1  1730 150 DYSREGULATION OF STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION IN GASTRIC CANCER. GENETIC FACTORS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, SALT OVER-UPTAKE, DECREASED VEGETABLE/FRUIT CONSUMPTION, SMOKING, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME ARE RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER. GERMLINE MUTATIONS OF CDH1 GENE, AND SNPS OF PTPN11 (SHP2), TLR4, IL1B, TNFA, BMP6, GDF15 AND RUNX3 GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC CANCER. HELICOBACTER PYLORI ACTIVATES CAGA-SHP2-ERK AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN-NOD1-NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS USING TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEM, AND ALSO TRAF6-MAP3K7-NFKAPPAB AND TRAF6-MAP3K7-AP-1 SIGNALING CASCADES IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS THROUGH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY TLR2 OR TLR4. IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNFALPHA AND IFNGAMMA ARE ELEVATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. IL-6 AND TNFALPHA INDUCE UPREGULATION OF WNT5A AND WNT10B, RESPECTIVELY. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF, RHOA, JNK, PKC, NFAT, AND NLK SIGNALING CASCADES. WNT-BETA-CATENIN-TCF/LEF SIGNALING INDUCES UPREGULATION OF MYC, CCND1, WISP1, FGF20, JAG1 AND DKK1 GENES. NOTCH SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CSL-NICD-MAML AND NFKAPPAB SIGNALING CASCADES. FGF SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO ERK, PI3K-AKT, PKC, AND NFAT SIGNALING CASCADES. HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INDUCES SHH UPREGULATION IN PARIETAL CELL LINEAGE, WHILE BMP SIGNALS INDUCE IHH UPREGULATION IN PIT CELL LINEAGE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS INDUCE UPREGULATION OF GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1 GENES. JAG1 AND JAG2 ACTIVATE NOTCH SIGNALING, WHILE DKK1 AND SFRP1 INHIBIT WNT SIGNALING. STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, CONSISTING OF WNT, NOTCH, FGF, HEDGEHOG AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, IS ACTIVATED DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 GENE OCCURS IN THE EARLIER STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE STOMACH, WHILE AMPLIFICATION AND OVEREXPRESSION OF FGFR2 GENE IN THE LATER STAGE. DYSREGULATION OF THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF GERMLINE MUTATION, SNP, HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND GENETIC ALTERATION GIVES RISE TO GASTRIC CANCER. SNP TYPING AND CUSTOM-MADE MICROARRAY ANALYSES ON GENES ENCODING STEM CELL SIGNALING MOLECULES COULD BE UTILIZED FOR THE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  3216  56 HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND GASTROINTESTINAL STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK (REVIEW). HEDGEHOG, BMP/TGFBETA, FGF, WNT AND NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAYS CONSTITUTE THE STEM CELL SIGNALING NETWORK, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN A VARIETY OF PROCESSES, SUCH AS EMBRYOGENESIS, MAINTENANCE OF ADULT TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS, TISSUE REPAIR DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, AND CARCINOGENESIS. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH), INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH) AND DESERT HEDGEHOG (DHH) BIND TO PTCH1/PTCH OR PTCH2 RECEPTOR TO RELEASE SMOOTHENED (SMO) SIGNAL TRANSDUCER FROM PATCHED-DEPENDENT SUPPRESSION. SMO THEN ACTIVATES STK36 SERINE/THREONINE KINASE TO STABILIZE GLI FAMILY MEMBERS AND TO PHOSPHORYLATE SUFU FOR NUCLEAR ACCUMULATION OF GLI. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING ACTIVATION LEADS TO GLI-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF TARGET GENES, SUCH AS GLI1, PTCH1, CCND2, FOXL1, JAG2 AND SFRP1. GLI1-DEPENDENT POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP COMBINED WITH PTCH1-DEPENDENT NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP GIVES RISE TO TRANSIENT PROLIFERATION OF HEDGEHOG TARGET CELLS. IGUANA HOMOLOGS (DZIP1 AND DZIP1L) AND COSTAL-2 HOMOLOGS (KIF7 AND KIF27) ARE IDENTIFIED BY COMPARATIVE INTEGROMICS. SHH-DEPENDENT PARIETAL CELL PROLIFERATION IS IMPLICATED IN GASTRIC MUCOSAL REPAIR DURING CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION. BMP-RUNX3 SIGNALING INDUCES IHH EXPRESSION IN SURFACE DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS OF STOMACH AND INTESTINE. HEDGEHOG SIGNALS FROM EPITHELIAL CELLS THEN INDUCES FOXL1-MEDIATED BMP4 UPREGULATION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS FREQUENTLY ACTIVATED IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, GASTRIC CANCER AND PANCREATIC CANCER DUE TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF HEDGEHOG LIGANDS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF HHIP1/HHIP GENE, ENCODING THE HEDGEHOG INHIBITOR. HOWEVER, HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IS RARELY ACTIVATED IN COLORECTAL CANCER DUE TO NEGATIVE REGULATION BY THE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING MOLECULES OR TARGETS, SUCH AS SHH, IHH, HHIP1, PTCH1 AND GLI1, ARE APPLIED AS BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSTICS, PROGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS. SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR SMO OR STK36 ARE SUITABLE TO BE USED FOR TREATMENT OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT CANCER.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  6756  38 WNT ANTAGONIST, SFRP1, IS HEDGEHOG SIGNALING TARGET. HEDGEHOG AND WNT SIGNALING PATHWAYS NETWORK TOGETHER DURING EMBRYOGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS. HEDGEHOG SIGNALING IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM REPRESSES CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING TO RESTRICT EXPRESSION OF WNT TARGET GENES TO STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REMAINS UNCLEAR. THE HEDGEHOG SIGNAL IS TRANSDUCED TO GLI FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THOUGH PATCHED RECEPTOR, SMOOTHENED SIGNAL TRANSDUCER, AND OTHER SIGNALING COMPONENTS, SUCH AS KIF27, KIF7, STK36, SUFU, AND DZIP1. HERE, WE SEARCHED FOR THE GLI-BINDING SITE WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGION OF GENES ENCODING SECRETED-TYPE WNT SIGNAL INHIBITORS, INCLUDING SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP3, SFRP4, SFRP5, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, AND WIF1. THE GLI-BINDING SITE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER BASED ON BIOINFORMATICS AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. THE CHIMPANZEE SFRP1 GENE WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE NW_110515.1 GENOME SEQUENCE. THE GLI-BINDING SITE OF THE HUMAN SFRP1 PROMOTER WAS CONSERVED IN CHIMPANZEE SFRP1, MOUSE SFRP1, AND RAT SFRP1 PROMOTERS. SFRP1 IS THE EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED TARGET OF THE HEDGEHOG-GLI SIGNALING PATHWAY. EXPRESSION DOMAIN ANALYSES BASED ON TEXT MINING REVEALED THAT INDIAN HEDGEHOG (IHH), SFRP1, AND WNT6 ARE EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENTIATED INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, MESENCHYMAL CELLS, AND STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS, RESPECTIVELY. HEDGEHOG IS SECRETED FROM DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS TO INDUCE SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN MESENCHYMAL CELLS, WHICH KEEPS DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS AWAY FROM THE EFFECTS OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING. THESE FACTS INDICATE THAT SFRP1 IS THE HEDGEHOG TARGET TO CONFINE CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING WITHIN STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. THEREFORE, EPIGENETIC CPG HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER DURING CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AND AGING LEADS TO THE OCCURRENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS, SUCH AS COLORECTAL CANCER AND GASTRIC CANCER, THROUGH THE BREAKDOWN OF HEDGEHOG-DEPENDENT WNT SIGNAL INHIBITION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  4162  26 MECP2 REGULATES PTCH1 EXPRESSION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, IN WHICH PATHOGENESIS IS NOT CLEAR. MANY RESEARCH DEMONSTRATED THAT FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES (FLSS) PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS, JOIN IN THE CARTILAGE INJURY AND HYPERPLASIA OF THE SYNOVIUM, AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. WE USED ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS (AA) RATS AS RA ANIMAL MODELS. THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) ENABLES THE SUPPRESSED CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TO BE SELECTIVELY DETECTED IN AA FLSS. OVEREXPRESSION OF THIS PROTEIN LEADS TO AN INCREASE OF INTEGRAL METHYLATION LEVELS. SOME RESEARCH HAS CONFIRMED THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN RA PATHOGENESIS; FURTHERMORE, PATCHED 1 (PTCH1) IS A NEGATIVE FRACTION OF HH SIGNALING PATHWAY. WE USED 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC) AS DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR. IN OUR RESEARCH, WE FOUND MECP2 REDUCED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS; 5-AZADC OBSTRUCTED THE LOSS OF PTCH1 EXPRESSION. 5-AZADC, TREATMENT OF AA FLSS, ALSO BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. IN ORDER TO PROBE THE POTENTIAL MOLECULAR MECHANISM, WE ASSUMED THE EPIGENETIC PARTICIPATION IN THE REGULATION OF PTCH1. RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT PTCH1 HYPERMETHYLATION IS RELATED TO THE PERSISTENT FLS ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION IN AA RATS. KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2 USING SMALL-INTERFERING RNA TECHNIQUE ADDED PTCH1 EXPRESSION IN AA FLSS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY OFFER MOLECULE MECHANISMS, AND THE REDUCED PTCH1 METHYLATION LEVEL COULD REGULATE INFLAMMATION THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF MECP2. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT PTCH1 IS AN INHIBITORY PROTEIN OF THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 CAN INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF GLI1 AND SHH, THEREBY INHIBITING THE ACTIVATION OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY. INACTIVATED HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA. MECP2 MEDIATES HYPERMETHYLATION OF PTCH1 GENE AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF PTCH1 PROTEIN, THUS ACTIVATING HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASING SECRETION OF IL-6 AND TNF-ALPHA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  6758  46 WNT SIGNALING IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. WNT FAMILY MEMBERS ARE SECRETED-TYPE GLYCOPROTEINS TO ORCHESTRATE EMBRYOGENESIS, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND TO INDUCE PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, LRP5, LRP6, AND ROR2 ARE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS TRANSDUCING WNT SIGNALS BASED ON LIGAND-DEPENDENT PREFERENTIALITY FOR CAVEOLIN- OR CLATHRIN-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS. WNT SIGNALS ARE TRANSDUCED TO CANONICAL PATHWAY FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION, AND TO NON-CANONICAL PATHWAYS FOR REGULATION OF PLANAR CELL POLARITY, CELL ADHESION, AND MOTILITY. MYC, CCND1, AXIN2, FGF20, WISP1, JAG1, DKK1 AND GLUCAGON ARE TARGET GENES OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADE, WHILE CD44, VIMENTIN AND STX5 ARE TARGET GENES OF NON-CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING CASCADES. HOWEVER, TARGET GENES OF WNT SIGNALING CASCADES ARE DETERMINED IN A CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MANNER DUE TO EXPRESSION PROFILE OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC STATUS. WNT SIGNALING CASCADES NETWORK WITH NOTCH, FGF, BMP AND HEDGEHOG SIGNALING CASCADES TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF STEM CELLS AND PROGENITOR CELLS. HERE WNT SIGNALING IN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, NEURAL STEM CELLS, MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS, HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, AND INTESTINAL STEM CELLS WILL BE REVIEWED. WNT3, WNT5A AND WNT10B ARE EXPRESSED IN UNDIFFERENTIATED HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, WHILE WNT6, WNT8B AND WNT10B IN ENDODERM PRECURSOR CELLS. WNT6 IS EXPRESSED IN INTESTINAL CRYPT REGION FOR STEM OR PROGENITOR CELLS. TNF/ALPHA-WNT10B SIGNALING IS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE AND GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. RECOMBINANT WNT PROTEIN OR WNT MIMETIC (CIRCULAR PEPTIDE, SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND, OR RNA APTAMER) IN COMBINATION WITH NOTCH MIMETIC, FGF PROTEIN, AND BMP PROTEIN OPENS A NEW WINDOW TO TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  1610  24 DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK EXPRESSION IN PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF ALCOHOL ABUSE. BACKGROUND: RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT PROTRACTED AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL USE INDUCES AN EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN HUMAN AND RODENT BRAINS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS ARE ALTERED IN BRAINS OF PSYCHOTIC (PS) PATIENTS, INCLUDING SCHIZOPHRENIA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER PATIENTS. BECAUSE PS PATIENTS ARE OFTEN COMORBID WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE, WE EXAMINED WHETHER THE ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE MEMBERS OF THE DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK OBSERVED IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF PS PATIENTS WAS MODIFIED IN PS PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE. METHODS: DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 (DNMT1) MRNA-POSITIVE NEURONS WERE COUNTED IN SITU IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM THE HARVARD BRAIN TISSUE RESOURCE CENTER, BELMONT, MA. 10-11-TRANSLOCATION (TETS 1, 2, 3), APOLIPOPROTEIN B EDITING COMPLEX ENZYME (APOBEC-3C), GROWTH AND DNA-DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 45BETA (GADD45BETA), AND METHYL-BINDING DOMAIN PROTEIN-4 (MBD4) MRNAS WERE MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN INFERIOR PARIETAL CORTICAL LOBULE SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM THE STANLEY FOUNDATION NEUROPATHOLOGY CONSORTIUM, BETHESDA, MD. RESULTS: WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DNMT1 MRNA-POSITIVE NEURONS IN PS PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NON-PS SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION, THERE WAS A PRONOUNCED DECREASE IN APOBEC-3C AND A PRONOUNCED INCREASE IN GADD45BETA AND TET1 MRNAS IN PS PATIENTS WITH NO HISTORY OF ALCOHOL ABUSE. IN PS PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE, THE NUMBERS OF DNMT1-POSITIVE NEURONS WERE NOT INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY. FURTHERMORE, THE DECREASE IN APOBEC-3C MRNA WAS LESS PRONOUNCED, WHILE THE INCREASE IN TET1 MRNA HAD A TENDENCY TO BE POTENTIATED IN THOSE PS PATIENTS THAT WERE CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSERS. GADD45BETA AND MBD4 MRNAS WERE NOT INFLUENCED BY ALCOHOL ABUSE. THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE ON DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK ENZYMES CANNOT BE ATTRIBUTED TO CONFOUNDING DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OR TO THE TYPE AND DOSE OF MEDICATION USED. CONCLUSIONS: BASED ON THESE RESULTS, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT PS PATIENTS MAY ABUSE ALCOHOL AS A POTENTIAL ATTEMPT AT SELF-MEDICATION TO NORMALIZE ALTERED DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION NETWORK PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, BEFORE ACCEPTING THIS CONCLUSION, WE NEED TO STUDY ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION PATHWAYS AND THE DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS IN A SUBSTANTIAL NUMBER OF ALCOHOLIC PS AND NON-PS PATIENTS. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION MAY ALSO BE NECESSARY TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE ALTERED DNA METHYLATION DYNAMICS ARE DIRECT OR THE CONSEQUENCE OF AN INDIRECT INTERACTION OF ALCOHOL WITH THE NEUROPATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PSYCHOSIS.	2013	

7  3396  31 HOST SHP1 PHOSPHATASE ANTAGONIZES HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAGA AND CAN BE DOWNREGULATED BY EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. MOST IF NOT ALL GASTRIC CANCERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFECTION OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAGA-POSITIVE STRAINS(1-4). APPROXIMATELY 10% OF GASTRIC CANCERS ALSO HARBOUR EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) IN THE CANCER CELLS(5,6). FOLLOWING DELIVERY INTO GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA TYPE IV SECRETION(7,8), THE CAGA-ENCODED CAGA PROTEIN UNDERGOES TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION ON THE GLU-PRO-ILE-TYR-ALA (EPIYA) MOTIFS INITIALLY BY SRC FAMILY KINASES (SFKS) AND THEN BY C-ABL(9,10). TYROSINE-PHOSPHORYLATED CAGA BINDS TO THE PRO-ONCOGENIC PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP2 AND THEREBY DEREGULATES THE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY(11,12), WHICH HAS BEEN CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS(13). HERE WE SHOW THAT THE SHP2 HOMOLOGUE SHP1 INTERACTS WITH CAGA INDEPENDENTLY OF THE EPIYA MOTIF. THE INTERACTION POTENTIATES THE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF SHP1 THAT DAMPENS THE ONCOGENIC ACTION OF CAGA BY DEPHOSPHORYLATING THE CAGA EPIYA MOTIFS. IN VITRO INFECTION OF GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH EBV INDUCES SHP1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, WHICH STRENGTHENS PHOSPHORYLATION-DEPENDENT CAGA ACTION VIA EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF SHP1 EXPRESSION. CLINICAL SPECIMENS OF EBV-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS ALSO EXHIBIT SHP1 HYPERMETHYLATION WITH REDUCED SHP1 EXPRESSION. THE RESULTS REVEAL THAT SHP1 IS THE LONG-SOUGHT PHOSPHATASE THAT CAN ANTAGONIZE CAGA. AUGMENTED H. PYLORI CAGA ACTIVITY, VIA SHP1 INHIBITION, MIGHT ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EBV-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCER.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  2437  21 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SONIC HEDGEHOG ELICITS ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. BACKGROUND: PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS MAY SUFFER FROM PAIN OR NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT, AND THE DISEASE MAY BE DETECTED IN PATIENTS WITH A KNOWN MALIGNANCY. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) HAS RECEIVED SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE TO ITS ROLE IN CANCERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ON ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND TUMOR GROWTH BY REGULATING THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS. METHODS: RAT MODELS OF METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS WERE SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED. WE FIRST CALCULATED THE TUMOR VOLUME AND THE INHIBITION RATE OF TUMOR GROWTH TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SHH ON TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROLIFERATION WAS DELAYED BY SHH DEPLETION, AND THE 3-(4,5-DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2-YL)-2,5-DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE ASSAY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE CHANGES IN THE LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION RATE IN THE SPLEEN TRIGGERED BY SHH SILENCING. THEN, THE INFLUENCE OF SHH DEPLETION ON IMMUNE FUNCTION WAS INVESTIGATED. LATER, QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT ASSAY WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY-RELATED FACTORS. FINALLY, WE ADDED THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITOR, GDC-0449, TO CONFIRM THE ROLE OF THE PATHWAY IN TUMOR PROGRESSION. RESULTS: INITIALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT SHH DEPLETION WAS A NEGATIVE FACTOR FOR TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IT WAS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH SERVED AS AN INHIBITOR FACTOR FOR THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION AND INFLAMMATION WHILE PROMOTING ANTITUMOR IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: OUR PRELIMINARY RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ELICITS AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  2811  45 FGFR2-RELATED PATHOGENESIS AND FGFR2-TARGETED THERAPEUTICS (REVIEW). FGFR2 GENE AT HUMAN CHROMOSOME 10Q26 ENCODES FGFR2B AND FGFR2C ISOFORMS FUNCTIONING AS FGF RECEPTORS WITH DISTINCT EXPRESSION DOMAIN AND LIGAND SPECIFICITY. FGFR2 PLAYS ONCOGENIC AND ANTI-ONCOGENIC ROLES IN A CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MANNER. SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) WITHIN INTRON 2 OF FGFR2 GENE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST CANCER THROUGH ALLELIC FGFR2 UPREGULATION. MISSENSE MUTATIONS OR COPY NUMBER GAINS OF FGFR2 GENE OCCUR IN BREAST CANCER AND GASTRIC CANCER TO ACTIVATE FGFR2 SIGNALING. ABERRANT FGFR2 SIGNALING ACTIVATION INDUCES PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL OF TUMOR CELLS. THE CLASS SWITCH FROM FGFR2B TO FGFR2C OCCURS DURING PROGRESSION OF PROSTATE CANCER AND BLADDER CANCER BECAUSE OF SPLICEOSOME DYSREGULATION. IN ADDITION, EPIDERMAL FGFR2B KNOCKOUT MICE SHOW INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS PARTLY DUE TO THE FAILURE OF NFE2L2 (NRF2)-MEDIATED DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS). LOSS OF FGFR2B SIGNALING INDUCES EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND UNRULY ROS. FGFR2 SIGNALING DYSREGULATION DUE TO THE ACCUMULATION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, SMOKING, INCREASED CALORIC UPTAKE, AND DECREASED EXERCISE LEADS TO CARCINOGENESIS. PD173074, SU5402, AZD2171, AND KI23057 ARE SMALL-MOLECULE FGFR INHIBITORS. HUMAN ANTIBODY, PEPTIDE MIMETIC, RNA APTAMER, SIRNA, AND SYNTHETIC MICRORNA (MIRNA) ARE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES TO BE APPLIED FOR CANCER THERAPEUTICS TARGETED TO FGFR2. BECAUSE NOVEL SEQUENCE TECHNOLOGY AND PETA-SCALE SUPER-COMPUTER ARE OPENING UP THE SEQUENCE ERA FOLLOWING THE GENOME ERA, PERSONALIZED MEDICINE PRESCRIBING TARGETED DRUGS BASED ON GERMLINE AND/OR SOMATIC GENOMIC INFORMATION IS COMING REALITY. APPLICATION OF FGFR2 INHIBITORS FOR CANCER TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH FGFR2 MUTATION OR GENE AMPLIFICATION IS BENEFICIAL; HOWEVER, THAT FOR CANCER PREVENTION IN PEOPLE WITH FGFR2 RISK ALLELE MIGHT BE DISADVANTAGEOUS DUE TO THE IMPEDIMENT OF A CYTOPROTECTIVE MECHANISM AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  3642  28 INCREASED H3K4ME3 METHYLATION AND DECREASED MIR-7113-5P EXPRESSION LEAD TO ENHANCED WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING IN IMMUNE CELLS FROM PTSD PATIENTS LEADING TO INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE. BACKGROUND: POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IS A PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. WHAT TRIGGERS INFLAMMATION IN PTSD IS CURRENTLY UNCLEAR. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL DEFECTS IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH PTSD. METHODS: RNASEQ (5 SAMPLES EACH FOR CONTROLS AND PTSD), CHIPSEQ (5 SAMPLES EACH) AND MIRNA ARRAY (6 SAMPLES EACH) WERE USED IN COMBINATION WITH BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS TO IDENTIFY DYSREGULATED GENES IN PBMCS. REAL TIME QRT-PCR (24 SAMPLES EACH) AND IN VITRO ASSAYS WERE EMPLOYED TO VALIDATE OUR PRIMARY FINDINGS AND HYPOTHESIS. RESULTS: BY RNA-SEQ ANALYSIS OF PBMCS, WE FOUND THAT WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY WAS UPREGULATED IN PTSD WHEN COMPARED TO NORMAL CONTROLS. SPECIFICALLY, WE FOUND INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B IN THE PTSD GROUP WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR FINDINGS WERE CONFIRMED USING NCBI'S GEO DATABASE INVOLVING A LARGER SAMPLE SIZE. ADDITIONALLY, IN VITRO ACTIVATION STUDIES REVEALED THAT ACTIVATED BUT NOT NAIVE PBMCS FROM CONTROL INDIVIDUALS EXPRESSED MORE IFNGAMMA IN THE PRESENCE OF RECOMBINANT WNT10B SUGGESTING THAT WNT SIGNALING PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EXACERBATING INFLAMMATION. NEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF WNT10B AND FOUND THAT INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B MAY RESULT FROM EPIGENETIC MODULATION INVOLVING DOWNREGULATION OF HSA-MIR-7113-5P WHICH TARGETED WNT10B. FURTHERMORE, WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT WNT10B OVEREXPRESSION WAS LINKED TO HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 HISTONE MODIFICATION AROUND THE PROMOTOR OF WNT10B. ADDITIONALLY, KNOCKDOWN OF HISTONE DEMETHYLASE SPECIFIC TO H3K4ME3, USING SIRNA, LED TO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF WNT10B PROVIDING CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE THAT H3K4ME3 INDEED CONTROLLED WNT10B EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: IN SUMMARY, OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS UPREGULATED IN PBMCS OF PTSD PATIENTS RESULTING FROM EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVING MICRORNA DYSREGULATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH IN TURN MAY PROMOTE THE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE IN SUCH CELLS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  1393  22 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS. WNT1-INDUCIBLE SIGNALING PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1) REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. ABNORMAL WISP1 EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IS STILL UNCLEAR. WE THEREFORE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER AND EVALUATE ITS CLINICAL VALUE IN HCC. THE STUDY ENROLLED 251 PARTICIPANTS, INCLUDING 123 PARTICIPANTS WITH HCC, 90 PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS, MRNA LEVELS AND PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 WERE DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (RT-QPCR) AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS, WHILE THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WISP1 MRNA WERE MARKEDLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH HCC THAN IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. FURTHERMORE, THE PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS OBVIOUSLY LOWER THAN IN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) IS A WIDELY RECOGNIZED BIOMARKER TO DIAGNOSE HCC WHICH LACKS ENOUGH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. WISP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH AFP SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY IN DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM CHB COMPARED WITH AFP OR WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS ALONE. IN CONCLUSION, HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY SERVE AS A NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  1483  23 DKK1 IS EPIGENETICALLY DOWNREGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION AND INHIBITS BILE ACID-INDUCED GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA. DICKKOPF-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (DKK1) IS ESSENTIAL TO GASTRIC CANCER AS AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALING. GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (GIM) IS AN IMPORTANT PRECANCEROUS LESION OF GASTRIC CANCER THAT CAN BE ACTIVATED BY BILE ACID REFLUX AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISM OF DKK1 IN BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM HAS NOT BEEN COMPLETELY ELUCIDATED. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF DKK1 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, BILE ACID WAS FOUND TO INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF INTESTINAL MARKERS IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS, WHEREAS DKK1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN RESPONSE TO BILE ACID STIMULATION. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DKK1 WERE DECREASED IN GIM TISSUES AS EVIDENCED BY QRT-PCR AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING. SURPRISINGLY, THE METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER INCREASED IN GIM TISSUES, AND WE DISCOVERED 28 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION SITES OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER IN GIM TISSUES. BILE ACID WAS ABLE TO INDUCE THE PARTIAL METHYLATION OF THE DKK1 PROMOTER, WHILE 5-AZA COULD INCREASE DKK1 EXPRESSION AS WELL AS DECREASE INTESTINAL MARKERS EXPRESSION IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. IN CONCLUSION, THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK1 MIGHT PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GIM, ESPECIALLY BILE ACID-INDUCED GIM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  2379  30 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF WNT PATHWAY ANTAGONISTS IN HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS COMMON IN HUMAN CANCER. USING A LARGE-SCALE WHOLE-GENOME APPROACH IN AN EARLIER STUDY, THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED GENES WITH POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR FUNCTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM). THREE GENES IDENTIFIED IN THIS ANALYSIS-DKK1, SFRP1, AND WIF1-ARE POTENT INHIBITORS OF THE WNT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. HERE, THE AUTHORS CONFIRM DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN GBM TUMOR TISSUE SAMPLES RELATIVE TO NONTUMOR BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES USING REAL-TIME PCR. THEY THEN SHOW THAT EXPRESSION OF ALL 3 GENES IS RESTORED IN T98 GBM CELLS BY TREATMENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), BUT ONLY DKK1 EXPRESSION IS RESTORED BY TREATMENT WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZACYTIDINE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING DID NOT REVEAL SIGNIFICANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF DKK1, WHEREAS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR ALL 3 GENES AFTER TSA TREATMENT. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF DKK1 SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES COLONY FORMATION AND INCREASES CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY INHIBITORS WIF1 AND SFRP1 SHOWS A RELATIVE LACK OF RESPONSE. CHRONIC WNT3A STIMULATION ONLY PARTIALLY REVERSES GROWTH SUPPRESSION AFTER DKK1 REEXPRESSION, WHEREAS A SPECIFIC INHIBITOR OF THE JNK PATHWAY SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES THE EFFECT OF DKK1 REEXPRESSION ON COLONY FORMATION AND APOPTOSIS IN T98 CELLS. THESE RESULTS SUPPORT A POTENTIAL GROWTH-SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION FOR EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED DKK1 IN GBM AND SUGGEST THAT DKK1 RESTORATION COULD MODULATE WNT SIGNALING THROUGH BOTH CANONICAL AND NONCANONICAL PATHWAYS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  3232  27 HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED SIGNALING PATHWAYS CONTRIBUTE TO INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) INDUCES CHRONIC GASTRIC INFLAMMATION, ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, AND CANCER. ALTHOUGH THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER INCREASES EXPONENTIALLY WITH THE EXTENT OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, THE PRECISE MECHANISMS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. H. PYLORI INDUCES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS THROUGH ACTIVATING INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN A CAGPAI-DEPENDENT MANNER. H. PYLORI EVENTUALLY INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER WITH CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY (CIN) OR MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI), WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS TWO MAJOR SUBTYPES OF GASTRIC CANCER. ELUCIDATION OF THE PRECISE MECHANISMS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS WILL ALSO BE IMPORTANT FOR CANCER THERAPY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15  3231  25 HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED MODULATION OF THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF WNT ANTAGONIST GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE WNT ANTAGONISTS BETWEEN THE CHRONIC INFECTION AND ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. METHODS: THE LEVELS OF METHYLATION AND CORRESPONDING MRNA EXPRESSION OF SEVEN WNT ANTAGONIST GENES (SFRP1, -2, -5, DKK1, -2, -3, WIF1) WERE COMPARED AMONG THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GASTRIC CANCERS (GCS), AND H. PYLORI-POSITIVE AND H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLIGHT ASSAY AND REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (RT)-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), RESPECTIVELY. THE CHANGES OF THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE GENES WERE ALSO COMPARED BETWEEN THE H. PYLORI ERADICATION AND H. PYLORI-PERSISTENT GROUPS 1 YEAR AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION OF GCS. RESULTS: THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE PATIENTS WITH H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS AND FOLLOWED BY H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS COMPARED WITH H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SFRP1, -2, AND DKK3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS STEPWISE DOWNREGULATED FROM H. PYLORI-NEGATIVE CONTROLS, H. PYLORI-POSITIVE CONTROLS, AND TO H. PYLORI-POSITIVE GCS (P < 0.05). AMONG THE WNT ANTAGONISTS, ONLY THE DEGREES OF METHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF DKK3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP AND DKK FAMILY GENES MAY FACILITATE THE FORMATION OF AN EPIGENETIC FIELD DURING H. PYLORI-ASSOCIATED GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. THE EPIGENETIC FIELD MAY NOT BE REVERSED EVEN AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION EXCEPT BY DKK3 METHYLATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  1632  20 DNMTS ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS) PATHOGENESIS IS CLOSELY RELATED TO TISSUE REMODELING, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY KEY ROLES IN EMT. DNA METHYLATION, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER THAT IS CRITICAL TO EMT. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNMTS WERE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EMT AND ELUCIDATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT ACTIVITY WERE QUANTIFIED. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR) IN HUMAN CRS TISSUES. MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF DNMTS, E-CADHERIN, VIMENTIN, ALPHA-SMA, AND FIBRONECTIN WERE DETERMINED USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING, RESPECTIVELY. DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B GENE EXPRESSION WERE KNOCKED DOWN USING SIRNA TRANSFECTION. MAPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND EMT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEVELS WERE DETERMINED USING WESTERN BLOTTING. SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE ANALYZED USING SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF MAPK. WE DEMONSTRATED THESE DATA IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, DNMT ACTIVITY, AND DNMT EXPRESSION INCREASED IN CRS TISSUES. DNMT EXPRESSION WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUND-MCKAY CT SCORES. TGF-BETA1 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION. FURTHER, 5-AZA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT, SNAIL, AND SLUG EXPRESSION RELATED TO EMT, AS WELL AS P38 AND JNK PHOSPHORYLATION IN A549 CELLS AND TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION AND EMT IN PRIMARY NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE CULTURES. TGF-BETA1-INDUCED DNMT EXPRESSION LEADS TO DNA METHYLATION AND EMT VIA P38, JNK, SNAIL, AND SLUG SIGNALING PATHWAYS. INHIBITION OF DNMT SUPPRESSED THE EMT PROCESS AND THEREFORE IS POTENTIALLY A CRS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  3226  35 HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC COLONIZATION OF THE HUMAN STOMACH BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI, A GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIUM, IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS, PEPTIC ULCERS AND GASTRIC CANCER. RECENT PROGRESS HAS ELUCIDATED IMPORTANT BACTERIAL AND HOST FACTORS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR H. PYLORI-INDUCED GASTRIC INFLAMMATION AND GASTRIC MALIGNANCY. H. PYLORI CYTOTOXIN-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN A IS THE MAJOR ONCOGENIC FACTOR INJECTED INTO HOST CELLS FROM BACTERIA AND IT DISRUPTS EPITHELIAL CELL FUNCTIONS. TOGETHER WITH H. PYLORI CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND, IT CAUSES GENERAL INFLAMMATORY STRESS WITHIN GASTRIC MUCOSA AND ACTIVATES MULTIPLE ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS IN EPITHELIAL CELLS. A GROWING LIST OF THESE PATHWAYS INCLUDES NF-KAPPAB, ACTIVATOR PROTEIN-1, PI3K, SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION 3, WNT/BETA-CATENIN AND CYCLOOXYGENASE 2. H. PYLORI INDUCES EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION, WHICH PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION. IN ADDITION, INVESTIGATIONS INTO GASTRIC STEM CELL OR PROGENITOR CELL BIOLOGY HAVE SHED LIGHT ON THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH GASTRIC CANCER MAY ORIGINATE. CONTINUED INVESTIGATION IN THESE AREAS WILL YIELD NOVEL INSIGHTS AND HELP TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS OF BACTERIA-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  4984  31 PATHWAYS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI VIRULENCE AND INTERACTIONS WITH ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS, VITAMIN C AND PHYTOCHEMICALS. HELICOBACTER PYLORI IS A CLASS ONE CARCINOGEN WHICH CAUSES CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, GASTRIC INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, DYSPLASIA AND ADENOCARCINOMA. THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH H. PYLORI INTERACTS WITH OTHER RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS, PARTICULARLY VITAMIN C IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS ARE COMPLEX. GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS INCLUDES METABOLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, EPIGENETIC, GENOMIC, INFECTIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS. THE MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION OF GASTRIC CANCER SUBTYPES HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE UNDERSTANDING OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. THIS INCLUDES THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT, GERMLINE MUTATIONS, AND THE ROLE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI BACTERIA, EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS AND EPIGENETICS IN SOMATIC MUTATIONS. THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT ASCORBIC ACID, PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS CAN MODIFY THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER. GASTRIC JUICE ASCORBATE LEVELS DEPEND ON DIETARY INTAKE OF ASCORBIC ACID BUT CAN ALSO BE DECREASED BY H. PYLORI INFECTION, H. PYLORI CAGA SECRETION, TOBACCO SMOKING, ACHLORHYDRIA AND CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS. ASCORBIC ACID MAY BE PROTECTIVE AGAINST GASTRIC CANCER BY ITS ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT IN GASTRIC CYTOPROTECTION, REGENERATING ACTIVE VITAMIN E AND GLUTATHIONE, INHIBITING ENDOGENOUS N-NITROSATION, REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS OF INGESTED NITROSODIMETHYLAMINES AND HETEROCYCLIC AMINES, AND PREVENTING H. PYLORI INFECTION. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUCH CYTOPROTECTION IS RELATED TO H. PYLORI STRAIN VIRULENCE, PARTICULARLY CAGA EXPRESSION. THE ROLE OF VITAMIN C IN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN GASTRIC CANCER IS STILL EVOLVING. OTHER FACTORS IN CONJUNCTION WITH VITAMIN C ALSO PLAY A ROLE IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. ERADICATION OF H. PYLORI MAY LEAD TO RECOVERY OF VITAMIN C SECRETION BY GASTRIC EPITHELIUM AND ENABLE REGRESSION OF PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS, THEREBY INTERRUPTING THE CORREA CASCADE OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  4409  34 MOLECULAR ANATOMY AND PATHOGENIC ACTIONS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAGA THAT UNDERPIN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAGA-POSITIVE STRAINS IS THE STRONGEST RISK FACTOR FOR GASTRIC CANCER. THE CAGA GENE PRODUCT, CAGA, IS DELIVERED INTO GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS VIA THE BACTERIAL TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEM. DELIVERED CAGA THEN UNDERGOES TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION AT THE GLU-PRO-ILE-TYR-ALA (EPIYA) MOTIFS IN ITS C-TERMINAL REGION AND ACTS AS AN ONCOGENIC SCAFFOLD PROTEIN THAT PHYSICALLY INTERACTS WITH MULTIPLE HOST SIGNALING PROTEINS IN BOTH TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT MANNERS. ANALYSIS OF CAGA USING IN VITRO CULTURED GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS HAS INDICATED THAT THE NONPHYSIOLOGICAL SCAFFOLDING ACTIONS OF CAGA CELL-AUTONOMOUSLY PROMOTE THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF THE CELLS BY ENDOWING THE CELLS WITH MULTIPLE PHENOTYPIC CANCER HALLMARKS: SUSTAINED PROLIFERATION, EVASION OF GROWTH SUPPRESSORS, INVASIVENESS, RESISTANCE TO CELL DEATH, AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY. TRANSGENIC EXPRESSION OF CAGA IN MICE LEADS TO IN VIVO ONCOGENIC ACTION OF CAGA WITHOUT ANY OVERT INFLAMMATION. THE IN VIVO ONCOGENIC ACTIVITY OF CAGA IS FURTHER POTENTIATED IN THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. SINCE HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION TRIGGERS A PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN HOST CELLS, A FEEDFORWARD STIMULATION LOOP THAT AUGMENTS THE ONCOGENIC ACTIONS OF CAGA AND INFLAMMATION IS CREATED IN CAGA-INJECTED GASTRIC MUCOSA. GIVEN THAT HELICOBACTER PYLORI IS NO LONGER COLONIZED IN ESTABLISHED GASTRIC CANCER LESIONS, THE MULTISTEP NATURE OF GASTRIC CANCER DEVELOPMENT SHOULD INCLUDE A "HIT-AND-RUN" PROCESS OF CAGA ACTION. THUS, ACQUISITION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT COMPENSATE FOR CAGA-DIRECTED CANCER HALLMARKS MAY BE REQUIRED FOR COMPLETION OF THE "HIT-AND-RUN" PROCESS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  2435  31 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP1 ACTIVATES THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CONTRIBUTES TO INCREASED CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE WNT PATHWAY IS A KEY REGULATOR OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND STEM CELLS, AND ITS ABERRANT ACTIVATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, MOST NOTABLY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF THE GENES ENCODING THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS), THE WNT SIGNALLING ANTAGONISTS, HAS BEEN LINKED WITH ABERRANT HYPERACTIVATION OF THE WNT SIGNALLING IN HCC CELLS; HOWEVER, THE PRECISE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF WNT ANTAGONISTS IN LIVER SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT STAGES OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AND LIVER CANCER CELL LINES AND STUDIED THE FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRPS ON THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY AND CELL VIABILITY. WE FOUND THAT THE SFRP1 GENE ENCODING THE SUBUNIT IS A FREQUENT TARGET OF ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND SILENCING IN HCC TUMOURS, WHEREAS OTHER EXTRACELLULAR WNT ANTAGONISTS, WIF1 AND DKK3, EXHIBITED NO METHYLATION IN TUMOUR CELLS, CONSISTENT WITH THE NOTION THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION EVENTS IN CANCER CELLS ARE NON-RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE GENES AND THAT THERE IS A STRONG PREFERENCE FOR HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES IN HCC. IN ADDITION, BY COMPARING SFRP1 METHYLATION STATUS IN HCC TUMOURS WITH NORMAL, CIRRHOTIC AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS LIVER TISSUES, WE IDENTIFIED SFRP1 GENE AS A POTENTIAL EARLY MARKER OF HCC. THE RESTORATION OF SFRP1 EXPRESSION IN CANCER CELLS BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION INHIBITED WNT ACTIVITY ACCOMPANIED WITH DESTABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND DOWNREGULATION OF C-MYC AND CYCLIN D1, THE KNOWN DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF WNT PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, RESTORING SFRP1 LEVELS IN CANCER CELLS INHIBITED CELL GROWTH AND INDUCED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE CRITICAL ROLE FOR SFRP1 SILENCING IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND REINFORCES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WNT ANTAGONISTS IN PREVENTING ONCOGENIC STABILIZATION OF BETA-CATENIN AND CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, SUGGESTING THAT SFRP1 MAY BE AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET FOR EARLY CANCER DETECTION AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2012