1  6528 142 TRANSCRIPTIONAL CORRELATES OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL NEUROADAPTATION IN DROSOPHILA LARVAE. WHEN PRESENTED WITH THE CHOICE, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER FEMALES WILL OFTEN PREFER TO LAY EGGS ON FOOD CONTAINING A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL. WHILE, IN SOME CASES, THIS BEHAVIORAL DECISION CAN PROVIDE A SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE TO THE DEVELOPING LARVAE, IT CAN ALSO LEAD TO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COGNITIVE PROBLEMS. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION CAN AFFECT EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS, EPISODIC MEMORY, AND OTHER BRAIN FUNCTION CAPACITIES. HOWEVER, IN THE FRUIT FLY, THE INITIAL COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO REVERSE UPON PERSISTENT EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL. USING AN OLFACTORY CONDITIONING ASSAY WHERE AN ODORANT IS IMPLEMENTED AS A CONDITIONED STIMULUS AND PAIRED WITH A HEAT SHOCK AS AN UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS, A PREVIOUS STUDY HAS SHOWN THAT WHEN EXPOSED TO A SHORT ACUTE DOSE OF ALCOHOL, DROSOPHILA LARVAE CAN NO LONGER LEARN THIS ASSOCIATION. INTERESTINGLY, UPON PROLONGED CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE, LARVAE SEEM TO SUCCESSFULLY AVOID THE CONDITIONED STIMULUS JUST AS WELL AS CONTROL ALCOHOL-NAIVE LARVAE, SUGGESTIVE OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROADAPTATIONS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH DROSOPHILA ADAPT TO THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOL REMAINS UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXPLORE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CORRELATES OF NEUROADAPTATION IN DROSOPHILA LARVAE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC ALCOHOL TO UNDERSTAND THE GENETIC AND CELLULAR COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS ADAPTATION. FOR THIS, WE EMPLOYED RNA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY TO EVALUATE DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN OF LARVAE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ALCOHOL. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROADAPTATIONS ARE MODULATED BY A DIVERSE ARRAY OF SYNAPTIC GENES WITHIN THE LARVAL BRAIN THROUGH A SERIES OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2   843  45 CHEMOSENSORY ABILITY AND SENSITIVITY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND COVID-19. THROUGHOUT THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, OUR TWO CHEMICAL SENSES, OLFACTION AND GUSTATION, ARE DEFINED BY TWO PRIMARY FACTORS: GENOMIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE ORGANISMS AND THEIR LIVING ENVIRONMENT. DURING THE PAST THREE YEARS OF THE GLOBAL COVID-19 PANDEMIC, THESE TWO SENSORY MODALITIES HAVE DRAWN MUCH ATTENTION AT THE BASIC SCIENCE AND CLINICAL LEVELS BECAUSE OF THE STRONG ASSOCIATION OF OLFACTORY AND GUSTATORY DYSFUNCTION WITH VIRAL INFECTION. LOSS OF OUR SENSE OF SMELL ALONE, OR TOGETHER WITH A LOSS OF TASTE, HAS EMERGED AS A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF COVID-19 INFECTION. PREVIOUSLY, SIMILAR DYSFUNCTIONS HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN A LARGE COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS. THE RESEARCH FOCUS REMAINS ON UNDERSTANDING THE PERSISTENCE OF OLFACTORY AND GUSTATORY DISTURBANCES IN THE POST-INFECTION PHASE, ESPECIALLY IN CASES WITH LONG-TERM EFFECT OF INFECTION (LONG COVID). ALSO, BOTH SENSORY MODALITIES SHOW CONSISTENT AGE-RELATED DECLINE IN STUDIES AIMED TO UNDERSTAND THE PATHOLOGY OF NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS. SOME STUDIES USING CLASSICAL MODEL ORGANISMS SHOW AN IMPACT ON NEURAL STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR IN OFFSPRING AS AN OUTCOME OF PARENTAL OLFACTORY EXPERIENCE. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF SPECIFIC ODORANT RECEPTORS, ACTIVATED IN PARENTS, IS PASSED ON TO THE OFFSPRING. FURTHERMORE, EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE INDICATES AN INVERSE CORRELATION OF GUSTATORY AND OLFACTORY ABILITIES WITH OBESITY. SUCH DIVERSE LINES OF EVIDENCE EMERGING FROM BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDIES INDICATE A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC FACTORS, EVOLUTIONARY FORCES, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT REGULATE GUSTATION AND OLFACTION COULD INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODULATION. HOWEVER, IN TURN, SUCH MODULATION LEADS TO VARIABLE EFFECTS DEPENDING ON GENETIC MAKEUP AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS. THEREFORE, A LAYERED REGULATORY HIERARCHY REMAINS ACTIVE AND IS PASSED ON TO MULTIPLE GENERATIONS. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, WE ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND THE EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE THAT INDICATES VARIABLE REGULATORY MECHANISMS THROUGH MULTILAYERED AND CROSS-REACTING PATHWAYS. OUR ANALYTICAL APPROACH WILL ADD TO ENHANCEMENT OF PREVAILING THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AND BRING TO THE FOREFRONT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMOSENSORY MODALITIES FOR THE EVALUATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LONG-TERM HEALTH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  6742  37 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4    73  34 A MULTI-GENERATIONAL STUDY ON LOW-DOSE BPA EXPOSURE IN WISTAR RATS: EFFECTS ON MATERNAL BEHAVIOR, FLAVOR INTAKE AND DEVELOPMENT. BISPHENOL A (BPA) IS A COMMON ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR FOUND AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND FOOD CONTAMINANT. IT EXERTS BOTH DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS, MAINLY WHEN EXPOSURE OCCURS IN EARLY LIFE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC, HUMAN-RELEVANT LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO BPA ON DEVELOPMENT, MATERNAL BEHAVIOR AND FLAVOR PREFERENCE IN WISTAR RATS. BPA WAS ORALLY ADMINISTERED AT A DAILY DOSE OF 5 MUG/KG BODY WEIGHT TO F0 PREGNANT DAMS FROM THE FIRST DAY OF GESTATION (GD 1) UNTIL THE LAST DAY OF LACTATION (LD 21), AND THEN TO F1 OFFSPRING FROM WEANING (PND 21) TO ADULTHOOD (PND 100). F2 OFFSPRING WERE NOT EXPOSED. DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIGNS OF TOXICITY WERE ASSESSED DAILY. MATERNAL BEHAVIOR WAS EVALUATED BY OBSERVING NURSING AND PUP-CARING ACTIONS, AS WELL AS "NON-MATERNAL" BEHAVIORS IN F0 AND F1 DAMS FROM PARTURITION UNTIL LD 8. THE FLAVOR PREFERENCES OF F1 AND F2 OFFSPRING WERE EVALUATED BASED ON THE INTAKE OF SWEET, SALT AND FAT SOLUTIONS USING THE TWO-BOTTLE CHOICE TEST ON PND 21-34 AND PND 86-99. BPA EXPOSURE: 1) DECREASED MATERNAL BEHAVIOR IN F1 DAMS, 2) CAUSED DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS IN BOTH F1 AND F2 OFFSPRING, WITH A NOTICEABLE DECREASE IN ANOGENITAL DISTANCE IN MALE RATS, AND 3) DID NOT AFFECT FLAVORED SOLUTION INTAKE IN F1, BUT INDUCED CHANGES IN SWEET PREFERENCE IN F2 JUVENILES AND IN SALT AND FAT SOLUTION INTAKES IN F2 ADULTS, AND 4) INDUCED A BODY WEIGHT INCREASE IN THE F2 GENERATION ONLY, WHEREAS FOOD INTAKE AND WATER CONSUMPTION DID NOT CHANGE. TAKEN AS A WHOLE, OUR FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BOTH GESTATIONAL (F0) AND LIFELONG (F1) EXPOSURES TO A HUMAN-RELEVANT DOSE OF BPA COULD INDUCE MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON BOTH DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST POSSIBLE SELECTIVE NEUROENDOCRINE DEFECTS AND/OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAUSED BY BPA EXPOSURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  5812  43 STRESS AND ANXIETY: STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF STRESS. THE BRAIN IS THE CENTRAL ORGAN OF STRESS AND ADAPTATION TO STRESS BECAUSE IT PERCEIVES AND DETERMINES WHAT IS THREATENING, AS WELL AS THE BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO THE STRESSOR. THE ADULT, AS WELL AS DEVELOPING BRAIN, POSSESS A REMARKABLE ABILITY TO SHOW REVERSIBLE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO STRESSFUL AND OTHER EXPERIENCES, INCLUDING NEURONAL REPLACEMENT, DENDRITIC REMODELING, AND SYNAPSE TURNOVER. THIS IS PARTICULARLY EVIDENT IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHERE ALL THREE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AND INVESTIGATED, USING A COMBINATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR, PHARMACOLOGICAL, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES. THE AMYGDALA AND THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN ANXIETY AND FEAR, MOOD, COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND BEHAVIORAL CONTROL, ALSO SHOW STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY. ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS CAUSE AN IMBALANCE OF NEURAL CIRCUITRY SUBSERVING COGNITION, DECISION MAKING, ANXIETY AND MOOD THAT CAN INCREASE OR DECREASE EXPRESSION OF THOSE BEHAVIORS AND BEHAVIORAL STATES. IN THE SHORT TERM, SUCH AS FOR INCREASED FEARFUL VIGILANCE AND ANXIETY IN A THREATENING ENVIRONMENT, THESE CHANGES MAY BE ADAPTIVE; BUT, IF THE DANGER PASSES AND THE BEHAVIORAL STATE PERSISTS ALONG WITH THE CHANGES IN NEURAL CIRCUITRY, SUCH MALADAPTATION MAY NEED INTERVENTION WITH A COMBINATION OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES, AS IS THE CASE FOR CHRONIC OR MOOD ANXIETY DISORDERS. WE SHALL REVIEW CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS RECENT WORK ON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ALSO DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES THAT BIAS HOW THE BRAIN RESPONDS TO STRESSORS. FINALLY, WE SUGGEST THAT SUCH AN APPROACH NEEDS TO BE EXTENDED TO OTHER BRAIN AREAS THAT ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN ANXIETY AND MOOD. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED 'ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION'.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6    23  36 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: REDEFINING NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: STRESS, SEX AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION. THE DISCOVERY OF STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS IN BRAIN REGIONS THAT MEDIATE EVERY ASPECT OF BRAIN FUNCTION HAS BROADENED THE DEFINITION OF 'NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY' TO INCLUDE THE RECIPROCAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND THE BODY VIA HORMONAL AND NEURAL PATHWAYS. THE BRAIN IS THE CENTRAL ORGAN OF STRESS AND ADAPTATION TO STRESS BECAUSE IT PERCEIVES AND DETERMINES WHAT IS THREATENING, AS WELL AS THE BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO THE STRESSOR. THE ADULT AND DEVELOPING BRAIN POSSESS REMARKABLE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO STRESS, INCLUDING NEURONAL REPLACEMENT, DENDRITIC REMODELING, AND SYNAPSE TURNOVER. STRESS CAUSES AN IMBALANCE OF NEURAL CIRCUITRY SUBSERVING COGNITION, DECISION-MAKING, ANXIETY AND MOOD THAT CAN ALTER EXPRESSION OF THOSE BEHAVIORS AND BEHAVIORAL STATES. THIS IMBALANCE, IN TURN, AFFECTS SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY VIA NEUROENDOCRINE, AUTONOMIC, IMMUNE AND METABOLIC MEDIATORS. IN THE SHORT TERM, AS FOR INCREASED FEARFUL VIGILANCE AND ANXIETY IN A THREATENING ENVIRONMENT, THESE CHANGES MAY BE ADAPTIVE. BUT, IF THE DANGER PASSES AND THE BEHAVIORAL STATE PERSISTS ALONG WITH THE CHANGES IN NEURAL CIRCUITRY, SUCH MALADAPTATION MAY NEED INTERVENTION WITH A COMBINATION OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES, AS IS THE CASE FOR CHRONIC ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. THERE ARE IMPORTANT SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE BRAIN RESPONSES TO STRESSORS THAT ARE IN URGENT NEED OF FURTHER EXPLORATION. MOREOVER, ADVERSE EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCE, INTERACTING WITH ALLELES OF CERTAIN GENES, PRODUCE LASTING EFFECTS ON BRAIN AND BODY OVER THE LIFE-COURSE VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WHILE PREVENTION IS MOST IMPORTANT, THE PLASTICITY OF THE BRAIN GIVES HOPE FOR THERAPIES THAT TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION BRAIN-BODY INTERACTIONS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7  6743  40 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? INCORPORATING PRESENTATIONS ON SCOLIOGENY AT THE 2012 IRSSD AND SRS MEETINGS. THIS PAPER AIMS TO INTEGRATE INTO CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AIS CAUSATION, ETIOPATHOGENETIC INFORMATION PRESENTED AT TWO MEETINGS DURING 2012 NAMELY, THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES (IRSSD) AND THE SCOLIOSIS RESEARCH SOCIETY (SRS). THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OR PROGRESSION OF THE SPINAL DEFORMITY OF AIS WITH NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT, POSSIBLY MEDICAL. THIS MIGHT BE ATTAINED BY PERSONALISED POLYMECHANISTIC PREVENTIVE THERAPY TARGETING THE APPROPRIATE ETIOLOGY AND/OR ETIOPATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS, TO AVOID FUSION AND MAINTAIN SPINAL MOBILITY. ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2013	

8  5008  32 PERIPUBERTAL STRESS WITH SOCIAL SUPPORT PROMOTES RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF AGING. THE PERIPUBERTAL PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT IS A SENSITIVE WINDOW, DURING WHICH ADVERSE EXPERIENCES CAN INCREASE THE RISK FOR PRESENTATION OF COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE DYSFUNCTION THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN, ESPECIALLY IN WOMEN. HOWEVER, SUCH EXPERIENCES IN THE CONTEXT OF A SUPPORTIVE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT CAN ACTUALLY AMELIORATE THIS RISK, SUGGESTING THAT RESILIENCE CAN BE PROGRAMMED IN EARLY LIFE. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS COMMONLY EMERGE DURING AGING, WITH MANY WOMEN REPORTING INCREASED DIFFICULTY WITH PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC)-DEPENDENT EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS. WE HAVE DEVELOPED A MOUSE MODEL TO EXAMINE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PERIPUBERTAL EXPERIENCE AND AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN COGNITION AND STRESS REGULATION. FEMALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO PERIPUBERTAL CHRONIC STRESS, DURING WHICH THEY WERE EITHER INDIVIDUALLY HOUSED OR HOUSED WITH SOCIAL INTERACTION. ONE YEAR AFTER THIS STRESS EXPERIENCE, MICE WERE EXAMINED IN TASKS TO ACCESS THEIR COGNITIVE ABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY IN STRESS REACTIVE MEASURES. IN A TEST OF SPATIAL MEMORY ACQUISITION AND REVERSAL LEARNING WHERE AGED FEMALES NORMALLY DISPLAY A DECREASED PERFORMANCE, THE FEMALES THAT HAD EXPERIENCED STRESS WITH SOCIAL INTERACTION A YEAR EARLIER SHOWED IMPROVED PERFORMANCE IN REVERSAL LEARNING, A MEASURE OF COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY. BECAUSE PERIPUBERTY IS A TIME OF MAJOR PFC MATURATION, WE PERFORMED TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AGED PFC, IN WHICH LONG-TERM CHANGES IN MICRORNA EXPRESSION AND IN MYELIN PROTEINS WERE FOUND. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT STRESS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL SUPPORT EXPERIENCED OVER THE PUBERTAL WINDOW CAN PROMOTE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE BRAIN TO INCREASE THE RESILIENCE TO AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE DECLINE IN FEMALES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9   103  31 A REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES: PERSPECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPINAL CORD INJURY. DESPITE MANY PEOPLE HAVING SIMILAR CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, AND CLINICAL CARE, OUTCOME CAN DIFFER FOR THOSE SUSTAINING SIGNIFICANT INJURY SUCH AS SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI). IN ADDITION TO TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, AND CLINICAL FACTORS, VARIABILITY ALSO MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INNATE (INCLUDING GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROTEOMIC, EPIGENETIC) BIOLOGICAL VARIATION THAT INDIVIDUALS BRING TO RECOVERY AND THEIR UNIQUE RESPONSE TO THEIR CARE AND ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES COLLECTIVELY CALLED "-OMICS" ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF BIOMOLECULES THAT CAN CAPTURE MANY POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO HETEROGENEITY OF INJURY/DISEASE COURSE AND OUTCOME. DUE TO THE NATURE OF INJURY AND COMPLEX DISEASE, AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY, AND RECOVERY, REHABILITATION DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A SINGULAR "PROTOCOLIZED" PLAN OF THERAPY. YET, BY NATURE AND BY NECESSITY, REHABILITATION MEDICINE OPERATES AS A FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF "PERSONALIZED CARE". THUS, THE CHALLENGE FOR SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMS OF TRANSLATIONAL REHABILITATION CARE AND RESEARCH IS TO IDENTIFY VIABLE APPROACHES TO EXAMINE BROAD POPULATIONS, WITH VARIED IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND TO IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE TREATMENT RESPONSES THAT INCORPORATE PERSONALIZED PROTOCOLS TO OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. THE REHABILOMICS FRAMEWORK IS A TRANSLATIONAL MODEL THAT PROVIDES AN "-OMICS" OVERLAY TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF REHABILITATION PROCESSES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL OUTCOMES. REHABILOMICS RESEARCH PROVIDES NOVEL OPPORTUNITIES TO EVALUATE THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF COMPLEX INJURY OR CHRONIC DISEASE AND CAN BE USED TO EXAMINE METHODS AND TREATMENTS FOR PERSON-CENTERED CARE AMONG POPULATIONS WITH DISABILITIES. EXEMPLARS FOR APPLICATION IN SCI AND OTHER NEUROREHABILITATION POPULATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  4943  42 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS INTERGENERATIONAL ALCOHOL-RELATED BEHAVIORS TO MALE OFFSPRING ON A PURE C57BL/6J BACKGROUND. WHILE ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A HIGHLY HERITABLE CONDITION, THE BASIS OF AUD IN FAMILIES WITH A HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM IS DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN BY GENETIC VARIATION ALONE. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PARENTAL EXPERIENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION CAN AFFECT INHERITANCE OF COMPLEX BEHAVIORS IN OFFSPRING VIA NON-GENOMIC (EPIGENETIC) MECHANISMS. FOR INSTANCE, MALE C57BL/6J (B6) MICE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL (CIE) PRIOR TO MATING WITH STRAIN 129S1/SVIMJ ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES PRODUCE MALE OFFSPRING WITH REDUCED ETHANOL-DRINKING PREFERENCE, INCREASED ETHANOL SENSITIVITY, AND INCREASED BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA). IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THESE INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF PATERNAL CIE ARE REPRODUCIBLE IN MALE OFFSPRING ON AN INBRED B6 BACKGROUND. TO THIS END, B6 MALES WERE EXPOSED TO 6 WEEKS OF CIE (OR ROOM AIR AS A CONTROL) BEFORE MATING WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE B6 FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)-SIRED AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING. WE OBSERVED A SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECT, AS E-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED DECREASED TWO-BOTTLE FREE-CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING PREFERENCE, INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO THE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL, AND INCREASED VTA BDNF EXPRESSION; NO DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED IN FEMALE OFFSPRING. THESE FINDINGS CONFIRM AND EXTEND OUR PREVIOUS RESULTS BY DEMONSTRATING THAT THE EFFECTS OF PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL ARE REPRODUCIBLE USING GENETICALLY IDENTICAL, INBRED B6 ANIMALS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11   107  36 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  4944  33 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTS HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS RESPONSIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED EXCESSIVE FLUID INTAKE IN MALE MICE. A GROWING NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT PERSIST ACROSS GENERATIONS. FOR INSTANCE, PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES TO ETHANOL OR STRESS HAVE INDEPENDENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXERT SUCH INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. SINCE ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSOR THAT ACTIVATES THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE WOULD IMPACT STRESS RESPONSIVITY OF OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL OR CONTROL CONDITIONS FOR 5 WEEKS BEFORE BEING MATED WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)- AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE TESTED FOR PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS AND THE MALE OFFSPRING WERE FURTHER EXAMINED FOR STRESS-EVOKED 2-BOTTLE CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING. PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTED PLASMA CORT LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING; FEMALES WERE UNAFFECTED. IN A STRESS-EVOKED ETHANOL-DRINKING ASSAY, THERE WAS NO EFFECT OF STRESS ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, C-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED INCREASED TOTAL FLUID INTAKE (POLYDIPSIA) IN RESPONSE TO STRESS WHILE E-SIRED MALES WERE RESISTANT TO THIS STRESS-INDUCED PHENOTYPE. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS STRESS HYPORESPONSIVITY TO MALE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13   244  32 ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), ENVIRONMENT, EXPOSOME AND EPIGENETICS: A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE OF POSTNATAL NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF AIS WITH CONSIDERATION OF A NETWORK APPROACH AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICAL THERAPY. GENETIC FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS). DISCORDANT FINDINGS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS WITH AIS SHOW THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INCLUDING DIFFERENT INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN ETIOLOGY, BUT WHAT THESE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE IS UNKNOWN. RECENT EVIDENCE FOR COMMON CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUGGESTS EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES MAY UNDERLIE MZ TWIN DISCORDANCE, AND BE THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OPERATING AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN GENOME AND ENVIRONMENT TO REGULATE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. THE WORD EXPOSOME REFERS TO THE TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES FROM CONCEPTION ONWARDS, COMPRISING FACTORS IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS. THE WORD EXPOSOME IS USED HERE ALSO IN RELATION TO PHYSIOLOGIC AND ETIOPATHOGENETIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND MAY INDUCE THE DEFORMITY OF AIS. IN NORMAL POSTNATAL SPINAL GROWTH WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT, PHYSIOLOGIC GROWTH-PLATE EXPOSOME FOR THE NORMAL PROCESSES PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT MAY HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE. IN AIS, WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC SCOLIOGENIC EXPOSOME FOR THE ABNORMAL PROCESSES IN MOLECULAR PATHWAYS PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CURRENTLY EXPRESSED AS ETIOPATHOGENETIC HYPOTHESES; THESE ARE SUGGESTED TO HAVE DEFORMING EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE AT CELL, TISSUE, STRUCTURE AND/OR ORGAN LEVELS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE EPIGENETIC. NEW RESEARCH IS REQUIRED FOR CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION IN AIS SUBJECTS AND VERTEBRAL GROWTH PLATES EXCISED AT SURGERY. IN ADDITION, CONSIDERATION IS NEEDED FOR A POSSIBLE NETWORK APPROACH TO ETIOPATHOGENESIS BY CONSTRUCTING AIS DISEASOMES. THESE APPROACHES MAY LEAD THROUGH SCREENING, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL, METABOLIC PHENOTYPES AND PHARMACOGENOMIC RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS AT RISK AND MODULATE ABNORMAL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF AIS. THE POTENTIAL OF EPIGENETIC-BASED MEDICAL THERAPY FOR AIS CANNOT BE ASSESSED AT PRESENT, AND MUST AWAIT NEW RESEARCH DERIVED FROM THE EVALUATION OF EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS OF SPINAL GROWTH IN HEALTH AND DEFORMITY. THE TENETS OUTLINED HERE FOR AIS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL GROWTH DISORDERS INCLUDING INFANTILE AND JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14   747  31 CANNABIS-INDUCED HYPODOPAMINERGIC ANHEDONIA AND COGNITIVE DECLINE IN HUMANS: EMBRACING PUTATIVE INDUCTION OF DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS. OVER YEARS, THE REGULAR USE OF CANNABIS HAS SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED AMONG YOUNG ADULTS, AS INDICATED BY THE RISE IN CANNABIS USE DISORDER (CUD), WITH AN ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF 8. 3% IN THE UNITED STATES. RESEARCH SHOWS THAT EXPOSURE TO CANNABIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPODOPAMINERGIC ANHEDONIA (DEPRESSION), COGNITIVE DECLINE, POOR MEMORY, INATTENTION, IMPAIRED LEARNING PERFORMANCE, REDUCED DOPAMINE BRAIN RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED EMOTIONALITY, AND INCREASED ADDICTION SEVERITY IN YOUNG ADULTS. THE ADDICTION MEDICINE COMMUNITY IS INCREASING CONCERN BECAUSE OF THE HIGH CONTENT OF DELTA-9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) CURRENTLY FOUND IN ORAL AND VAPING CANNABIS PRODUCTS, THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS MAY BECOME MORE PRONOUNCED IN YOUNG ADULTS WHO USE THESE CANNABIS PRODUCTS. PRELIMINARY RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO INDUCE 'DOPAMINE HOMEOSTASIS,' THAT IS, RESTORE DOPAMINE FUNCTION WITH DOPAMINE UPREGULATION WITH THE PROPOSED COMPOUND AND NORMALIZE BEHAVIOR IN CHRONIC CANNABIS USERS WITH CANNABIS-INDUCED HYPODOPAMINERGIC ANHEDONIA (DEPRESSION) AND COGNITIVE DECLINE. THIS PSYCHOLOGICAL, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC RESEARCH ALSO COULD PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO USE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN APPROPRIATE POLICY REGARDING THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF CANNABIS FOR RECREATIONAL USE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15  4062  29 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  6917  21 [WHOSE BORDERLINE IS IT? HYPOTHESIZED ETIOLOGIES OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY]. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY IS A WELL KNOWN CONCEPT IN PSYCHIATRIC LITERATURE, HOWEVER, NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD AS TO ITS VERY NATURE. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A SHORT REVIEW OF HYPOTHESIZED ETIOLOGIES OF THE BORDERLINE PERSONALITY, STARTING WITH SO CALLED TRADITIONAL THEORIES, NAMELY, BORDERLINE PERSONALITY AS A CONSOLIDATED PERSONALITY ORGANIZATION, IN WHICH THE PATIENT PATHOLOGICALLY DEALS WITH HIS OR HER INNER AGGRESSION, OR WITH AN ENDURING DEVELOPMENTAL FAILURE. MORE MODERN HYPOTHESES FOCUS ON POSSIBLE CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE AS THE ORIGIN OF THE BORDERLINE, VIEWING THE ADULT PERSONALITY AS A CHRONIC, UNRESOLVED, POST-TRAUMATIC DISORDER. ADDITIONALLY, A NEURO-EPIGENETIC VIEW HYPOTHESIZED THAT A UNIQUE CONGENITAL NEUROLOGICAL STRUCTURE INTERACTS WITH CONSEQUENTIAL EVENTS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD TO CREATE THE BORDERLINE PERSONALITY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17   265  41 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RECREATIONAL AND MEDICAL CANNABIS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW DISCUSSES THE ADVERSE EFFECTS KNOWN TODAY ABOUT MARIJUANA, FOR EITHER MEDICAL OR RECREATIONAL USE. IT REVIEWS THE ROLE OF CANNABIS IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN, COGNITIVE AND NEUROLOGICAL ADVERSE EFFECTS, SPECIAL CASES AND ADDICTION. RECENT FINDINGS: CANNABINOIDS WORK THROUGH THE ENDOCANNABINOIDS SYSTEM AND INHIBIT THE RELEASE OF GABA AND GLUTAMATE IN THE BRAIN, IMPACT NEUROMODULATION, AS WELL AS DOPAMINE, ACETYLCHOLINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE. THEY AFFECT REWARD, LEARNING AND PAIN. THE USE OF CANNABIS IS INCREASING NATIONALLY AND WORLD-WIDE FOR BOTH RECREATIONAL AND MEDICINAL PURPOSES, HOWEVER, THERE IS RELATIVELY ONLY LOW QUALITY EVIDENCE TO THE EFFICACY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THIS. CANNABIS AND ITS DERIVATIVES MAY BE USED FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. THEY ARE VIA CB1 RECEPTORS THAT ARE THOUGHT TO MODULATE NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALS IN THE BRAIN. CB2 RECEPTORS IN THE DRG LIKELY AFFECT PAIN INTEGRATION IN THE AFFERENT PATHWAYS, AND PERIPHERALLY CB2 ALSO AFFECTS NORADRENERGIC PATHWAYS INFLUENCING PAIN. A LARGE PROPORTION OF USERS MAY SEE MORE THAN 50% OF CHRONIC PAIN ALLEVIATION COMPARED WITH PLACEBO. CANNABIS AFFECTS COGNITION, MOST NOTABLY EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, MEMORY AND ATTENTION, AND MAY DETERIORATE THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN EMOTIONAL AND EXECUTIVE PROCESSING. CANNABIS IMPAIRS MEMORY IN THE SHORT RUN, WHICH BECOME MORE SIGNIFICANT WITH CHRONIC USE, AND MAY ALSO BE ACCOMPANIED BY POORER EFFORT, SLOWER PROCESSING AND IMPACTED ATTENTION. IT IS GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT LONG-TERM USE AND EARLIER AGE ARE RISK FACTOR FOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS; NEUROIMAGING STUDIES HAVE SHOWN REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME AND DENSITY. EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND MEMORY ARE WORSE IN ADOLESCENT USERS VERSUS ADULTS. CANNABIS ADDICTION IS DIFFERENT AND LIKELY LESS COMMON THAN OTHER ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES, BUT UP TO 10% OF USERS MEET CRITERIA FOR LIFETIME CANNABIS DEPENDENCE. ADDICTION PATTERNS MAY BE LINKED TO GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES. IT IS STILL UNCLEAR WHETHER ABSTINENCE REVERSES PATTERNS OF ADDICTION, AND MORE RESEARCH IS REQUIRED INTO THIS TOPIC. SUMMARY: CANNABIS USE HAS BECOME MORE ABUNDANT FOR BOTH MEDICAL AND RECREATIONAL USE. IT CARRIES LIKELY BENEFITS IN THE FORM OF ANALGESIA, ANTI-EMESIS AND IMPROVED APPETITE IN CHRONIC PATIENTS. THE EVIDENCE REVIEWING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THIS USE ARE STILL LIMITED, HOWEVER, EXITING DATA POINTS TO A CLEAR LINK WITH NEUROCOGNITIVE DETERIORATION, BACKED BY LOSS OF BRAIN VOLUME AND DENSITY. ADDICTION IS LIKELY COMPLEX AND VARIABLE, AND NO GOOD DATA EXISTS TO SUPPORT TREATMENT AT THIS POINT. IT IS BECOMING CLEAR THAT USE IN EARLIER AGES CARRIES A HIGHER RISK FOR LONG-TERM DEFICITS. AS WITH ANY OTHER DRUG, THESE RISKS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED ALONGSIDE BENEFITS PRIOR TO A DECISION ON CANNABIS USE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18   734  29 CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. A NEED EXISTS TO EXAMINE RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE HEALTHCARE ARENA AND THE IMPACT ON PATIENTS WITH CANCER. DESPITE ONGOING EFFORTS TO INCREASE EQUITY IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE ACCESS, RACIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES PERSIST, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO DISPROPORTIONATE TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND SURVIVORSHIP AMONG MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME PATIENTS. SUCH DISPARITIES HAVE BEEN REVEALED IN TREATMENT COHORTS OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE FORMS OF CANCER, INCLUDING BREAST, CERVICAL, OVARIAN, ENDOMETRIAL, PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, AND HEPATOCELLULAR, AND HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO A RANGE OF CO-OCCURRING BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, UNDERLYING GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT LIMIT THE QUALITY OF INFORMED HEALTHCARE. THESE VARIOUS INTERRELATED FACTORS WIDEN CANCER HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGHOUT UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE HAS BEEN AMPLIFIED BY THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. FUNDAMENTALLY, A LACK OF BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH EXISTS THAT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY REFLECT DIVERSITY AND MINORITY INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH OVERCOMING THE OBSTACLES RESPONSIBLE FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT DISPARITIES IS A FORMIDABLE TASK, PROMISING MEANS OF ACHIEVING MORE UNIFORM QUALITY HEALTHCARE ARE BECOMING MORE CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. TO REDUCE DISEASE PROGRESSION, INCREASE OVERALL SURVIVAL, AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY AND FULLY DISCLOSE ENVIRONMENTAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ANCESTRAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE RISK FOR CANCER; HEAL HISTORICAL FRACTURES WITHIN COMMUNITIES; AND INCREASE PARTICIPATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN SCREENING EFFORTS AND RESEARCH STUDIES. THIS REQUIRES DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE AND TRUST BASED ON SPECIFIC, SOLUTION-ORIENTED GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EFFORTS WORKING IN TANDEM WITH MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LEADERS. BY FULLY EXPLORING AND PINPOINTING THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO DEFINE STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS MOST LIKELY TO TRANSFORM CANCER CARE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUAL, CULTURAL, AND BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC LIABILITIES, TO OPTIMIZE CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19  4632  34 NEUROIMAGING GENETIC APPROACHES TO POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER. NEUROIMAGING GENETIC STUDIES THAT ASSOCIATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATION WITH NEURAL ACTIVITY OR STRUCTURE PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY TO LINK GENES TO PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, OFTEN BEFORE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IS DISCERNABLE IN BEHAVIOR. HERE WE REVIEW NEUROIMAGING GENETICS STUDIES WITH PARTICIPANTS WHO HAVE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD). RESULTS SHOW THAT GENES RELATED TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE (E.G., GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND ACTIVITY, NEUROENDOCRINE RELEASE), LEARNING AND MEMORY (E.G., PLASTICITY), MOOD, AND PAIN PERCEPTION ARE TIED TO NEURAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH PTSD. THESE GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AND SOMETIMES PREDICT NEURAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AREAS INVOLVED IN ATTENTION, EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, MEMORY, DECISION-MAKING, EMOTION REGULATION, SALIENCE OF POTENTIAL THREATS, AND PAIN PERCEPTION. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THESE RISK POLYMORPHISMS AND NEURAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES ARE VULNERABILITIES TOWARD DEVELOPING PTSD IN THE AFTERMATH OF TRAUMA, OR VULNERABILITIES TOWARD PARTICULAR SYMPTOMS ONCE PTSD HAS DEVELOPED. WORK DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE RE-EXPERIENCING AND DISSOCIATIVE SUB-TYPES OF PTSD, AND EXAMINING OTHER PTSD SYMPTOM CLUSTERS IN ADDITION TO THE RE-EXPERIENCING AND HYPERAROUSAL SYMPTOMS, WILL FURTHER CLARIFY NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND INCONSISTENT FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, AN EXCITING POSSIBILITY IS THAT GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS WITH PTSD MAY EVENTUALLY BE UNDERSTOOD THROUGH DIFFERENTIAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES OF NEURAL CIRCUIT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, POSSIBLY UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT SYMPTOM CLUSTERS SEEN WITHIN PTSD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  4848  32 OPIOID-INDUCED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY OF MEDIUM-SPINY NEURONS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING CLINICAL CONDITION WITH TREMENDOUS MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAT FREQUENTLY PERSISTS, DESPITE TREATMENT, DUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL'S UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC VULNERABILITIES. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THESE VULNERABILITIES MAY HAVE NEUROCHEMICAL, CELLULAR, AND MOLECULAR BASES. KEY NEUROPLASTIC EVENTS WITHIN THE MESOCORTICOLIMBIC SYSTEM THAT EMERGE THROUGH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS MAY HAVE A DETERMINATIVE INFLUENCE ON BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH OUD. IN PARTICULAR, STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE DENDRITIC SPINES OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND ITS DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) ARE BELIEVED TO FACILITATE THESE BEHAVIORAL SEQUELAE. ADDITIONALLY, GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS FROM THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA, THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THE THALAMUS PROJECT TO THESE SAME MSNS, PROVIDING AN ENRICHED TARGET FOR SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HERE, WE REVIEW LITERATURE RELATED TO NEUROADAPTATIONS IN NAC MSNS FROM DOPAMINERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC PATHWAYS IN OUD. WE ALSO DESCRIBE NEW FINDINGS RELATED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL, EPIGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN MSN PLASTICITY IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF OUD.	2021