYLATED PATTERN. REAL-TIME ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT IN METHYLATED CASES SOCS3 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS REDUCED BY THREE AND FOUR FOLDS AS COMPARED TO BPH AND UNMETHYLATED CASES, RESPECTIVELY. INTERESTINGLY, SOCS3 MRNA LEVEL WAS HIGHER IN UNMETHYLATED PROSTATE CANCER THAN IN BPH. THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING ANALYSIS FOR SOCS 3 CONFIRMED MRNA RESULTS. MOREOVER, METHYLATION OF SOCS3 PROMOTER SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INTERMEDIATE-HIGH GRADE GLEASON SCORE (P = 0.0007) AND WITH AN UNFAVORABLE CLINICAL OUTCOME (P = 0.0019). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SOCS3 HYPERMETHYLATION MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PROSTATE CANCER AND COULD IDENTIFY A TUMOR SUBSET WITH AN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13   778  27 CELL-FREE DNA METHYLATION: THE NEW FRONTIERS OF PANCREATIC CANCER BIOMARKERS' DISCOVERY. PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA (PDAC) IS AMONG THE MOST LETHAL CANCER TYPES WORLD-WIDE. ITS HIGH MORTALITY IS RELATED TO THE DIFFICULTY IN THE DIAGNOSIS, WHICH OFTEN OCCURS WHEN THE DISEASE IS ALREADY ADVANCED. AS OF TODAY, NO EARLY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS ARE AVAILABLE, WHILE ONLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF PROGNOSTIC TESTS HAVE REACHED CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE MAIN REASON IS THE LACK OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS THAT ARE ABLE TO CAPTURE THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OR THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. HENCE, THE DISCOVERY OF BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OR PROGNOSIS OF PDAC REMAINS, DE FACTO, AN UNMET NEED. AN INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES HAS SHOWN THAT CELL-FREE DNA (CFDNA) METHYLATION ANALYSIS REPRESENTS A PROMISING NON-INVASIVE APPROACH FOR THE DISCOVERY OF BIOMARKERS WITH DIAGNOSTIC OR PROGNOSTIC POTENTIAL. IN PARTICULAR, CFDNA METHYLATION COULD BE UTILIZED FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC SIGNATURES IN PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (CP), REPRESENTING A SENSITIVE AND NON-INVASIVE METHOD OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF PDAC. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND PITFALLS OF CFDNA METHYLATION STUDIES. FURTHER, WE WILL PRESENT THE CURRENT ADVANCES IN THE DISCOVERY OF PANCREATIC CANCER BIOMARKERS WITH EARLY DIAGNOSTIC OR PROGNOSTIC POTENTIAL, FOCUSING ON PANCREAS-SPECIFIC (E.G., CUX2 OR REG1A) OR ABNORMAL (E.G., ADAMTS1 OR BNC1) CFDNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN HIGH RISK PRE-NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS AND PDAC.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  5640  30 SERUM TUMOR MARKERS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS IN PANCREATIC CANCER. RECENT STUDIES ON GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL CANCER HAVE LED TO THE INVESTIGATION OF TUMOR MARKERS AND GENETIC MARKERS IN BOTH SERUM AND PANCREATIC JUICE (PJ). SERUM TYPE 1 CHAIN CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGENS SUCH AS CA19-9 ARE POSITIVE IN NEARLY 80% OF PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC CANCER (PCA), OF WHICH MOST ARE IN ADVANCED STAGE, WHEREAS FALSE-POSITIVE RATES ARE RELATIVELY HIGH AT 20%-30% IN BENIGN HEPATOBILIARY AND PANCREATIC DISEASES. ALTHOUGH THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE 2 CHAIN CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGENS, SUCH AS SLX, IS RELATIVELY LOW, CANCER SPECIFICITY OF THESE ANTIGENS IS HIGH. HOWEVER, SERUM TUMOR MARKERS HAVE LIMITED DIAGNOSTIC VALUE FOR EARLY DETECTION OF PCA. IN PJ COLLECTED ENDOSCOPICALLY FROM PATIENTS WITH PCA, K-RAS MUTATIONS (KRM) ARE DETECTABLE IN > 80%, WHEREAS KRM ARE OBSERVED IN 20%-30% OF PJ FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (CP), REFLECTING BENIGN MUCOUS CELL HYPERPLASIA HARBORING KRM. THUS, A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KRM IN PJ IS UNSUITABLE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PCA. ON THE OTHER HAND, USING AN HYBRIDIZATION PROTECTION ASSAY THAT CAN QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINE KRM, KRM WERE POSITIVE IN 66% OF PCA BUT ONLY IN 40% OF CP CASES, INDICATING THAT QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KRM IN PJ MAY BE USEFUL FOR DIFFERENTIATING PCA FROM CP. P53 MUTATIONS ARE FOUND IN 4%-50% IN PJ FROM PATIENTS WITH PCA BUT ARE NOT DETECTABLE IN PJ FROM CP, SUGGESTING THAT THE SPECIFICITY OF P53 MUTATIONS IS VERY HIGH FOR PCA. FURTHERMORE, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 7 OF 15 (47%) PATIENTS WITH PCA IN WHICH THE PJ CYTOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS WAS NEGATIVE. TELOMERASE (TE) ACTIVITY OR ITS CATALYTIC SUBUNIT, H-TERT, WAS REPORTEDLY POSITIVE >80% IN PJ FROM PCA BUT WAS DETECTED IN <20% OF PJ FROM CP. TE ACTIVITY IN PJ FROM CP ORIGINATES FROM LYMPHOCYTES. THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THESE NEW GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS WITH HIGH SPECIFICITY AND SENSITIVITY FOR PCA IN SERUM AND PJ WILL SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVE OUR DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  3925  34 LIQUID BIOPSIES BASED ON DNA METHYLATION AS BIOMARKERS FOR THE DETECTION AND PROGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER. LUNG CANCER (LC) IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY. MOST LC PATIENTS ARE DIAGNOSED IN AN ADVANCED STAGE WHEN THE SYMPTOMS ARE OBVIOUS, AND THE PROGNOSIS IS QUITE POOR. ALTHOUGH LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (LDCT) IS A ROUTINE CLINICAL EXAMINATION FOR EARLY DETECTION OF LC, THE FALSE-POSITIVE RATE IS OVER 90%. AS ONE OF THE INTENSELY STUDIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN VARIOUS DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES. HYPERMETHYLATION IN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OR HYPOMETHYLATION IN ONCOGENES IS AN IMPORTANT EVENT IN TUMORIGENESIS. REMARKABLY, DNA METHYLATION USUALLY OCCURS IN THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF MALIGNANT TUMORS. THUS, DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS MAY PROVIDE SOME USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT THE EARLY DETECTION OF LC. IN RECENT YEARS, LIQUID BIOPSY HAS DEVELOPED RAPIDLY. LIQUID BIOPSY CAN DETECT AND MONITOR BOTH PRIMARY AND METASTATIC MALIGNANT TUMORS AND CAN REFLECT TUMOR HETEROGENEITY. MOREOVER, IT IS A MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURE, AND IT CAUSES LESS PAIN FOR PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZED VARIOUS LIQUID BIOPSIES BASED ON DNA METHYLATION FOR LC. AT FIRST, WE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED SOME EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OUTLINED CELL-FREE DNA (CFDNA), SPUTUM, BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, BRONCHIAL ASPIRATES, AND BRONCHIAL WASHINGS DNA METHYLATION-BASED LIQUID BIOPSY FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF LC. FINALLY, THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF DNA METHYLATION IN CFDNA AND SPUTUM AND THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF OTHER DNA METHYLATION-BASED LIQUID BIOPSIES FOR LC WERE ALSO ANALYZED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  4363  34 MIRNA AS MARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC SCREENING OF COLON CANCER. EARLY SCREENING FOR COLON CANCER (CC) ALLOWS FOR EARLY STAGE DIAGNOSIS OF THE MALIGNANCY AND POTENTIALLY REDUCES DISEASE MORTALITY AS THE CANCER IS MOST LIKELY CURABLE AT ITS EARLIEST STAGES. EARLY DETECTION WOULD BE DESIRABLE IF ACCURATE, PRACTICAL AND COST-EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES FOR THIS CANCER WERE AVAILABLE. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY FROM CC REPRESENT A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM INVOLVING A MALIGNANT DISEASE THAT IS THEORETICALLY PREVENTABLE THROUGH SCREENING. CURRENT SCREENING METHODS (E.G., THE CONVENIENT AND INEXPENSIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST, FOBTI, OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS' MEDICAL RECORDS) EITHER LACK SENSITIVITY AND REQUIRE DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH IMPEDES COMPLIANCE AND USE; ARE COSTLY (E.G., COLONOSCOPY), WHICH DECREASES COMPLIANCE; OR COULD RESULT IN MORTALITY. IN COMPARISON WITH THE FOBT TEST, A NON-INVASIVE SENSITIVE SCREEN FOR WHICH THERE IS NO REQUIREMENT FOR DIETARY RESTRICTION WOULD BE A MORE CONVENIENT TEST. COLORECTAL CANCER IS THE ONLY CANCER FOR WHICH COLONOSCOPY IS RECOMMENDED AS A SCREENING METHOD. ALTHOUGH COLONOSCOPY IS A RELIABLE SCREENING TOOL, THE INVASIVE NATURE, ABDOMINAL PAIN, POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS AND HIGH COST HAVE HAMPERED THE APPLICATION OF THIS PROCEDURE WORLDWIDE. A SCREENING APPROACH USING THE STABLE MIRNA MOLECULES, WHICH ARE RELATIVELY NON-DEGRADABLE WHEN EXTRACTED FROM NON-INVASIVE STOOL AND SEMI-INVASIVE BLOOD SAMPLES BY COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE KITS AND MANIPULATED THEREAFTER, WOULD BE PREFERABLE TO A TRANSCRIPTOMIC MRNA-, A MUTATION DNA-, AN EPIGENETIC- OR A PROTEOMIC-BASED TEST. THE APPROACH USES REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, MODIFIED REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR. ALTHOUGH EXOSOMAL RNA WOULD BE MISSED, USING A RESTRICTED EXTRACTION OF TOTAL RNA FROM STOOL OR BLOOD, A PARALLEL TEST COULD ALSO BE CARRIED OUT ON RNA OBTAINED FROM STOOL OR PLASMA SAMPLES, AND APPROPRIATE CORRECTIONS FOR EXSOSOMAL LOSS CAN BE MADE FOR ACCURATE AND QUANTITATIVE TEST RESULT. EVENTUALLY, A CHIP CAN BE DEVELOPED TO FACILITATE DIAGNOSIS, AS HAS BEEN DONE FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN FOODS. THE GOLD STANDARD TO WHICH THE MOLECULAR MIRNA TEST IS COMPARED IS COLONOSCOPY, WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS' MEDICAL RECORDS. IF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ARE MET, AS DETAILED HEREIN, A MIRNA TEST IN HUMAN STOOL OR BLOOD SAMPLES BASED ON HIGH-THROUGHPUT AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGIES AND QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION MEASUREMENTS COMMONLY USED IN THE DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL LABORATORY SHOULD BE ADVANCED TO THE CLINICAL SETTING, WHICH WILL MAKE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON CC PREVENTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  4666  33 NEW INSIGHTS AND OPTIONS INTO THE MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF COMBINED TARGETED THERAPY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY IN PROSTATE CANCER. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS BELIEVED TO DRIVE PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS BY PRODUCING REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES OR REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES TO INDUCE DNA DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT MIGHT SUBSEQUENTLY CAUSE EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC ALTERATIONS, LEADING TO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. ALTHOUGH ESTABLISHED THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES HAVE EXTENDED OVERALL SURVIVAL, TUMORS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER ARE PRONE TO METASTASIS, TRANSFORMATION INTO METASTATIC CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER, AND THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE. THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT (TME) OF PROSTATE CANCER IS INVOLVED IN CARCINOGENESIS, INVASION AND DRUG RESISTANCE. A PLETHORA OF PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES. UNDERSTANDING THE INTRICATE TME SYSTEM IN PROSTATE CANCER MAY HOLD MUCH PROMISE FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES, DESIGNING COMBINATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES, AND FURTHER OVERCOMING RESISTANCE TO ESTABLISHED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS NONIMMUNE COMPONENTS AND VARIOUS IMMUNE CELLS WITHIN THE TME AND THEIR PUTATIVE ROLES DURING PROSTATE CANCER INITIATION, PROGRESSION, AND METASTASIS. WE ALSO OUTLINE THE UPDATED FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH FOCUSING ON THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES OF TARGETED THERAPY AS WELL AS COMBINATIONAL OPTIONS FOR PROSTATE CANCER.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  3445  30 HYPERMETHYLATION OF ITGA4, TFPI2 AND VIMENTIN PROMOTERS IS INCREASED IN INFLAMED COLON TISSUE: PUTATIVE RISK MARKERS FOR COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER. PURPOSE: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS INVOLVED IN EARLY TRANSFORMING EVENTS AND HAS A HIGH IMPACT ON COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS. LIKEWISE, COLON CANCERS THAT DERIVE FROM CHRONICALLY INFLAMED BOWEL DISEASES FREQUENTLY EXHIBIT EPIGENETIC CHANGES. BUT THERE IS LITTLE DATA ABOUT EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS CAUSING COLORECTAL CANCER IN CHRONICALLY INFLAMED TISSUE. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE ABERRANT GAIN OF METHYLATION IN THE GENE PROMOTERS OF VIM, TFPI2 AND ITGA4 AS PUTATIVE EARLY MARKERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT FROM INFLAMED TISSUE VIA PRECANCEROUS LESIONS TOWARD COLORECTAL CANCER. METHODS: INITIAL SCREENING OF DIFFERENT CANCER CELL LINES BY USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR REVEALED A PUTATIVE COLON CANCER-SPECIFIC METHYLATION PATTERN. ADDITIONALLY, A DEMETHYLATION ASSAY WAS PERFORMED TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE SILENCING OF ITGA4. THE CANDIDATE MARKERS WERE ANALYZED IN COLONIC TISSUE SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER (N = 15), ADENOMAS (N = 76), SERRATED LESIONS (N = 13), CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (N = 10) AND NORMAL MUCOSAL SAMPLES (N = 9). RESULTS: A HIGH METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF VIM (55.6 %) WAS OBSERVED IN NORMAL COLON TISSUE, WHEREAS ITGA4 AND TFPI2 WERE COMPLETELY UNMETHYLATED IN CONTROLS. A SIGNIFICANT GAIN OF METHYLATION FREQUENCY WITH PROGRESSION OF DISEASE AS WELL AS AN AGE-DEPENDENT EFFECT WAS DETECTABLE FOR TFPI2. ITGA4 METHYLATION FREQUENCY WAS HIGH IN PRECANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS TISSUES AS WELL AS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD). CONCLUSION: THE ALREADY ESTABLISHED METHYLATION MARKER VIM DOES NOT PERMIT A SPECIFIC AND SENSITIVE DISCRIMINATION OF HEALTHY AND NEOPLASTIC TISSUE. THE METHYLATION MARKERS ITGA4 AND TFPI2 SEEM TO BE SUITABLE RISK MARKERS FOR INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED COLON CANCER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  3683  36 INFLAMMATION, MICROBIOTA, AND PROSTATE CANCER. CONTEXT: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PROSTATE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. MULTIPLE CAUSES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PROSTATE. INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKINS ARE IMPLICATED IN PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT. OBJECTIVE: TO EVALUATE LITERATURE PUBLISHED ON ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS, URINARY MICROBIOTA, MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY AND HIGH-GRADE PROSTATE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, INFLAMMATORY STRESS, AND CYTOKINE SIGNALING. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: WE SEARCHED LITERATURE FROM PUBMED FROM 2010 AND ALSO INCLUDED THE MOST IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS FROM THE PREVIOUS PERIOD. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: PROSTATE CANCER INFLAMMATION AND PREMALIGNANT LESIONS HAVE BEEN FREQUENTLY DISCUSSED IN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. A LIMITED NUMBER OF MODELS ARE AVAILABLE FOR STUDYING INFLAMMATION AND PREMALIGNANT LESIONS. HOWEVER, MORPHOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY COULD BE COMPLEMENTED BY ANALYSIS OF GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN THESE PATIENTS AND APPROPRIATE FUNCTIONAL STUDIES. CONCLUSIONS: PROSTATITIS COULD BE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTIONS, DIETARY COMPOUNDS, AND CHANGES IN TESTOSTERONE:ESTRADIOL RATIO. IN SOME CASES, THE MICROBIOTA CAN EXERT DIRECT EFFECTS ON CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PROSTATE INFLAMMATORY ATROPHY OR HIGH GRADE PROSTATE INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO CELLULAR STRESS AND HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED IN CONNECTION TO EARLY CANCER DEVELOPMENT. A LARGE NUMBER OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN INFLAMMATORY PROSTATE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY BE A CONSEQUENCE OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY STRESS IN THE PROSTATE. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INTERLEUKIN-6 AND -8 CONTRIBUTE TO PROSTATE MALIGNANCY; HOWEVER, THEIR FUNCTION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY INVESTIGATED IN CANCER TISSUE RATHER THAN IN INFLAMMATION. PATIENT SUMMARY: WE PERFORMED A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE RELATED TO PROSTATE INFLAMMATION, MICROBIOTA, AND PROSTATE CANCER. NEW FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES ARE REQUIRED FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20  1582  31 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS TISSUE AND CANCERS: CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION BASED ON DNA METHYLATION STATUS. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ABNORMALITIES AND RESULT IN SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY, ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN PRECANCEROUS CHANGES IN VARIOUS ORGANS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ALSO ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. THEREFORE, WE HAVE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE IN CLINICAL TISSUE SAMPLES. OUR APPROACH USING THE BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION METHOD HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CORRELATED WITH THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS ARE ALREADY ACCUMULATED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IN THE KIDNEY, LIVER AND URINARY TRACT. DNA METHYLATION PROFILES AT PRECANCEROUS STAGES ARE BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. SUCH DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. ON THE BASIS OF BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION DATA, INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED USING LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS OR HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL UROTHELIA, AND FOR PROGNOSTICATION USING BIOPSY OR SURGICALLY RESECTED SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA. SUCH GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING HAS NOW FIRMLY ESTABLISHED THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF TRANSLATIONAL EPIGENETICS.	2010