1  2458 151 EPIGENETIC TARGETS IN SYNOVIAL SARCOMA: A MINI-REVIEW. SYNOVIAL SARCOMAS (SS) ARE A TYPE OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA (STS) AND REPRESENT 8-10% OF ALL STS CASES. ALTHOUGH SS CAN ARISE AT ANY AGE, IT TYPICALLY AFFECTS YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS AGED 15-35 AND IS THEREFORE PART OF BOTH PEDIATRIC AND ADULT CLINICAL PRACTICES. SS OCCURS PRIMARILY IN THE LIMBS, OFTEN NEAR JOINTS, BUT CAN PRESENT ANYWHERE. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE RECURRENT PATHOGNOMONIC CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION T(X;18)(P11.2;Q11.2) THAT MOST FREQUENTLY FUSES SSX1 OR SSX2 GENES WITH SS18. THIS LEADS TO THE EXPRESSION OF THE SS18-SSX FUSION PROTEIN, WHICH CAUSES DISTURBANCES IN SEVERAL INTERACTING MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES SUCH AS THE SWITCH/SUCROSE NON-FERMENTABLE (SWI/SNF) COMPLEX, ALSO KNOWN AS THE BAF COMPLEX AND THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 AND 2 (PRC1 AND PRC2). FURTHERMORE, THIS PROMOTES WIDESPREAD EPIGENETIC REWIRING, LEADING TO ABERRANT GENE EXPRESSION THAT DRIVES THE PATHOGENESIS OF SS. GOOD PROGNOSES ARE CHARACTERIZED PREDOMINANTLY BY SMALL TUMOR SIZE AND YOUNG PATIENT AGE. WHEREAS, HIGH TUMOR GRADE AND AN INCREASED GENOMIC COMPLEXITY OF THE TUMOR CONSTITUTE POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTORS. THE CURRENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY RELIES ON CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOTHERAPY, THE LATTER OF WHICH CAN LEAD TO CHRONIC SIDE EFFECTS FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. WE WILL FOCUS ON THE KNOWN ROLES OF SWI/SNF, PRC1, AND PRC2 AS THE MAIN EFFECTORS OF THE SS18-SSX-MEDIATED GENOME MODIFICATIONS AND WE PRESENT EXISTING BIOLOGICAL RATIONALE FOR POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  1882  31 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  3265  33 HEPATOCARCINOMA: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES. HCC IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 1 MILLION DEATHS ANNUALLY. THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IS HIGHEST IN ASIA AND AFRICA, WHERE THE ENDEMIC HIGH PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH HCC GENERALLY PRESENT AT AN ADVANCED STAGE DUE TO COMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS DEFINED BY THE ABSENCE OF PATHOGNOMONIC SYMPTOMS, RESULTING IN DEATH WITHIN 6 TO 20 MONTHS, SUGGESTING AN URGENT NEED IN TREATMENT MODALITIES THAT WILL DRAMATICALLY DECREASE THE MORTALITY RATE OF HCC. THE MOLECULAR HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS, HOWEVER, A GRADUAL PROCESS DURING WHICH GENETIC ALTERATIONS PROGRESSIVELY ACCUMULATE AND LEAD TO HCC THROUGH INTERMEDIATE PRENEOPLASTIC STAGES. WITH THE ADVENT OF WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING TOOLS, VARIOUS MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC HAVE BEEN IDENTI FI ED, WHICH HAVE ADVANCED OUR MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HCC. HOWEVER, THE FREQUENCY OF THESE MUTATIONS IS RARE, AND THESE GENETIC MUTATIONS ONLY PARTLY EXPLAIN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE. BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, MAY HELP UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC, AS WELL AS PROVIDING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR HCC TREATMENT. FURTHER CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND TARGETED DRUG THERAPY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4   852  35 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5  1350  34 DETERMINANTS OF PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA SEVERITY IN TAIWANESE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: AN INTEGRATED EPIGENOMIC AND AIR POLLUTANT ANALYSIS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) CONTINUES TO POSE A THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE. THIS MAY BE CONNECTED WITH ITS NOSOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY, BROAD SYMPTOMATOLOGY SPECTRUM, VARYING DISEASE COURSE, AND THERAPY RESPONSE. THE LAST THREE DECADES HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF COPD, WITH ASSOCIATED ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES; HOWEVER, THE IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGNOMONIC BIOMARKERS THAT DETERMINE DISEASE SEVERITY, AFFECT DISEASE COURSE, PREDICT CLINICAL OUTCOME, AND INFORM THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY REMAINS A WORK IN PROGRESS. OBJECTIVES: HYPOTHESIZING THAT A MULTI-VARIABLE MODEL RATHER THAN SINGLE VARIABLE MODEL MAY BE MORE PATHOGNOMONIC OF COPD EMPHYSEMA (COPD-E), THE PRESENT STUDY EXPLORED FOR DISEASE-ASSOCIATED DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE SEVERITY, AND TREATMENT SUCCESS IN TAIWANESE PATIENTS WITH COPD-E. METHODS: THE PRESENT SINGLE-CENTER, PROSPECTIVE, NON-RANDOMIZED STUDY ENROLLED 125 PATIENTS WITH COPD AND 43 HEALTHY SUBJECTS BETWEEN MARCH 2015 AND FEBRUARY 2021. ADOPTING A MULTIMODAL APPROACH, INCLUDING BIOINFORMATICS-AIDED ANALYSES AND GEOSPATIAL MODELING, WE PERFORMED AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF SELECTED EPIGENETIC, CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL, GEOSPATIAL, AND AIR POLLUTANT VARIABLES, COUPLED WITH CORRELATIVE ANALYSES OF TIME-PHASED CHANGES IN PULMONARY FUNCTION INDICES AND COPD-E SEVERITY. RESULTS: OUR COPD COHORT CONSISTED OF 10 NON-, 57 CURRENT-, AND 58 EX-SMOKERS (MEDIAN AGE = 69 +/- 7.76 YEARS). BASED ON THE PERCENTAGES OF LOW ATTENUATION AREA BELOW - 950 HOUNSFIELD UNITS (%LAA(-950INSP)), 36 HAD MILD OR NO EMPHYSEMA (%LAA(-950INSP) < 6), 22 WERE MODERATE EMPHYSEMA CASES (6 </= %LAA(-950INSP) < 14), AND 9 PRESENTED WITH SEVERE EMPHYSEMA (%LAA-950INSP >/= 14). WE FOUND THAT BMI, LNC-IL7R, PM(2.5), PM(10), AND SO(2) WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE SEVERITY, AND ARE HIGHLY-SPECIFIC PREDICTORS OF COPD PROGRESSION. PER GEOSPATIAL LEVELS, AREAS WITH HIGH BMI AND LNC-IL7R BUT LOW PM(2.5), PM(10), AND SO(2) WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEWER AND AMELIORATED COPD CASES, WHILE HIGH PM(2.5), PM(10), AND SO(2) BUT LOW BMI AND LNC-IL7R CHARACTERIZED PLACES WITH MORE COPD CASES AND INDICATED EXACERBATION. THE PREDICTION PENTAD EFFECTIVELY DIFFERENTIATES PATIENTS WITH MILD/NO COPD FROM MODERATE/SEVERE COPD CASES, (MEAN AUC = 0.714) AND EXHIBITED VERY HIGH STRATIFICATION PRECISION (MEAN AUC = 0.939). CONCLUSION: COMBINED BMI, LNC-IL7R, PM(2.5), PM(10), AND SO(2) LEVELS ARE OPTIMAL CLASSIFIERS FOR ACCURATE PATIENT STRATIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT TRIAGE FOR COPD IN TAIWAN. LOW BMI, AND LNC-IL7R, WITH CONCOMITANT HIGH PM(2.5), PM(10), AND SO(2) LEVELS IS PATHOGNOMONIC OF EXACERBATED/AGGRAVATED COPD IN TAIWAN.	2021	

6   958  32 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA - A REVIEW. INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL MYELOID NEOPLASM, DENOTED BY OVERLAPPING MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE FEATURES, WITH POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL AND HIGH TRANSFORMATION RATE TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. AREAS COVERED: THIS REVIEW, FOLLOWING A THOROUGH MEDLINE SEARCH OF PERTINENT PUBLISHED LITERATURE, DISCUSSES THE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA, THE PATHOGENESIS, AND THE COMPLEX GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF THE DISEASE. PROGNOSTICATION, RESPONSE CRITERIA, THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS, EFFICACY OF ESTABLISHED AND NOVEL TREATMENT MODALITIES ARE THOROUGHLY REVIEWED. EXPERT OPINION: CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES AND MUTATIONS IN GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, AND CELL-SIGNALING ARE ABUNDANT IN CMML AND IMPLICATED IN ITS COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS. AS PRESENCE OF THESE MUTATIONS CARRY A PROGNOSTIC IMPACT, THEY ARE INCREASINGLY INCORPORATED IN RISK-STRATIFICATION SCHEMES. NOVEL RESPONSE CRITERIA HAVE BEEN PROPOSED, CONSIDERING THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE DISEASE. ALTHOUGH ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REMAINS THE ONLY TREATMENT WITH CURATIVE INTENT, IT IS RESERVED FOR A MINORITY OF PATIENTS; THEREFORE, THERE IS AN UNMET NEED FOR OPTIMIZING TREATMENT MODALITIES, SUCH AS HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS, AND INTRODUCING NOVEL AGENTS, WHICH COULD SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF CMML PATIENTS. CLINICAL TRIALS DEDICATED SPECIFICALLY TO CMML ARE NEEDED TO EXPLORE THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF NOVEL TREATMENT MODALITIES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  3575  41 IMPACT OF MOLECULAR PROFILING ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELOFIBROSIS. MYELOFIBROSIS (MF) IS A CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN) CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS CLINICAL COURSE, WHICH CAN BE COMPLICATED BY SEVERE CONSTITUTIONAL SYMPTOMS, MASSIVE SPLENOMEGALY, PROGRESSIVE BONE MARROW FAILURE, CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA. CONSTITUTIVE SIGNALING THROUGH THE JAK-STAT PATHWAY PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN ITS PATHOGENESIS, GENERALLY DUE TO ACTIVATING MUTATIONS OF JAK2, CALR AND MPL GENES (I.E., THE MPN DRIVER MUTATIONS), PRESENT IN MOST MF PATIENTS. NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) PANEL TESTING HAS SHOWN THAT ADDITIONAL SOMATIC MUTATIONS CAN ALREADY BE DETECTED AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS IN MORE THAN HALF OF PATIENTS, AND THAT THEY ACCUMULATE ALONG THE DISEASE COURSE. THESE MUTATIONS, MOSTLY AFFECTING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS OR SPLICEOSOME COMPONENTS, MAY COOPERATE WITH MPN DRIVERS TO FAVOR CLONAL DOMINANCE OR INFLUENCE THE CLINICAL PHENOTYPE, AND SOME, SUCH AS HIGH MOLECULAR RISK MUTATIONS, CORRELATE WITH A MORE AGGRESSIVE CLINICAL COURSE WITH POOR TREATMENT RESPONSE. THE CURRENT MAIN ROLE OF MOLECULAR PROFILING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE IS PROGNOSTICATION, PRINCIPALLY FOR SELECTING HIGH-RISK PATIENTS WHO MAY BE CANDIDATES FOR TRANSPLANTATION, THE ONLY CURATIVE TREATMENT FOR MF TO DATE. TO THIS END, CONTEMPORARY PROGNOSTIC MODELS INCORPORATING MOLECULAR DATA ARE USEFUL TOOLS TO DISCRIMINATE DIFFERENT RISK CATEGORIES. ASIDE FROM CERTAIN CLINICAL SITUATIONS, DECISIONS REGARDING MEDICAL TREATMENT ARE NOT BASED ON PATIENT MOLECULAR PROFILING, YET THIS APPROACH MAY BECOME MORE RELEVANT IN NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES, SUCH AS THE USE OF VACCINES AGAINST THE MUTANT FORMS OF JAK2 OR CALR, OR DRUGS DIRECTED AGAINST ACTIONABLE MOLECULAR TARGETS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  4413  29 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UTERINE FIBROIDS. UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS REPRESENT THE MOST COMMON BENIGN GYNECOLOGIC TUMOR. THESE HORMONE-DEPENDENT SMOOTH-MUSCLE FORMATIONS OCCUR WITH AN ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF ~70% AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND CAUSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING, INFERTILITY, AND RECURRENT ABORTION. DESPITE THE PREVALENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS, AVAILABLE TREATMENTS REMAIN LIMITED. AMONG THE POTENTIAL CAUSES OF LEIOMYOMAS, EARLY HORMONAL EXPOSURE DURING PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY RESULT IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT PERSIST IN ADULTHOOD, LEADING TO DISEASE ONSET OR PROGRESSION. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN UNBIASED HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY ENABLE POWERFUL APPROACHES TO DETECT DRIVER MUTATIONS, YIELDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF LEIOMYOMAS. CURRENT DATA ALSO SUGGEST THAT EACH LEIOMYOMA ORIGINATES FROM THE CLONAL EXPANSION OF A SINGLE TRANSFORMED SOMATIC STEM CELL OF THE MYOMETRIUM. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROPOSE AN INTEGRATED CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR VIEW OF THE ORIGINS OF LEIOMYOMAS, AS WELL AS PARADIGM-SHIFTING STUDIES THAT WILL LEAD TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-SURGICAL TREATMENTS FOR THESE HIGHLY FREQUENT TUMORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  3271  25 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA RISK AFTER VIRAL RESPONSE IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-ADVANCED FIBROSIS: WHO TO SCREEN AND FOR HOW LONG? HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) CHRONIC INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROSIS PROGRESSION, END-STAGE LIVER COMPLICATIONS AND HCC. NOT SURPRISINGLY, HCV INFECTION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF LIVER-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR), THE RISK OF DEVELOPING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IS NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATED IN PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED CIRRHOSIS OR WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS. THEREFORE, LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE IS CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED. THIS STRATEGY IS LIKELY NOT UNIVERSALLY COST-EFFECTIVE AND HARMLESS, CONSIDERING THAT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS HAVE THE SAME RISK OF DEVELOPING HCC. FACTORS RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF LIVER DISEASE AND ITS POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE AFTER SVR, THE MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING INFECTION AND OTHER ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES MIGHT ACCOUNT FOR DIFFERENT RISK LEVELS AND ARE LIKELY ESSENTIAL FOR IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WHO WOULD BENEFIT FROM SCREENING PROGRAMS AFTER SVR. EFFORTS TO DEVELOP PREDICTIVE MODELS AND RISK CALCULATORS, BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC PANELS AND EVEN DEEP LEARNING MODELS TO ESTIMATE THE INDIVIDUAL RISK OF HCC HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL AGENTS ERA, WHEN THOUSANDS OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS HAVE REACHED SVR. THESE TOOLS COULD HELP TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH VERY LOW HCC RISK IN WHOM SURVEILLANCE MIGHT NOT BE JUSTIFIED. IN THIS REVIEW, FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROBABILITY OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AFTER SVR, THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF SURVEILLANCE, SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO ESTIMATE INDIVIDUALIZED HCC RISK AND THE CURRENT EVIDENCE TO RECOMMEND LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE ARE DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  4724  31 NONINVASIVE MULTIMODAL METHODS TO DIFFERENTIATE INFLAMED VS FIBROTIC STRICTURES IN PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE. FIBROTIC STRICTURES OCCUR IN 30% OF PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE (CD). HOWEVER, THERE ARE NO THERAPEUTIC AGENTS THAT PREVENT OR REVERSE FIBROTIC STRICTURES. STRICTURES ARE TREATED BY ENDOSCOPIC DILATATION PROCEDURES AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES, BUT THERE ARE HIGH RATES OF RECURRENCE. TWO ANTIFIBROTIC AGENTS (NINTEDANIB AND PIRFENIDONE) RECENTLY WERE APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS AND INHIBITORS OF RHO-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASES 1 AND 2 REVERSED FIBROSIS IN MICE WITH CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES, SUCH AS MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) ENTEROGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ENTEROGRAPHY, AND BOWEL ULTRASOUND, ARE USED TO ASSESS SMALL-BOWEL AND CD-RELATED COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING STRICTURES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN STRICTURES TO SELECT THE BEST THERAPY; THIS CAN BE A CHALLENGE BECAUSE INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS CO-EXIST TO VARYING DEGREES IN A DAMAGED BOWEL SEGMENT. DELAYED GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT, MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER MR IMAGING, AND ULTRASOUND ELASTOGRAPHY SEEM TO BE PROMISING TOOLS FOR ASSESSING FIBROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CD. WE REVIEW NONINVASIVE TECHNIQUES FOR FIBROSIS ASSESSMENT, INCLUDING ANALYSES OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND PROTEIN MARKERS. WE DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED AND MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER MR IMAGING, STRAIN ELASTOGRAPHY, SHEAR-WAVE IMAGING, AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY TO GUIDE THERAPEUTIC DECISIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH STRICTURING CD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11  5025  30 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  4562  28 MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP SYNDROMES: A FOCUSED REVIEW. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS)/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN) OVERLAP SYNDROMES ARE UNIQUE MYELOID NEOPLASMS, WITH OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MDS AND MPN. THEY CONSIST OF FOUR ADULT ONSET ENTITIES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), MDS/MPN-RING SIDEROBLASTS-THROMBOCYTOSIS (MDS/MPN-RS-T), BCR-ABL1 NEGATIVE ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (ACML) AND MDS/MPN-UNCLASSIFIABLE (MDS/MPN-U); WITH JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) BEING THE ONLY PEDIATRIC ONSET ENTITY. AMONG THESE OVERLAP NEOPLASMS, CMML IS THE MOST FREQUENT AND IS HALLMARKED BY THE PRESENCE OF SUSTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS WITH RECURRENT MUTATIONS INVOLVING TET2 (60%), SRSF2 (50%) AND ASXL1 (40%); WITH RAS PATHWAY MUTATIONS AND JAK2V617F BEING RELATIVELY ENRICHED IN PROLIFERATIVE CMML SUBTYPES (WBC >/=13 X 109/L). CMML USUALLY PRESENTS IN THE 7TH DECADE OF LIFE, WITH A MALE PREPONDERANCE AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL OF <36 MONTHS. ADVERSE PROGNOSTICATORS IN CMML INCLUDE INCREASING AGE, HIGH WBC, PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING IMMATURE MYELOID CELLS, ANEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND TRUNCATING ASXL1 MUTATIONS. WHILE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REMAINS THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION, GIVEN THE LATE ONSET OF THIS NEOPLASM AND HIGH FREQUENCY OF COMORBIDITIES, MOST PATIENTS REMAIN INELIGIBLE. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS SUCH AS AZACITIDINE, DECITABINE AND ORAL DECITABINE/CEDAZURIDINE HAVE BEEN US FDA APPROVED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CMML, WITH OVERALL RESPONSE RATES OF 40-50% AND COMPLETE REMISSION RATES OF <20%. WHILE THESE AGENTS EPIGENETICALLY RESTORE HEMATOPOIESIS IN A SUBSET OF RESPONDING PATIENTS, THEY DO NOT IMPACT MUTATIONAL ALLELE BURDENS AND EVENTUAL DISEASE PROGRESSION TO AML REMAINS INEVITABLE. NEWER TREATMENT MODALITIES EXPLOITING EPIGENETIC, SIGNALING AND SPLICING ABNORMALITIES COMMONLY SEEN IN CMML ARE MUCH NEEDED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  4566  23 MYELOID SOMATIC MUTATION PANEL TESTING IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS ARE CHARACTERISED BY SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE CELL PROLIFERATION, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, RNA SPLICING OR DNA REPAIR. ASSESSMENT OF THE MUTATIONAL PROFILE ASSISTS DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION, BUT ALSO AIDS ASSESSMENT OF PROGNOSIS, AND MAY GUIDE THE USE OF EMERGING TARGETED THERAPIES. THE MOST PRACTICAL WAY TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ON NUMEROUS GENETIC VARIANTS IS BY USING MASSIVELY PARALLEL SEQUENCING, COMMONLY IN THE FORM OF DISEASE SPECIFIC NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) PANELS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF SOMATIC MUTATION TESTING IN PHILADELPHIA-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS: POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA, ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHAEMIA, PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS, CHRONIC NEUTROPHILIC LEUKAEMIA, SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS, AND CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC LEUKAEMIA. NGS PANEL TESTING IS INCREASING IN ROUTINE PRACTICE AND PROMISES TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY AND EFFICIENCY OF PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14  1037  14 CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER PAIN. DESIGNING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND DEVELOPING DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IS DIFFICULT. AN APPRECIATION OF THE UTILITY AND APPLICABILITY OF THESE ENTITIES REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EACH, THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO, AND HOW THEY MAY BE OPTIMALLY OPERATIONALIZED FOR BOTH CLINICAL AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN LIGHT OF THEIR INHERENT ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. IN ADDITION, CONSIDERATION FOR ADOPTING NEWER APPROACHES, SUCH AS FOLLOWING ONTOLOGICAL AND PRECISION-BASED MEDICINE PRINCIPLES, ACCOUNTING FOR GENETICS/EPIGENETIC AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND THE INCLUSION OF BIOMARKERS WILL POTENTIALLY RESULT IN MORE THOROUGH AND COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  1055  26 CLINICAL INTEGRATION OF GENOME DIAGNOSTICS FOR CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT. REVOLUTIONS IN GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS ARE CURRENTLY CHANGING THE OUTLINE OF DIAGNOSTICS AND CLINICAL MEDICINE. FROM A NEPHROLOGIST'S PERSPECTIVE, INDIVIDUALS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT (CAKUT) ARE AN IMPORTANT PATIENT CATEGORY: NOT ONLY IS CAKUT THE PREDOMINANT CAUSE OF KIDNEY FAILURE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS, BUT THE STRONG PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT MALFORMATIONS HAS HAMPERED STANDARDIZATION OF CLINICAL DECISION MAKING UNTIL NOW. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH CAKUT MAY BENEFIT FROM PRECISION MEDICINE, INCLUDING AN INTEGRATED DIAGNOSTICS TRAJECTORY, GENETIC COUNSELING, AND PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF DEVELOPMENTAL KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DEFECTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE PRESENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR ETIOLOGY OF CAKUT AND THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE GENOME DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN THE CLINICAL CARE OF PATIENTS WITH CAKUT. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS HOW CLINICAL INTEGRATION OF FINDINGS FROM LARGE-SCALE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDIES MAY IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS OF ALL INDIVIDUALS WITH CAKUT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  4442  23 MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MDS/MPN OVERLAP SYNDROMES. THE MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MDS/MPN) ARE A HETEROGENOUS GROUP OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES HALLMARKED BY CLINICOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES THAT OVERLAP WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. FORMALLY RECOGNIZED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, THIS GROUP INCLUDES THE ENTITIES CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, MDS/MPN WITH RING SIDEROBLASTS AND THROMBOCYTOSIS AND MDS/MPN, UNCLASSIFIABLE. ADVANCEMENTS IN NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING HAVE BEGUN TO UNRAVEL THE MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF THESE DISEASES, IDENTIFYING AN ARRAY OF RECURRENTLY MUTATED GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION, RNA SPLICING, TRANSCRIPTION, AND CELL SIGNALING. DESPITE MOLECULAR OVERLAP WITH OTHER MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, EACH ENTITY DISPLAYS A UNIQUE SPECTRUM OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS SUPPORTING THEIR UNIQUE PATHOBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES. IMPORTANTLY, MOLECULAR PROFILING IS BECOMING AN INTEGRAL TOOL UTILIZED IN ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF OVERLAP SYNDROMES AND DETAILS THE IMPACT OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC, AND THERAPEUTIC DECISION-MAKING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
17  3513  36 IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS: PATHOGENESIS AND MANAGEMENT. BACKGROUND: IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE ABERRANT ACCUMULATION OF FIBROTIC TISSUE IN THE LUNGS PARENCHYMA, ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND POOR PROGNOSIS. THIS REVIEW WILL PRESENT THE SUBSTANTIAL ADVANCES ACHIEVED IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF IPF PATHOGENESIS AND IN THE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS THAT CAN BE OFFERED TO PATIENTS, AND WILL ADDRESS THE ISSUES REGARDING DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT THAT ARE STILL OPEN. MAIN BODY: OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES MUCH HAS BEEN CLARIFIED ABOUT THE PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THE LUNG SCARRING IN IPF. SUSTAINED ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL MICRO-INJURY AND ACTIVATION HAS BEEN RECOGNISED AS THE TRIGGER OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL EVENTS OF DISORDERED REPAIR OCCURRING IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE AGEING INDIVIDUALS. DESPITE MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM DISCUSSION HAS DEMONSTRATED TO INCREASE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY, PATIENTS CAN STILL REMAIN UNCLASSIFIED WHEN THE CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ARE STRICTLY APPLIED, REQUIRING THE IDENTIFICATION OF A USUAL INTERSTITIAL PATTERN EITHER ON HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN OR LUNG BIOPSY. OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THESE PATIENTS, AS NINTEDANIB AND PIRFENIDONE CONSISTENTLY PROVED TO REDUCE THE RATE OF PROGRESSION OF THE FIBROTIC PROCESS. HOWEVER, MANY UNCERTAINTIES STILL LIE IN THE CORRECT USE OF THESE DRUGS, RANGING FROM THE INITIAL CHOICE OF THE DRUG, THE APPROPRIATE TIMING FOR TREATMENT AND THE BENEFIT-RISK RATIO OF A COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMEN. SEVERAL NOVEL COMPOUNDS ARE BEING DEVELOPED IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF A MORE TARGETED THERAPEUTIC APPROACH; IN THE MEANTIME, THE SUPPORTIVE CARE OF THESE PATIENTS AND THEIR CARERS SHOULD BE APPROPRIATELY PRIORITIZED, AND GREATER EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE TOWARD THE PROMPT IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RELEVANT COMORBIDITIES. CONCLUSIONS: BUILDING ON THE ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF IPF PATHOBIOLOGY, THE FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF GENE VARIANTS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND OTHER MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS REFLECTING DISEASE ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOUR WILL HOPEFULLY ENABLE EARLIER AND MORE CONFIDENT DIAGNOSIS, IMPROVE DISEASE PHENOTYPING AND SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL AGENTS FOR PERSONALIZED TREATMENT OF IPF.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  5284  27 PROPOSALS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY OF MOSTLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS THAT EXHIBITS BOTH MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE FEATURES. CMML PRESENTATION AND OUTCOME ARE VARIABLE, REFLECTING GENETIC AND CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS ARE THE MAINSTAY OF THERAPY BUT INDUCE COMPLETE REMISSIONS IN LESS THAN 20% OF PATIENTS AND DO NOT PROLONG SURVIVAL COMPARED TO HYDROXYUREA. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ASCT) IS POTENTIALLY CURATIVE, BUT FEW PATIENTS QUALIFY DUE TO ADVANCED AGE AND/OR COMORBIDITIES. WORK OF THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS HAS IDENTIFIED KEY MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT DRIVE DISEASE PROLIFERATION AND TRANSFORMATION TO ACUTE LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING JAK/STAT AND MAPK SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION. THERE IS INCREASINGLY COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT INFLAMMATION IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF CMML PROGRESSION. THUS FAR HOWEVER, THIS MECHANISTIC KNOWLEDGE HAS NOT YET BEEN TRANSLATED INTO IMPROVED OUTCOMES, SUGGESTING THAT FUNDAMENTALLY NEW APPROACHES ARE REQUIRED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE DISEASE COURSE, NEW CLASSIFICATIONS, AND CURRENT TREATMENT LANDSCAPE OF CMML. WE REVIEW ONGOING CLINICAL STUDIES AND DISCUSS OPTIONS FOR RATIONALLY BASED FUTURE CLINICAL TRIALS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  1242  35 CURRENT AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS WITH AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF 4.1 CASES PER 100,000 AMERICANS. PATIENTS WITH MDS SUFFER FROM CHRONIC CYTOPENIAS THAT MAY LEAD TO RECURRENT TRANSFUSIONS, INFECTIONS, AND INCREASED RISK FOR BLEEDING. THEY ARE ALSO AT RISK FOR PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION IS THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE TREATMENT FOR MDS, ALTHOUGH 3 DRUGS HAVE BEEN APPROVED BY THE US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR ITS TREATMENT: LENALIDOMIDE, 5-AZACITIDINE, AND DECITABINE. THESE THERAPIES CAN BE EFFECTIVE IN THE RELIEF OF CYTOPENIAS, ACHIEVEMENT OF CYTOGENETIC REMISSIONS, AND REDUCTION IN BONE MARROW BLASTS. 5-AZACITIDINE HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE OVERALL SURVIVAL. HOWEVER, THERE REMAIN MANY UNMET NEEDS IN THE TREATMENT OF MDS. BREAKTHROUGHS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS OF MDS THROUGH EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE ALLOWED US TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT CAN LEAD TO IMPROVEMENTS IN OUTCOMES IN MDS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE AIM TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION IN CLASSIFCATION AND RISK STRATIFCATION IN MDS AND TO ILLUSTRATE HOW WE CAN USE THIS TO GUIDE US IN TAILORING THERAPEUTIC CHOICES IN THIS DISEASE. RESPONSES AND OUTCOMES RELATED TO COM MONLY USED MDS THERAPIES WILL BE DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH NOVEL THERAPIES THAT HAVE EVOLVED WITH THE IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF MDS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20   957  25 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA: A CONCISE CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEW. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE OVERLAP FEATURES, AND AN INHERENT TENDENCY TO TRANSFORM TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. APPROXIMATELY 30% OF PATIENTS PRESENT WITH CLONAL CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, WHILE ALMOST 90% HAVE MOLECULAR ABERRATIONS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, THE SPLICEOSOME COMPONENT MACHINERY, TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS/REGULATORS. NUMEROUS PROGNOSTIC MODELS EXIST FOR CMML, WITH MORE RECENT MODELS INCORPORATING PROGNOSTIC MUTATIONS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING ASXL1. OTHER VARIABLES THAT SEEM TO CONSISTENTLY AFFECT OUTCOMES INCLUDE THE DEGREE OF LEUCOCYTOSIS/MONOCYTOSIS, ANAEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT REMAINS THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION FOR CMML, WHILE HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS CAN BE USED FOR TRANSPLANT-INELIGIBLE PATIENTS OR THOSE WITHOUT SUITABLE STEM CELL SOURCES. TARGETING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS ACTIVATED IN CMML OFFERS POTENTIAL HOPE FOR MORE EFFECTIVE AND LESS TOXIC THERAPIES.	2014