1  4848 117 OPIOID-INDUCED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY OF MEDIUM-SPINY NEURONS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING CLINICAL CONDITION WITH TREMENDOUS MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAT FREQUENTLY PERSISTS, DESPITE TREATMENT, DUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL'S UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC VULNERABILITIES. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THESE VULNERABILITIES MAY HAVE NEUROCHEMICAL, CELLULAR, AND MOLECULAR BASES. KEY NEUROPLASTIC EVENTS WITHIN THE MESOCORTICOLIMBIC SYSTEM THAT EMERGE THROUGH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS MAY HAVE A DETERMINATIVE INFLUENCE ON BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH OUD. IN PARTICULAR, STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE DENDRITIC SPINES OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND ITS DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) ARE BELIEVED TO FACILITATE THESE BEHAVIORAL SEQUELAE. ADDITIONALLY, GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS FROM THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA, THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THE THALAMUS PROJECT TO THESE SAME MSNS, PROVIDING AN ENRICHED TARGET FOR SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HERE, WE REVIEW LITERATURE RELATED TO NEUROADAPTATIONS IN NAC MSNS FROM DOPAMINERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC PATHWAYS IN OUD. WE ALSO DESCRIBE NEW FINDINGS RELATED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL, EPIGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN MSN PLASTICITY IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF OUD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2    91  25 A PILOT STUDY EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC HEROIN USE AND TELOMERE LENGTH AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF AFRICAN ANCESTRY. BACKGROUND: PRIOR RESEARCH HAS SUGGESTED A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN HEROIN USE AND SHORTENED TELOMERE LENGTH (TL), A MARKER OF CELLULAR AGING AND GENOMIC STABILITY. WE SOUGHT TO REPLICATE THESE FINDINGS BY EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TL AND HEROIN USE AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF AFRICAN ANCESTRY. METHODS: THIS CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY EXAMINED TL AMONG 57 PARTICIPANTS [17.5 % FEMALE; MEAN AGE 48.0 (+/-6.80) YEARS] OF AFRICAN ANCESTRY WITH OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) AND A MEAN HEROIN USE DURATION OF 18.2 (+/-10.7) YEARS. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR) WAS USED TO CALCULATE TL AS THE RATIO BETWEEN TELOMERE REPEAT COPY NUMBER (T) AND A SINGLE-COPY GENE, COPY NUMBER (S). THE PRIMARY DEPENDENT VARIABLE WAS TL (T/S RATIO) MEASURED IN KILOBASE PAIRS. COVARIATES INCLUDED HEROIN USE YEARS AND PERSONALITY TRAITS. USING A HYBRID APPROACH, MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND BAYESIAN LINEAR REGRESSION EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATION OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, HEROIN USE YEARS AND PERSONALITY TRAITS WITH TL. RESULTS: THE MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL FIT THE DATA WELL, R(2) = 0.265, F(7,49) = 2.53, P < .026. CHRONOLOGICAL AGE (BETA = -0.36, P = .017), NEUROTICISM (BETA = 0.46, P = .044), AND CONSCIENTIOUSNESS (BETA = 0.52, P = .040) WERE SIGNIFICANT PREDICTORS OF TL. BAYESIAN LINEAR REGRESSION PROVIDED MODERATE SUPPORT FOR THE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND TL ARE ASSOCIATED, BF(10) = 5.77, R(2) = 0.120. THE POSTERIOR SUMMARY OF THE COEFFICIENT WAS M = 0.719 (SD = 0.278, 95 % CREDIBLE INTERVAL [-1.28, -0.163]). CONCLUSIONS: CONTRARY TO PRIOR STUDIES, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HEROIN USE DURATION MAY NOT BE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TL AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF AFRICAN ANCESTRY, HIGHLIGHTING THE NEED FOR MORE RIGOROUS RESEARCH TO ELUCIDATE THE COMPLEXITY OF THIS RELATIONSHIP.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3  2841  39 FREQUENCY OF THE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR D3 (RS6280) VS. OPIOID RECEPTOR MICRO1 (RS1799971) POLYMORPHIC RISK ALLELES IN PATIENTS WITH OPIOID USE DISORDER: A PREPONDERANCE OF DOPAMINERGIC MECHANISMS? WHILE OPIOIDS ARE A POWERFUL CLASS OF DRUGS THAT INHIBIT TRANSMISSION OF PAIN SIGNALS, THEIR USE IS TARNISHED BY THE CURRENT EPIDEMIC OF OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) AND OVERDOSE DEATHS. NOTWITHSTANDING PUBLISHED REPORTS, THERE REMAIN GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF OPIOID RECEPTOR MECHANISMS AND THEIR ROLE IN OPIOID SEEKING BEHAVIOR. THUS, NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO MOLECULAR, NEUROGENETIC AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL BASES OF OUD ARE NEEDED. WE PROPOSE THAT AN ADDICTIVE ENDOPHENOTYPE MAY NOT BE ENTIRELY SPECIFIC TO THE DRUG OF CHOICE BUT RATHER MAY BE GENERALIZABLE TO ALTERED BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITS IMPACTING NET MESOCORTICOLIMBIC DOPAMINE RELEASE. WE SUGGEST THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ACROSS DOPAMINERGIC REWARD SYSTEMS LEAD TO UNCONTROLLABLE SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOIDS AND OTHER DRUGS. FOR INSTANCE, DIMINISHED AVAILABILITY VIA KNOCKOUT OF DOPAMINE D3 RECEPTOR (DRD3) INCREASES VULNERABILITY TO OPIOIDS. BUILDING UPON THIS CONCEPT VIA THE USE OF A SOPHISTICATED POLYMORPHIC RISK ANALYSIS IN A HUMAN COHORT OF CHRONIC OPIOID USERS, WE FOUND EVIDENCE FOR A HIGHER FREQUENCY OF POLYMORPHIC DRD3 RISK ALLELE (RS6280) THAN OPIOID RECEPTOR MICRO1 (RS1799971). IN CONCLUSION, WHILE OPIOIDERGIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN OUD, DOPAMINE-RELATED RECEPTORS MAY HAVE PRIMARY INFLUENCE ON OPIOID-SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICANS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST OUD-TARGETED NOVEL AND IMPROVED NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES MAY REQUIRE FOCUS ON DRD3-MEDIATED REGULATION OF DOPAMINERGIC HOMEOSTASIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  5648  22 SEX DIFFERENCES IN OPIOID RESPONSE LINKED TO OPRM1 AND COMT GENES DNA METHYLATION/GENOTYPES CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN. ANALGESIC-RESPONSE VARIABILITY IN CHRONIC NONCANCER PAIN (CNCP) HAS BEEN REPORTED DUE TO SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO EXPLORE SEX DIFFERENCES LINKED TO OPRM1 AND COMT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND GENETIC VARIANTS IN ANALGESIC RESPONSE. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY WITH 250 REAL-WORLD CNCP OUTPATIENTS WAS PERFORMED IN WHICH DATA FROM DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL VARIABLES WERE COLLECTED. DNA METHYLATION LEVELS (CPG ISLAND) WERE EVALUATED BY PYROSEQUENCING, AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH THE OPRM1 (A118G) AND COMT (G472A) GENE POLYMORPHISMS WAS STUDIED. A PRIORI-PLANNED STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED TO COMPARE RESPONSES BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES. SEX-DIFFERENTIAL OPRM1 DNA METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED TO BE LINKED TO LOWER OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) CASES FOR FEMALES (P = 0.006). PATIENTS WITH LOWER OPRM1 DNA METHYLATION AND THE PRESENCE OF THE MUTANT G-ALLELE REDUCED OPIOID DOSE REQUIREMENTS (P = 0.001), EQUAL FOR BOTH SEXES. MOREOVER, COMT DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE NEGATIVELY RELATED TO PAIN RELIEF (P = 0.020), QUALITY OF LIFE (P = 0.046), AND SOME ADVERSE EVENTS (PROBABILITY > 90%) SUCH AS CONSTIPATION, INSOMNIA, OR NERVOUSNESS. FEMALES WERE, SIGNIFICANTLY, 5 YEARS OLDER WITH HIGH ANXIETY LEVELS AND A DIFFERENT SIDE-EFFECTS DISTRIBUTION THAN MALES. THE ANALYSES DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES RELATED TO OPRM1 SIGNALLING EFFICIENCY AND OUD, WITH A GENETIC-EPIGENETIC INTERACTION IN OPIOID REQUIREMENTS. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IMPORTANCE OF SEX AS A BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE TO BE FACTORED INTO CHRONIC PAIN-MANAGEMENT STUDIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  4469  39 MOLECULAR NEUROLOGICAL CORRELATES OF ENDORPHINERGIC/DOPAMINERGIC MECHANISMS IN REWARD CIRCUITRY LINKED TO ENDORPHINERGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (EDS). THE CONSENSUS OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE STRONGLY SUPPORTS THE CONCEPT THAT BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND SECOND MESSENGERS INVOLVED IN THE NET RELEASE OF DOPAMINE IN THE MESOLIMBIC REGION, ESPECIALLY THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), IS DIRECTLY LINKED TO MOTIVATION, ANTI-STRESS, INCENTIVE SALIENCE (WANTING), AND WELL-BEING. THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE IN TERMS OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMOLOGY, COCAINE CRAVING BEHAVIOR, DOPAMINE -CONDENSATION PRODUCTS (TIQS), AND MORE RECENTLY, THE GENETIC ASPECTS OF DRUG-SEEKING AND PRO-DOPAMINE REGULATION, PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE OF THE RELEVANT MOLECULAR NEUROLOGICAL CORRELATES OF DOPAMINERGIC /ENDORPHINERGIC MECHANISMS IN REWARD CIRCUITRY DUE TO GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND EPIGENETIC INSULTS. IN THE FACE OF AN AMERICANS OPIOID EPIDEMIC, THE CLINICAL CONSENSUS IS TO TREAT OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) WITH LIFE-LONG OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY. HOWEVER, THE AUTHORS SUGGEST A PARADIGM SHIFT INVOLVING NOVEL MODALITIES LIKE TARGETING THE ENDORPHINERGIC SYSTEM LINKED TO DOPAMINE RELEASE AT THE NAC, IN TERMS OF THE INDUCTION OF REQUIRED "DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS." UTILIZING THE KNOWN GENETIC - ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION THEOREM P = G +E, THE AUTHORS PROVIDE A CLEAR RATIONALE FOR THE ADOPTION OF GENETIC RISK TESTING COUPLED WITH ENDORPHINERGIC/DOPAMINE REGULATION TO ADDRESS DYSFUNCTION ACROSS THE BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY. THE GOAL OF ALTERING RESTING-STATE, FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY MAY REQUIRE A GENTLE "NEUROTRANSMITTER FIX" VIS ENKEPHALINASE INHIBITION TO OVERCOME OR COMBAT - SELF-INDUCTION OF ACUTE DOPAMINE RELEASE VIA PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE MISUSE RESULTING IN CHRONIC DOPAMINE DOWN-REGULATION. AS SUBSETS OF REWARD DEFICIENCY, WE ARE POISED TO PROVIDE NOVEL, GENETICALLY GUIDED THERAPY FOR ENDORPHINERGIC, OPIOIDERGIC, AND DOPAMINERGIC DEFICIENCIES AND RELATED SYNDROMES, UTILIZING "PRECISION ADDICTION MANAGEMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  2934  28 GENETIC ADDICTION RISK SCORE (GARS) , A PREDICTOR OF VULNERABILITY TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE. THE INTERACTION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND GENES THAT CONTROL THE RELEASE OF DOPAMINE IS THE BRAIN REWARD CASCADE (BRC). VARIATIONS WITHIN THE BRC, WHETHER GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC, MAY PREDISPOSE INDIVIDUALS TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS AND ALTERED PAIN TOLERANCE. THIS DISCUSSION AUTHORED BY A GROUP OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS AND CLINICIANS EXAMINES THE GENETIC ADDICTION RISK SCORE (GARS), THE FIRST TEST TO ACCURATELY PREDICT VULNERABILITY TO PAIN, ADDICTION, AND OTHER COMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS, DEFINED AS REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (RDS). INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES TO COMBAT EPIDEMIC OPIOID, IATROGENIC PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE AND DEATH, BASED ON THE ROLE OF DOPAMINERGIC TONE IN PAIN PATHWAYS, ARE PROPOSED. SENSITIVITY TO PAIN MAY RESIDE IN THE MESOLIMBIC PROJECTION SYSTEM, WHERE GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATE WITH A PREDISPOSITION TO PAIN VULNERABILITY OR TOLERANCE. THEY PROVIDE UNIQUE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS THAT COULD ASSIST IN THE TREATMENT OF PAIN, AND IDENTIFY RISK FOR SUBSEQUENT ADDICTION. PHARMACOGENOMIC TESTING OF CANDIDATE GENES LIKE CB1, MU RECEPTORS, AND PENK MIGHT RESULT IN PHARMACOGENOMIC, PERSONALIZED SOLUTIONS, AND IMPROVED CLINICAL OUTCOMES. GENETICALLY IDENTIFYING RISK FOR ALL RDS BEHAVIORS, ESPECIALLY IN COMPROMISED POPULATIONS, MAY BE A FRONTLINE TOOL TO ASSIST MUNICIPALITIES TO PROVIDE BETTER RESOURCE ALLOCATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  3774  29 INTERACTION OF GONADAL HORMONES, DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE GENERATION OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER (SUD) IS A CHRONIC CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY PATHOLOGICAL DRUG-TAKING AND SEEKING BEHAVIORS. REMARKABLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES, SUGGESTING THAT DRUG ADDICTION IS A SEXUALLY DIFFERENTIATED DISORDER. THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASES OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN SUD INCLUDE SEX-SPECIFIC REWARD SYSTEM ACTIVATION, INFLUENCED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GONADAL HORMONE LEVEL CHANGES, DOPAMINERGIC REWARD CIRCUITS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF KEY REWARD SYSTEM GENES. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, ADHERING TO PICOS AND PRISMA-P 2015 GUIDELINES, HIGHLIGHTS THE SEX-DEPENDENT ROLES OF ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE, AND TESTOSTERONE IN SUD. IN PARTICULAR, ESTRADIOL ELEVATES AND PROGESTERONE REDUCES DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY IN SUD FEMALES, WHILST TESTOSTERONE AND PROGESTERONE AUGMENT SUD BEHAVIOR IN MALES. FINALLY, SUD IS ASSOCIATED WITH A SEX-SPECIFIC INCREASE IN THE RATE OF OPIOID AND MONOAMINERGIC GENE METHYLATION. THE STUDY REVEALS THE NEED FOR DETAILED RESEARCH ON GONADAL HORMONE LEVELS, DOPAMINERGIC OR REWARD SYSTEM ACTIVITY, AND EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPES IN BOTH SEXES FOR EFFICIENT SUD THERAPY DEVELOPMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  5684  34 SHOULD WE EMBRACE THE INCORPORATION OF GENETICALLY GUIDED "DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS" IN THE TREATMENT OF REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (RSD) AS A FRONTLINE THERAPEUTIC MODALITY? IN 2019, THE US CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION PROVIDED VITAL STATISTICS RELATED TO DRUG OVERDOSES IN THE UNITED STATE1. THEY CONCLUDED THAT IN THE USA THE NUMBER OF DEATHS AT ALMOST 72,000 WAS DUE TO 66.6% OF OPIOID OVERDOSES. IN FACT, THE RATE IS ALARMING AND INCREASING YEARLY. TO MAKE 2021 EVEN MORE SCARY IS THE DAUNTING EFFECT ON INCREASED DRUG USAGE DUE TO COVID 19 AS A PANDEMIC, ALBEIT THE NEW VACCINES. SPECIFICALLY, IN 2020, THE DEATH RATE FROM OPIOID OVERDOSES ROSE TO 13% NATIONALLY AND IN SOME SATES 30%. THE COMMON NEUROMODULATING ASPECTS OF NEUROTRANSMISSION, AND ITS DISRUPTION VIA CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF DRUGS AND BEHAVIORAL ADDICTIONS, REQUIRES FURTHER INTENSE RESEARCH FOCUS ON DEVELOPING NOVEL STRATEGIES TO COMBAT THESE UNWANTED GENETIC AND EPIGENIC INFRACTIONS AS ACCOMPLISHED WITH HEROIN ADDICTION BY OUR GROUP. THE TAKE HOME MESSAGE IS THE PLAUSIBLE ACCEPTANCE OF THE WELL-ESTABLISHED EVIDENCE FOR HYPODOPAMINERGIA, A BLUNTED REWARD PROCESSING SYSTEM, REDUCED RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, GENETIC ANTECEDENTS, ANTI- REWARD SYMPTOMATOLOGY, POOR COMPLIANCE WITH MAT, AND GENERALIZED RDS. WITH THIS EVIDENCE IT IS CONCEIVABLE THAT PURSUIT THROUGH INTENSIVE FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD INVOLVE AN APPROACH THAT INCORPORATES "DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS". THIS REQUIRED PARADIGM SHIFT MAY CONSIST OF MANY BENEFICIAL MODALITIES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO: EXERCISE, PRO-DOPAMINE REGULATION, NUTRIGENOMICS, COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY, HEDONIC HOT SPOT TARGETS BRAIN, RTMRS, DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION, DIET, GENETIC EDITS, GENETIC GUIDED THERAPEUTICS, EPIGENETIC REPAIR, AMONGST OTHERS. IT IS OUR OPINION THAT NUTRIGENOMICS MAY ASSIST THE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE OF GETTING OUT OF A" HYPODOPAMINERGIC DITCH" WC 250.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  5855  29 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER A BIO-DIRECTIONAL SUBSET OF REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME. THIS COMMENTARY IS TO INFORM CLINICIANS CHALLENGED WITH AN INCREASE IN PEOPLE SEEKING TREATMENT FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER (SUD), THAT THE NINETY PERCENT REVOLVING DOOR, IS, IN PART, DUE TO POST-WITHDRAWAL, UNTREATED NEUROTOXICITY. THIS IMPAIRMENT ATTENUATES NEUROTRANSMITTER SIGNALING AND COMPROMISES RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, LEADING TO UNWANTED SEQUELAE INCLUDING DEPRESSION, SLEEP DISTURBANCES, SENSATION SEEKING, LACK OF SATISFACTION AND IMPULSIVITY. NEUROIMAGING STUDIES INDICATE THAT NEUROBIOLOGICAL RECOVERY CAN TAKE YEARS. LIKE A "DOUBLE EDGE SWORD" SUD HAS A BIOLOGICAL BI -DIRECTIONAL (BIO-DIRECTIONAL) EFFECT ON THE BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY. THE ACUTE INTAKE OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS RESULTS IN HEIGHTENED DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY, WHILE, THE OPPOSITE, HYPODOPAMINERGIA OCCURS FOLLOWING CHRONIC ABUSE. INDIVIDUALS WITH SUD CAN HAVE A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, COMPOUNDED BY STRESS AND NEUROTOXICALLY INDUCED, EPIGENETIC INSULTS THAT IMPACT RECOVERY FROM PROTRACTED ABSTINENCE. FOLLOW-UP POST -SHORT-TERM RECOVERY USUALLY INCLUDES SUPPORTIVE THERAPIES AND PROGRAMS LIKE 12 -STEPS AND OTHER FELLOWSHIPS. HOWEVER, RELAPSE WILL USUALLY OCCUR IF POST -SHORT-TERM RECOVERY HYPODOPAMINERGIA IS NOT TREATED WITH ATTEMPTS AT EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF COMPROMISED BRAIN NEUROCHEMISTRY USING SOME MANNER OF PRO-DOPAMINE REGULATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10   747  27 CANNABIS-INDUCED HYPODOPAMINERGIC ANHEDONIA AND COGNITIVE DECLINE IN HUMANS: EMBRACING PUTATIVE INDUCTION OF DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS. OVER YEARS, THE REGULAR USE OF CANNABIS HAS SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED AMONG YOUNG ADULTS, AS INDICATED BY THE RISE IN CANNABIS USE DISORDER (CUD), WITH AN ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF 8. 3% IN THE UNITED STATES. RESEARCH SHOWS THAT EXPOSURE TO CANNABIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPODOPAMINERGIC ANHEDONIA (DEPRESSION), COGNITIVE DECLINE, POOR MEMORY, INATTENTION, IMPAIRED LEARNING PERFORMANCE, REDUCED DOPAMINE BRAIN RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED EMOTIONALITY, AND INCREASED ADDICTION SEVERITY IN YOUNG ADULTS. THE ADDICTION MEDICINE COMMUNITY IS INCREASING CONCERN BECAUSE OF THE HIGH CONTENT OF DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) CURRENTLY FOUND IN ORAL AND VAPING CANNABIS PRODUCTS, THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS MAY BECOME MORE PRONOUNCED IN YOUNG ADULTS WHO USE THESE CANNABIS PRODUCTS. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO INDUCE 'DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS,' THAT IS, RESTORE DOPAMINE FUNCTION WITH DOPAMINE UPREGULATION WITH THE PROPOSED COMPOUND AND NORMALIZE BEHAVIOR IN CHRONIC CANNABIS USERS WITH CANNABIS-INDUCED HYPODOPAMINERGIC ANHEDONIA (DEPRESSION) AND COGNITIVE DECLINE. THIS PSYCHOLOGICAL, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC RESEARCH ALSO COULD PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO USE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPROPRIATE POLICY REGARDING THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF CANNABIS FOR RECREATIONAL USE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  4440  22 MOLECULAR GENETIC TESTING IN PAIN AND ADDICTION: FACTS, FICTION AND CLINICAL UTILITY. THE BRAIN REWARD CASCADE (BRC) IS AN INTERACTION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE GENES TO CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF DOPAMINE RELEASED WITHIN THE BRAIN. ANY VARIATIONS WITHIN THIS PATHWAY, WHETHER GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL (EPIGENETIC), MAY RESULT IN ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS AS WELL AS ALTERED PAIN TOLERANCE. WHILE THERE ARE MANY STUDIES CLAIMING A GENETIC ASSOCIATION WITH ADDICTION AND OTHER BEHAVIORAL INFRACTIONS, DEFINED AS REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (RDS), NOT ALL ARE SCIENTIFICALLY ACCURATE AND IN SOME CASE JUST WRONG. ALBEIT OUR BIAS, WE DISCUSS HEREIN THE FACTS AND FICTIONS BEHIND MOLECULAR GENETIC TESTING IN RDS (INCLUDING PAIN AND ADDICTION) AND THE SIGNIFICANCE BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENETIC ADDICTION RISK SCORE (GARSPREDX), THE FIRST TEST TO ACCURATELY PREDICT ONE'S GENETIC RISK FOR RDS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12  1677  32 DRUG ADDICTION: HYPERKATIFEIA/NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AS A FRAMEWORK FOR MEDICATIONS DEVELOPMENT. COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADDICTION IS HYPOTHESIZED TO FOLLOW A HEURISTIC FRAMEWORK THAT INVOLVES THREE STAGES (BINGE/INTOXICATION, WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT, AND PREOCCUPATION/ANTICIPATION) AND THREE DOMAINS OF DYSFUNCTION (INCENTIVE SALIENCE/PATHOLOGIC HABITS, NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL STATES, AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, RESPECTIVELY) VIA CHANGES IN THE BASAL GANGLIA, EXTENDED AMYGDALA/HABENULA, AND FRONTAL CORTEX, RESPECTIVELY. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON NEUROCHEMICAL/NEUROCIRCUITRY DYSREGULATIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERKATIFEIA, DEFINED AS A GREATER INTENSITY OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL/MOTIVATIONAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DURING WITHDRAWAL FROM DRUGS OF ABUSE IN THE WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE. HYPERKATIFEIA PROVIDES AN ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF MOTIVATION FOR COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING VIA NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT REFLECTS AN INCREASE IN THE PROBABILITY OF A RESPONSE TO REMOVE AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS OR DRUG SEEKING TO REMOVE HYPERKATIFEIA THAT IS AUGMENTED BY GENETIC/EPIGENETIC VULNERABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL TRAUMA, AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY. NEUROBIOLOGICAL TARGETS FOR HYPERKATIFEIA IN ADDICTION INVOLVE NEUROCIRCUITRY OF THE EXTENDED AMYGDALA AND ITS CONNECTIONS VIA WITHIN-SYSTEM NEUROADAPTATIONS IN DOPAMINE, ENKEPHALIN/ENDORPHIN OPIOID PEPTIDE, AND GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID/GLUTAMATE SYSTEMS AND BETWEEN-SYSTEM NEUROADAPTATIONS IN PROSTRESS CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR, NOREPINEPHRINE, GLUCOCORTICOID, DYNORPHIN, HYPOCRETIN, AND NEUROIMMUNE SYSTEMS AND ANTISTRESS NEUROPEPTIDE Y, NOCICEPTIN, ENDOCANNABINOID, AND OXYTOCIN SYSTEMS. SUCH NEUROCHEMICAL/NEUROCIRCUITRY DYSREGULATIONS ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO MEDIATE A NEGATIVE HEDONIC SET POINT THAT GRADUALLY GAINS ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND SHIFTS FROM A HOMEOSTATIC HEDONIC STATE TO AN ALLOSTATIC HEDONIC STATE. BASED ON PRECLINICAL STUDIES AND TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES TO DATE, MEDICATIONS AND BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES THAT RESET BRAIN STRESS, ANTISTRESS, AND EMOTIONAL PAIN SYSTEMS AND RETURN THEM TO HOMEOSTASIS WOULD BE PROMISING NEW TARGETS FOR MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: THE FOCUS OF THIS REVIEW IS ON NEUROCHEMICAL/NEUROCIRCUITRY DYSREGULATIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERKATIFEIA, DEFINED AS A GREATER INTENSITY OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONAL/MOTIVATIONAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DURING WITHDRAWAL FROM DRUGS OF ABUSE IN THE WITHDRAWAL/NEGATIVE AFFECT STAGE OF THE DRUG ADDICTION CYCLE AND A DRIVING FORCE FOR NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IN ADDICTION. MEDICATIONS AND BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES THAT REVERSE HYPERKATIFEIA BY RESETTING BRAIN STRESS, ANTISTRESS, AND EMOTIONAL PAIN SYSTEMS AND RETURNING THEM TO HOMEOSTASIS WOULD BE PROMISING NEW TARGETS FOR MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT.	2021	

13  1091  35 COGNITIVE ENHANCERS AS A TREATMENT FOR HEROIN RELAPSE AND ADDICTION. HEROIN ADDICTION IS A DISORDER THAT STEMS FROM MALADAPTIVE PLASTICITY WITHIN NEURAL CIRCUITS AND PRODUCES BROAD COGNITIVE DEFICITS. DESPITE CONSIDERABLE ADVANCES IN PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR HEROIN RELAPSE AND ADDICTION, EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR HEROIN USE DISORDER ARE STILL LACKING. INCREASING PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HEROIN SEEKING BEHAVIOR IS PERSISTENT AFTER WITHDRAWAL, WHILE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEROIN USE ARE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO RISK OF HEROIN RELAPSE AND ADDICTION. COGNITIVE ENHANCERS MAY BE USED TO STIMULATE TREATMENT SUCCESS AND ENHANCE TREATMENT EFFICACY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO OUTLINE THE LITERATURE THAT DEMONSTRATES THE COGNITIVE DEFICITS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEROIN ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL PROCESS, AND SEVERAL FACTORS THAT UNDERLINE THE EFFICACY OF COGNITIVE ENHANCERS FOR HEROIN USE DISORDERS. THE REVIEW, THEN, EXAMINES THE POTENTIAL USE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF COGNITIVE ENHANCERS THAT ACT ON CHOLINERGIC, GLUTAMATERGIC, DOPAMINERGIC OR ADRENERGIC PATHWAYS. IT ALSO EXAMINES THE EFFECTS OF COMPOUNDS THAT ALTER CREB SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN ANIMAL MODEL OF HEROIN RELAPSE. THE CURRENT BODY OF RESEARCH REVEALS THE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HEROIN ADDICTION AND HOLDS A SIGNIFICANT PROMISE FOR COGNITIVE ENHANCERS AS AN IMPROVED APPROACH TO TREAT HEROIN USE DISORDER IN A MORE EFFICIENT AND PERSISTENT WAY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14  5957  19 TELOMERE LENGTH AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS. EVIDENCE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENETICS AND MENTAL HEALTH ARE FLOURISHING. HOWEVER, FEW STUDIES ARE EVALUATING EARLY BIOMARKERS THAT MIGHT LINK GENES, ENVIRONMENT, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. WE AIMED TO STUDY TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (AA) IN A COHORT OF ADOLESCENTS WITH AND WITHOUT ANXIETY DISORDERS (N = 234). WE EVALUATED A REPRESENTATIVE SUBSAMPLE OF PARTICIPANTS AT BASELINE AND AFTER 5 YEARS (N = 76) AND CATEGORIZED THEM ACCORDING TO THEIR ANXIETY DISORDER DIAGNOSIS AT BOTH TIME POINTS: (1) CONTROL GROUP (NO ANXIETY DISORDER, N = 18), (2) VARIABLE GROUP (ANXIETY DISORDER IN ONE EVALUATION, N = 38), AND (3) PERSISTENT GROUP (ANXIETY DISORDER AT BOTH TIME POINTS, N = 20). WE ASSESSED RELATIVE MEAN TL BY REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR AND DNA METHYLATION BY INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP. WE CALCULATED AA USING THE HORVATH AGE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM AND ANALYZED DIFFERENCES AMONG GROUPS USING GENERALIZED LINEAR MIXED MODELS. THE PERSISTENT GROUP OF ANXIETY DISORDER DID NOT CHANGE TL OVER TIME (P = 0.495). THE VARIABLE GROUP HAD HIGHER BASELINE TL (P = 0.003) BUT NO ACCELERATED TL EROSION IN COMPARISON TO THE NON-ANXIETY CONTROL GROUP (P = 0.053). FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES IN AA AMONG GROUPS OVER TIME. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ADOLESCENTS WITH CHRONIC ANXIETY DID NOT CHANGE TELOMERE LENGTH OVER TIME, WHICH COULD BE RELATED TO A DELAY IN NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THIS PERIOD OF LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  6617  36 UNDERPINNING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL INTRICACIES ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE. THE OPIOID CRISIS IS A MAJOR THREAT OF THE 21ST CENTURY, WITH A REMARKABLE JUXTAPOSITION OF USE AND ABUSE. OPIOIDS ARE THE MOST POTENT AND EFFICACIOUS CLASS OF ANALGESICS, BUT DESPITE THEIR PROVEN THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY, THEY HAVE RECENTLY BEEN DEGRADED TO THIRD-LINE THERAPY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN CLINICS. THE REASON BEHIND THIS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS AND TOLERANCE AFTER REPEATED DOSING. OPIOID TOLERANCE IS THE MAJOR LIMITING FACTOR LEADING TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT, SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS DUE TO DOSE ESCALATION, AND SOMETIMES EVEN DEATH OF THE PATIENTS. EVERY DAY MORE THAN 90 PEOPLE DIE DUE TO OPIOIDS OVERDOSE IN AMERICA, AND A SIMILAR TREND HAS BEEN SEEN ACROSS THE GLOBE. OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DISSECT THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF OPIOID TOLERANCE. RESEARCH ON OPIOID TOLERANCE SHIFTED TOWARD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE TOLERANCE IS MUCH MORE THAN JUST A CELLULAR PHENOMENON. THUS, NEUROBIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE ARE IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND IN ORDER TO FIND NEWER PAIN THERAPEUTICS. THESE ADAPTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN ASCENDING AND DESCENDING PAIN PATHWAYS, REWARD CIRCUITRY MODULATIONS, RECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION AND DOWN-REGULATION, RECEPTOR INTERNALIZATION, HETERODIMERIZATION, AND ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE PRESENT REVIEW IS FOCUSED ON NOVEL CIRCUITRIES ASSOCIATED WITH OPIOID TOLERANCE IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE BRAIN, SUCH AS PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, ROSTRAL VENTROMEDIAL MEDULLA, DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS, VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MODULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OPIOID EXPOSURE AND TOLERANCE WILL PAVE THE WAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR SAFER AND BETTER MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16   832  27 CHARACTERIZING OPRM1 DNA METHYLATION IN PRESCRIPTION OPIOID USERS WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN. INTRODUCTION: MANY PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN USE PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR 1 (OPRM1) GENE, WHICH CODES FOR THE TARGET PROTEIN OF OPIOIDS, MAY INFLUENCE VULNERABILITY TO OPIOID ABUSE AND RESPONSE TO OPIOID PHARMACOTHERAPY, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING PAIN OUTCOMES. OBJECTIVE: OUR OBJECTIVE WAS TO INVESTIGATE ASSOCIATIONS OF CLINICAL AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS WITH OPRM1 DNA METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN ON LONG-TERM PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS. METHODS: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES, SURVEY DATA (RAPID ESTIMATE OF ADULT HEALTH LITERACY IN MEDICINE-SHORT FORM, FUNCTIONAL COMORBIDITY INDEX [FCI], PROMIS 43V2.1 PROFILE, OPIOID RISK TOOL, AND PROMIS PRESCRIPTION PAIN MEDICATION MISUSE), AND SALIVA SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED. THE GENOMIC DNA EXTRACTED FROM SALIVA SAMPLES WERE BISULFITE CONVERTED, AMPLIFIED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, AND PROCESSED FOR OPRM1-TARGETED DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS ON A PYROSEQUENCING INSTRUMENT (QIAGEN INC, VALENCIA, CA). GENERAL LINEAR MODELS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PREDICTORS AND OPRM1 DNA METHYLATION. RESULTS: DATA FROM 112 PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED. THE BEST-FITTED MULTIVARIABLE MODEL INDICATED, COMPARED WITH THEIR COUNTERPARTS, PATIENTS WITH > EIGHTH GRADE READING LEVEL, DEGENERATIVE DISK DISEASE, SUBSTANCE ABUSE COMORBIDITY, AND OPIOID USE < 1 YEAR (COMPARED WITH >5 YEARS), HAD AVERAGE METHYLATION LEVELS THAT WERE 7.7% (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL [CI] 0.95%, 14.4%), 11.7% (95% CI 2.7%, 21.1%), 21.7% (95% CI 10.7%, 32.5%), AND 16.1% (95% CI 3.3%, 28.8%) HIGHER THAN THE REFERENCE GROUPS, RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION LEVELS WERE 2.2% (95% CI 0.64%, 3.7%) LOWER FOR EVERY 1 UNIT INCREASE IN FCI AND GREATER BY 0.45% (95% CI 0.08%, 0.82%) FOR EVERY FATIGUE T SCORE UNIT INCREASE. CONCLUSIONS: OPRM1 METHYLATION LEVELS VARIED BY SEVERAL PATIENT FACTORS. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO REPLICATE THESE FINDINGS AND DETERMINE POTENTIAL CLINICAL UTILITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17  1490  29 DNA DIRECTED PRO-DOPAMINE REGULATION COUPLING SUBLUXATION REPAIR, H-WAVE((R)) AND OTHER NEUROBIOLOGICALLY BASED MODALITIES TO ADDRESS COMPLEXITIES OF CHRONIC PAIN IN A FEMALE DIAGNOSED WITH REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (RDS): EMERGENCE OF INDUCTION OF "DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS" IN THE FACE OF THE OPIOID CRISIS. ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL CONDITION. ESTABLISHED GENETIC FACTORS CAN PROVIDE CLEAR GUIDANCE IN ASSESSING THE RISK OF ADDICTION TO SUBSTANCES AND BEHAVIORS. CHRONIC STRESS CAN ACCUMULATE, FORMING DIFFICULT TO RECOGNIZE ADDICTION PATTERNS FROM BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC (ENVIRONMENTAL) FACTORS. FURTHERMORE, PSYCHOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL STRESSORS ARE TYPICALLY CATEGORIZED LINEARLY, DELAYING IDENTIFICATION AND TREATMENT. THE PATIENT IN THIS CASE REPORT IS A CAUCASIAN FEMALE, AGED 36, WHO PRESENTED WITH CHRONIC PAIN AND PARTIAL DISABILITY FOLLOWING A SURGICALLY REPAIRED TRIMALLEOLAR FRACTURE. THE PATIENT HAD A HISTORY OF UNRESOLVED ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER AND AN MRI SCAN OF HER BRAIN REVEALED ATROPHY AND FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY. IN 2018, THE PATIENT ENTERED THE BAJAJ CHIROPRACTIC CLINIC, WHERE INITIAL TREATMENT FOCUSED ON RE-ESTABLISHING INTEGRITY OF THE SPINE AND LOWER EXTREMITY BIOMECHANICS AND GRADUATED INTO COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR STABILIZATION ASSISTED BY DNA PRO-DOPAMINE REGULATION GUIDED BY GENETIC ADDICTION RISK SEVERITY TESTING. DURING TREATMENT (2018-2021), PROGRESS ACHIEVED INCLUDED: IMPROVED COGNITIVE CLARITY, FOCUS, SLEEP, ANXIETY, AND EMOTIONAL STABILITY IN ADDITION TO PAIN REDUCTION (75%); ELIMINATION OF POWERFUL ANALGESICS; AND REDUCED INTAKE OF PREVIOUSLY UNADDRESSED ALCOHOLISM. TO HELP REDUCE HEDONIC ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS AND PAIN, COUPLING OF H-WAVE WITH CORRECTIVE CHIROPRACTIC CARE SEEMS PRUDENT. WE EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC ASSESSMENT ALONG WITH ATTEMPTS AT INDUCING REQUIRED DOPAMINERGIC HOMEOSTASIS VIA PRECISION KB220PAM. IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT FROM PREVENTIVE CARE MODELS, A NEW STANDARD IS EMERGING INCLUDING SELF-AWARENESS AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REWARD DEFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF HYPODOPAMINERGIA. THIS CASE STUDY DOCUMENTS THE PROGRESSION OF A PATIENT DEALING WITH THE COMPLEXITIES OF AN INJURY, PAIN MANAGEMENT, COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND THE APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL HEALTH PRINCIPLES TOWARDS CORRECTION VERSUS PALLIATIVE CARE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  6577  25 TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR COMPLEX BEHAVIORAL INSOMNIA IN CHILDREN WITH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES RECENT RESEARCH IN PEDIATRIC BEHAVIORAL INSOMNIAS IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND THEIR TREATMENT. RECENT FINDINGS: INSOMNIA IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) AND OTHER NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS (NDDS) IS TYPICALLY COMPLEX, CHRONIC, AND DIFFICULT TO ADEQUATELY CONTROL. ABNORMALITIES IN GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SLEEP/WAKEFULNESS AND ITS TIMING PREDISPOSE PATIENTS WITH NDD TO INSOMNIA, ALTHOUGH POOR SLEEP HYGIENE, MALADAPTIVE ASSOCIATIONS, AND LIMIT-SETTING ARE LIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE. PARENTS ARE AGENTS FOR CHANGE IN PROBLEMATIC SLEEP BEHAVIORS IN PATIENTS WITH NDD. WE REVIEW THE BENEFITS OF BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES AND MELATONIN TO TREAT SLEEP PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH NDD. PROBLEMATIC SLEEP IS SO PREVALENT IN SOME NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SYNDROMES (RETT, ANGELMAN, WILLIAMS, AND SMITH-MAGENIS) THAT IT IS PART OF THEIR DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA. SUMMARY: CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS FREQUENTLY HAVE COMPLEX SLEEP DISORDERS THAT REQUIRE TREATMENT. UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE WELL BEING AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN THOSE AFFECTED BY NDD AND THEIR FAMILIES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19   609  22 BEYOND MOR: CAN INDUCTION OF DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS ALONG WITH ELECTROTHERAPY ATTENUATE THE OPIOID CRISIS? ONE IMPORTANT AREA FOR CONSIDERATION ESPECIALLY IN TERMS OF COMBATING THE ONGOING NEVER ENDING OPIOID CRISIS, RELATES TO NOVEL NEWER ASSESSMENTS FOR ALL ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS BOTH SUBSTANCE AND NON-SUBSTANCE BEHAVIORS (RDS). IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY EARLY IN ONE'S LIFE THE POSSIBILITY OF, BECAUSE OF KNOWN DNA ANTECEDENTS, THE PRESENCE OF PRE-ADDICTION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENETIC ADDICTION RISK SEVERITY (GARS) TEST, BLUM'S GROUP BELIEVES THAT THIS TYPE OF TESTING SHOULD BE THE "STANDARD OF CARE" FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL STUDIES. UNDERSTANDABLY THAT WHILE POLYMORPHISMS IN THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IS OF REAL CONCERN IN TERMS OF SETTING PEOPLE UP FOR PREDISPOSITION TO OPIOID DEPENDENCE, THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STATUS OF DOPAMINERGIC FUNCTION MUST BE CONSIDERED AS WELL. WHILE THIS SOUNDS BOLD (WHICH IT IS) THE RESULTS SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY THE G.I. N. A. LAW ENACTED IN THE USA IN 2011. ONE AVENUE OF FURTHER INVESTIGATION, INSTEAD OF PROVIDING POWERFUL OPIOIDS FOR OPIOID DEPENDENCE, IS TO SEEK OUT NON-ADDICTIVE ALTERNATIVES. ACCORDINGLY, OTHER NON-ADDICTIVE MODALITIES INCLUDING GENETIC GUIDED KB220 (AMINO-ACID-ENKEPHALINASE-N-ACETYLCYSTEINE-NAD), NON-INVASIVE RTMS FOR PSYCHIATRY AND PAIN, EPIGENETIC REMODELING, GENE EDITS, NON-INVASIVE H-WAVE FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCED FUNCTIONALITY, BRAIN SPOTTING, COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AWARENESSS INTEGRATION THERAPY, NUCALM, TRAUMA THERAPY, AWARENESS TOOLS, GENOGRAMS, EXERCISE, SPORTS, FITNESS PROGRAMS (ONE HOUR PER DAY), LIGHT THERAPY AND EVEN LAUGHING THERAPY AS WELL AS ANY OTHER KNOWN MODALITIES THAT CAN INDUCE REWARD SYMMETRY. WHILE THE SHORT TERM USE OF OPIOIDS FOR OPIOID DEPENDENCE TO REDUCE HARM IS CERTAINLY ACCEPTABLE, CLINICIANS SHOULD CONSIDER A BETTER LONG-TERM PLAN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  4612  21 NEONATAL PAIN AND COMT VAL158MET GENOTYPE IN RELATION TO SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER (SLC6A4) PROMOTER METHYLATION IN VERY PRETERM CHILDREN AT SCHOOL AGE. CHILDREN BORN VERY PRETERM ARE EXPOSED TO REPEATED NEONATAL PROCEDURES THAT INDUCE PAIN AND STRESS DURING HOSPITALIZATION IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU). THE COMT VAL158MET GENOTYPE IS INVOLVED WITH PAIN SENSITIVITY, AND EARLY LIFE STRESS IS IMPLICATED IN ALTERED EXPRESSION OF METHYLATION OF THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER. WE EXAMINED: (1) WHETHER METHYLATION OF THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER GENE (SLC6A4) PROMOTER DIFFERS BETWEEN VERY PRETERM CHILDREN AND FULL-TERM CONTROLS AT SCHOOL AGE, (2) RELATIONSHIPS WITH CHILD BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS, AND (3) WHETHER THE EXTENT OF NEONATAL PAIN EXPOSURE INTERACTS WITH THE COMT VAL158MET GENOTYPE TO PREDICT SLC6A4 METHYLATION AT 7 YEARS IN THE VERY PRETERM CHILDREN. WE EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE COMT GENOTYPES, NEONATAL PAIN EXPOSURE (ADJUSTED FOR NEONATAL CLINICAL CONFOUNDERS), SLC6A4 METHYLATION AND BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS. VERY PRETERM CHILDREN HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION AT 7/10 CPG SITES IN THE SLC6A4 PROMOTER COMPARED TO FULL-TERM CONTROLS AT 7 YEARS. NEONATAL PAIN (ADJUSTED FOR CLINICAL CONFOUNDERS) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TOTAL CHILD BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS ON THE CHILD BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST (CBCL) QUESTIONNAIRE (ADJUSTED FOR CONCURRENT STRESSORS AND 5HTTLPR GENOTYPE) (P = 0.035). CBCL TOTAL PROBLEMS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER SLC6A4 METHYLATION IN VERY PRETERM CHILDREN (P = 0.01). NEONATAL PAIN (ADJUSTED FOR CLINICAL CONFOUNDERS) AND COMT MET/MET GENOTYPE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SLC6A4 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN VERY PRETERM CHILDREN AT 7 YEARS (P = 0.001). THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT BOTH GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND EARLY ENVIRONMENT NEED TO BE CONSIDERED IN UNDERSTANDING SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR DEVELOPING BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN THIS VULNERABLE POPULATION.	2014