1  1061 179 CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL T-REGULATORY CELL POLARIZED TOWARDS T-BET AND TIGIT. BACKGROUND: NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS CAN CAUSE CHRONIC RELAPSING AND REMITTING OCULAR INFLAMMATION, WHICH MAY REQUIRE HIGH DOSE SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TO PREVENT SEVERE SIGHT LOSS. IT HAS BEEN CLASSICALLY DESCRIBED AS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, MEDIATED BY PRO-INFLAMMATORY TH1 AND TH17 T-CELL SUBSETS. STUDIES SUGGEST THAT NATURAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T-REGULATORY CELLS (TREGS) ARE INVOLVED IN RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CLINICAL REMISSION. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THERE IS A PERIPHERAL BLOOD IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS BY COMPARING PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEVELS OF TREG, TH1, AND TH17, AND ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE, CONTROL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS (WITH PREVIOUSLY ACTIVE DISEASE) IN CLINICAL REMISSION INDUCED BY IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS. METHODS: ISOLATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PROSPECTIVELY RECRUITED SUBJECTS WERE ANALYZED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR CD3, CD4, FOXP3, TIGIT, T-BET, AND RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT. EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF FOXP3 TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), FOXP3 PROMOTER, TBX21, RORC2, AND TIGIT LOCI WERE DETERMINED IN CRYOPRESERVED PBMC USING A NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING APPROACH. RELATED CYTOKINES WERE MEASURED IN BLOOD SERA. FUNCTIONAL SUPPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF TREG WAS ASSESSED USING T-CELL PROLIFERATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: FIFTY PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS (INTERMEDIATE, POSTERIOR, AND PANUVEITIS) AND 10 CONTROL SUBJECTS WERE RECRUITED. THE FREQUENCY OF CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) TREG, TIGIT(+) TREG, AND T-BET(+) TREG AND THE RATIO OF TREG TO TH1 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN REMISSION PATIENTS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE UVEITIC DISEASE; AND TIGIT(+) TREGS WERE A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF CLINICAL REMISSION. TREG FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION DEMONSTRATED A HIGH LEVEL OF IN VITRO SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TREG FROM CONTROL SUBJECTS AND FROM PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED ACTIVE DISEASE. PBMC FROM PATIENTS IN CLINICAL REMISSION HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER METHYLATION LEVELS AT THE FOXP3 TSDR, FOXP3 PROMOTER, AND TIGIT LOCI AND HIGHER LEVELS AT RORC LOCI THAN THOSE WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CLINICAL REMISSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM LEVELS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA AND IL-10, WHICH POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH TREG LEVELS, AND LOWER SERUM LEVELS OF IFNGAMMA, IL-17A, AND IL-22 COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE DISEASE. CONCLUSION: CLINICAL REMISSION OF SIGHT-THREATENING NON-INFECTIOUS UVEITIS HAS AN IMMUNOREGULATORY PHENOTYPE CHARACTERIZED BY UPREGULATION OF PERIPHERAL TREG, POLARIZED TOWARD T-BET AND TIGIT. THESE FINDINGS MAY ASSIST WITH INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY OF UVEITIS, BY INFORMING WHETHER DRUG THERAPY HAS INDUCED PHENOTYPICALLY STABLE TREG ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CLINICAL REMISSION.	2018	

2  6453  28 THIOREDOXIN INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP) INDUCES INFLAMMATION THROUGH CHROMATIN MODIFICATION IN RETINAL CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ACTIVATION OF RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (RAGE) ARE KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR MICROVASCULAR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN (TXNIP), AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF ANTIOXIDANT THIOREDOXIN (TRX), PLAYS A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN DIABETES AND ITS VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. HEREIN WE INVESTIGATE WHETHER HG AND RAGE INDUCE INFLAMMATION IN RAT RETINAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (EC) UNDER DIABETIC CONDITIONS IN CULTURE THROUGH TXNIP ACTIVATION AND WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE IN INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW THAT RAGE ACTIVATION BY ITS LIGAND S100B OR HG TREATMENT OF RETINAL EC INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF TXNIP AND INFLAMMATORY GENES SUCH AS COX2, VEGF-A, AND ICAM1. TXNIP SILENCING BY SIRNA IMPEDES RAGE AND HG EFFECTS WHILE STABLE OVER-EXPRESSION OF A CDNA FOR HUMAN TXNIP IN EC ELEVATES INFLAMMATION. P38 MAPK-NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAY AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE (K) NINE MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN TXNIP-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS REVEAL THAT TXNIP OVER-EXPRESSION IN EC ABOLISHES H3K9 TRI-METHYLATION, A MARKER FOR GENE INACTIVATION, AND INCREASES H3K9 ACETYLATION, AN INDICATOR OF GENE INDUCTION, AT PROXIMAL COX2 PROMOTER BEARING THE NF-KAPPAB-BINDING SITE. THESE FINDINGS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF OCULAR INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3   809  28 CHANGES IN CLASS I AND IIB HDACS BY DELTA-OPIOID IN CHRONIC RAT GLAUCOMA MODEL. PURPOSE: THIS STUDY DETERMINES IF DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONIST (I.E. SNC-121)-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES VIA REGULATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) FOR RETINAL GANGLION CELL (RGC) NEUROPROTECTION IN GLAUCOMA MODEL. METHODS: INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE WAS RAISED IN RAT EYES BY INJECTING 2M HYPERTONIC SALINE INTO THE LIMBAL VEINS. SNC-121 (1 MG/KG; I.P.) WAS ADMINISTERED TO THE ANIMALS FOR 7 DAYS. RETINAS WERE COLLECTED AT DAYS 7 AND 42, POST-INJURY FOLLOWED BY MEASUREMENT OF HDAC ACTIVITIES, MRNA, AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION BY ENZYME ASSAY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR), WESTERN BLOTTING, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. RESULTS: THE VISUAL ACUITY, CONTRAST SENSITIVITY, AND PATTERN ELECTRORETINOGRAMS (ERGS) WERE DECLINED IN OCULAR HYPERTENSIVE ANIMALS, WHICH WERE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED BY SNC-121 TREATMENT. CLASS I AND IIB HDACS ACTIVITIES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT DAYS 7 AND 42 IN OCULAR HYPERTENSIVE ANIMALS. THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC 1 WAS INCREASED BY 1.33 +/- 0.07-FOLD AND 20.2 +/- 2.7%, HDAC 2 BY 1.4 +/- 0.05-FOLD AND 17.0 +/- 2.4%, HDAC 3 BY 1.4 +/- 0.06-FOLD AND 17.4 +/- 3.4%, AND HDAC 6 BY 1.5 +/- 0.09-FOLD AND 15.1 +/- 3.3% AT DAY 7, POST-INJURY. BOTH THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDACS WERE POTENTIATED FURTHER AT DAY 42 IN OCULAR HYPERTENSIVE ANIMALS. HDAC ACTIVITIES, MRNA, AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE BLOCKED BY SNC-121 TREATMENT AT DAYS 7 AND 42 IN OCULAR HYPERTENSIVE ANIMALS. CONCLUSIONS: DATA SUGGESTS THAT CLASS I AND IIB HDACS ARE ACTIVATED AND UPREGULATED DURING EARLY STAGES OF GLAUCOMA. EARLY INTERVENTION WITH DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTOR ACTIVATION RESULTED IN THE PROLONGED SUPPRESSION OF CLASS I AND IIB HDACS ACTIVITIES AND EXPRESSION, WHICH MAY, IN PART, PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN RGC NEUROPROTECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4  4825  32 OCULAR FUNDUS ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY AND OTHER CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES. AIM: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE OCULAR FUNDUS PATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY (BN) AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD). METHODS: THE STUDY INCLUDED 51 PATIENTS WITH BN FROM THE SOUTH MORAVA RIVER REGION IN SERBIA, AND 102 SUBJECTS WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES, MATCHED ACCORDING TO AGE AND GENDER, OBTAINED FROM A DATABASE USED IN A RECENTLY PUBLISHED STUDY. ALL PATIENTS HAD VISITED OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT OF THE CLINIC OF NEPHROLOGY, CLINICAL CENTER NIS. ALL PATIENTS UNDERWENT ROUTINE OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATIONS. RESULTS: THERE WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE (P < 0.001) PATIENTS WITH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD) IN THE GROUP WITH BN (31.37 %) THAN IN THOSE WITH CKD (5.88 %). MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS CONFIRMED THAT THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS RELATED TO AMD IN THE GROUP WITH BN WERE ALBUMINURIA (P < 0.05) AND PROTEINURIA (P < 0.05); IN CKD PATIENTS, THE LEVEL OF HDL (P < 0.05), WHILE NEGATIVE CORRELATION WITH THE LEVEL OF TRIGLYCERIDE WAS REGISTERED (P < 0.05). THERE WAS NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND AMD. THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS RELATED TO RETINOPATHY IN THE GROUP WITH BN ARE AGE (P < 0.05) AND SERUM CREATININE VALUES (P < 0.05), IN PATIENTS WITH CKD INCREASING AGE (P < 0.001) AND DM (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: OCULAR FUNDUS PATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH BN IS SIMILAR TO THE PATHOLOGY OF OTHER CKD, BUT WITH SIGNIFICANTLY MORE AMD (ABOUT FOUR TIMES), PROBABLY RELATED TO THE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC FACTORS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  6654  37 UPDATE ON PSEUDOEXFOLIATION SYNDROME PATHOGENESIS AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, GLAUCOMA AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: PSEUDOEXFOLIATION (PEX) SYNDROME IS A COMMON AGE-RELATED DISORDER AFFECTING INTRAOCULAR AND EXTRAOCULAR TISSUES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON RECENT PUBLICATIONS RELATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS AND ASSOCIATIONS OF PEX SYNDROME WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP), GLAUCOMA AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES. RECENT FINDINGS: IN PEX TISSUES, EXPRESSION OF LYSYL OXIDASE-LIKE 1 (LOXL1) WAS FOUND TO BE MARKEDLY DYSREGULATED. THIS MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT ELASTIN METABOLISM AND LEAD TO ELASTOTIC ALTERATION IN TISSUES SUCH AS LAMINA CRIBROSA. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT CELLULAR STRESS CONDITIONS AND LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PEX. ALTHOUGH THERE IS AN INCREASED RISK FOR GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT IN PATIENTS WITH PEX AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION AS COMPARED WITH NON-PEX PATIENTS WITH OCULAR HYPERTENSION, LOXL1 SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP) DIFFERENCES. LACK OF ASSOCIATION OF PEX WITH ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY OR DEMENTIA HAS BEEN REPORTED RECENTLY. THE ASSOCIATION WITH VASCULAR DISEASES IS NOT CONSISTENT AMONG DIFFERENT STUDIES. SUMMARY: DESPITE THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF THE LOXL1 VARIANTS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, A MUCH LOWER PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION DEVELOPS PEX, SUGGESTING THAT IN ADDITION TO LOXL1, OTHER GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEX. ALSO, LOXL1 CANNOT HELP TO IDENTIFY THOSE WITH PEX AT INCREASED RISK FOR GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT. INCREASED RISK FOR GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT IN PEX PATIENTS WHO PRESENT WITH INCREASED IOP MAY BE RELATED TO OTHER FACTORS BEYOND IOP, CONTRIBUTING TO INCREASED VULNERABILITY OF THE OPTIC NERVE TO GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF PEX.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6   556  54 AZACYTIDINE TREATMENT INHIBITS THE PROGRESSION OF HERPES STROMAL KERATITIS BY ENHANCING REGULATORY T CELL FUNCTION. OCULAR INFECTION WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1 (HSV-1) SETS OFF AN INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE CORNEA WHICH LEADS TO BOTH VIRUS CLEARANCE AND CHRONIC LESIONS THAT ARE ORCHESTRATED BY CD4 T CELLS. APPROACHES THAT ENHANCE THE FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS (TREG) AND DAMPEN EFFECTOR T CELLS CAN BE EFFECTIVE TO LIMIT STROMAL KERATITIS (SK) LESION SEVERITY. IN THIS REPORT, WE EXPLORE THE NOVEL APPROACH OF INHIBITING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY USING 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA; A CYTOSINE ANALOG) TO LIMIT HSV-1-INDUCED OCULAR LESIONS. WE SHOW THAT THERAPY BEGUN AFTER INFECTION WHEN VIRUS WAS NO LONGER ACTIVELY REPLICATING RESULTED IN A PRONOUNCED REDUCTION IN LESION SEVERITY, WITH MARKEDLY DIMINISHED NUMBERS OF T CELLS AND NONLYMPHOID INFLAMMATORY CELLS, ALONG WITH REDUCED CYTOKINE MEDIATORS. THE REMAINING INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS HAD A CHANGE IN THE RATIO OF CD4 FOXP3(+) TREG TO EFFECTOR TH1 CD4 T CELLS IN OCULAR LESIONS AND LYMPHOID TISSUES, WITH TREG BECOMING PREDOMINANT OVER THE EFFECTORS. IN ADDITION, COMPARED TO THOSE FROM CONTROL MICE, TREG FROM AZA-TREATED MICE SHOWED MORE SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY IN VITRO AND EXPRESSED HIGHER LEVELS OF ACTIVATION MOLECULES. ADDITIONALLY, CELLS INDUCED IN VITRO IN THE PRESENCE OF AZA SHOWED EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR) OF FOXP3 AND WERE MORE STABLE WHEN EXPOSED TO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THERAPY WITH AZA IS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF CONTROLLING A VIRUS-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY REACTION AND MAY ACT MAINLY BY THE EFFECTS ON TREG.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 INFECTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INITIATE AN INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE CORNEA THAT LEADS TO TISSUE DAMAGE AND LOSS OF VISION. THE INFLAMMATORY REACTION IS ORCHESTRATED BY GAMMA INTERFERON (IFN-GAMMA)-SECRETING TH1 CELLS, AND REGULATORY T CELLS PLAY A PROTECTIVE ROLE. HENCE, NOVEL THERAPEUTICS THAT CAN REBALANCE THE RATIO OF REGULATORY T CELLS TO EFFECTORS ARE A RELEVANT ISSUE. THIS STUDY OPENS UP A NEW AVENUE IN TREATING HSV-INDUCED SK LESIONS BY INCREASING THE STABILITY AND FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS USING THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA). AZA INCREASED THE FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS, LEADING TO ENHANCED SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY AND DIMINISHED LESIONS. HENCE, THERAPY WITH AZA, WHICH ACTS MAINLY BY ITS EFFECTS ON TREG, CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS TO CONTROL VIRUS-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY LESIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  6489  27 TRACHOMA AND OCULAR CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS. TRACHOMA IS A BLINDING DISEASE USUALLY CAUSED BY INFECTION WITH CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS (CT) SEROVARS A, B, AND C IN THE UPPER TARSAL CONJUNCTIVA. INDIVIDUALS IN ENDEMIC REGIONS ARE REPEATEDLY INFECTED WITH CT THROUGHOUT CHILDHOOD. A PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCE PROLONGED OR SEVERE INFLAMMATORY EPISODES THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS FOR OCULAR SCARRING IN LATER LIFE. CONTINUED SCARRING OFTEN LEADS TO TRICHIASIS AND IN-TURNING OF THE EYELASHES, WHICH CAUSES PAIN AND CAN EVENTUALLY CAUSE BLINDNESS. THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THE CHRONIC IMMUNOPATHOLOGY IN THE CONJUNCTIVA, WHICH LARGELY PROGRESSES IN THE ABSENCE OF DETECTABLE CT INFECTION IN ADULTS, ARE LIKELY TO BE MULTIFACTORIAL. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATION, AND BEHAVIOR HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISK OF SCARRING AND INFLAMMATION. WE FOCUS ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF HOST AND PATHOGEN GENETIC VARIATION, BACTERIAL ECOLOGY OF THE CONJUNCTIVA, AND HOST EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING INCLUDING SMALL RNA REGULATION BY BOTH HOST AND PATHOGEN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OCULAR PATHOLOGY. EACH OF THESE FACTORS OR PROCESSES CONTRIBUTES TO PATHOGENIC OUTCOMES IN OTHER INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AND WE OUTLINE THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN TRACHOMA.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  5758  42 SOCS3 DELETION IN T LYMPHOCYTES SUPPRESSES DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC OCULAR INFLAMMATION VIA UPREGULATION OF CTLA-4 AND EXPANSION OF REGULATORY T CELLS. SUPPRESSORS OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING (SOCS) PROTEINS ARE NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK REGULATORS OF THE JAK/STAT PATHWAY, AND SOCS3 CONTRIBUTES TO HOST IMMUNITY BY REGULATING THE INTENSITY AND DURATION OF CYTOKINE SIGNALS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES. MICE WITH SOCS3 DELETION IN MYELOID CELLS EXHIBIT ENHANCED STAT3 SIGNALING, EXPANSION OF TH1 AND TH17 CELLS, AND DEVELOP SEVERE EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. INTERESTINGLY, DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIQUE IL-17/IFN-GAMMA DOUBLE-PRODUCING (TH17/IFN-GAMMA AND TC17/IFN-GAMMA) SUBSETS THAT EXHIBIT STRONG CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES HAS RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO DEPEND ON EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF SOCS3 EXPRESSION, FURTHER SUGGESTING INVOLVEMENT OF SOCS3 IN AUTOIMMUNITY AND TUMOR IMMUNITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE GENERATED MICE WITH SOCS3 DELETION IN THE CD4 T CELL COMPARTMENT (CD4-SOCS3 KNOCKOUT [KO]) TO DETERMINE IN VIVO EFFECTS OF THE LOSS OF SOCS3 IN THE T CELL-MEDIATED AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE UVEITIS (EAU). IN CONTRAST TO THE EXACERBATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN MYELOID-SPECIFIC SOCS3-DELETED MICE, CD4-SOCS3KO MICE WERE PROTECTED FROM ACUTE AND CHRONIC UVEITIS. PROTECTION FROM EAU CORRELATED WITH ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF CTLA-4 AND EXPANSION OF IL-10-PRODUCING REGULATORY T CELLS WITH AUGMENTED SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITIES. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT SOCS3 INTERACTS WITH CTLA-4 AND NEGATIVELY REGULATES CTLA-4 LEVELS IN T CELLS, PROVIDING A MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION FOR THE EXPANSION OF REGULATORY T CELLS IN CD4-SOCS3 DURING EAU. CONTRARY TO IN VITRO EPIGENETIC STUDIES, TH17/IFN-GAMMA AND TC17/IFN-GAMMA POPULATIONS WERE MARKEDLY REDUCED IN CD4-SOCS3KO, SUGGESTING THAT SOCS3 PROMOTES EXPANSION OF THE TH17/IFN-GAMMA SUBSET ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERE UVEITIS. THUS, SOCS3 IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN UVEITIS AND OTHER AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  3454  54 HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE REGULATORY T CELL-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION IN CD25HI T CELLS IS DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN CHILDHOOD ARTHRITIS. THE MAINTENANCE OF FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD25(HI) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) IS CRUCIAL TO THE CONTROL OF INFLAMMATION AND ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESSFUL TREG TRANSFER THERAPIES. COEXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IN COMBINATION WITH A HYPOMETHYLATED REGION WITHIN THE FOXP3 GENE, CALLED THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), IS CONSIDERED THE HALLMARK OF STABLE TREGS. THE TSDR IS AN EPIGENETIC MOTIF THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND IS USED AS A BIOMARKER TO MEASURE TREG LINEAGE COMMITMENT. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT, UNLIKE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, CD4(+) T CELL EXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IS FREQUENTLY DISSOCIATED AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS, WHICH LED US TO QUESTION THE STABILITY OF HUMAN TREGS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENTS. WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL CD4(+)CD127(LO)CD25(HI) HUMAN T CELL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS EXTENSIVE TSDR AND PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION IN THE ABSENCE OF STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION. THIS POPULATION EXPRESSES HIGH LEVELS OF CTLA-4 AND CAN SUPPRESS T CONVENTIONAL CELL PROLIFERATION IN VITRO. THESE DATA COLLECTIVELY SUGGEST THAT THIS POPULATION MAY REPRESENT A CHRONICALLY ACTIVATED FOXP3(LO) TREG POPULATION. WE SHOW THAT THESE CELLS HAVE DEFECTS IN IL-2 SIGNALING AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF A DEUBIQUITINASE IMPORTANT FOR FOXP3 STABILITY. CLINICALLY, THE PROPORTIONS OF THESE CELLS WITHIN THE CD25(HI) T CELL SUBSET ARE INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH THE MORE SEVERE COURSES OF DISEASE. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES, THEREFORE, THAT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE TSDR CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN T CELLS AND THAT ENVIRONMENT-SPECIFIC BREAKDOWN IN FOXP3 STABILITY MAY COMPROMISE THE RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION IN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  1389  37 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, AN OCULARDISEASE, IS GOVERNED BY SYSTEMIC AS WELL AS LOCAL OCULAR FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE PRIMARILY CHRONIC LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE. INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONICALLY ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY MORE, AND MORE SEVERE, RETINOPATHY THAN THOSE WITH LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. THE RELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD GLUCOSE TO RETINOPATHY IS CONTINUOUS, WITH NO THRESHOLD ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUALS WITH HEMOGLOBIN A1C LEVELS (A MEASURE OF CHRONIC GLYCEMIA) <6.5%, GENERALLY DEVELOP LITTLE OR NO RETINOPATHY. BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS HAVE BEEN CLAIMED TO INFLUENCE RETINOPATHY DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION, BUT MULTIPLE CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS IN DIABETIC SUBJECTS HAVE PRODUCED ONLY WEAK EVIDENCE OF BENEFIT FROM BLOOD PRESSURE LOWERING ON THE INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. ELEVATED BLOOD LIPIDS SEEM TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF RETINOPATHY, AND TWO TRIALS OF FENOFIBRATE, A LIPID-LOWERING AGENT THAT HAS NOT PROVED EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HAVE SHOWN BENEFIT IN PREVENTING RETINOPATHY PROGRESSION. THE MECHANISM OF THIS EFFECT MAY NOT, HOWEVER, BE DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE REDUCTION IN BLOOD LIPIDS. FINALLY, THERE IS STRONG, BUT ONLY CIRCUMSTANTIAL, EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. DESPITE THE POWER OF LARGE-SCALE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AND MODERN MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES, THE GENE OR GENES, WHICH PREDISPOSE OR PROTECT AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY REMAIN ELUSIVE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  5049  41 PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF RORC2 ENHANCES HUMAN TH17-TREG STABILITY AND FUNCTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC CONDITIONS THAT RESULT FROM UNCONTROLLED INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. PATHOGENIC TH17 CELLS, CHARACTERIZED BY PRODUCTION OF IL-17A IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-10, ARE THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS INFLAMMATION, BUT IN HUMANS, ANTIBODY-MEDIATED BLOCKADE OF IL-17A IS AN INEFFECTIVE IBD THERAPY WHEREAS IL-23 BLOCKADE IS EFFECTIVE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF RORC2, THE TH17 CELL LINEAGE-DEFINING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, ON IN VIVO-DIFFERENTIATED HUMAN TH17 CELLS AND TH17-LIKE TREGS (TH17-TREGS). BMS-336, A SMALL MOLECULE RORC2 INVERSE AGONIST, INHIBITED EXPRESSION OF RORC2-REGULATED GENES IN PERIPHERAL TH17 CELLS (CD4(+) CD25(-) CD127(+) CXCR3(-) CCR4(+) CCR6(+) ) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER, WITH SIMILAR INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON LAMINAR PROPRIA MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM IBD AND NON-IBD SUBJECTS. EXPOSURE OF PERIPHERAL TH17-TREGS (CD4(+) CD25(HI) CD127(LO) CXCR3(-) CCR4(+) CCR6(+) ) TO BMS-336 ALSO INHIBITED IL-17A PRODUCTION AND PREVENTED INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE-INDUCED DESTABILIZATION, AS EVIDENCED BY PRESERVED FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC STATUS OF THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATION REGION. IN PARALLEL, RORC2 INHIBITION INCREASED THE PRODUCTION OF IL-10 IN TH17-TREGS, RESULTING IN ENHANCED SUPPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES FROM MYELOID CELLS. THUS, VIA ITS ABILITY TO SIMULTANEOUSLY INHIBIT TH17 CELLS AND ENHANCE THE STABILITY AND FUNCTION OF TH17-TREGS, PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF RORC2 IS A PROMISING APPROACH TO SUPPRESS INFLAMMATION AND PROMOTE IMMUNE REGULATION IN IBD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  6443  29 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO HISTONE REPROGRAMMING IN RETINAL DEGENERATION. RECENT DATA HAVE REVEALED EPIGENETIC DERANGEMENTS AND SUBSEQUENT CHROMATIN REMODELING AS A POTENT BIOLOGIC SWITCH FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CELL SURVIVAL WHICH ARE IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL RETINAL DEGENERATIONS. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THIS SYSTEM AND SERVE AS A UNIQUE CONTROL OF THE CHROMATIN REMODELING PROCESS. WITH A MULTITUDE OF TARGETED HDAC INHIBITORS NOW AVAILABLE, THEIR USE IN BOTH BASIC SCIENCE AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAS WIDENED SUBSTANTIALLY. IN THE FIELD OF OCULAR BIOLOGY, THERE ARE DATA TO SUGGEST THAT HDAC INHIBITION MAY SUPPRESS NEOVASCULARIZATION AND MAY BE A POSSIBLE TREATMENT FOR RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA AND DRY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD). HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF THESE INHIBITORS ON CELL SURVIVAL AND CHEMOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE CHORIORETINAL TISSUES REMAIN VERY UNCLEAR. HERE, WE REVIEW THE MULTIFACETED BIOLOGY OF HDAC ACTIVITY AND PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION WHILE OFFERING FURTHER INSIGHT INTO THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS EPIGENETIC PATHWAY IN RETINAL DEGENERATIONS. OUR LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS AIM TO OPEN TRANSLATIONAL AVENUES TO ADVANCE DRY AMD THERAPEUTICS WHILE EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ACETYLATION ON INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN THE AGING AND DEGENERATING RETINA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  3662  49 INDUCTION OF STABLE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS BY A PARASITE-DERIVED TGF-BETA MIMIC. IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS IN THE INTESTINE IS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED BY FOXP3(+) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS), DEFECTS OF WHICH ARE LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). AS A MECHANISM OF IMMUNE EVASION, SEVERAL SPECIES OF INTESTINAL PARASITES BOOST TREG ACTIVITY. THE PARASITE HELIGMOSOMOIDES POLYGYRUS IS KNOWN TO SECRETE A MOLECULE (HP-TGM) THAT MIMICS THE ABILITY OF TGF-BETA TO INDUCE FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD4(+) T CELLS. THE STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER HP-TGM COULD INDUCE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. CD4(+) T CELLS FROM HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS WERE EXPANDED IN THE PRESENCE OF HP-TGM OR TGF-BETA. TREG INDUCTION WAS MEASURED BY FLOW CYTOMETRIC DETECTION OF FOXP3 AND OTHER TREG MARKERS, SUCH AS CD25 AND CTLA-4. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE DETECTED USING CHIP-SEQ AND PYROSEQUENCING OF FOXP3. TREG PHENOTYPE STABILITY WAS ASSESSED FOLLOWING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE CHALLENGE AND TREG FUNCTION WAS EVALUATED BY CELLULAR CO-CULTURE SUPPRESSION ASSAYS AND CYTOMETRIC BEAD ARRAYS FOR SECRETED CYTOKINES. HP-TGM EFFICIENTLY INDUCED FOXP3 EXPRESSION (> 60%), IN ADDITION TO CD25 AND CTLA-4, AND CAUSED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE FOXP3 LOCUS TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN TGF-BETA. HP-TGM-INDUCED TREGS HAD SUPERIOR SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TGF-BETA-INDUCED TREGS, AND RETAINED THEIR PHENOTYPE FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. FURTHERMORE, HP-TGM INDUCED A TREG-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN IN VIVO DIFFERENTIATED TH1 AND TH17 CELLS, INDICATING ITS POTENTIAL TO RE-PROGRAM MEMORY CELLS TO ENHANCE IMMUNE TOLERANCE. THESE DATA INDICATE HP-TGM HAS POTENTIAL TO BE USED TO GENERATE STABLE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS TO TREAT IBD AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  5908  43 TARGETED DE-METHYLATION OF THE FOXP3-TSDR IS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE PHYSIOLOGICAL FOXP3 EXPRESSION BUT NOT A FUNCTIONAL TREG PHENOTYPE. CD4+ REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) ARE KEY MEDIATORS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE AND PROMISING EFFECTOR CELLS FOR IMMUNO-SUPPRESSIVE ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY TO FIGHT AUTOIMMUNITY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THEIR FUNCTIONAL STABILITY IS CRITICAL FOR THEIR CLINICAL UTILITY AND HAS BEEN CORRELATED TO THE DEMETHYLATED STATE OF THE TSDR/CNS2 ENHANCER ELEMENT IN THE TREG LINEAGE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3. HOWEVER, PROOF FOR A CAUSAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE TSDR DE-METHYLATION TO FOXP3 STABILITY AND TREG INDUCTION IS SO FAR LACKING. WE HERE ESTABLISHED A POWERFUL TRANSIENT-TRANSFECTION CRISPR-CAS9-BASED EPIGENETIC EDITING METHOD FOR THE SELECTIVE DE-METHYLATION OF THE TSDR WITHIN THE ENDOGENOUS CHROMATIN ENVIRONMENT OF A LIVING CELL. THE INDUCED DE-METHYLATED STATE WAS STABLE OVER WEEKS IN CLONAL T CELL PROLIFERATION CULTURES EVEN AFTER EXPRESSION OF THE EDITING COMPLEX HAD CEASED. EPIGENETIC EDITING OF THE TSDR RESULTED IN FOXP3 EXPRESSION, EVEN IN ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL ISOFORM DISTRIBUTION, PROVING A CAUSAL ROLE FOR THE DE-METHYLATED TSDR IN FOXP3 REGULATION. HOWEVER, SUCCESSFUL FOXP3 INDUCTION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A SWITCH TOWARDS A FUNCTIONAL TREG PHENOTYPE, IN CONTRAST TO WHAT HAS BEEN REPORTED FROM FOXP3 OVEREXPRESSION APPROACHES. THUS, TSDR DE-METHYLATION IS REQUIRED, BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR A STABLE TREG PHENOTYPE INDUCTION. THEREFORE, TARGETED DEMETHYLATION OF THE TSDR MAY BE A CRITICAL ADDITION TO PUBLISHED IN VITRO TREG INDUCTION PROTOCOLS WHICH SO FAR LACK FOXP3 STABILITY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  4242  41 METHYLATION STATUS OF ALU AND LINE-1 INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN BEHCET'S DISEASE PATIENTS. BEHCET'S DISEASE (BD) IS A MULTISYSTEM CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. THE PATHOLOGY IS BELIEVED TO INVOLVE BOTH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. HYPOMETHYLATION LEADING TO ACTIVATION OF INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES (IRSS) SUCH AS LINE-1 AND ALU CONTRIBUTES TO THE PATHOLOGIES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND CANCER. HEREIN, THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF IRSS IN BD WERE EVALUATED USING COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS-INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES (COBRA-IRS). DNA FROM NEUTROPHILS AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF BD PATIENTS WITH OCULAR INVOLVEMENT THAT WERE IN ACTIVE OR INACTIVE STATES AND HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE USED TO ANALYZE LINE-1 AND ALU METHYLATION LEVELS. FOR ALU SEQUENCES, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED IN THE FREQUENCY OF (U)C(U)C ALLELES BETWEEN PBMCS OF PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.03), AND BETWEEN INACTIVE PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.03). FOR NEUTROPHILS, THE FREQUENCY OF (U)C(U)C WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.006) AND BETWEEN INACTIVE PATIENTS AND CONTROLS (P = 0.002). THE PARTIAL METHYLATION ((U)C(M)C + (M)C(U)C) FREQUENCIES OF ALU BETWEEN INACTIVE PATIENTS AND CONTROL SAMPLES ALSO DIFFERED (P = 0.02). NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES FOR LINE-1 WERE DETECTED. THUS, CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF IRS ELEMENTS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF BD. THE ROLE OF ALU TRANSCRIPTS IN BD SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED FURTHER.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  5537  31 ROLE OF CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE IN LIGHT-AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR MIGRAINE. MIGRAINE IS A CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT EPISODES OF SEVERE UNILATERAL THROBBING HEAD PAIN AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS PHOTOPHOBIA. OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MIGRAINE HAS BEEN HAMPERED BY LIMITATIONS IN ASCERTAINING MIGRAINE SYMPTOMS IN ANIMAL MODELS. CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE ESTABLISHED THE NEUROPEPTIDE CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP) AS A KEY PLAYER IN MIGRAINE. HERE, WE ESTABLISH A GENETIC MODEL OF PHOTOPHOBIA BY ENGINEERING INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO CGRP IN MICE. THESE TRANSGENIC MICE (NESTIN/HRAMP1) DISPLAY LIGHT-AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR THAT IS GREATLY ENHANCED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF CGRP AND BLOCKED BY COADMINISTRATION OF THE CGRP RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST OLCEGEPANT. THIS BEHAVIOR APPEARS TO BE AN INDICATOR OF PHOTOPHOBIA AND CANNOT BE FULLY EXPLAINED BY GROSS ABNORMALITY OF OCULAR ANATOMY OR DIFFERENCES IN GENERAL ANXIETY OR MOTOR ACTIVITY. OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT A SINGLE GENE, RECEPTOR ACTIVITY-MODIFYING PROTEIN 1 (RAMP1), CAN BE A MODIFIER OF PHOTOPHOBIA AND, BY EXTENSION, SUGGEST THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF RAMP1 LEVELS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO MIGRAINE SUSCEPTIBILITY. MOREOVER, THEY VALIDATE CGRP HYPERSENSITIVE MICE AS A TOOL FOR EXPLORING THE NEUROBIOLOGY AND NOVEL THERAPIES FOR MIGRAINE AND OTHER DISORDERS INVOLVING PHOTOPHOBIA.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17  3456  40 HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENES IS LINKED TO THE DYSBALANCE IN IL1BETA/IL-1RA AXIS IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. INFLAMMATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM). SUPPORTING THIS CONCEPT, ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND INCREASED INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES ARE OBSERVED IN PANCREATIC ISLETS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM. ALTHOUGH IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA) PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROLLING OF IL-1BETA-MEDIATED INFLAMMATION, ITS COUNTERACTION EFFECTS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN T2DM ARE LESS STUDIED. THUS, WE AIMED TO ANALYZE THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN IL1RN, RELA (P65) AND NFKB1 (P50) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM TREATED T2DM PATIENTS (N = 35) AND AGE-/SEX- MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 31). PRODUCTION OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WAS ANALYZED IN PLASMA AND SUPERNATANTS FROM LPS-INDUCED PBMCS. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WERE STUDIED ON THP-1 CELLS. AVERAGE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN T2DM PATIENTS IN COMPARISON WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS (P< 0.05), WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASED IL-1RA (P< 0.001) AND IL-1BETA (P = 0.039) PLASMA LEVELS IN T2DM PATIENTS. NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AVERAGE METHYLATION OF IL1RN GENE AND IL-1RA PLASMA LEVELS WERE OBSERVED IN FEMALE T2DM PATIENTS. METHYLATION OF NFKB1 GENE WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH IL-1RA LEVELS IN THE PATIENTS AND POSITIVELY WITH IL-1BETA LEVELS IN FEMALE PATIENTS. LPS-STIMULATED PBMCS FROM FEMALE PATIENTS FAILED TO RAISE IL-1BETA PRODUCTION, WHILE THE CELLS FROM HEALTHY FEMALES INCREASED IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN COMPARISON WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS (P< 0.001). TAKEN TOGETHER, THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS MAY PROMOTE THE INCREASED IL-1BETA/IL-1RA PRODUCTION AND REGULATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN T2DM. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO ELUCIDATE THE CAUSAL DIRECTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS AND POTENTIAL ROLE OF IL-1RA IN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN TREATED PATIENTS WITH T2DM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18   664  31 BLOOD REFLUX-INDUCED EPIGENETIC FACTORS HDACS AND DNMTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE. BLOOD REFLUX AND METABOLIC REGULATION PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE (CVD) DEVELOPMENT. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) SERVE AS REPRESSORS THAT INHIBIT METABOLIC SIGNALING, WHICH IS INDUCED BY PROATHEROGENIC FLOW TO PROMOTE AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELL (EC) DYSFUNCTION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD REFLUX AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HDACS AND DNMTS IN CVD. HUMAN VARICOSE VEINS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF BLOOD REFLUX VERSUS NORMAL VEINS WITH NORMAL VENOUS FLOW WERE EXAMINED. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT HDAC-1, -2, -3, -5, AND -7 ARE OVEREXPRESSED IN THE ENDOTHELIUM OF VARICOSE VEINS WITH BLOOD REFLUX. BLOOD REFLUX-INDUCED HDACS ARE ENHANCED IN THE VARICOSE VEINS WITH A LONGER DURATION TIME OF BLOOD REFLUX. IN CONTRAST, THESE HDACS ARE RARELY EXPRESSED IN THE ENDOTHELIUM OF THE NORMAL VEIN WITH NORMAL VENOUS FLOW. SIMILAR RESULTS ARE OBTAINED FOR DNMT1 AND DNMT3A. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC FACTORS, HDACS AND DNMTS, ARE INDUCED IN VENOUS ECS IN RESPONSE TO BLOOD REFLUX BUT ARE INHIBITED IN RESPONSE TO NORMAL VENOUS FLOW. BLOOD REFLUX-INDUCED HDACS AND DNMTS COULD INHIBIT METABOLIC REGULATION AND PROMOTE VENOUS EC DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS HIGHLY CORRELATED WITH CVD PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  2255  37 EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN EARLY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN SKIN AFTER SULFUR MUSTARD EXPOSURE. VICTIMS THAT WERE EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT SULFUR MUSTARD (SM) SUFFER FROM CHRONIC DERMAL AND OCULAR LESIONS, SEVERE PULMONARY PROBLEMS AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT EPIGENETIC PERTURBATIONS MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THAT PROCESS BUT THIS HAS NOT BEEN INVESTIGATED SO FAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN VITRO USING EARLY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (EEC) THAT WERE EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT SM CONCENTRATIONS (0.5, 1.0, 23.5 AND 50MUM). A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF 78 GENES RELATED TO EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS (I.E., DNA-METHYLATION AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS) WAS PERFORMED. MOREOVER, WE ANALYZED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN VITRO IN EEC AFTER SM EXPOSURE AS A MAKER FOR EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS AND IN VIVO USING HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES THAT WERE OBTAINED FROM A PATIENT 1 YEAR AFTER AN ACCIDENTLY EXPOSURE TO PURE SM. SM EXPOSURE RESULTED IN A COMPLEX REGULATION PATTERN OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS WHICH WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A GLOBAL INCREASE OF DNA METHYLATION IN VITRO. EXAMINATION OF THE SM EXPOSED HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES ALSO REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN VIVO, UNDERLINING THE BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF OUR FINDINGS. THUS, WE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT SM AFFECTS EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS AND CAUSES EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  2965  38 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A MOLECULAR LINK TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. INTENSIFICATION IN THE FREQUENCY OF DIABETES AND THE ASSOCIATED VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS HAS BEEN A ROOT CAUSE OF BLINDNESS AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT WORLDWIDE. ONE SUCH VASCULAR COMPLICATION WHICH HAS BEEN THE PROMINENT CAUSE OF BLINDNESS; RETINAL VASCULATURE, NEURONAL AND GLIAL ABNORMALITIES IS DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR), A CHRONIC COMPLICATED OUTCOME OF TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. IT HAS ALSO BECOME CLEAR THAT "GENETIC" VARIATIONS IN POPULATION ALONE CAN'T EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING DR. DR EXPERIENCES ENGAGEMENT OF FOREMOST MEDIATORS OF DIABETES SUCH AS HYPERGLYCEMIA, OXIDANT STRESS, AND INFLAMMATORY FACTORS THAT LEAD TO THE DYSREGULATION OF "EPIGENETIC" MECHANISMS INVOLVING HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HISTONE AND DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN REMODELING AND EXPRESSION OF A COMPLEX SET OF STRESS-REGULATED AND DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENES. IN ADDITION, BOTH ELEVATED GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE LEAVE A ROBUST EFFECT ON EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TOO, SINCE ENDOTHELIUM ASSOCIATED WITH THE EYE AIDS IN MAINTAINING THE VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS. FURTHERMORE, SEVERAL STUDIES CONDUCTED ON THE DISEASE SUGGEST THAT THE MODIFICATIONS OF THE EPIGENOME MIGHT BE THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISM(S) FOR THE PROPOSED METABOLIC MEMORY' RESULTING INTO PROLONGED GENE EXPRESSION FOR INFLAMMATION AND CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION EVEN AFTER ATTAINING THE GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN DIABETICS. HENCEFORTH, THE PRESENT REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE ASPECTS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN GENES SUCH AS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AND ALDOSE REDUCTASE CONSIDERED BEING ASSOCIATED WITH DR. IN ADDITION, WE DISCUSS BRIEFLY THE ROLE OF THE THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN TXNIP, WHICH IS STRONGLY INDUCED BY HIGH GLUCOSE AND DIABETES, IN CELLULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION POTENTIALLY LEADING TO CHROMATIN REMODELING AND OCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENES AND THEIR EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS WILL LEAD TO POTENTIAL NEW DRUGS AND GENE THERAPIES AS WELL AS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE TO PREVENT OR SLOW DOWN THE PROGRESSION OF DR.	2016