1  4699 119 NFATC2-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CXCL14 IS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY PACLITAXEL. BACKGROUND: THE MAJOR DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITY OF PACLITAXEL, ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED DRUGS TO TREAT SOLID TUMOR, IS PAINFUL NEUROPATHY. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PACLITAXEL-INDUCED PAINFUL NEUROPATHY ARE LARGELY UNCLARIFIED. METHODS: PAW WITHDRAWAL THRESHOLD WAS MEASURED IN THE RATS FOLLOWING INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF PACLITAXEL. THE QPCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, PROTEIN OR CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, CHIP-SEQ IDENTIFICATION OF NFATC2 BINDING SITES, AND MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT PACLITAXEL TREATMENT INCREASED THE NUCLEAR EXPRESSION OF NFATC2 IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, AND KNOCKDOWN OF NFATC2 WITH NFATC2 SIRNA SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA INDUCED BY PACLITAXEL. FURTHER BINDING SITE ANALYSIS UTILIZING CHIP-SEQ ASSAY COMBINING WITH GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE REVEALED A SHIFT OF NFATC2 BINDING SITE CLOSER TO TTS OF TARGET GENES IN DORSAL HORN AFTER PACLITAXEL TREATMENT. WE FURTHER FOUND THAT NFATC2 OCCUPANCY MAY DIRECTLY UPREGULATE THE CHEMOKINE CXCL14 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN, WHICH WAS MEDIATED BY ENHANCED INTERACTION BETWEEN NFATC2 AND P300 AND CONSEQUENTLY INCREASED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4 IN CXCL14 PROMOTER REGION. ALSO, KNOCKDOWN OF CXCL14 IN DORSAL HORN SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA INDUCED BY PACLITAXEL. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT ENHANCED INTERACTION BETWEEN P300 AND NFATC2 MEDIATED THE EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CXCL14 IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC PACLITAXEL-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2  5297  45 PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 CONTRIBUTES TO PACLITAXEL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY ACTIVATING TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL VANILLOID 1 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION. BACKGROUND: PACLITAXEL (PTX), WHICH IS A FIRST-LINE CHEMOTHERAPY DRUG USED TO TREAT VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCERS, EXHIBITS PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY AS A COMMON SIDE EFFECT THAT IS DIFFICULT TO TREAT. PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (PRMT 5) IS A KEY REGULATOR OF THE CHEMOTHERAPY RESPONSE, AS CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS INDUCE PRMT5 EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PRMT5-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA. METHODS: SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE INTRAPERITONEALLY GIVEN PTX TO INDUCE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED TO MEASURE THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OF THE ANIMALS. THE VON FREY TEST AND HOT PLATE TEST WERE USED TO EVALUATE NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIORS. RESULTS: PTX INCREASED THE PRMT5 (MEAN DIFFERENCE [MD]: 0.68, 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL [CI], 0.88-0.48; P < .001 FOR VEHICLE)-MEDIATED DEPOSITION OF HISTONE H3R2 DIMETHYL SYMMETRIC (H3R2ME2S) AT THE TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL VANILLOID 1 (TRPV1) PROMOTER IN THE DRG. PRMT5-INDUCED H3R2ME2S RECRUITED WD REPEAT DOMAIN 5 (WDR5) TO INCREASE TRIMETHYLATION OF LYSINE 4 ON HISTONE H3 (H3K4ME3) AT TRPV1 PROMOTERS, THUS RESULTING IN TRPV1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION (MD: 0.65, 95% CI, 0.82-0.49; P < .001 FOR VEHICLE) IN DRG IN PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. MOREOVER, PTX INCREASED THE ACTIVITY OF NADPH OXIDASE 4 (NOX4) (MD: 0.66, 95% CI, 0.81-0.51; P < .001 FOR VEHICLE), PRMT5-INDUCED H3R2ME2S, AND WDR5-MEDIATED H3K4ME3 IN THE DRG IN PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. PHARMACOLOGICAL ANTAGONISM AND THE SELECTIVE KNOCKDOWN OF PRMT5 IN DRG NEURONS COMPLETELY BLOCKED PRMT5-MEDIATED H3R2ME2S, WDR5-MEDIATED H3K4ME3, OR TRPV1 EXPRESSION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER PTX INJECTION. REMARKABLY, NOX4 INHIBITION NOT ONLY ATTENUATED ALLODYNIA BEHAVIOR AND REVERSED THE ABOVE-MENTIONED SIGNALING BUT ALSO REVERSED NOX4 UPREGULATION VIA PTX. CONCLUSIONS: THUS, THE NOX4/PRMT5-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN DRG HAS A DOMINANT FUNCTION IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF TRPV1 IN PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  5062  39 PHOSPHATE NIMA-RELATED KINASE 2-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS MEDIATES PACLITAXEL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: THE MICROTUBULE-STABILIZING DRUG PACLITAXEL (PTX) IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND CAUSES PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY AS A COMMON SIDE EFFECT THAT SUBSTANTIALLY IMPACTS THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS. THE MECHANISTIC ROLE FOR NIMA-RELATED KINASE 2 (NEK2) IN THE PROGRESSION OF PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS INTRAPERITONEALLY RECEIVED PTX TO INDUCE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OF ANIMALS WERE MEASURED BY BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES. NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIORS WERE EVALUATED BY VON FREY TESTS AND HOT PLATE TESTS. RESULTS: PTX INCREASED PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE IMPORTANT MICROTUBULE DYNAMICS REGULATOR NEK2 IN DRG NEURONS AND INDUCED PROFOUND NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA. PTX-ACTIVATED PHOSPHORYLATED NEK2 (PNEK2) INCREASED JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3) PROTEIN, A HISTONE DEMETHYLASE PROTEIN, TO SPECIFICALLY CATALYZE THE DEMETHYLATION OF THE REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARK H3 LYSINE 27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3) AT THE TRPV1 GENE, THEREBY ENHANCING TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL VANILLOID SUBTYPE-1 (TRPV1) EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS. MOREOVER, THE PNEK2-DEPENDENT PTX RESPONSE PROGRAM IS REGULATED BY ENHANCING P90 RIBOSOMAL S6 KINASE 2 (RSK2) PHOSPHORYLATION. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL INJECTIONS OF KAEMPFEROL (A SELECTIVE RSK2 ACTIVATION ANTAGONIST), NCL 00017509 (A SELECTIVE NEK2 INHIBITOR), NEK2-TARGETED SIRNA, GSK-J4 (A SELECTIVE JMJD3 INHIBITOR), OR CAPSAZEPINE (AN ANTAGONIST OF TRPV1 RECEPTOR) INTO PTX-TREATED RATS REVERSED NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA AND RESTORED SILENCING OF THE TRPV1 GENE, SUGGESTING THE HIERARCHY AND INTERACTION AMONG PHOSPHORYLATED RSK2 (PRSK2), PNEK2, JMJD3, H3K27ME3, AND TRPV1 IN THE DRG NEURONS IN PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. CONCLUSIONS: PRSK2/JMJD3/H3K27ME3/TRPV1 SIGNALING IN THE DRG NEURONS PLAYS AS A KEY REGULATOR FOR PTX THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4   743  39 CANNABINOID TYPE 2 RECEPTOR SYSTEM MODULATES PACLITAXEL-INDUCED MICROGLIAL DYSREGULATION AND CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IN RATS. PACLITAXEL INDUCES MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION AND PRODUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN THE DORSAL HORN, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR. MDA7, 1-([3-BENZYL-3-METHYL-2,3-DIHYDRO-1-BENZOFURAN-6-YL]CARBONYL) PIPERIDINE, IS A NOVEL HIGHLY SELECTIVE CANNABINOID TYPE 2 (CB2) AGONIST. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ACTIVATION OF CB2 RECEPTOR BY MDA7 MODULATES MICROGLIAL DYSREGULATION, SUPPRESSES THE OVEREXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN MICROGLIA IN THE DORSAL HORN, AND ATTENUATES THE CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY PACLITAXEL. FOR 4 CONSECUTICE DAYS, GROUPS OF RATS RANDOMLY RECEIVED SALINE OR 1.0 MG/KG OF PACLITAXEL DAILY INTRAPERITONEALLY FOR A TOTAL CUMULATIVE DOSE OF 4 MG/KG. MDA7 15 MG/KG INTRAPERITONEALLY OR VEHICLE WERE ADMINISTERED 15 MIN BEFORE ADMINISTERING PACLITAXEL FOR 4 DAYS AND THEN CONTINUED FOR ANOTHER 10 DAYS. BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES WERE PERFORMED. PACLITAXEL INDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF CB2 RECEPTORS AND PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6 IN MICROGLIA IN THE DORSAL HORN. MDA7 ATTENUATED THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 AND PROMOTED THE EXPRESSION OF IL-10. PACLITAXEL INDUCED EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF IRF8 AND P2X PURINOCEPTOR 4 (P2X4) IN MICROGLIA AND SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF ALPHA ISOFORM OF CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II (CAMKIIALPHA), TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS P-CREB AND DELTAFOSB, LEADING TO THE OVERPRODUCTION OF BDNF IN MICROGLIA. PACLITAXEL ALSO UPREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS GLUR1 AND NR2B, DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF K(+)-CL(-) COTRANSPORTER, AND INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN RATS. ALL OF THE AFOREMENTIONED MOLECULAR CHANGES WERE ATTENUATED BY MDA7. OUR DATA SHOW THAT MDA7 ATTENUATED PACLITAXEL-INDUCED MOLECULAR AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN RATS. PERSPECTIVE: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT PACLITAXEL INDUCED MICROGLIA DYSREGULATION AND EPIGENETICALLY UPREGULATED THE MICROGLIAL EXPRESSION OF BDNF, WHICH LED TO SENSITIZATION OF DORSAL HORN NEURONS AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN RATS. THE CB2 AGONIST MDA7 ALLEVIATED THESE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. MDA7 REPRESENTS AN INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR TREATMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUROPATHY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  2479  47 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CXCL12 EXPRESSION MEDIATES ANTITUBULIN CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. CLINICALLY, MICROTUBULE-TARGETED AGENTS-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN HAMPERS CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS FOR PATIENTS WITH CANCER. HERE, WE FOUND THAT APPLICATION OF PACLITAXEL OR VINCRISTINE INCREASED THE PROTEIN AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF CXCL12 AND FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE OF MINIATURE EXCITATORY POST SYNAPTIC CURRENTS (MEPSCS) IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS. SPINAL LOCAL APPLICATION OF CXCL12 INDUCED THE LONG-TERM POTENTIATION OF NOCICEPTIVE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND INCREASED THE AMPLITUDE OF MEPSCS. INHIBITION OF CXCL12 USING THE TRANSGENIC MICE (CXCL12) OR NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY OR SIRNA AMELIORATED THE MEPSC'S ENHANCEMENT AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. IN ADDITION, PACLITAXEL AND VINCRISTINE BOTH COULD INCREASE THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) AND THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4 IN THE CXCL12-EXPRESSING NEURONS. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT ANTITUBULIN CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS INCREASED THE BINDING OF STAT3 TO THE CXCL12 GENE PROMOTER AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN STAT3 AND P300, AND CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTION OF CXCL12 BY INCREASING THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4 IN CXCL12 GENE PROMOTER. INHIBITION OF STAT3 BY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS ENCODING CRE AND GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN INTO STAT3 MICE OR INHIBITOR S3I-201 INTO RATS SUPPRESSED THE CXCL12 UPSURGE BY DECREASING THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4. FINALLY, BLOCKADE OF CXCR4 BUT NOT CXCR7 AMELIORATED THE PACLITAXEL- OR VINCRISTINE-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT ENHANCED INTERACTION BETWEEN STAT3 AND P300 MEDIATED THE EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF CXCL12 IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE ANTITUBULIN CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS-INDUCED PERSISTENT PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6   742  38 CANNABINOID CB2 RECEPTORS ARE UPREGULATED VIA BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CONTROL PRIMARY AFFERENT INPUT TO THE SPINAL CORD IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TYPE-2 CANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB2, ENCODED BY THE CNR2 GENE) ARE MAINLY EXPRESSED IN IMMUNE CELLS, AND CB2 AGONISTS NORMALLY HAVE NO ANALGESIC EFFECT. HOWEVER, NERVE INJURY UPREGULATES CB2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), FOLLOWING WHICH CB2 STIMULATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IT IS UNCLEAR HOW NERVE INJURY INCREASES CB2 EXPRESSION OR HOW CB2 ACTIVITY IS TRANSFORMED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, IMMUNOBLOTTING SHOWED THAT SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) INDUCED A DELAYED AND SUSTAINED INCREASE IN CB2 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND DORSAL SPINAL CORD SYNAPTOSOMES. RNASCOPE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION ALSO SHOWED THAT SNL SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED CB2 MRNA LEVELS, MOSTLY IN MEDIUM AND LARGE DRG NEURONS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT THE SPECIFIC CB2 AGONIST JWH-133 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITS THE AMPLITUDE OF DORSAL ROOT-EVOKED GLUTAMATERGIC EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS IN SNL RATS, BUT NOT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS; INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF JWH-133 REVERSED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SNL RATS, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QPCR ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT SNL INCREASED ENRICHMENT OF TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS (H3K4ME3 AND H3K9AC) AND DIMINISHED OCCUPANCY OF TWO REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K27ME3) AT THE CNR2 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. IN CONTRAST, SNL HAD NO EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AROUND THE CNR2 PROMOTER. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY PROMOTES CB2 EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS VIA EPIGENETIC BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND THAT CB2 ACTIVATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY ATTENUATING NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES TO THE SPINAL CORD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  4698  55 NFATC2-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF THE TSC2/BECLIN-1 PATHWAY IS INVOLVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY OXALIPLATIN. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS A COMMON DOSE-LIMITING SIDE EFFECT OF OXALIPLATIN, WHICH HAMPERS THE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF TUMORS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT UPREGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFATC2 DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF BECLIN-1, A CRITICAL MOLECULE IN AUTOPHAGY, IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, AND CONTRIBUTED TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN FOLLOWING OXALIPLATIN TREATMENT. MEANWHILE, MANIPULATING AUTOPHAGY LEVELS BY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF RAPAMYCIN (RAPA) OR 3-METHYLADENINE (3-MA) DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN OXALIPLATIN-TREATED OR NAIVE RATS. UTILIZING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) ASSAY COMBINED WITH BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS, WE FOUND THAT NFATC2 NEGATIVELY REGULATED THE TRANSCRIPTION OF TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX PROTEIN 2 (TSC2), WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED BECLIN-1 DOWNREGULATION. FURTHER ASSAYS REVEALED THAT NFATC2 REGULATED HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION IN THE TSC2 PROMOTER SITE 1 IN RATS' DORSAL HORNS WITH OXALIPLATIN TREATMENT. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT NFATC2 MEDIATED THE EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF THE TSC2/BECLIN-1 AUTOPHAGY PATHWAY AND CONTRIBUTED TO OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, WHICH PROVIDED A NEW THERAPEUTIC INSIGHT FOR CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  4172  30 MELATONIN IMPEDES TET1-DEPENDENT MGLUR5 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION TO RELIEVE PAIN. MELATONIN (N-ACETYL-5-METHOXYTRYPTAMINE)/MT2 RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION REPRESENTS A NOVEL PATHWAY IN THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BECAUSE SPINAL TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1)-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN LINKED TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT MELATONIN/MT2-DEPENDENT ANALGESIA INVOLVES SPINAL TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT SPINAL TET1 GENE TRANSFER BY INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF TET1-ENCODING VECTORS TO NAIVE RATS PRODUCED PROFOUND AND LONG-LASTING NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN ADDITION, ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION, TET1-METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBTYPE 5 (MGLUR5) PROMOTER COUPLING, DEMETHYLATION AT THE MGLUR5 PROMOTER, AND MGLUR5 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS WERE OBSERVED. RATS SUBJECTED TO SPINAL NERVE LIGATION AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION DISPLAYED TACTILE ALLODYNIA AND BEHAVIORAL HYPERALGESIA ASSOCIATED WITH SIMILAR CHANGES IN THE DORSAL HORN. NOTABLY, INTRATHECAL MELATONIN INJECTION REVERSED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION, PROTEIN-PROMOTER COUPLING, PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION, AND PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY TET1 GENE TRANSFER, SPINAL NERVE LIGATION, AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION. ALL THE EFFECTS CAUSED BY MELATONIN WERE BLOCKED BY PRETREATMENT WITH A MT2 RECEPTOR-SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST. IN CONCLUSION, MELATONIN RELIEVES PAIN BY IMPEDING TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION OF MGLUR5 IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS THROUGH THE MT2 RECEPTOR. OUR FINDINGS LINK MELATONIN/MT2 SIGNALING TO TET1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION OF NOCICEPTIVE GENES FOR THE FIRST TIME AND SUGGEST MELATONIN AS A PROMISING THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  6612  29 ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE ENHANCES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN PTX-TREATED RATS: REGULATION ON GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING MAY HAVE A POSSIBLE ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT; THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE GLOBAL PATTERNS OF LYSINE HISTONE MODIFICATION. IN THIS SERIAL STUDY WE ANALYZED THE LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 MONOMETHYLATION, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 DIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION IN PERTUSSIS TOXIN (PTX)-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIC RAT SPINAL CORDS. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS IMPLANTED WITH AN INTRATHECAL CATHETER RECEIVED A SINGLE INTRATHECAL PTX (1 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION. FOUR DAYS LATER, THEY WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE EITHER A SINGLE INJECTION OF SALINE, OR ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE (15 NG IN 5 MUL SALINE), FOLLOWED BY MORPHINE (10 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION 30 MINUTES LATER. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PTX INJECTION INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORDS. INTRATHECAL MORPHINE ALONE DID NOT AFFECT THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE PLUS MORPHINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE PTX-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND DOWN-REGULATED THE GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE MIGHT BE CLINICAL VALUABLE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT VIA REGULATING GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  2885  27 G9A PARTICIPATES IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED KCNA2 DOWNREGULATION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KCNA2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) IS CRITICAL FOR DRG NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW NERVE INJURY CAUSES THIS DOWNREGULATION IS STILL ELUSIVE. EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2, ALSO KNOWN AS G9A, METHYLATES HISTONE H3 ON LYSINE RESIDUE 9 TO PREDOMINANTLY PRODUCE A DYNAMIC HISTONE DIMETHYLATION, RESULTING IN CONDENSED CHROMATIN AND GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. WE SHOWED HERE THAT BLOCKING NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN G9A RESCUED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE DECREASED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION, REDUCED KV CURRENT, AND INCREASED EXCITABILITY IN THE DRG NEURONS AND LED TO SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. G9A MRNA IS CO-LOCALIZED WITH KCNA2 MRNA IN THE DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF KCNA2 IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11  5574  26 ROLE OF MICRORNA-143 IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) MRNA AND ITS ENCODING DNMT3A PROTEIN IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG). THIS INCREASE IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENDOGENOUS INSTIGATOR IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES (SUCH AS OPRM1) IN INJURED DRG. HOWEVER, HOW DRG DNMT3A IS INCREASED FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS STILL ELUSIVE. WE REPORTED HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY CAUSED BY THE FIFTH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) DOWNREGULATED MICRORNA (MIR)-143 EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG. THIS DOWNREGULATION WAS REQUIRED FOR SNL-INDUCED DRG DNMT3A INCREASE AS RESCUING MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF MIR-143 MIMICS INTO INJURED DRG BLOCKED THE SNL-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNMT3A AND RESTORED THE SNL-INDUCED DECREASES IN OPRM1 MRNA AND ITS ENCODING MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN INJURED DRG, IMPAIRED SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, AND IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING SNL. MIMICKING SNL-INDUCED DRG MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH DRG MICROINJECTION OF MIR143 INHIBITORS IN NAIVE RATS INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 MRNA AND MOR IN INJECTED DRG AND PRODUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT MIR-143 IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR IN DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN THE DRG UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  3201  40 HDAC2 IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS CONSTITUTIVELY RESTRAINS CHRONIC PAIN BY REPRESSING ALPHA2DELTA-1 EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY. ALPHA2DELTA-1 (ENCODED BY THE CACNA2D1 GENE) IS A NEWLY DISCOVERED NMDA RECEPTOR-INTERACTING PROTEIN AND IS THE THERAPEUTIC TARGET OF GABAPENTINOIDS (E.G., GABAPENTIN AND PREGABALIN) FREQUENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NERVE INJURY CAUSES SUSTAINED ALPHA2DELTA-1 UPREGULATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), WHICH PROMOTES NMDA RECEPTOR SYNAPTIC TRAFFICKING AND ACTIVATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, A HALLMARK OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW NERVE INJURY INITIATES AND MAINTAINS THE HIGH EXPRESSION LEVEL OF ALPHA2DELTA-1 TO SUSTAIN CHRONIC PAIN. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NERVE INJURY CAUSED HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND DIMINISHED ENRICHMENT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 (HDAC2), BUT NOT HDAC3, AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. STRIKINGLY, HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN OR CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS IN MALE AND FEMALE MICE CONSISTENTLY INDUCED LONG-LASTING MECHANICAL PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHICH WAS READILY REVERSED BY BLOCKING NMDA RECEPTORS, INHIBITING ALPHA2DELTA-1 WITH GABAPENTIN OR DISRUPTING THE ALPHA2DELTA-1-NMDA RECEPTOR INTERACTION AT THE SPINAL CORD LEVEL. HDAC2 DELETION IN DRG NEURONS INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER, UPREGULATED ALPHA2DELTA-1 IN THE DRG, AND POTENTIATED ALPHA2DELTA-1-DEPENDENT NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AT PRIMARY AFFERENT CENTRAL TERMINALS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. CORRESPONDINGLY, HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS BLUNTED IN CACNA2D1 KNOCKOUT MICE. THUS, OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT HDAC2 FUNCTIONS AS A PIVOTAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA CONSTITUTIVELY SUPPRESSING ALPHA2DELTA-1 EXPRESSION AND ENSUING PRESYNAPTIC NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD. HDAC2 ENRICHMENT LEVELS AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER IN DRG NEURONS CONSTITUTE A UNIQUE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GOVERNS ACUTE-TO-CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT EXCESS ALPHA2DELTA-1 PROTEINS PRODUCED AFTER NERVE INJURY DIRECTLY INTERACT WITH GLUTAMATE NMDA RECEPTORS TO POTENTIATE SYNAPTIC NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD, A PROMINENT MECHANISM OF NERVE PAIN. BECAUSE ALPHA2DELTA-1 UPREGULATION AFTER NERVE INJURY IS LONG LASTING, GABAPENTINOIDS RELIEVE PAIN SYMPTOMS ONLY TEMPORARILY. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME THE UNEXPECTED ROLE OF INTRINSIC HDAC2 ACTIVITY AT THE ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE PROMOTER IN LIMITING ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE TRANSCRIPTION, NMDA RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER NERVE INJURY. THESE FINDINGS CHALLENGE THE PREVAILING VIEW ABOUT THE ROLE OF GENERAL HDAC ACTIVITY IN PROMOTING CHRONIC PAIN. RESTORING THE REPRESSIVE HDAC2 FUNCTION AND/OR REDUCING HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE PROMOTER IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS COULD LEAD TO LONG-LASTING RELIEF OF NERVE PAIN.	2022	

13  2407  35 EPIGENETIC RESTORATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL KV1.2 ALLEVIATES NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS (KV) ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF NEURONAL EXCITABILITY FOR ITS ROLE OF REGULATING RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND REPOLARIZATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT KV CHANNELS PARTICIPATE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THE DETAILED UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE FAR FROM BEING CLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED SIRNA, MIR-137 AGOMIR, AND ANTAGOMIR TO REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN SPINAL CORD AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) OF NAIVE AND CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) RATS. KV CURRENTS AND NEURON EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS WERE EXAMINED BY PATCH-CLAMP WHOLE-CELL RECORDING TO VERIFY THE CHANGE IN KV1.2 FUNCTION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT KV1.2 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN (SDH) BY CCI. KNOCKDOWN OF KV1.2 BY INTRATHECALLY INJECTING KCNA2 SIRNA INDUCED SIGNIFICANT MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE RATS. CONCOMITANT WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF KV1.2 WAS AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE MIR-137. THE TARGETING AND REGULATING OF MIR-137 ON KCNA2 WAS VERIFIED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER SYSTEM AND INTRATHECAL INJECTING MIR-137 AGOMIR. FURTHERMORE, RESCUING THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN CCI RATS, ACHIEVED THROUGH INHIBITING MIR-137, RESTORED THE ABNORMAL KV CURRENTS AND EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS, AND ALLEVIATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE MIR-137-MEDIATED KV1.2 IMPAIRMENT IS A CRUCIAL ETIOPATHOGENESIS FOR THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND CAN BE A NOVEL POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  2452  45 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 EXPRESSION IN INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). BACKGROUND: MULTIPLE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE STIMULUS-EVOKED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT MAY BE EXPERIENCED AFTER PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. PERSISTENT PATHOLOGICAL STIMULI IN MANY PAIN CONDITIONS AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERNATIONS. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ON POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 (KCC2) GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PERSISTENCE OF INFLAMMATORY PAIN. METHODS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN WAS INDUCED THROUGH THE INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN THE LEFT HIND PAW OF RATS. ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND H4 LEVEL WAS DETERMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. PAIN BEHAVIOUR AND INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC FUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD WERE DETERMINED BEFORE AND AFTER CFA INJECTION. KCC2 EXPRESSION WAS DETERMINED BY REAL TIME RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. INTRATHECAL KCC2 SIRNA (2 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) OR HDAC INHIBITOR (10 MUG PER 10 MUL PER RAT) WAS INJECTED ONCE DAILY FOR 3 DAYS BEFORE CFA INJECTION. RESULTS: PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESSED KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC)-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION, RESULTING IN DECREASED INHIBITORY SIGNALLING EFFICACY. KCC2 KNOCK-DOWN CAUSED BY INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF KCC2 SIRNA IN NAIVE RATS REDUCED KCC2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD, LEADING TO SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOURS AND IMPAIRED INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN THEIR SPINAL CORDS. MOREOVER, INTRATHECAL HDAC INHIBITOR INJECTION IN CFA RATS INCREASED KCC2 EXPRESSION, PARTIALLY RESTORING THE SPINAL INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND RELIEVING THE SENSITIZED PAIN BEHAVIOUR. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF SPINAL KCC2 IS REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION EPIGENETICALLY FOLLOWING CFA. SIGNIFICANCE: PERSISTENT PAIN SUPPRESSES KCC2 EXPRESSION THROUGH HDAC-MEDIATED HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION AND CONSEQUENTLY IMPAIRS THE INHIBITORY FUNCTION OF INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS. DRUGS SUCH AS HDAC INHIBITORS THAT SUPPRESS THE INFLUENCES OF PERSISTENT PAIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF KCC2 MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL ANALGESIC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  2751  38 EXPRESSION OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND ACETYL-HISTONE H4 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RAT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. AIMS: HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION ARE TWO HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE USUALLY CONTROLLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). ALTHOUGH HATS OR HDACS INHIBITORS COULD RELIEVE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN ANIMAL MODELS, IT IS NOT CLEAR ON THE EXPRESSION OF GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OR SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MAIN METHODS: A SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL)-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL AND A COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA)-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL IN RATS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE EXPRESSION OF TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H4 (ACH4) BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OR WESTERN BLOT. KEY FINDINGS: ACH3 AND ACH4 NOT ONLY LOCALIZED IN NEURONAL NUCLEI, BUT ALSO IN NUCLEI OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE DRG. UNILATERAL SNL INDUCED THE INCREASE OF ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED LUMBAR 5 (L5) DRG, BUT NOT IN THE UNINJURED L5 DRG OR THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, WHILE UNILATERAL INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA INCREASED ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 SPINAL DORSAL HORN, BUT NOT IN THE L4/5 DRG. SIGNIFICANCE: THESE RESULTS PROVIDE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL CORD AND INDICATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. MORE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON THE TARGET GENES NEED TO BE REVEALED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16  5402  55 REDUCTION OF SIRT1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF NAV1.7 CONTRIBUTES TO OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: CLINICALLY, NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS A SEVERE SIDE EFFECT OF OXALIPLATIN CHEMOTHERAPY, WHICH USUALLY LEADS TO DOSE REDUCTION OR CESSATION OF TREATMENT. DUE TO THE UNAWARENESS OF DETAILED MECHANISMS OF OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN, IT IS DIFFICULT TO DEVELOP AN EFFECTIVE THERAPY AND LIMITS ITS CLINICAL USE. OBJECTIVES: THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO IDENTIFY THE ROLE OF SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) REDUCTION IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS 1.7 (NAV1.7) IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) DURING OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. STUDY DESIGN: CONTROLLED ANIMAL STUDY. SETTING: UNIVERSITY LABORATORY. METHODS: THE VON FREY TEST WAS PERFORMED TO EVALUATE PAIN BEHAVIOR IN RATS. REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, WESTERN BLOTTING, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND SMALL INTERFERING RNA (SIRNA) WERE USED TO ILLUSTRATE THE MECHANISMS. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT BOTH THE ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN RAT DRG FOLLOWING OXALIPLATIN TREATMENT. THE ACTIVATOR OF SIRT1, RESVERATROL, NOT ONLY INCREASED THE ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF SIRT1, BUT ALSO ATTENUATED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA FOLLOWING OXALIPLATIN TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, LOCAL KNOCKDOWN OF SIRT1 BY INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF SIRT1 SIRNA CAUSED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN NAIVE RATS. BESIDES, OXALIPLATIN TREATMENT ENHANCED THE ACTION POTENTIAL FIRING FREQUENCY OF DRG NEURONS AND THE EXPRESSION OF NAV1.7 IN DRG AND ACTIVATION OF SIRT1 BY RESVERATROL REVERSED THIS EFFECT. FURTHERMORE, BLOCKING NAV1.7 BY PROTX II (A SELECTIVE NAV1.7 CHANNEL BLOCKER) REVERSED OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. IN ADDITION, HISTONE H3 HYPERACETYLATION AT THE NAV1.7 PROMOTER IN DRG OF RATS FOLLOWING OXALIPLATIN TREATMENT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED BY ACTIVATION OF SIRT1 WITH RESVERATROL. MOREOVER, BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF NAV1.7 AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AT THE NAV1.7 PROMOTER WERE UPREGULATED IN THE DRG BY LOCAL KNOCKDOWN OF SIRT1 WITH SIRT1 SIRNA IN NAIVE RATS. LIMITATIONS: MORE UNDERLYING MECHANISM(S) OF SIRT1 REDUCTION AFTER OXALIPLATIN TREATMENT NEEDS TO BE EXPLORED IN FUTURE RESEARCH. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT REDUCTION OF SIRT1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF NAV1.7 IN THE DRG CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. THE INTRATHECAL DRUG DELIVERY TREATMENT OF ACTIVATING SIRT1 MIGHT BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  1654  35 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA COACTIVATOR-ASSOCIATED ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 CONTRIBUTES TO PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES WITHIN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, WHICH INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. COACTIVATOR-ASSOCIATED ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (CARM1), AN EPIGENETIC ACTIVATOR, REGULATES GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY BY PROTEIN POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. HOWEVER, WHETHER CARM1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS UNKNOWN. WE REPORT HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INDUCED THE UPREGULATION OF THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF CARM1 IN THE INJURED DRG, AND BLOCKING ITS EXPRESSION THROUGH SMALL INTERFERING RNA (SIRNA) IN THE INJURED DRG ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. FURTHERMORE, PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF CARM1 MITIGATED PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. GIVEN THAT CARM1 INHIBITION OR KNOCKDOWN ATTENUATED THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CARM1 MAY SERVE AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN TREATMENT IN CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18  4616  31 NERVE INJURY INCREASES BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR LEVELS TO SUPPRESS BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. ABNORMAL HYPEREXCITABILITY OF PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER NERVE INJURY. NERVE INJURY PROFOUNDLY REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF BIG CONDUCTANCE CA(2+) -ACTIVATED K(+) (BK) CHANNELS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW NERVE INJURY AFFECTS BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE CHANGES IN BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) TO REDUCED BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY. THE BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY WAS PRESENT PREDOMINANTLY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM DRG NEURONS, AND LIGATION OF L5 AND L6 SPINAL NERVES PROFOUNDLY DECREASED THE BK CURRENT DENSITY IN THESE NEURONS. BLOCKING BK CHANNELS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY IN SHAM CONTROL, BUT NOT IN NERVE-INJURED, RATS. THE BDNF CONCENTRATION IN THE DRG WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN NERVE-INJURED RATS THAN IN CONTROL RATS. BDNF TREATMENT LARGELY REDUCED BK CURRENTS IN DRG NEURONS IN CONTROL RATS, WHICH WAS BLOCKED BY EITHER ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY OR K252A, A TRK RECEPTOR INHIBITOR. FURTHERMORE, EITHER ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY OR K252A REVERSED REDUCTION IN BK CURRENTS IN INJURED DRG NEURONS. BDNF TREATMENT REDUCED THE MRNA LEVELS OF BKALPHA1 SUBUNIT IN DRG NEURONS, AND ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY ATTENUATED THE REDUCTION IN THE BKALPHA1 MRNA LEVEL IN INJURED DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY PRIMARILY DIMINISHES THE BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM DRG NEURONS. INCREASED BDNF LEVELS CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCED BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  4615  36 NERVE INJURY DIMINISHES OPIOID ANALGESIA THROUGH LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR, ENCODED BY OPRM1) AGONISTS ARE THE MAINSTAY ANALGESICS FOR TREATING MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN. NERVE INJURY CAUSES DOWN-REGULATION OF MORS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AND DIMINISHES THE OPIOID EFFECT ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION CAUSED BY NERVE INJURY ARE NOT CLEAR. G9A (ENCODED BY EHMT2), A HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 METHYLTRANSFERASE, IS A KEY CHROMATIN REGULATOR RESPONSIBLE FOR GENE SILENCING. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE ROLE OF G9A IN DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION AND OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY IN RATS INDUCED A LONG-LASTING REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS IN THE DRG BUT NOT IN THE SPINAL CORD. NERVE INJURY CONSISTENTLY INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF THE G9A PRODUCT HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 DIMETHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF OPRM1 IN THE DRG. G9A INHIBITION OR SIRNA KNOCKDOWN FULLY REVERSED MOR EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED DRG AND POTENTIATED THE MORPHINE EFFECT ON PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. IN MICE LACKING EHMT2 IN DRG NEURONS, NERVE INJURY FAILED TO REDUCE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS AND THE MORPHINE EFFECT. IN ADDITION, G9A INHIBITION OR EHMT2 KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS NORMALIZED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION IN THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF THE OPIOID ON SYNAPTIC GLUTAMATE RELEASE FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES CRITICALLY TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. G9A INHIBITORS MAY BE USED TO ENHANCE THE OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECT IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  1630  29 DNMT3A CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN BY SILENCING KV1.2 EXPRESSION IN SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN. METASTATIC BONE TUMOR-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION IN PAIN-RELATED REGIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE REPORT THAT INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF DECITABINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR, DOSE DEPENDENTLY ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE CANCER PAIN INDUCED BY INJECTING PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INTO THE TIBIA. THE LEVEL OF THE DE NOVO DNMT3A, BUT NOT DNMT3B, TIME DEPENDENTLY INCREASED IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 DORSAL HORN (NOT L4/5 DORSAL ROOT GANGLION) AFTER PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INJECTION. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS 5 (AAV5) EXPRESSING DNMT3A SHRNA INTO DORSAL HORN RESCUED PROSTATE CANCER CELLS-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION AND IMPAIRED PROSTATE CANCER CELLS-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN TURN, MIMICKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF AAV5 EXPRESSING FULL-LENGTH DNMT3A INTO DORSAL HORN REDUCED DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION AND PRODUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE ABSENCE OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS INJECTION. ADMINISTRATION OF NEITHER DECITABINE NOR VIRUS AFFECTED LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION AND ACUTE RESPONSES TO MECHANICAL, THERMAL, OR COLD STIMULI. GIVEN THAT DNMT3A MRNA IS CO-EXPRESSED WITH KCNA2 MRNA (ENCODING KV1.2) IN INDIVIDUAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INCREASED DORSAL HORN DNMT3A CONTRIBUTES TO BONE CANCER PAIN THROUGH SILENCING DORSAL HORN KV1.2 EXPRESSION. DNMT3A MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL NEW TARGET FOR CANCER PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2017