1  6781 255 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

2   625  48 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  2849  36 FROM AIR POLLUTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: THE EMERGING ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND A WIDE-RANGING SPECTRUM OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISORDERS-INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES-IS WIDELY ACKNOWLEDGED. EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS TRIGGERS HARMFUL MECHANISMS SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH LEAD TO INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, STROKE, AND HEART FAILURE. SUSTAINED EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN RECENT YEARS TO DISCOVER HOW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH THROUGH EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA-MEDIATED GENE REGULATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT EVIDENCES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR IMPACT, IN VIEW OF PRESENT IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  4985  45 PATHWAYS TO AGING: THE MITOCHONDRION AT THE INTERSECTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SCIENCES. COMPELLING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT BOTH BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IMPACT THE PROCESS OF AGING. HOWEVER, OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DYNAMIC INTERPLAY AMONG BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE IS STILL FRAGMENTARY. FOR EXAMPLE, IT NEEDS TO BE ESTABLISHED HOW THE INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUAL FACTORS (E.G., GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ENDOWMENT AND PERSONALITY), BEHAVIORAL FACTORS (E.G., PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, DIET, AND STRESS MANAGEMENT), AND PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPERIENCES (E.G., SOCIAL SUPPORT, WELL-BEING, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND MARRIAGE) IN PERINATAL, CHILDHOOD, AND ADULTHOOD INFLUENCE HEALTH ACROSS THE AGING CONTINUUM. THIS PAPER AIMS TO OUTLINE POTENTIAL INTERSECTION POINTS SERVING AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE MITOCHONDRION. MITOCHONDRIA ARE CELLULAR ORGANELLES WHICH PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CELLULAR SENESCENCE. BOTH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND GENETIC-BASED MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAVE STRIKINGLY SIMILAR BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES; BOTH PREDISPOSE INDIVIDUALS TO ADVERSE AGE-RELATED HEALTH DISORDERS AND EARLY MORTALITY. EXPLORING THE INTERACTIVE NATURE OF THE FACTORS RESULTING IN PATHWAYS TO NORMAL HEALTHY AGING, AS WELL AS THOSE LEADING TO MORBIDITY AND EARLY MORTALITY, WILL CONTINUE TO ENHANCE OUR ABILITY TO TRANSLATE RESEARCH INTO EFFECTIVE PRACTICES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE TO OPTIMISE THE AGING PROCESS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  6287  46 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MODULATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA EPIGENETIC MARKS. MANY STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES. MITOCHONDRIA ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND UNLIKE OTHER CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES, MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN THEIR OWN GENOME. MOST RESEARCH TO DATE, THROUGH INVESTIGATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER, HAS FOCUSED ON LARGER STRUCTURAL CHANGES OR ALTERATIONS TO THE ENTIRE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME AND THEIR ROLE IN HUMAN DISEASE. USING THESE METHODS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN LINKED TO CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND METABOLIC HEALTH. HOWEVER, LIKE THE NUCLEAR GENOME, THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME MAY EXPERIENCE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION THAT MAY PARTIALLY EXPLAIN SOME OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF VARIOUS EXPOSURES. RECENTLY, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVEMENT TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXPOSOME, WHICH AIMS TO DESCRIBE AND QUANTIFY THE ENTIRETY OF ALL EXPOSURES PEOPLE ENCOUNTER THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. THESE INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES, HEAVY METALS, AND LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH ON MITOCHONDRIA AND HUMAN HEALTH, PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS, AND DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES THAT HAVE INVESTIGATED PARTICULAR EXPOSURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. WE CONCLUDE THE CHAPTER WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE GROWING FIELD OF MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  5033  45 PESTICIDES AND HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES: EVIDENCES, MECHANISMS, AND PERSPECTIVES. ALONG WITH THE WIDE USE OF PESTICIDES IN THE WORLD, THE CONCERNS OVER THEIR HEALTH IMPACTS ARE RAPIDLY GROWING. THERE IS A HUGE BODY OF EVIDENCE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES AND ELEVATED RATE OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIFFERENT TYPES OF CANCERS, DIABETES, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS LIKE PARKINSON, ALZHEIMER, AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS), BIRTH DEFECTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS. THERE IS ALSO CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE ON THE ASSOCIATION OF EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES WITH SOME OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES LIKE RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS, PARTICULARLY ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, CHRONIC NEPHROPATHIES, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES LIKE SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, AND AGING. THE COMMON FEATURE OF CHRONIC DISORDERS IS A DISTURBANCE IN CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS, WHICH CAN BE INDUCED VIA PESTICIDES' PRIMARY ACTION LIKE PERTURBATION OF ION CHANNELS, ENZYMES, RECEPTORS, ETC., OR CAN AS WELL BE MEDIATED VIA PATHWAYS OTHER THAN THE MAIN MECHANISM. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT THE HIGHLIGHTED EVIDENCE ON THE ASSOCIATION OF PESTICIDE'S EXPOSURE WITH THE INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND INTRODUCE GENETIC DAMAGES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS AND UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE (UPR), IMPAIRMENT OF UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME SYSTEM, AND DEFECTIVE AUTOPHAGY AS THE EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS OF ACTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7   754  50 CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE TOXICOLOGY. AMBIENT AIR, OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS, AND THE USE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS ALL SERVE AS CONDUITS FOR TOXICANT EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION. WHILE THE PULMONARY SYSTEM REMAINS A PRIMARY TARGET FOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE, CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLICATIONS ARE EXCEPTIONALLY CULPABLE FOR INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION RESULTING FROM ACUTE OR CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER HAS BEEN WELL DOCUMENTED, BUT THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THE RESULTING DISTURBANCES REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE DIRECTLY LINKED TO CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO A VARIETY OF INHALED TOXICANTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FOLLOWING PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE AND TO HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS THAT EXIST ACROSS MULTIPLE EXPOSURE PARADIGMS. WE ATTEMPT TO INTEGRATE THESE MOLECULAR SIGNATURES IN AN EFFORT TO PROVIDE DIRECTION FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW ALSO CHARACTERIZES HOW MOLECULAR RESPONSES ARE MODIFIED IN AT-RISK POPULATIONS, SPECIFICALLY THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL WINDOWS OF DEVELOPMENT. MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER DURING GESTATION CAN LEAD TO FETAL EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, RESULTING IN LONG-TERM DEFICITS TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. IN BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT (GESTATIONAL) EXPOSURES, CONNECTING THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS WITH FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS OUTLINES PATHWAYS THAT CAN BE TARGETED FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. ULTIMATELY, FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS INTEGRATING "OMICS"-BASED APPROACHES WILL BETTER ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS THAT ARE ALTERED BY XENOBIOTIC INHALATION EXPOSURE, IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS, AND GUIDE IN CLINICAL DECISION MAKING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8  4266  44 MICRO-RNAS: CROSSROADS BETWEEN THE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PARTICULATE POLLUTION AND THE OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION HAS REACHED A GLOBAL ECHO AND REPRESENTS A SERIOUS PROBLEM FOR HUMAN HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION ENCOMPASSES A SET OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS PARTICULATE MATTER AND HEAVY METALS (E.G., CADMIUM, LEAD, AND ARSENIC), AND HAS A STRONG IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT BY AFFECTING GROUNDWATER, SOIL, AND AIR. AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CUES IS ESSENTIAL FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF ADAPTIVE PHENOTYPES. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF SEVERAL GENES ARE PROMISING CANDIDATES TO PROVIDE MECHANISTIC AND PROGNOSTIC INSIGHTS INTO THIS. MICRO-RNAS (MIRNAS) FULFIL THESE FEATURES GIVEN THEIR ABILITY TO RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING PHENOTYPES. THESE MOLECULES ARE PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS, AND THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERNS ARE ORGAN-, TISSUE-, OR CELL-SPECIFIC. MOREOVER, THE EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS FOR THEIR QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ARE ROBUST, STANDARDIZED, AND INEXPENSIVE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATE ON THE ROLE OF MIRNAS AS SUITABLE TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS BEHIND THE PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO TOXICANTS AND THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERN ASSOCIABLE WITH SPECIFIC EXPOSURES. WE LOOK AT THE MECHANISTIC EVIDENCE ASSOCIABLE TO THE ROLE OF MIRNAS IN THE PROCESSES LEADING TO ENVIRONMENTAL-INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE (I.E., CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE).	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9   874  40 CHRONIC ALLERGY SIGNALING: IS IT ALL STRESSED-OUT MITOCHONDRIA? ALLERGIC DISEASES IN GENERAL, AND CHRONIC ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION IN PARTICULAR, ARE ON THE RISE IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. THE IDEA OF CHRONIC ALLERGIC DISEASE AS A CHRONIC TYPE 2 IMMUNE RESPONSE HAS BEEN AROUND FOR SEVERAL DECADES. HOWEVER, DATA SUGGEST THAT OTHER MECHANISMS MAY BE IMPORTANT IN CHRONIC DISEASE. THEREFORE, WE BELIEVE IT IS TIME FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISTIC CAUSES OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN THESE DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE AVOIDED THE CLASSIC CANONICAL PATHWAYS AND FOCUSED ON THE EMERGING IDEA THAT OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHANGES IN IMMUNO-METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES (PARTICULARLY MICRORNA PROFILE) MAY BE WORKING CONCURRENTLY OR SYNERGISTICALLY TO POTENTIATE ALLERGIC DISEASE SYMPTOMS. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE ADDRESSED HOW THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY EXACERBATES ALLERGIC DISEASE VIA THE DYSREGULATION OF THE AFOREMENTIONED FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10   303  51 AIR POLLUTION STRESS AND THE AGING PHENOTYPE: THE TELOMERE CONNECTION. AGING IS A COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON. THE QUESTION WHY SOME SUBJECTS GROW OLD WHILE REMAINING FREE FROM DISEASE WHEREAS OTHERS PREMATURELY DIE REMAINS LARGELY UNANSWERED. WE FOCUS HERE ON THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IN BIOLOGICAL AGING. HALLMARKS OF AGING CAN BE GROUPED INTO THREE MAIN CATEGORIES: GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS LEADING TO ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. AT BIRTH, THE INITIAL TELOMERE LENGTH OF A PERSON IS LARGELY DETERMINED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENS WITH EACH CELL DIVISION AND EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION AS WELL AS LOW RESIDENTIAL GREENS SPACE EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT THE ESTIMATED EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE ON THE TELOMERE MITOCHONDRIAL AXIS OF AGING MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. THE EXPOSOME ENCOMPASSES ALL EXPOSURES OVER AN ENTIRE LIFE. AS TELOMERES CAN BE CONSIDERED AS THE CELLULAR MEMORIES OF EXPOSURE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, TELOMERE MAINTENANCE MAY BE A PROXY FOR ASSESSING THE "EXPOSOME". IF TELOMERES ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO THE AGING PHENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION IS AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF TELOMERE LENGTH, THIS MIGHT PROVIDE NEW AVENUES FOR FUTURE PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  5254  57 PROGRAMMING OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH IN CHILDHOOD: INFLUENCE OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS RECENT EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE PROGRAMMING EFFECTS OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURES DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT ON LUNG FUNCTION AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, SUCH AS ASTHMA AND RELATED ALLERGIC DISORDERS. RECENT FINDINGS: AIR POLLUTANTS MAY IMPACT ANATOMY AND/OR PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF THE LUNG AND INTERRELATED SYSTEMS. PROGRAMMING EFFECTS MAY RESULT FROM POLLUTANT-INDUCED SHIFTS IN A NUMBER OF MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES AND THEIR INTERACTING SYSTEMS. SPECIFIC KEY REGULATORY SYSTEMS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PROGRAMMING MAY INFLUENCE LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND VULNERABILITY TO RESPIRATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS OF NEUROENDOCRINE PATHWAYS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) FUNCTIONING WHICH, IN TURN, INFLUENCE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. STARTING IN UTERO, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING AIR POLLUTANTS, MAY PERMANENTLY ORGANIZE THESE SYSTEMS TOWARD TRAJECTORIES OF ENHANCED PEDIATRIC (E.G., ASTHMA, ALLERGY) AS WELL AS ADULT DISEASE RISK (E.G., CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A CENTRAL ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH SUGGESTS XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM AND SUBCELLULAR COMPONENTS, SUCH AS MITOCHONDRIA ARE TARGETS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND PLAY A ROLE IN ASTHMA AND ALLERGY PROGRAMMING. MECHANISMS OPERATING AT THE LEVEL OF THE PLACENTA ARE BEING ELUCIDATED. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE AT THE ROOTS OF ADAPTIVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. SUMMARY: OPTIMAL COORDINATED FUNCTIONING OF MANY COMPLEX PROCESSES AND THEIR NETWORKS OF INTERACTION ARE NECESSARY FOR NORMAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH. OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EARLY PROGRAMMING OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH AND IS POTENTIALLY AMENABLE TO INTERVENTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12  6211  47 THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: POTENTIAL ROLE OF AUTONOMIC REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. OXIDATIVE STRESS CAN BE INDUCED BY VARIOUS STIMULI AND ALTERED IN CERTAIN CONDITIONS, INCLUDING EXERCISE AND PAIN. ALTHOUGH MANY STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RELATION TO EITHER EXERCISE OR PAIN, THE LITERATURE PRESENTS CONFLICTING RESULTS. THEREFORE, THIS REVIEW CRITICALLY DISCUSSES EXISTING LITERATURE ABOUT THIS TOPIC, AIMING TO PROVIDE A CLEAR OVERVIEW OF KNOWN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IN HEALTHY PEOPLE AS WELL AS IN PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC PAIN, AND TO HIGHLIGHT POSSIBLE CONFOUNDING FACTORS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN REFLECTING ON THESE INTERACTIONS. IN ADDITION, AUTONOMIC REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION UNDERLYING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THAT THE RELATION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND NOT STRAIGHTFORWARD, AS IT IS DEPENDENT ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXERCISE, BUT ALSO ON WHICH POPULATION IS INVESTIGATED. TO BE ABLE TO COMPARE STUDIES ON THIS TOPIC, STRICT GUIDELINES SHOULD BE DEVELOPED TO LIMIT THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS. THIS WAY, THE TRUE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF ACTION CAN BE REVEALED AND VALIDATED VIA INDEPENDENT STUDIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  5308  46 PSORIASIS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: A REVIEW. PSORIASIS IS A COMMON, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE THAT CAN CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DISCOMFORT AND IMPAIRMENT TO QUALITY OF LIFE. RECENT RESEARCH INDICATES THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH MODERATE-TO-SEVERE PSORIASIS ARE LIKELY AT GREATER RISK FOR CHRONIC CARDIOMETABOLIC CO-MORBIDITIES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES, OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE PRIMARY AND ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR THESE MALADIES IN OTHER POPULATIONS. UNFORTUNATELY, ONLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PSORIASIS, WHICH ARE LIMITED BY POOR DESIGN AND LACK OF VALIDATED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES. A VARIETY OF DATA SUGGEST SHARED PHYSIOLOGIC PATHWAYS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PSORIASIS, AND PSORIASIS CARDIOMETABOLIC CO-MORBIDITIES. INCREASED ADIPOSITY, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ADHESION MOLECULES AND LIPIDS ARE PHYSIOLOGICALLY LINKED TO PSORIASIS, THE RISK OF PSORIASIS CARDIOMETABOLIC CO-MORBIDITIES, AND LOW LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. IN ADDITION, EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ARE INVOLVED IN PSORIASIS AND COULD BE INFLUENCED BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPAIRMENTS COMMON IN PSORIASIS MAY MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO PARTICIPATE IN REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD AIM TO DETERMINE IF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTIONS IMPROVE FUNCTIONING AND REDUCE CO-MORBIDITIES IN PSORIASIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14  5174  45 PREDICTIVE AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES DUE TO PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE. AIR POLLUTION IS GETTING SEVERE AND CONCERNS ABOUT ITS TOXICITY EFFECTS ON AIRWAY AND LUNG DISEASE ARE ALSO INCREASING. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) IS MAJOR COMPONENT OF AIR POLLUTANT. IT CAUSES RESPIRATORY DISEASES, SUCH AS ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, LUNG CANCER, AND SO ON. PM PARTICLES ENTER THE AIRWAY AND LUNG BY INHALATION, CAUSING DAMAGES TO THEM. ESPECIALLY, PM(2.5) CAN PENETRATE INTO THE ALVEOLUS AND PASS TO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. IT CAN AFFECT THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM AND CAUSE CARDIOPULMONARY DISORDERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON PM-INDUCING TOXICITY MECHANISMS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. WE ALSO REVIEWED ITS CORRELATION WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES. IN ADDITION, WE REVIEWED BIOMARKERS RELATED TO PM-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DISEASES. THESE BIOMARKERS MIGHT BE USED FOR DISEASE PREDICTION AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS. WITH RECENT TREND OF USING GENOMIC ANALYSIS TOOLS IN THE FIELD OF TOXICOGENOMICS, RESPIRATORY DISEASE BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH PM WILL BE CONTINUOUSLY INVESTIGATED. EFFECTIVE BIOMARKERS DERIVED FROM EARLIER STUDIES AND FURTHER STUDIES MIGHT BE UTILIZED TO REDUCE RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  3106  45 GENOMICS AND THE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE. ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS FROM AIR POLLUTANTS REMAIN IMPORTANT, DESPITE IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. THE EXACT MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS ARE NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. STUDYING THE GENOME (E.G. SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNP) ), EPIGENOME (E.G. METHYLATION OF GENES), TRANSCRIPTOME (MRNA EXPRESSION) AND MICRORNAOME (MICRORNA EXPRESSION) HAS THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF SNP HAVE DETECTED SNP ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY PHENOTYPES; HOWEVER, TO DATE, ONLY CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE HAVE BEEN PERFORMED. CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH DNA METHYLATION THAT LEADS TO GENE SILENCING WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA SEQUENCE, OCCUR WITH AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE, ESPECIALLY GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION CHANGES. RESPIRATORY CELL LINE AND ANIMAL MODELS DEMONSTRATE DISTINCT GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME, ARISING FROM EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER OR OZONE. PARTICULATE MATTER AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS ALTER EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA, WHICH ARE SHORT NON-CODING RNA THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. WHILE IT IS CLEARLY IMPORTANT TO CONTAIN RISING LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION, STRATEGIES ALSO NEED TO BE DEVELOPED TO MINIMIZE THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE ON THE LUNG, ESPECIALLY FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE AND FOR PEOPLE AT RISK OF FUTURE LUNG DISEASE. CAREFUL STUDY OF GENOMIC RESPONSES WILL IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF LUNG INJURY FROM AIR POLLUTION AND ENABLE FUTURE CLINICAL TESTING OF INTERVENTIONS AGAINST THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16  6329  59 THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. RELEVANT STUDIES WERE IDENTIFIED VIA MEDLINE (PUBMED) AND PSYCINFO DATABASES PUBLISHED UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY 2015. THIS REVIEW CONTRIBUTES TO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY LIFE STRESS, AS WELL AS SETTING CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN A BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DISCUSSING NOVEL LONG-TERM PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIC EVENTS ARE RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN ADDITION TO A MORE SEVERE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OVER TIME (PRIMARILY AN EARLIER AGE AT ONSET AND AN INCREASED RISK OF SUICIDE ATTEMPT AND SUBSTANCE MISUSE). CHILDHOOD TRAUMA LEADS TO ALTERATIONS OF AFFECT REGULATION, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING THAT MIGHT DECREASE THE ABILITY TO COPE WITH LATER STRESSORS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA INTERACTS WITH SEVERAL GENES BELONGING TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS [HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION, NEUROPLASTICITY, IMMUNITY, CALCIUM SIGNALING, AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS] TO DECREASE THE AGE AT THE ONSET OF THE DISORDER OR INCREASE THE RISK OF SUICIDE. EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDER. BIOLOGICAL SEQUELAE SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, OR TELOMERE SHORTENING ARE POTENTIAL MEDIATORS OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN PARTICULAR WITH REGARD TO PHYSICAL HEALTH. THE MAIN CLINICAL IMPLICATION IS TO SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDERS, OR AT LEAST IN THOSE WITH A SEVERE OR INSTABLE COURSE. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT YEARS WILL BE TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN CLINICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND ROUTINE PRACTICE, SINCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING THIS SPECIFIC POPULATION ARE LACKING. IN PARTICULAR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ON WHICH PSYCHOTHERAPIES SHOULD BE PROVIDED OR WHICH TARGETS THERAPISTS SHOULD FOCUS ON, AS WELL AS HOW CHILDHOOD TRAUMA COULD EXPLAIN THE RESISTANCE TO MOOD STABILIZERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  6187  36 THE IMPACT OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE ON PULMONARY DISEASE. THE GLOBAL POPULATION IS AGING WITH SIGNIFICANT GAINS IN LIFE EXPECTANCY PARTICULARLY IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD. CONSEQUENTLY, GREATER FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESSES THAT UNDERLIE PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING HAS OCCURRED. KEY FACETS OF ADVANCING AGE INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE SHORTENING, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND DECLINES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION TERMED IMMUNOSENESCENCE. IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND ITS ASSOCIATED CHRONIC LOW GRADE SYSTEMIC "INFLAMM-AGING" CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF PULMONARY DISEASE IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS. THESE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES PREDISPOSE TO PULMONARY INFECTION AND CONFER SPECIFIC AND UNIQUE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OBSERVED IN CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE INCLUDING LATE-ONSET ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND PULMONARY FIBROSIS. EMERGING CONCEPTS OF THE GUT AND AIRWAY MICROBIOME FURTHER COMPLICATE THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOST AND MICROORGANISM PARTICULARLY FROM AN IMMUNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ESPECIALLY SO IN THE SETTING OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE AGING PROCESS, IMMUNOSENESCENCE, AND HOW IT CAN POTENTIALLY IMPACT ON VARIOUS PULMONARY DISEASES AND THE HUMAN MICROBIOME.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  1932  48 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES: AN UNDERRECOGNIZED CONTRIBUTION TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN VERY CONSERVATIVE AND HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS. FIRSTLY, MOST PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE EXCLUDED THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS, BUT THESE USUALLY INVOLVE SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE RISK OF DISEASE. SECONDLY, EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IS NOW CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED RISK OF SEVERAL DISEASES LATER IN LIFE, BUT THESE CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DISCERN. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR ASTHMA AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, BUT THERE IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASES. MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. IN ADDITION, NEW INFORMATION SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DIABETES AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS PRESENT IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. THESE RELATIONSHIPS LIKELY REFLECT THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND GENE INDUCTION. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TO NCDS THAN PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED. PREVENTION NEEDS TO SHIFT FOCUS FROM INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF NCDS ULTIMATELY RELIES ON IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO MODIFIABLE RISKS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  1385  57 DIABETES IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS: EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. WITH ADVANCEMENTS IN CANCER TREATMENT AND SUPPORTIVE CARE, THERE IS A GROWING POPULATION OF CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS WHO EXPERIENCE A SUBSTANTIAL BURDEN OF COMORBIDITIES RELATED TO HAVING RECEIVED CANCER TREATMENT AT A YOUNG AGE. DESPITE AN OVERALL REDUCTION IN THE INCIDENCE OF MOST CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS OVER THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES, THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE OF CERTAIN LATE EFFECTS, IN PARTICULAR DIABETES MELLITUS (DM), HAS INCREASED. THE IMPLICATIONS ARE SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE DM IS A KEY RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, A LEADING CAUSE OF PREMATURE DEATH IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS. THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DM IN CANCER SURVIVORS IS MULTIFACTORIAL. DM DEVELOPS AT YOUNGER AGES IN SURVIVORS COMPARED TO CONTROLS, WHICH MAY REFLECT AN "ACCELERATED AGING" PHENOTYPE IN THESE INDIVIDUALS. THE TREATMENT-RELATED EXPOSURES (I.E., CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIATION) THAT INCREASE RISK FOR DM IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS MAY BE MORE THAN ADDITIVE WITH ESTABLISHED DM RISK FACTORS (E.G., OLDER AGE, OBESITY, RACE, AND ETHNICITY). EMERGING RESEARCH ALSO POINTS TO PARALLELS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES IMPLICATED IN AGING- AND CANCER TREATMENT-RELATED DM. STILL, THERE REMAINS MARKED INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY REGARDING RISK OF DM THAT IS NOT EXPLAINED BY DEMOGRAPHIC AND THERAPEUTIC RISK FACTORS ALONE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE ROLE OF GERMLINE GENETIC RISK FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF DM IN BOTH THE GENERAL AND ONCOLOGY POPULATIONS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF RECOGNIZED RISK FACTORS FOR DM IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS TO HELP INFORM TARGETED APPROACHES FOR DISEASE SCREENING, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, IT HIGHLIGHTS THE EXISTING SCIENTIFIC GAPS IN UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURES AND THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THEY EXERT THEIR EFFECTS THAT UNIQUELY PREDISPOSE THIS POPULATION TO DM FOLLOWING CANCER TREATMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  2226  55 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY NUTRIENTS IN EARLY LIFE PHASES: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN METABOLIC ALTERATION IN ADULTHOOD. METABOLIC CHRONIC DISEASES, ALSO NAMED NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS), ARE CONSIDERED MULTIFACTORIAL PATHOLOGIES, WHICH ARE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED DURING THE LAST DECADES. NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, CANCERS, AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES MARKEDLY INCREASE MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC COSTS. MOREOVER, NCDS INDUCE SEVERAL AND COMPLEX CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THAT LEAD TO A GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF HEALTH STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. MULTIPLE FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THESE DISEASES SUCH AS SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, SMOKING, POLLUTION, AND UNHEALTHY DIET. INDEED, NUTRITION HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING HEALTH, AND DIETARY IMBALANCES REPRESENT MAJOR DETERMINANTS FAVORING CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGH METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS ALTERATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, IT APPEARS THAT SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND ADEQUATE NUTRITION ARE IMPORTANT IN ALL PERIODS OF LIFE, BUT THEY ARE ESSENTIAL DURING SPECIFIC TIMES IN EARLY LIFE SUCH AS PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL PHASES. INDEED, EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES REPORT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AN INCORRECT NUTRITION ON HEALTH STATUS SEVERAL DECADES LATER IN LIFE. DURING THE LAST DECADE, A GROWING INTEREST ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS LINK BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES AND NCDS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN OBSERVED. FINALLY, BECAUSE OF THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HORMONES IN FAT, CARBOHYDRATE, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM REGULATION THROUGHOUT LIFE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT ANY HORMONAL MODIFICATION OF THESE PROCESSES CAN IMBALANCE METABOLISM AND FAT STORAGE. THEREFORE, A PARTICULAR INTEREST TO SEVERAL CHEMICALS ABLE TO ACT AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS HAS BEEN RECENTLY DEVELOPED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW AND DISCUSS THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF SOME SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND CHEMICALS IN THE MODULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS.	2019