1  2480 105 EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF LARGE-CONDUCTANCE CA2+-ACTIVATED K+ CHANNEL EXPRESSION IN UTERINE VASCULAR ADAPTATION TO PREGNANCY. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT PREGNANCY INCREASED LARGE-CONDUCTANCE CA(2+)-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL BETA1 SUBUNIT (BKBETA1) EXPRESSION AND LARGE-CONDUCTANCE CA(2+)-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN UTERINE ARTERIES, WHICH WERE ABROGATED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA. THE PRESENT STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PROMOTER METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION IS A KEY MECHANISM IN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF BKBETA1 EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN UTERINE ARTERIES. OVINE BKBETA1 PROMOTER OF 2315 BP SPANNING FROM -2211 TO +104 OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START SITE WAS CLONED, AND AN SP1-380 BINDING SITE THAT CONTAINS CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IN ITS CORE BINDING SEQUENCES WAS IDENTIFIED. SITE-DIRECTED DELETION OF THE SP1 SITE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE BKBETA1 PROMOTER ACTIVITY. ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA BOUND TO THE SP1 SITE THROUGH TETHERING TO SP1 AND UPREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF BKBETA1. THE SP1 BINDING SITE AT BKBETA1 PROMOTER WAS HIGHLY METHYLATED IN UTERINE ARTERIES OF NONPREGNANT SHEEP, AND METHYLATION INHIBITED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING AND BKBETA1 PROMOTER ACTIVITY. PREGNANCY CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN CPG METHYLATION AT THE SP1 BINDING SITE AND INCREASED SP1 BINDING TO THE BKBETA1 PROMOTER AND BKBETA1 MRNA ABUNDANCE. CHRONIC HYPOXIA DURING GESTATION ABROGATED THIS PREGNANCY-INDUCED DEMETHYLATION AND UPREGULATION OF BKBETA1 EXPRESSION. THE RESULTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF A NOVEL MECHANISM OF PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION IN PREGNANCY-INDUCED REPROGRAMMING OF LARGE-CONDUCTANCE CA(2+)-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN UTERINE ARTERIES AND SUGGEST NEW INSIGHTS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LINKING GESTATIONAL HYPOXIA TO ABERRANT UTEROPLACENTAL CIRCULATION AND INCREASED RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2   919  70 CHRONIC HYPOXIA DURING GESTATION CAUSES EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF THE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA GENE IN OVINE UTERINE ARTERIES VIA HEIGHTENED PROMOTER METHYLATION. ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA (ERALPHA) PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE ADAPTATION OF INCREASED UTERINE BLOOD FLOW IN PREGNANCY. CHRONIC HYPOXIA IS A COMMON STRESS TO MATERNAL CARDIOVASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS AND CAUSES INCREASED RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA. STUDIES IN PREGNANT SHEEP DEMONSTRATED THAT HYPOXIA DURING GESTATION DOWNREGULATED ERALPHA GENE EXPRESSION IN UTERINE ARTERIES. THE PRESENT STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HYPOXIA CAUSES EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF THE ERALPHA GENE IN UTERINE ARTERIES VIA HEIGHTENED PROMOTER METHYLATION. OVINE ERALPHA PROMOTER OF 2035 BP SPANNING FROM -2000 TO +35 OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START SITE WAS CLONED. NO ESTROGEN OR HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR RESPONSE ELEMENTS WERE FOUND AT THE PROMOTER. TWO TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITES, USF(-15) AND SP1(-520), CONTAINING CPG DINUCLEOTIDES WERE IDENTIFIED, WHICH HAD SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE PROMOTER ACTIVITY. THE USF ELEMENT BINDS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS USF1 AND USF2, AND THE SP1 ELEMENT BINDS SP1, AS WELL AS ERALPHA THROUGH SP1. DELETION OF THE SP1 SITE ABROGATED 17BETA-ESTRADIOL-INDUCED INCREASE IN THE PROMOTER ACTIVITY. IN NORMOXIC CONTROL SHEEP, CPG METHYLATION AT THE SP1 BUT NOT THE USF SITE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN UTERINE ARTERIES OF PREGNANT AS COMPARED WITH NONPREGNANT ANIMALS. IN PREGNANT SHEEP EXPOSED TO LONG-TERM HIGH-ALTITUDE HYPOXIA, CPG METHYLATION AT BOTH SP1 AND USF SITES IN UTERINE ARTERIES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED. METHYLATION INHIBITED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING AND THE PROMOTER ACTIVITY. THE RESULTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF HYPOXIA CAUSING HEIGHTENED PROMOTER METHYLATION AND RESULTANT ERALPHA GENE REPRESSION IN UTERINE ARTERIES AND SUGGEST NEW INSIGHTS OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LINKING GESTATIONAL HYPOXIA TO ABERRANT UTEROPLACENTAL CIRCULATION AND INCREASED RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  4197  24 METABOLIC PROFILES IN OVINE CAROTID ARTERIES WITH DEVELOPMENTAL MATURATION AND LONG-TERM HYPOXIA. BACKGROUND: LONG-TERM HYPOXIA (LTH) IS AN IMPORTANT STRESSOR RELATED TO HEALTH AND DISEASE DURING DEVELOPMENT. AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS FROM FETUS TO ADULT, WE ARE EXPOSED TO HYPOXIC STRESS BECAUSE OF PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY, HIGH-ALTITUDE RESIDENCE, SMOKING, CHRONIC ANEMIA, PULMONARY, AND HEART DISORDERS, AS WELL AS CANCERS. INTRAUTERINE HYPOXIA CAN LEAD TO FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND LONG-TERM SEQUELAE SUCH AS COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, HYPERTENSION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, DIABETES, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA. SIMILARLY, PROLONGED HYPOXIC EXPOSURE DURING ADULT LIFE CAN LEAD TO ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS, CHRONIC FATIGUE, CHRONIC HEADACHE, COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, ACUTE CEREBRAL AND/OR PULMONARY EDEMA, AND DEATH. AIM: LTH ALSO CAN LEAD TO ALTERATION IN METABOLITES SUCH AS FUMARATE, 2-OXOGLUTARATE, MALATE, AND LACTATE, WHICH ARE LINKED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. IMPORTANTLY, DURING THE INTRAUTERINE LIFE, A FETUS IS UNDER A RELATIVE HYPOXIC ENVIRONMENT, AS COMPARED TO NEWBORN OR ADULT. THUS, THE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION WITH DEVELOPMENT FROM FETUS TO NEWBORN TO ADULT MAY BE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF UNDERLYING CHANGES IN THE METABOLIC PROFILE BECAUSE OF THE HYPOXIC ENVIRONMENT ALONG WITH DEVELOPMENTAL MATURATION. TO EXAMINE THIS POSSIBILITY, WE EXAMINED THE METABOLIC PROFILE IN CAROTID ARTERIES FROM NEAR-TERM FETUS, NEWBORN, AND ADULT SHEEP IN BOTH NORMOXIC AND LONG-TERM HYPOXIC ACCLIMATIZED GROUPS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT LTH DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED GLUCOSE METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM, NICOTINAMIDE COFACTOR METABOLISM, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANTS, MEMBRANE LIPID HYDROLYSIS, AND FREE FATTY ACID METABOLISM, EACH OF WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN GENETIC-EPIGENETIC REGULATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4  5100  23 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) ALTER DNA METHYLATION AND GENOMIC INTEGRITY OF SHEEP FETAL CELLS IN A SIMPLIFIED IN VITRO MODEL OF PREGNANCY EXPOSURE. POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) ARE PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS UBIQUITOUSLY DETECTABLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND IN THE FOOD CHAIN. PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO PCBS NEGATIVELY AFFECTS FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCES LONG-TERM DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON CHILD HEALTH. THE PRESENT STUDY SOUGHT TO EVALUATE THE CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PCB EXPOSURE ON FETAL CELLS DURING PREGNANCY. TO THIS AIM, SHEEP EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS (SEF) AND AMNIOCYTES (SA) WERE CULTURED IN VITRO IN THE PRESENCE OF LOW DOSES OF PCBS FOR A PERIOD OF 120DAYS, COMPARABLE TO THE FULL TERM OF OVINE PREGNANCY. CELLULAR PROLIFERATION RATES, GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, CHROMOSOME INTEGRITY, AND MARKERS OF DNA DAMAGE WERE EVALUATED AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS. MOREOVER, SEF TREATED WITH PCBS FOR 60DAYS WERE LEFT UNTREATED FOR ONE FURTHER MONTH AND THEN EXAMINED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE REVERSIBILITY OF PCB-INDUCED EPIGENETIC DEFECTS. PCB-TREATED SEF WERE MORE SENSITIVE THAN SA TREATED WITH PCBS, IN TERMS OF LOW CELL PROLIFERATION, AND INCREASED DNA DAMAGE AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, WHICH WERE STILL DETECTABLE AFTER INTERRUPTION OF PCB TREATMENT. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF FETAL CELLS TO PCBS CAUSES PERMANENT GENOMIC AND EPIGENETIC INSTABILITY, WHICH MAY INFLUENCE BOTH PRENATAL AND POST-NATAL GROWTH UP TO ADULTHOOD. OUR IN VITRO MODEL OFFER A SIMPLE AND CONTROLLED MEANS OF STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONTAMINANTS ON FETAL CELLS - ONE THAT COULD SET THE STAGE FOR TARGETED IN VIVO STUDIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5  5156  22 PRE-BIRTH ORIGINS OF ALLERGY AND ASTHMA. ALLERGY IS A CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CAN DEVELOP AS EARLY AS INFANCY, SUGGESTING THAT EARLY LIFE FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT IN ITS AETIOLOGY. VARIABLE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SIZE AT BIRTH, A CRUDE MARKER OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT, AND ALLERGY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN HUMANS AND REQUIRE COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BIRTH WEIGHT AND ALLERGY ARE HOWEVER CONFOUNDED IN HUMANS, AND WE AND OTHERS HAVE THEREFORE BEGUN EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF EARLY LIFE EVENTS ON ALLERGY IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. IN PARTICULAR, WE ARE USING OVINE MODELS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER AND HOW A RESTRICTED ENVIRONMENT BEFORE BIRTH PROTECTS AGAINST ALLERGY, WHETHER METHYL DONOR AVAILABILITY CONTRIBUTES TO ALLERGIC PROTECTION IN IUGR, AND WHY MATERNAL ASTHMA DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISKS OF ALLERGIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN. WE FOUND THAT EXPERIMENTAL INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (IUGR) IN SHEEP REDUCED CUTANEOUS RESPONSES TO ANTIGENS IN PROGENY, DESPITE NORMAL OR ELEVATED IGE RESPONSES. FURTHERMORE, MATERNAL METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION IN LATE PREGNANCY PARTIALLY REVERSED EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL IUGR, CONSISTENT WITH THE PROPOSAL THAT EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS UNDERLIE SOME BUT NOT ALL EFFECTS OF IUGR ON ALLERGIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. OVINE EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ASTHMA WITH EXACERBATIONS REDUCES RELATIVE FETAL SIZE IN LATE GESTATION, WITH SOME CHANGES IN IMMUNE POPULATIONS IN FETAL THYMUS SUGGESTIVE OF INCREASED ACTIVATION. MATERNAL ALLERGIC ASTHMA IN MICE ALSO PREDISPOSES PROGENY TO ALLERGY DEVELOPMENT. IN CONCLUSION, THESE FINDINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS PROVIDE DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT A PERTURBED ENVIRONMENT BEFORE BIRTH ALTERS IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND POSTNATAL FUNCTION, AND PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES TO INVESTIGATE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND DEVELOP AND EVALUATE INTERVENTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  5321  29 PULMONARY ARTERY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION IN FETAL LAMBS ACCLIMATIZED TO HIGH-ALTITUDE LONG-TERM HYPOXIA: ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION. HIGH-ALTITUDE LONG-TERM HYPOXIA (LTH) IS KNOWN TO INDUCE PULMONARY ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (PASMC) PROLIFERATION IN THE FETUS, LEADING TO PULMONARY ARTERIAL REMODELING AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF THE NEWBORN. THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CONDITIONS REMAIN ENIGMATIC HOWEVER. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN FETAL PASMC INDUCED BY HIGH-ALTITUDE LTH MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING THEIR PROLIFERATION DURING PULMONARY ARTERIAL REMODELING. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE HAVE ANALYZED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE OF FETAL LAMBS EXPOSED TO HIGH-ALTITUDE LTH [PREGNANT EWES WERE KEPT AT 3,801 M ALTITUDE FROM ~40 TO 145 DAYS GESTATION] OR TO SEA LEVEL ATMOSPHERE. INTRAPULMONARY ARTERIES WERE ISOLATED, AND FETAL PASMC WERE CULTURED FROM BOTH CONTROL AND LTH FETUSES. COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, IN LTH FETUS PULMONARY ARTERIES MEASUREMENTS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION DEMONSTRATED REDUCED LEVELS OF GLOBAL HISTONE 4 ACETYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION, ACCOMPANIED BY THE LOSS OF THE CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21. TREATMENT OF LTH FETAL PASMCS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A DECREASED THEIR PROLIFERATION RATE, IN PART BECAUSE OF ALTERED EXPRESSION OF P21 AT BOTH RNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL. IN PASMC OF LTH FETUSES, HDAC INHIBITION ALSO DECREASED PDGF-INDUCED CELL MIGRATION AND ERK1/2 ACTIVATION AND MODULATED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION. ON THE BASIS OF THESE OBSERVATIONS, WE PROPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (REDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION) CAUSED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA LEADS TO FETAL PASMC PROLIFERATION AND VESSEL REMODELING ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR PROLIFERATIVE DISEASE AND THAT THIS PROCESS IS REGULATED BY P21.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7  2077  26 EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION OF PLACENTAL GENES BY CHRONIC MATERNAL CAFETERIA DIET IN RATS. MATERNAL DIET HAS IMPACT ON REPRODUCTION, FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND OFFSPRING BEHAVIOR, ALTHOUGH MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAINED UNKNOWN. OUR AIMS WERE TO ASSESS (1) THE EFFECTS OF A CAFETERIA (CAF) DIET (WESTERN DIET HABITS) ON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, FETAL AND PLACENTAL PARAMETERS ON GESTATIONAL DAY 21 AND LITTER SIZE AND PUP WEIGHT AT BIRTH; AND (2) PLACENTAL MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR (IGF) AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) AND THEIR RECEPTORS. FEMALE WISTAR RATS WERE FED WITH CONTROL OR CAF DIET FROM WEANING UNTIL PARTURITION. AT WEEK 14 AFTER DIETS STARTED, FEMALES WERE MATED AND HALF OF THE ANIMALS WERE EUTHANIZED ON GESTATIONAL DAY 21 TO EVALUATE REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS INCLUDING THE PREGNANCY RATE, NUMBER OF CORPORA LUTEA, IMPLANTATION SITES AND RESORPTION SITES. MOREOVER, FETAL WEIGHT AND LENGTH, PLACENTAL WEIGHT, AND PLACENTAL INDEX WERE RECORDED. PLACENTAS WERE COLLECTED FOR MRNA QUANTIFICATION AND DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS. THE REMAINING ANIMALS WERE ALLOWED TO GIVE BIRTH AND THE NUMBER AND WEIGHT OF THE PUPS WERE EVALUATED. CAF DIET DID NOT AFFECT REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OR FETAL WEIGHT AND LENGTH. HOWEVER, CAF-FED ANIMALS SHOWED A DECREASE IN PLACENTAL WEIGHT AND INDEX AND THE PUPS EXHIBITED A LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. ADDITIONALLY, WE FOUND AN UPREGULATION OF IGF2 AND A DOWN REGULATION OF VEGF PLACENTAL MRNA EXPRESSION IN CAF DAMS, ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION STATUS CHANGES OF THEIR PROMOTERS. WE CONCLUDE THAT FEMALE CHRONIC CAF DIET CONSUMPTION IMPAIRS FETO-PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND COULD BE EXPLAINED BY AN EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION OF IGF AND VEGF SYSTEMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8   982  39 CHRONIC PRENATAL HYPOXIA INDUCES EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN RAT HEARTS. RATIONALE: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATE A CLEAR ASSOCIATION OF ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE IN ADULTHOOD. HYPOXIA IS A COMMON STRESS TO THE FETUS AND RESULTS IN DECREASED PROTEIN KINASE C EPSILON (PKCEPSILON) EXPRESSION IN THE HEART AND INCREASED CARDIAC VULNERABILITY TO ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION INJURY IN ADULT OFFSPRING IN RATS. OBJECTIVES: THE PRESENT STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT FETAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDES AT THE PKCEPSILON PROMOTER IS REPRESSIVE AND CONTRIBUTES TO PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN THE HEART OF ADULT OFFSPRING. METHODS AND RESULTS: HYPOXIC TREATMENT OF PREGNANT RATS FROM DAYS 15 TO 21 OF GESTATION RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN PKCEPSILON PROTEIN AND MRNA IN FETAL HEARTS. SIMILAR RESULTS WERE OBTAINED IN EX VIVO HYPOXIC TREATMENT OF ISOLATED FETAL HEARTS AND RAT EMBRYONIC VENTRICULAR MYOCYTE CELL LINE H9C2. INCREASED METHYLATION OF PKCEPSILON PROMOTER AT SP1 BINDING SITES, -346 AND -268, WERE DEMONSTRATED IN BOTH FETAL HEARTS OF MATERNAL HYPOXIA AND H9C2 CELLS TREATED WITH 1% O(2) FOR 24 HOURS. WHEREAS HYPOXIA HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE BINDING AFFINITY OF SP1 TO THE UNMETHYLATED SITES IN H9C2 CELLS, HEARTS OF FETUSES AND ADULT OFFSPRING, METHYLATION OF BOTH SP1 SITES REDUCED SP1 BINDING. THE ADDITION OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE BLOCKED THE HYPOXIA-INDUCED INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF BOTH SP1 BINDING SITES AND RESTORED PKCEPSILON MRNA AND PROTEIN TO THE CONTROL LEVELS. IN HEARTS OF BOTH FETUSES AND ADULT OFFSPRING, HYPOXIA-INDUCED METHYLATION OF SP1 SITES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN MALES THAN IN FEMALES, AND DECREASED PKCEPSILON MRNA WAS SEEN ONLY IN MALES. IN FETAL HEARTS, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ABUNDANCE OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA AND BETA ISOFORMS IN FEMALES THAN IN MALES. BOTH ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA AND BETA INTERACTED WITH THE SP1 BINDING SITES IN THE FETAL HEART, WHICH MAY EXPLAIN THE SEX DIFFERENCES IN SP1 METHYLATION IN THE FETAL HEART. ADDITIONALLY, SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OF PKCEPSILON RESTORED THE HYPOXIA-INDUCED CARDIAC VULNERABILITY TO ISCHEMIC INJURY IN OFFSPRING. CONCLUSIONS: THE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE A DIRECT EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND PROGRAMMING OF CARDIAC PKCEPSILON GENE REPRESSION IN A SEX-DEPENDENT MANNER, LINKING FETAL HYPOXIA AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN THE HEARTS OF ADULT OFFSPRING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  2173  26 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION AND ABERRANT KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (IUGR) DUE TO UTEROPLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY RESULTS IN A PLACENTA THAT IS UNABLE TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN TO THE FETUS. THESE GROWTH-RESTRICTED BABIES HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF HYPERTENSION AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE LATER IN LIFE. IN RATS, BOTH MALE AND FEMALE GROWTH-RESTRICTED OFFSPRING HAVE NEPHRON DEFICITS BUT ONLY MALES DEVELOP KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. IN ADDITION, THERE IS TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF NEPHRON DEFICITS AND HYPERTENSION RISK. THEREFORE, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY EXPLAIN THE SEX-SPECIFIC PROGRAMMING AND MULTIGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF IUGR-RELATED PHENOTYPES. EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1AND DNMT3A) AND IMPRINTED GENES (PEG3, SNRPN, KCNQ1, AND CDKN1C) WERE INVESTIGATED IN KIDNEY TISSUES OF SHAM AND IUGR RATS IN F1 (EMBRYONIC DAY 20 (E20) AND POSTNATAL DAY 1 (PN1)) AND F2 (6 AND 12 MONTHS OF AGE, PATERNAL AND MATERNAL LINES) GENERATIONS (N = 6-13/GROUP). IN COMPARISON TO SHAM OFFSPRING, F1 IUGR RATS HAD A 19% DECREASE IN DNMT3A EXPRESSION AT E20 (P < 0.05), WITH DECREASED CDKN1C (19%, P < 0.05) AND INCREASED KCNQ1 (1.6-FOLD, P < 0.01) AT PN1. THERE WAS A SEX-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCE IN CDKN1C AND SNRPN EXPRESSION AT E20, WITH 29% AND 34% HIGHER EXPRESSION IN IUGR MALES COMPARED TO FEMALES, RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.05). PEG3 SEX-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION WAS LOST IN THE F2 IUGR OFFSPRING, ONLY IN THE MATERNAL LINE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE ALTERED IN RENAL EMBRYONIC AND/OR FETAL DEVELOPMENT IN GROWTH-RESTRICTED OFFSPRING, WHICH COULD ALTER KIDNEY FUNCTION, PREDISPOSING THESE OFFSPRING TO KIDNEY DISEASE LATER IN LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  5192  25 PRENATAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN PLACENTA AND PERIPHERAL TISSUES OF MOTHERS AND NEONATES EVALUATED BY APPLYING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS DURING PREGNANCY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INFLUENCING SUBSEQUENT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CERTAIN CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGH THE MODULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION. OUR AIM WAS TO EXPLORE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES DURING GESTATION WITH DNA METHYLATION OF PLACENTAL CELLS, MATERNAL AND NEONATAL BUCCAL CELLS BY APPLYING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANNS). A TOTAL OF 28 MOTHER-INFANT PAIRS WERE ENROLLED. DATA ON GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND ON MOTHER HEALTH STATUS WERE COLLECTED THROUGH THE ADMINISTRATION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSES AT BOTH GENE-SPECIFIC AND GLOBAL LEVEL WERE ANALYZED IN PLACENTAS, MATERNAL AND NEONATAL BUCCAL CELLS. IN THE PLACENTA, THE CONCENTRATIONS OF VARIOUS METALS AND DIOXINS WERE ALSO ANALYZED. ANALYSIS OF ANNS REVEALED THAT SUBOPTIMAL BIRTH WEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH PLACENTAL H19 METHYLATION, MATERNAL STRESS DURING PREGNANCY WITH METHYLATION LEVELS OF NR3C1 AND BDNF IN PLACENTAS AND MOTHER'S BUCCAL DNA, RESPECTIVELY, AND EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS WITH MATERNAL MGMT METHYLATION. ASSOCIATIONS WERE ALSO OBSERVED BETWEEN PLACENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD, CHROMIUM, CADMIUM AND MERCURY WITH METHYLATION LEVELS OF OXTR IN PLACENTAS, HSD11B2 IN MATERNAL BUCCAL CELLS AND PLACENTAS, MECP2 IN NEONATAL BUCCAL CELLS, AND MTHFR IN MATERNAL BUCCAL CELLS. FURTHERMORE, DIOXIN CONCENTRATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH PLACENTAL RELN, NEONATAL HSD11B2 AND MATERNAL H19 GENE METHYLATION LEVELS. CURRENT RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS DURING PREGNANCY COULD INDUCE ABERRANT METHYLATION LEVELS IN GENES LINKED TO SEVERAL PATHWAYS IMPORTANT FOR EMBRYOGENESIS IN BOTH THE PLACENTA, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING FOETAL DEVELOPMENT, AND IN THE PERIPHERAL TISSUES OF MOTHERS AND INFANTS, POTENTIALLY PROVIDING PERIPHERAL BIOMARKERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11   418  29 ANCESTRAL EXPOSURE TO STRESS EPIGENETICALLY PROGRAMS PRETERM BIRTH RISK AND ADVERSE MATERNAL AND NEWBORN OUTCOMES. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC STRESS IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF MANY CAUSES OF HUMAN PRETERM BIRTH (PTB), BUT NO DIRECT EVIDENCE HAS YET BEEN PROVIDED. HERE WE SHOW IN RATS THAT STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS HAS DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON ENDOCRINE, METABOLIC AND BEHAVIOURAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PTB POSSIBLY VIA MICRORNA (MIRNA) REGULATION. METHODS: PREGNANT DAMS OF THE PARENTAL GENERATION WERE EXPOSED TO STRESS FROM GESTATIONAL DAYS 12 TO 18. THEIR PREGNANT DAUGHTERS (F1) AND GRAND-DAUGHTERS (F2) EITHER WERE STRESSED OR REMAINED AS NON-STRESSED CONTROLS. GESTATIONAL LENGTH, MATERNAL GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, BLOOD GLUCOSE AND PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS, LITTER SIZE AND OFFSPRING WEIGHT GAIN FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 1 TO 30 WERE RECORDED IN EACH GENERATION, INCLUDING F3. MATERNAL BEHAVIOURS WERE ANALYSED FOR THE FIRST HOUR AFTER COMPLETED PARTURITION, AND OFFSPRING SENSORIMOTOR DEVELOPMENT WAS RECORDED ON POSTNATAL DAY (P) 7. F0 THROUGH F2 MATERNAL BRAIN FRONTAL CORTEX, UTERUS AND PLACENTA MIRNA AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS WERE USED TO IDENTIFY STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PATHWAYS OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR AND PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE. RESULTS: PROGRESSIVELY UP TO THE F2 GENERATION, STRESS GRADUALLY REDUCED GESTATIONAL LENGTH, MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN AND BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVITY, AND INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. REDUCED OFFSPRING GROWTH AND DELAYED BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STRESS COHORT WAS RECOGNIZABLE AS EARLY AS P7, WITH THE GREATEST EFFECT IN THE F3 OFFSPRING OF TRANSGENERATIONALLY STRESSED MOTHERS. FURTHERMORE, STRESS ALTERED MIRNA EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE BRAIN AND UTERUS OF F2 MOTHERS, INCLUDING THE MIR-200 FAMILY, WHICH REGULATES PATHWAYS RELATED TO BRAIN PLASTICITY AND PARTURITION, RESPECTIVELY. MAIN MIR-200 FAMILY TARGET GENES IN THE UTERUS, STAT5B, ZEB1 AND ZEB2, WERE DOWNREGULATED BY MULTIGENERATIONAL STRESS IN THE F1 GENERATION. ZEB2 WAS ALSO REDUCED IN THE STRESSED F2 GENERATION, SUGGESTING A CAUSAL MECHANISM FOR DISTURBED PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE. ADDITIONALLY, STRESS INCREASED PLACENTAL MIR-181A, A MARKER OF HUMAN PTB. CONCLUSIONS: THE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT A FAMILY HISTORY OF STRESS MAY PROGRAM CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL PATHWAYS REGULATING GESTATIONAL LENGTH AND MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE MATERNAL LINEAGE. THIS NEW PARADIGM MAY MODEL THE ORIGIN OF MANY HUMAN PTB CAUSES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  4065  21 MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDHOOD BLOOD PRESSURE. EXPOSURES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A SUB-OPTIMAL INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPING FETUS. IMPAIRED FETAL GROWTH THAT RESULTS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS AN ESTABLISHED RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDIES THAT INCLUDE THE MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL PERIOD HAVE IDENTIFIED MATERNAL AND GESTATIONAL CONDITIONS THAT CONFER INCREASED RISK FOR SUBSEQUENT CARDIO-METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE ABSENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL PRE-CONCEPTION HEALTH STATUS, INCLUDING CHRONIC OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, INCREASE RISK FOR CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND OBESITY-RELATED HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN CHILD OFFSPRING. MATERNAL GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES, INCLUDING GESTATIONAL DIABETES, GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION, AND PREECLAMPSIA, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN OFFSPRING. OTHER MATERNAL EXPOSURES SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP IN CHILD OFFSPRING. RECENT, BUT LIMITED, DATA INDICATE THAT ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION IN CHILDHOOD, DESPITE OTHERWISE NORMAL GESTATION AND HEALTHY NEWBORN. GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER BP IN CHILDHOOD CAN BE RELATED TO FAMILIAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS, GENETICS, OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FETAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA). THESE FACTORS, OR COMBINATION OF FACTORS, AS WELL AS OTHER ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE CONDITIONS, COULD INDUCE FETAL PROGRAMING LEADING TO HEALTH CONSEQUENCES IN LATER LIFE. CURRENT AND DEVELOPING RESEARCH WILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS ON GESTATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FETAL ADJUSTMENTS THAT INCREASE RISK FOR HIGHER BP LEVELS IN CHILDHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  3121  39 GESTATIONAL INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA INDUCES ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, REDUCES PERIVASCULAR ADIPONECTIN AND CAUSES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ADULT MALE OFFSPRING. KEY POINTS: OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA (OSA) IS CHARACTERIZED BY INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA, WHICH CAUSES OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION AND INCREASES THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. OSA DURING PREGNANCY CAUSES ADVERSE MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOMES. THE EFFECTS OF PRE-EXISTING OSA IN PREGNANT WOMEN ON CARDIOMETABOLIC OUTCOMES IN THE OFFSPRING ARE UNKNOWN. WE EVALUATED BASIC METABOLIC PARAMETERS, AS WELL AS AORTIC VASCULAR AND PERIVASCULAR ADIPOSE TISSUE (PVAT) FUNCTION IN RESPONSE TO ADIPONECTIN, AND EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION OF ADIPONECTIN GENE PROMOTER IN PVAT IN 16-WEEK-OLD ADULT OFFSPRING EXPOSED TO GESTATIONAL INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA (GIH). GIH DECREASED BODY WEIGHTS AT WEEK 1 IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING, AND CAUSED SUBSEQUENT INCREASES IN BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION IN MALE OFFSPRING ONLY. ADULT FEMALE OFFSPRING HAD NORMAL LEVELS OF LIPIDS, GLUCOSE AND INSULIN, WITH NO ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. ADULT MALE OFFSPRING EXHIBITED DYSLIPIDAEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND HYPERLEPTINAEMIA. DECREASED ENDOTHELIAL-DEPENDENT VASODILATATION, LOSS OF ANTI-CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF PVAT AND LOW CIRCULATING PVAT ADIPONECTIN LEVELS, AS WELL AS INCREASED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF ADIPONECTIN GENE PROMOTER, OCCURRED IN ADULT MALE OFFSPRING. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MALE OFFSPRING OF WOMEN WITH OSA COULD BE AT RISK OF DEVELOPING CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE DURING ADULTHOOD. ABSTRACT: PERTURBATIONS DURING PREGNANCY CAN PROGRAM THE OFFSPRING TO DEVELOP CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES LATER IN LIFE. OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA (OSA) IS A CHRONIC CONDITION THAT FREQUENTLY AFFECTS PREGNANCIES AND LEADS TO ADVERSE FETAL OUTCOMES. WE ASSESSED THE OFFSPRING OF FEMALE MICE EXPERIENCING GESTATIONAL INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA (GIH), A HALLMARK OF OSA, FOR CHANGES IN METABOLIC PROFILES, AORTIC NITRIC OXIDE (NO)-DEPENDENT RELAXATIONS, PERIVASCULAR ADIPOSE TISSUE (PVAT) ANTI-CONTRACTILE ACTIVITIES AND THE RESPONSES TO ADIPONECTIN, AND DNA METHYLATION OF THE ADIPONECTIN GENE PROMOTER IN PVAT TISSUE. PREGNANT MOUSE DAMS WERE EXPOSED TO INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC CYCLES ( FIO2 21-12%) FOR 18 DAYS. GIH RESULTED IN LOWER BODY WEIGHTS OF PUPS AT WEEK 1, FOLLOWED BY SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT GAIN BY WEEK 16 OF AGE IN MALE BUT NOT FEMALE OFFSPRING. PLASMA LIPIDS, LEPTIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE WERE HIGHER IN GIH MALE ADULT OFFSPRING. ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXATION IN RESPONSE TO ACH AND THE ANTI-CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF PVAT IN THE ABDOMINAL AORTA WAS REDUCED IN GIH ADULT MALE OFFSPRING. INCUBATION OF ARTERIES FROM GIH ADULT MALE OFFSPRING WITH ADIPONECTIN RESTORED THE ANTI-CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF PVAT. BOTH CIRCULATING AND PVAT TISSUE HOMOGENATE LEVELS OF ADIPONECTIN, AS WELL AS GENE EXPRESSION OF ADIPONECTIN IN PVAT, WERE LOWER IN GIH MALE OFFSPRING, ALONG WITH AN INCREASED GENE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. PYROSEQUENCING OF ADIPONECTIN GENE PROMOTER IN PVAT SHOWED INCREASED DNA METHYLATION IN GIH MALE OFFSPRING. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT GIH LEADS TO VASCULAR DISEASE IN ADULT MALE OFFSPRING THROUGH PVAT DYSFUNCTION, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW ADIPONECTIN LEVELS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE ADIPONECTIN GENE PROMOTER.	2019	

14  4939  20 PATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE IN RATS PRODUCES LONG-LASTING NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS IN THE OFFSPRING. STUDIES OF INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF PARENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE HAVE PRINCIPALLY FOCUSED ON MATERNAL EXPOSURE, PARTICULARLY FOR STUDIES OF ADVERSE NEUROBEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. MATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN TO CAUSE ADVERSE NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS ON THE OFFSPRING. HOWEVER, PATERNAL TOXICANT EXPOSURE HAS ALSO BEEN FOUND TO CAUSE NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICITY IN THEIR OFFSPRING. RECENT WORK SUGGESTS THAT PATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE CAN HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, ALTHOUGH IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER SUCH CHANGES LEAD TO NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF PATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE ON NEUROBEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR OFFSPRING. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE EXPOSED TO 0 OR 2 MG/KG/DAY NICOTINE (SC) FOR 56 CONSECUTIVE DAYS WITH TWO CONSECUTIVE 2ML4 OSMOTIC MINIPUMPS. FOLLOWING TREATMENT, THESE MALES WERE MATED WITH DRUG-NAIVE FEMALE RATS. OFFSPRING OF BOTH SEXES WERE TESTED IN A BEHAVIORAL BATTERY TO ASSESS LOCOMOTION, EMOTIONAL FUNCTION AND COGNITION. PATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE DID NOT IMPACT OFFSPRING VIABILITY, HEALTH OR GROWTH. HOWEVER, BEHAVIORAL FUNCTION OF THE OFFSPRING WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED BY PATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE. MALE OFFSPRING WITH PATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE EXHIBITED LOCOMOTOR HYPERACTIVITY IN THE FIGURE-8 APPARATUS WHEN TESTED DURING ADOLESCENCE. WHEN RETESTED IN ADULTHOOD AND REGARDLESS OF SEX, OFFSPRING OF THE NICOTINE EXPOSED FATHER SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED HABITUATION OF LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY OVER THE COURSE OF THE SESSION. COMPARED TO CONTROLS, FEMALE OFFSPRING OF NICOTINE-EXPOSED FATHERS SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED RESPONSE LATENCY IN THE RADIAL ARM MAZE TEST. IN ADDITION TO LOCOMOTOR HYPERACTIVITY, THE OFFSPRING OF NICOTINE-EXPOSED FATHERS ALSO SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIMINISHED HABITUATION IN THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT CHRONIC PATERNAL NICOTINE EXPOSURE CAN IMPACT THE BEHAVIOR OF OFFSPRING, PRODUCING LOCOMOTOR HYPERACTIVITY AND IMPAIRED HABITUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  2101  33 EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF PRENATAL STRESS ON 11BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE-2 IN THE PLACENTA AND FETAL BRAIN. MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO STRESS DURING PREGNANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS IN OFFSPRING NEURODEVELOPMENT AND ELEVATED MATERNAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS LIKELY PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN MEDIATING THESE EFFECTS. PLACENTAL 11BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 2 (HSD11B2) BUFFERS THE IMPACT OF MATERNAL GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE BY CONVERTING CORTISOL/CORTICOSTERONE INTO INACTIVE METABOLITES. HOWEVER, PREVIOUS STUDIES INDICATE THAT MATERNAL ADVERSITY DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD CAN LEAD TO A DOWN-REGULATION OF THIS ENZYME. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE IMPACT OF PRENATAL STRESS (CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS DURING GESTATIONAL DAYS 14-20) IN LONG EVANS RATS ON HSD11B2 MRNA IN THE PLACENTA AND FETAL BRAIN (E20) AND ASSESSED THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THESE STRESS-INDUCED EFFECTS. IN THE PLACENTA, PRENATAL STRESS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN HSD11B2 MRNA, INCREASED MRNA LEVELS OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT3A, AND INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AT SPECIFIC CPG SITES WITHIN THE HSD11B2 GENE PROMOTER. WITHIN THE FETAL HYPOTHALAMUS, THOUGH WE FIND NO STRESS-INDUCED EFFECTS ON HSD11B2 MRNA LEVELS, PRENATAL STRESS INDUCED DECREASED CPG METHYLATION WITHIN THE HSD11B2 PROMOTER AND INCREASED METHYLATION AT SITES WITHIN EXON 1. WITHIN THE FETAL CORTEX, HSD11B2 MRNA AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE NOT ALTERED BY PRENATAL STRESS, THOUGH WE DID FIND STRESS-INDUCED ELEVATIONS IN DNMT1 MRNA IN THIS BRAIN REGION. WITHIN INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED CPG SITES WITHIN THE HSD11B2 GENE PROMOTER AND EXON 1 AT WHICH DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE HIGHLY CORRELATED BETWEEN THE PLACENTA AND FETAL CORTEX. OVERALL, OUR FINDINGS IMPLICATE DNA METHYLATION AS A MECHANISM BY WHICH PRENATAL STRESS ALTERS HSD11B2 GENE EXPRESSION. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE TISSUE SPECIFICITY OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, BUT ALSO RAISE THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF USING THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF PLACENTA TO PREDICT CORRESPONDING CHANGES IN THE BRAIN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  4069  27 MATERNAL CHRONIC FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION AMELIORATES BEHAVIOR DISORDERS INDUCED BY PRENATAL HIGH-FAT DIET THROUGH METHYLATION ALTERATION OF BDNF AND GRIN2B IN OFFSPRING HIPPOCAMPUS. SCOPE: MATERNAL CONSUMPTION OF A HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) DURING PREGNANCY INCREASES THE RISK OF BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS. FOLATE PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPLASTICITY AND THE PRESERVATION OF NEURONAL INTEGRITY. THIS STUDY AIMS AT DETERMINING THE INFLUENCE OF DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE ON OFFSPRING BEHAVIOR, AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED. METHODS AND RESULTS: FEMALE MICE WERE FED A CONTROL DIET, AN HFD, CONTROL DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE, OR AN HFD SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE FOR 5 WEEKS BEFORE MATING. OPEN FIELD TASK AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE ARE USED TO EVALUATE THE OFFSPRING BEHAVIORS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT OFFSPRING COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORS, INCLUDING THOSE RELATED TO OPEN FIELD EXPLORATION AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE, WERE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED WHEN DAMS WERE TREATED WITH FOLATE IN PREGNANCY. MOREOVER, THE MATERNAL FOLATE SUPPLEMENT DECREASED BDNF AND GRIN2B METHYLATION AND UPREGULATED THEIR EXPRESSIONS IN THE BRAIN OF OFFSPRING, WHICH WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASING THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES COMPARED WITH THOSE DAMS WERE TREATED ONLY HFD IN PREGNANCY. CONCLUSION: MATERNAL FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION AMELIORATES BEHAVIOR DISORDERS INDUCED BY PRENATAL HIGH-FAT DIET. THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION ALTERATION OF BDNF AND GRIN2B GENES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  4086  25 MATERNAL OBESITY DISRUPTS THE METHIONINE CYCLE IN BABOON PREGNANCY. MATERNAL INTAKE OF DIETARY METHYL-MICRONUTRIENTS (E.G. FOLATE, CHOLINE, BETAINE AND VITAMIN B-12) DURING PREGNANCY IS ESSENTIAL FOR NORMAL MATERNAL AND FETAL METHIONINE METABOLISM, AND IS CRITICAL FOR IMPORTANT METABOLIC PROCESSES INCLUDING THOSE INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL OBESITY AND NUTRIENT EXCESS DURING PREGNANCY INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING POTENTIALLY PREDISPOSING ADULT OFFSPRING TO A VARIETY OF CHRONIC HEALTH PROBLEMS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT MATERNAL OBESITY WOULD DYSREGULATE THE MATERNAL AND FETAL METHIONINE CYCLE. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE DEVELOPED A NULLIPAROUS BABOON OBESITY MODEL FED A HIGH FAT, HIGH ENERGY DIET (HF-HED) PRIOR TO AND DURING GESTATION, AND EXAMINED METHIONINE CYCLE BIOMARKERS (E.G., CIRCULATING CONCENTRATIONS OF HOMOCYSTEINE, METHIONINE, CHOLINE, BETAINE, KEY AMINO ACIDS, FOLATE, AND VITAMIN B-12). ANIMALS WERE GROUP HOUSED ALLOWING FULL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION. MATERNAL PREPREGNANCY PERCENT BODY FAT WAS 5% IN CONTROLS AND 19% IN HF-HED MOTHERS, WHILE FETAL WEIGHT WAS 16% LOWER IN OFFSPRING OF HF-HED MOTHERS AT TERM. MATERNAL AND FETAL HOMOCYSTEINE WERE HIGHER, WHILE MATERNAL AND FETAL VITAMIN B-12 AND BETAINE WERE LOWER IN THE HF-HED GROUP. ELEVATIONS IN CIRCULATING MATERNAL FOLATE WERE EVIDENT IN THE HF-HED GROUP INDICATING IMPAIRED FOLATE METABOLISM (METHYL-TRAP) AS A CONSEQUENCE OF MATERNAL VITAMIN B-12 DEPLETION. FINALLY, FETAL METHIONINE, GLYCINE, SERINE, AND TAURINE WERE LOWER IN THE HF-HED FETUSES. THESE DATA SHOW THAT MATERNAL OBESITY DISTURBS THE METHIONINE CYCLE IN PRIMATE PREGNANCY, PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED AMONG OBESE PREGNANT WOMEN AND SUGGESTING DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES IN HUMAN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY OBESITY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  4943  30 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS INTERGENERATIONAL ALCOHOL-RELATED BEHAVIORS TO MALE OFFSPRING ON A PURE C57BL/6J BACKGROUND. WHILE ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A HIGHLY HERITABLE CONDITION, THE BASIS OF AUD IN FAMILIES WITH A HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM IS DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN BY GENETIC VARIATION ALONE. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PARENTAL EXPERIENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION CAN AFFECT INHERITANCE OF COMPLEX BEHAVIORS IN OFFSPRING VIA NON-GENOMIC (EPIGENETIC) MECHANISMS. FOR INSTANCE, MALE C57BL/6J (B6) MICE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL (CIE) PRIOR TO MATING WITH STRAIN 129S1/SVIMJ ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES PRODUCE MALE OFFSPRING WITH REDUCED ETHANOL-DRINKING PREFERENCE, INCREASED ETHANOL SENSITIVITY, AND INCREASED BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA). IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THESE INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF PATERNAL CIE ARE REPRODUCIBLE IN MALE OFFSPRING ON AN INBRED B6 BACKGROUND. TO THIS END, B6 MALES WERE EXPOSED TO 6 WEEKS OF CIE (OR ROOM AIR AS A CONTROL) BEFORE MATING WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE B6 FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)-SIRED AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING. WE OBSERVED A SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECT, AS E-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED DECREASED TWO-BOTTLE FREE-CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING PREFERENCE, INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO THE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL, AND INCREASED VTA BDNF EXPRESSION; NO DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. THESE FINDINGS CONFIRM AND EXTEND OUR PREVIOUS RESULTS BY DEMONSTRATING THAT THE EFFECTS OF PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL ARE REPRODUCIBLE USING GENETICALLY IDENTICAL, INBRED B6 ANIMALS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  5253  31 PROGRAMMING CHANGES OF HIPPOCAMPAL MIR-134-5P/SOX2 SIGNAL MEDIATE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION IN PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE-EXPOSED FEMALE OFFSPRING. DEPRESSION IS A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AND HAS INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO CONFIRM THE DEPRESSION SUSCEPTIBILITY IN OFFSPRING RATS INDUCED BY PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE EXPOSURE (PDE) AND TO FURTHER EXPLORE THE INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM. WISTAR RATS WERE INJECTED WITH DEXAMETHASONE (0.2 MG/KG.D) SUBCUTANEOUSLY DURING THE GESTATIONAL DAYS 9-20 AND PART OF THE OFFSPRING WAS GIVEN CHRONIC STRESS AT POSTNATAL WEEKS 10-12. BEHAVIORAL RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ADULT PDE FEMALE OFFSPRING WAS SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEPRESSION, ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED HIPPOCAMPAL MIR-134-5P EXPRESSION AND DECREASED SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y-BOX 2 (SOX2) EXPRESSION, AS WELL AS DISORDERS OF NEURAL PROGENITOR CELLS PROLIFERATION AND HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. THE PDE FEMALE FETAL RATS PRESENTED CONSISTENT CHANGES WITH THE ADULT OFFSPRING, ACCOMPANIED BY THE UPREGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) EXPRESSION AND DECREASED SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) EXPRESSION. WE FURTHER FOUND THAT THE H3K9AC LEVEL OF THE MIR-134-5P PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE PDE FETAL HIPPOCAMPUS, AS WELL AS IN ADULT OFFSPRING BEFORE AND AFTER CHRONIC STRESS. IN VITRO, THE CHANGES OF GR/SIRT1/MIR-134-5P/SOX2 SIGNAL BY DEXAMETHASONE WERE CONSISTENT WITH IN VIVO EXPERIMENTS, WHICH COULD BE REVERSED BY GR RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, SIRT1 AGONIST, AND MIR-134-5P INHIBITOR. THIS STUDY CONFIRMED THAT PDE LED TO AN INCREASED EXPRESSION LEVEL AS WELL AS H3K9AC LEVEL OF MIR-134-5P BY ACTIVATING THE GR/SIRT1 PATHWAY IN THE FETAL HIPPOCAMPUS AND THEN INHIBITED THE SOX2 EXPRESSION. THE PROGRAMMING EFFECT MEDIATED BY THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION COULD LAST FROM INTRAUTERINE TO ADULTHOOD, WHICH CONSTITUTES THE INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM LEADING TO HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS DISORDERS AND DEPRESSION SUSCEPTIBILITY IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING MECHANISM FOR THE INCREASED DEPRESSIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN ADULT FEMALE OFFSPRING BY PRENATAL DEXAMETHASONE EXPOSURE (PDE). GR, GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; SIRT1, SIRTUIN 1; SOX2, SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y-BOX 2; NPCS, NEUROPROGENITOR CELLS; H3K9AC, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION; GRE, GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE ELEMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20  3300  26 HIGH-FAT DIET REPROGRAMS THE EPIGENOME OF RAT SPERMATOZOA AND TRANSGENERATIONALLY AFFECTS METABOLISM OF THE OFFSPRING. OBJECTIVES: CHRONIC AND HIGH CONSUMPTION OF FAT CONSTITUTES AN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS THAT LEADS TO METABOLIC DISEASES. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) TRANSGENERATIONALLY REMODELS THE EPIGENOME OF SPERMATOZOA AND METABOLISM OF THE OFFSPRING. METHODS: F0-MALE RATS FED EITHER HFD OR CHOW DIET FOR 12 WEEKS WERE MATED WITH CHOW-FED DAMS TO GENERATE F1 AND F2 OFFSPRING. MOTILE SPERMATOZOA WERE ISOLATED FROM F0 AND F1 BREEDERS TO DETERMINE DNA METHYLATION AND SMALL NON-CODING RNA (SNCRNA) EXPRESSION PATTERN BY DEEP SEQUENCING. RESULTS: NEWBORN OFFSPRING OF HFD-FED FATHERS HAD REDUCED BODY WEIGHT AND PANCREATIC BETA-CELL MASS. ADULT FEMALE, BUT NOT MALE, OFFSPRING OF HFD-FED FATHERS WERE GLUCOSE INTOLERANT AND RESISTANT TO HFD-INDUCED WEIGHT GAIN. THIS PHENOTYPE WAS PERPETUATED IN THE F2 PROGENY, INDICATING TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE. THE EPIGENOME OF SPERMATOZOA FROM HFD-FED F0 AND THEIR F1 MALE OFFSPRING SHOWED COMMON DNA METHYLATION AND SMALL NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION SIGNATURES. ALTERED EXPRESSION OF SPERM MIRNA LET-7C WAS PASSED DOWN TO METABOLIC TISSUES OF THE OFFSPRING, INDUCING A TRANSCRIPTOMIC SHIFT OF THE LET-7C PREDICTED TARGETS. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS BY WHICH HFD TRANSGENERATIONALLY REPROGRAMS THE EPIGENOME OF SPERM CELLS, THEREBY AFFECTING METABOLIC TISSUES OF OFFSPRING THROUGHOUT TWO GENERATIONS.	2016