1  1050 129 CLINICAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED TO REFRACTORY OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. SOME PATIENTS WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) EXHIBIT AN UNSATISFACTORY REDUCTION IN SYMPTOM SEVERITY DESPITE BEING TREATED WITH ALL THE AVAILABLE THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVES. THE CLINICAL VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS IN OCD ARE INCONSISTENTLY DESCRIBED IN THE LITERATURE. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS OF PATIENTS WITH OCD, WE CONDUCTED A CASE-CONTROL STUDY, COMPARING 23 PATIENTS WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORY OCD TO 26 PATIENTS WITH TREATMENT-RESPONDING OCD. RESULTS: THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH REFRACTORINESS OF OCD WERE HIGHER SEVERITY OF SYMPTOMS SINCE THE ONSET OF OCD (P<0.001), CHRONIC COURSE (P=0.003), LACK OF A PARTNER (P=0.037), UNEMPLOYMENT (P=0.025), LOW ECONOMIC STATUS (P=0.015), PRESENCE OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS OF SEXUAL/RELIGIOUS CONTENT (P=0.043), AND HIGHER SCORES ON FAMILY ACCOMMODATION (P<0.001). ONLY THE THREE LATTER VARIABLES REMAINED SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS AFTER REGRESSION ANALYSES. LIMITATIONS: SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, THE BIASES AND DRAWBACKS INHERENT TO A CASE-CONTROL STUDY, AND THE INCLUSION CRITERIA USED TO DEFINE THE STUDY GROUPS MAY HAVE LIMITED THE GENERALISATION OF THE RESULTS. CONCLUSION: A MAJOR STRENGTH OF THIS STUDY IS THE SYSTEMATIC AND STRUCTURED EVALUATION OF A VAST ARRAY OF VARIABLES RELATED TO THE CLINICAL EXPRESSION OF OCD, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND RATINGS DERIVED FROM INSTRUMENTS EVALUATING FAMILY ACCOMMODATION. THE PRESENCE OF SEXUAL/RELIGIOUS SYMPTOMS, LOW ECONOMIC STATUS AND HIGH MODIFICATION ON FAMILY FUNCTION DUE TO OCD WERE INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-REFRACTORINESS. FUTURE LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO VERIFY IF THESE VARIABLES REPRESENT PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF TREATMENT NON-RESPONSE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  1279  26 DE NOVO MUTATIONS IDENTIFIED BY WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING IMPLICATE CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) IS A CHRONIC ANXIETY DISORDER WITH A SUBSTANTIAL GENETIC BASIS AND A BROADLY UNDISCOVERED ETIOLOGY. RECENT STUDIES OF DE NOVO MUTATION (DNM) EXOME-SEQUENCING STUDIES FOR OCD HAVE REINFORCED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RARE VARIATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE RISK. WE PERFORMED, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE FIRST WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING ON 53 PARENT-OFFSPRING FAMILIES WITH OFFSPRING AFFECTED WITH OCD TO INVESTIGATE ALL RARE DE NOVO VARIANTS AND INSERTIONS/DELETIONS. WE OBSERVED HIGHER MUTATION RATES IN PROMOTER-ANCHORED CHROMATIN LOOPS (EMPIRICAL P = 0.0015) AND REGIONS WITH HIGH FREQUENCIES OF HISTONE MARKS (EMPIRICAL P = 0.0001). MUTATIONS AFFECTING CODING REGIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED WITHIN COEXPRESSION MODULES OF GENES INVOLVED IN CHROMATIN MODIFICATION DURING HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. FOUR GENES-SETD5, KDM3B, ASXL3, AND FBL-HAD STRONG AGGREGATED EVIDENCE AND FUNCTIONALLY CONVERGED ON TRANSCRIPTION'S EPIGENETIC REGULATION, SUGGESTING AN IMPORTANT OCD RISK MECHANISM. OUR DATA CHARACTERIZED DIFFERENT GENOME-WIDE DNMS AND HIGHLIGHTED THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATION IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OCD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  2105  30 EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF THE OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR GENE IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. BACKGROUND: OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER THAT AFFECTS UP TO 3% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION. ALTHOUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A ROLE IN NEURODEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH OCD HAVE RARELY BEEN INVESTIGATED. OXYTOCIN IS A NEUROPEPTIDE INVOLVED IN NEUROBEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONS. OXYTOCIN HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE REGULATION OF COMPLEX SOCIO-COGNITIVE PROCESSES SUCH AS ATTACHMENT, SOCIAL EXPLORATION, AND SOCIAL RECOGNITION, AS WELL AS ANXIETY AND OTHER STRESS-RELATED BEHAVIORS. OXYTOCIN HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OCD, ALBEIT INCONSISTENTLY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE METHYLATION IN TWO TARGETS SEQUENCES LOCATED IN THE EXON III OF THE OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR GENE (OXTR), IN OCD PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE USED BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO QUANTIFY DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 42 OCD PATIENTS AND 31 HEALTHY CONTROLS. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT THE LEVEL OF METHYLATION OF THE CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE SITES IN TWO TARGETS SEQUENCES ANALYZED WAS GREATER IN THE OCD PATIENTS THAN IN THE CONTROLS. THE HIGHER METHYLATION IN THE OCD PATIENTS CORRELATED WITH OCD SEVERITY. WE MEASURED DNA METHYLATION IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD, WHICH PREVENTED US FROM DRAWING ANY CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PROCESSES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CONCLUSION: TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION OF THE OXTR IN OCD. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE ROLES THAT DNA METHYLATION AND OXYTOCIN PLAY IN OCD.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  1946  33 EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH A CHROMOSOME 18(Q21-Q22) INVERSION AND A GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME PHENOTYPE. GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME (GTS) IS A POTENTIALLY DEBILITATING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF BOTH VOCAL AND MOTOR TICS. DESPITE EVIDENCE THAT THIS AND A RELATED PHENOTYPIC SPECTRUM, INCLUDING CHRONIC TICS (CT) AND OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD), ARE GENETICALLY MEDIATED, NO GENE INVOLVED IN DISEASE ETIOLOGY HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED. CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES HAVE LONG BEEN PROPOSED TO PLAY A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN ISOLATED CASES OF GTS SPECTRUM PHENOMENA, BUT CONFIRMATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS YET TO BE FORTHCOMING. WE DESCRIBE AN I(18Q21.1-Q22.2) INVERSION IN A PATIENT WITH CT AND OCD. WE HAVE FINE MAPPED THE TELOMERIC ASPECT OF THE REARRANGEMENT TO WITHIN 1 MB OF A PREVIOUSLY REPORTED 18Q22 BREAKPOINT THAT COSEGREGATED IN A FAMILY WITH GTS AND RELATED PHENOTYPES. A COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF THIS GENOMIC INTERVAL LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF TWO TRANSCRIPTS, NEITHER OF WHICH WAS FOUND TO BE STRUCTURALLY DISRUPTED. ANALYSIS OF THE EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION DEMONSTRATED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN REPLICATION ASYNCHRONY IN THE PATIENT COMPARED TO CONTROLS, WITH THE INVERTED CHROMOSOME SHOWING DELAYED REPLICATION TIMING ACROSS AT LEAST A 500-KB INTERVAL. THESE FINDINGS ARE CONSISTENT WITH LONG-RANGE FUNCTIONAL DYSREGULATION OF ONE OR MORE GENES IN THE REGION. OUR DATA SUPPORT A LINK BETWEEN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GTS AND SUGGEST THAT THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF BALANCED CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS IS WARRANTED IN PATIENTS WITH PHENOTYPES OF INTEREST, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE FINDINGS REGARDING STRUCTURALLY DISRUPTED TRANSCRIPTS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  2209  24 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: WHAT DO WE KNOW? OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) IS A CHRONIC, SEVERE DISABLING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WHOSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IS NOT YET WELL DEFINED. GENERALLY, THE SYMPTOM ONSET OCCURS DURING PRE-ADULT LIFE AND AFFECTS SUBJECTS IN DIFFERENT LIFE ASPECTS, INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. ALTHOUGH ROBUST EVIDENCE INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN THE ETIOPATHOLOGY OF OCD, THE ENTIRELY MECHANISMS ARE NOT TOTALLY CLARIFIED. THUS, THE POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENES AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SHOULD BE SOUGHT. THEREFORE, WE PROVIDE A REVIEW OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS RELATED TO OCD WITH A DEEP FOCUS ON THE REGULATION OF CRITICAL GENES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SEEKING POSSIBLE POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  6457  39 TIC DISORDERS: WHEN HABIT FORMING NEURAL SYSTEMS FORM HABITS OF THEIR OWN? TOURETTE SYNDROME (TS), OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) AND RELATED CONDITIONS ARE PREVALENT DISORDERS AFFECTING AS MANY AS 0.3-3% OF THE POPULATION. THEY ARE FREQUENTLY CHRONIC AND CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH MARKED IMPAIRMENT AND DISABILITY. ALTHOUGH CLINICAL CARE HAS IMPROVED OVER THE PAST DECADE, A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PATIENTS FAIL TO RESPOND ADEQUATELY OR EXPERIENCE INTOLERABLE SIDE EFFECTS. THE ETIOLOGY OF THESE DISORDERS IS UNKNOWN. COMPELLING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOP TS AND OCD IS MEDIATED BY BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THAT NEURAL SYSTEMS LOCATED IN THE BASAL GANGLIA AND FUNCTIONALLY RELATED BRAIN STRUCTURES ARE INVOLVED IN THEIR PATHOGENESIS. BASED ON EXPLICIT MODELS OF PATHOGENESIS FOR TS AND OCD AND BUILDING ON WORK ACCOMPLISHED OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES, AN ARRAY OF CLINICAL, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL, GENETIC, NEUROIMAGING, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND TREATMENT STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED OR ARE UNDERWAY AT THE CHILD STUDY CENTER AT YALE UNIVERSITY. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM OF INVESTIGATORS HAS JOINED FORCES TO TEST SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES THROUGH THE INTEGRATION AND TRANSLATION OF BASIC AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. ALL SUBJECTS HAVE BEEN STUDIED USING IDENTICAL CLINICAL, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL, GENETIC, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES. CURRENT CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF TS HAVE BEEN SHAPED BY ADVANCES IN CLINICAL PHENOMENOLOGY, GENETICS, SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE AND THE EMERGING UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THE BASAL GANGLIA IN IMPLICIT LEARNING AND HABIT FORMATION, NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY. AN APPRECIATION OF THE PREMONITORY URGES THAT PRECEDE TICS AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF TICS HAVE PROVIDED USEFUL VIEWPOINTS FROM WHICH TO REGARD THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TS. WHILE THE LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF TS CAN BE RELATIVELY BENIGN, THE PRESENCE OF COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD), OCD OR A MAJOR AFFECTIVE DISORDER CAN HAVE LASTING UNTOWARD CONSEQUENCES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES IN TS WILL DOUBTLESS POINT IN NEW THERAPEUTIC DIRECTIONS FOR TREATMENT, AS WILL THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PUTATIVE AUTOIMMUNE MECHANISMS ACTIVE IN SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS. CONTINUED SUCCESS IN FUNCTIONAL IN VIVO NEUROIMAGING STUDIES WILL LEAD TO THE TARGETING OF SPECIFIC BRAIN CIRCUITS FOR MORE INTENSIVE STUDY. ALTHOUGH IDEAL ANTI-TIC THERAPIES ARE NOT AVAILABLE, RECENTLY COMPLETED CLINICAL TRIALS WITH ALPHA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS AND ATYPICAL NEUROLEPTICS ARE ENCOURAGING. GIVEN THESE DEVELOPMENTS, TS CAN BE CONSIDERED A MODEL DISORDER TO STUDY THE DYNAMIC INTERPLAY OF GENETIC VULNERABILITIES, EPIGENETIC EVENTS, AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ACTIVE DURING EARLY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS UTILIZED IN THESE STUDIES AND MANY OF THE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS RESULTING FROM THEM, WILL BE RELEVANT TO OTHER DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD ONSET AND TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT.	2001	

7  6827  24 [GILLES DE LA TOURETTE'S DISEASE. SYMPTOMS, ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES]. THE GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME IS A USUALLY CHRONIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WITH AN EARLY CHILDHOOD ONSET FEATURING MAINLY MOTOR AND VOCAL TICS. IT SEEMS THAT STRONG GENETIC FACTORS MAKE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE ETIOLOGY OF THIS DISORDER, BUT THERE ARE ALSO CLUES THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TOURETTE'S SYNDROME, SUCH AS MATERNAL STRESS DURING PREGNANCY, BIRTH COMPLICATIONS AND HORMONAL INFLUENCES. FIRST IN LINE FOR ADEQUATE TREATMENT ARE NEUROLEPTIC COMPOUNDS OF HIGH POTENCY, BESIDES, SEVERAL OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS HAVE SHOWN SOME THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS. LESS EVIDENT IS THE EFFICACY OF NEUROSURGICAL AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS.	1997	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  5331  34 PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER IN GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME: EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF DYSFUNCTION. GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME IS A COMPLEX, IDIOPATHIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER WHOSE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. IT IS PHENOTYPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS AND MANIFESTS MORE OFTEN THAN NOT WITH BOTH MOTOR AND BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENT, ALTHOUGH TICS ARE ITS CLINICAL HALLMARK. TICS THEMSELVES PRESENT WITH A COMPLEX PROFILE AS THEY CHARACTERISTICALLY WAX AND WANE AND ARE OFTEN PRECEDED BY PREMONITORY SOMATOSENSORY SENSATIONS TO WHICH IT IS SAID A TIC IS THE RESPONSE. HIGHLY COMORBID WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, IT IS PURPORTED TO BE AN EPIGENETIC, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SPECTRUM DISORDER WITH A COMPLEX GENETIC PROFILE. IT HAS A CHILDHOOD ONSET, OCCURS DISPROPORTIONATELY IN MALES, AND SHOWS SPONTANEOUS SYMPTOMATIC ATTENUATION BY ADULTHOOD IN THE MAJORITY OF THOSE AFFLICTED. ALTHOUGH NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, ITS NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS IS LINKED TO DYSFUNCTION IN THE CORTICO-BASAL GANGLIA-THALAMO-CORTICAL NETWORK. TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME INCLUDE BEHAVIORAL, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS, BUT THERE IS PRESENTLY NO CURE FOR THE DISORDER. FOR THOSE SEVERELY AFFECTED, DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS) HAS RECENTLY BECOME A VIABLE THERAPEUTIC OPTION. A KEY FACTOR TO ATTAINING OPTIMAL RESULTS FROM THIS SURGERY IS TARGET SELECTION, A TOPIC STILL UNDER DEBATE DUE TO THE COMPLEX CLINICAL PROFILE PRESENTED BY GTS PATIENTS. DEPENDING ON ITS PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION AND THE MOST PROBLEMATIC ASPECT OF THE DISORDER FOR THE INDIVIDUAL, ONE OF THREE BRAIN REGIONS IS MOST COMMONLY CHOSEN FOR STIMULATION: THE THALAMUS, GLOBUS PALLIDUS, OR NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF INTRA- AND POST-OPERATIVE HUMAN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS FROM CLINICAL DBS STUDIES SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN TIC BEHAVIOR AND ACTIVITY IN BOTH THE THALAMUS AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS. IN PARTICULAR, CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM THE THALAMUS HAVE SHOWN A CORRELATION BETWEEN SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND (1) SPECTRAL ACTIVITY IN GAMMA BAND POWER AND (2) THETA/GAMMA CROSS FREQUENCY COHERENCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST GAMMA OSCILLATIONS AND THETA/GAMMA CROSS CORRELATION DYNAMICS MAY SERVE AS BIOMARKERS FOR DYSFUNCTION. WHILE ACUTE AND CHRONIC RECORDINGS FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS UNDERGOING DBS HAVE PROVIDED BETTER INSIGHT INTO TIC GENESIS AND THE NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME, THESE STUDIES ARE STILL SPARSE AND THE FIELD WOULD GREATLY BENEFIT FROM FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW REPORTS DATA AND DISCOVERIES OF SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE FROM A WIDE VARIETY OF METHODS AND PROVIDES UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOMECHANISMS UNDERLYING TOURETTE SYNDROME. IT GIVES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND ADDRESSES OPEN QUESTIONS IN THE FIELD.	2017	
                                                            
9  6266  18 THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF SUICIDE. THE STRESS-DIATHESIS MODEL POSITS THAT SUICIDE IS THE RESULT OF AN INTERACTION BETWEEN STATE-DEPENDENT (ENVIRONMENTAL) STRESSORS AND A TRAIT-LIKE DIATHESIS OR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR, INDEPENDENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. FINDINGS FROM POST-MORTEM STUDIES OF THE BRAIN AND FROM GENOMIC AND IN-VIVO NEUROIMAGING STUDIES INDICATE A BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THIS DIATHESIS, INDICATING THE IMPORTANCE OF NEUROBIOLOGICAL SCREENING AND INTERVENTIONS, IN ADDITION TO COGNITIVE AND MOOD INTERVENTIONS, IN THE PREVENTION OF SUICIDE. EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT EXPLAIN SOME OF THE LINK BETWEEN SUICIDE RISK AND BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND NEUROCHEMISTRY ABNORMALITIES. RESULTS FROM A RANGE OF STUDIES USING DIVERSE DESIGNS AND POST-MORTEM AND IN-VIVO TECHNIQUES SHOW IMPAIRMENTS OF THE SEROTONIN NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEM AND THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS STRESS-RESPONSE SYSTEM IN THE DIATHESIS FOR SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR. THESE IMPAIRMENTS MANIFEST AS IMPAIRED COGNITIVE CONTROL OF MOOD, PESSIMISM, REACTIVE AGGRESSIVE TRAITS, IMPAIRED PROBLEM SOLVING, OVER-REACTIVITY TO NEGATIVE SOCIAL SIGNS, EXCESSIVE EMOTIONAL PAIN, AND SUICIDAL IDEATION, LEADING TO SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR. BIOMARKERS RELATED TO THE DIATHESIS MIGHT HELP TO INFORM RISK-ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT CHOICE IN THE PREVENTION OF SUICIDE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  3860  35 ISOCHROMOSOME 13 IN A PATIENT WITH CHILDHOOD-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA, ADHD, AND MOTOR TIC DISORDER. BACKGROUND: A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF ALL CASES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA HAVE A CHILDHOOD ONSET. THE IMPACT ON THE INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY CAN BE DEVASTATING. WE REPORT THE RESULTS OF GENETIC ANALYSES FROM A PATIENT WITH ONSET OF VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS AT 5 YEARS, AND A SUBSEQUENT DIAGNOSIS AT 9 YEARS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) WITH HYPERACTIVITY AND IMPULSIVITY, AND CHRONIC MOTOR TIC DISORDER. RESULTS: KARYOTYPIC ANALYSIS FOUND 45,XX,I(13)(Q10) IN ALL CELLS EXAMINED. ALPHA SATELLITE FISH OF ISOCHROMOSOME 13 REVEALED A LARGE UNSPLIT CENTROMERIC REGION, INTERPRETED AS TWO CENTROMERES SEPARATED BY MINIMAL OR UNDETECTABLE SHORT-ARM MATERIAL OR AS A SINGLE MONOCENTRIC CENTROMERE, INDICATING THAT THE ISOCHROMOSOME LIKELY FORMED POST-ZYGOTICALLY BY A SHORT ARM U-TYPE OR CENTROMERIC EXCHANGE. CHARACTERIZATION OF CHROMOSOME 13 SIMPLE TANDEM REPEATS AND AFFYMETRIX WHOLE-GENOME 6.0 SNP ARRAY HYBRIDIZATION FOUND HOMOZYGOSITY FOR ALL MARKERS, AND THE PRESENCE OF ONLY A SINGLE PATERNAL ALLELE IN INFORMATIVE MARKERS, CONSISTENT WITH AN ISODISOMIC ISOCHROMOSOME OF PATERNAL ORIGIN. ANALYSIS OF TWO CHROMOSOME 13 SCHIZOPHRENIA CANDIDATE GENES, D-AMINO ACID OXIDASE ACTIVATOR (DAOA) AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (SEROTONIN) RECEPTOR 2A (5-HTR2A), FAILED TO IDENTIFY NON-SYNONYMOUS CODING MUTATIONS BUT DID IDENTIFY HOMOZYGOUS RISK POLYMORPHISMS. CONCLUSIONS: WE REPORT A FEMALE PATIENT WITH CHILDHOOD-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA, ADHD, AND MOTOR TIC DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH AN ISODISOMIC ISOCHROMOSOME 13 OF PATERNAL ORIGIN AND A 45,XX,I(13)(Q10Q10) KARYOTYPE. WE EXAMINED TWO POTENTIAL MECHANISMS TO EXPLAIN CHROMOSOME 13 INVOLVEMENT IN THE PATIENT'S PATHOLOGY, INCLUDING REDUCTION TO HOMOZYGOSITY OF A PATERNAL MUTATION AND REDUCTION TO HOMOZYGOSITY OF A PATERNAL COPY NUMBER VARIATION, BUT WERE UNABLE TO IDENTIFY ANY OVERTLY PATHOGENIC ABNORMALITY. FUTURE STUDIES MAY CONSIDER WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS RESULTING FROM UNIPARENTAL DISOMY (UPD) AND THE LACK OF CHROMOSOME 13 MATERNAL ALLELES LEAD TO THE PATIENT'S FEATURES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  1179  21 CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND DRUG ADDICTION. IMPAIRMENT OF OLIGODENDROGLIA (OL)-DEPENDENT MYELINATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) IS A REMARKABLE PARALLEL RECENTLY IDENTIFIED IN MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND CHRONIC DRUG ABUSE. NEUROIMAGING AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES REVEALED MYELIN DEFECTS AND MICROARRAY-PROFILING ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF MYELIN-RELATED GENES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ), BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD), MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) AND COCAINE ADDICTION. HOWEVER, THE ETIOLOGY UNDERLYING MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN THESE CLINICALLY DISTINCT SUBJECTS REMAINS ELUSIVE. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN LINE WITH DOPAMINERGIC DYSFUNCTION, A PRIME NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TRAIT SHARED IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND DRUG ABUSE, AS WELL AS THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE DISEASES. THE CURRENT FINDINGS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DOPAMINE (DA) ACTION ON OLS IS A COMMON PATHOLOGIC MECHANISM FOR MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IN THE AFOREMENTIONED MENTAL MORBIDITIES, WHEREAS INHERITED GENETIC VARIATIONS THAT SPECIFICALLY AFFECT OL DEVELOPMENT AND MYELINOGENESIS MAY FURTHER INCREASE MYELIN VULNERABILITY IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. IMPORTANTLY, OL DEFECT IS NOT ONLY A PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCE BUT ALSO A CAUSATIVE FACTOR FOR DOPAMINERGIC DYSFUNCTION. HENCE, MYELIN IMPAIRMENT IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENIC LOOP OF PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES AND DRUG ADDICTION.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12    92  26 A PILOT STUDY INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF GENDER IN THE INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION, CHRONIC PAIN, AND ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN A CLINICAL SAMPLE OF YOUTH WITH CHRONIC PAIN. CHRONIC PAIN IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT AND COSTLY ISSUE THAT OFTEN EMERGES DURING CHILDHOOD OR ADOLESCENCE AND PERSISTS INTO ADULTHOOD. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) INCREASE RISK FOR SEVERAL ADVERSE HEALTH CONDITIONS, INCLUDING CHRONIC PAIN. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PARENTAL TRAUMA (ACES, POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) SYMPTOMS) CONFERS RISK OF POOR HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THEIR CHILDREN. INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARENTAL TRAUMA AND CHILD CHRONIC PAIN MAY BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. A CLINICAL SAMPLE OF YOUTH WITH CHRONIC PAIN AND THEIR PARENTS COMPLETED PSYCHOMETRICALLY SOUND QUESTIONNAIRES ASSESSING ACES, PTSD SYMPTOMS, AND CHRONIC PAIN, AND PROVIDED A SALIVA SAMPLE. THESE WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOUR EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS (COMT, DRD2, GR, AND SERT), TRAUMA, AND CHRONIC PAIN. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE SIGNIFICANT BIOMARKERS WERE DEPENDENT UPON THE GENDER OF THE CHILD, WHEREIN PARENTAL ACES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN DRD2 EXPRESSION IN FEMALE CHILDREN AND ALTERED COMT EXPRESSION IN THE PARENTS OF MALE CHILDREN. ADDITIONALLY, THE NATURE OF THE ACE (MALTREATMENT VS. HOUSEHOLD DYSFUNCTION) WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THERE MAY BE DIFFERENT PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH PARENTAL ACES CONFER RISK FOR POOR OUTCOMES FOR MALES AND FEMALES, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILD GENDER IN FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  6917  14 [WHOSE BORDERLINE IS IT? HYPOTHESIZED ETIOLOGIES OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY]. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY IS A WELL KNOWN CONCEPT IN PSYCHIATRIC LITERATURE, HOWEVER, NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD AS TO ITS VERY NATURE. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A SHORT REVIEW OF HYPOTHESIZED ETIOLOGIES OF THE BORDERLINE PERSONALITY, STARTING WITH SO CALLED TRADITIONAL THEORIES, NAMELY, BORDERLINE PERSONALITY AS A CONSOLIDATED PERSONALITY ORGANIZATION, IN WHICH THE PATIENT PATHOLOGICALLY DEALS WITH HIS OR HER INNER AGGRESSION, OR WITH AN ENDURING DEVELOPMENTAL FAILURE. MORE MODERN HYPOTHESES FOCUS ON POSSIBLE CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE AS THE ORIGIN OF THE BORDERLINE, VIEWING THE ADULT PERSONALITY AS A CHRONIC, UNRESOLVED, POST-TRAUMATIC DISORDER. ADDITIONALLY, A NEURO-EPIGENETIC VIEW HYPOTHESIZED THAT A UNIQUE CONGENITAL NEUROLOGICAL STRUCTURE INTERACTS WITH CONSEQUENTIAL EVENTS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD TO CREATE THE BORDERLINE PERSONALITY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14  1722  26 DYSREGULATION OF BRAIN DOPAMINE SYSTEMS IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD OR DEPRESSION) IS A DEBILITATING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYNDROME WITH GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS. DEPRESSION IS ONE OF THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC DISEASE BURDEN; IT AFFECTS MORE THAN ONE IN SIX INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. A WIDE ARRAY OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MODIFICATIONS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS A VARIETY OF NEURONAL PROCESSES AND CIRCUITS UNDERLIE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION-NO ESTABLISHED MECHANISM CAN EXPLAIN ALL ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE. MDD SUFFERS FROM A VAST TREATMENT GAP WORLDWIDE, AND LARGE NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO REQUIRE TREATMENT DO NOT RECEIVE ADEQUATE CARE. THIS MINI-REVIEW FOCUSES ON DYSREGULATION OF BRAIN DOPAMINE (DA) SYSTEMS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MDD AND DESCRIBING NEW CELLULAR TARGETS FOR POTENTIAL MEDICATION DEVELOPMENT FOCUSED ON DA-MODULATED MICRO-CIRCUITS. WE ALSO EXPLORE HOW NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS MAY MODIFY RISK FOR LATER EMERGENCE OF MDD, POSSIBLY THROUGH DOPAMINERGIC SUBSTRATES IN THE BRAIN.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  4609  27 NEONATAL DNA METHYLATION AND CHILDHOOD LOW PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION META-ANALYSIS. LOW PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDHOOD HAS BEEN CONSISTENTLY LINKED TO LATER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, WITH EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE INFLUENCE OF BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON ITS DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH NEONATAL DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) HAS BEEN FOUND TO PROSPECTIVELY ASSOCIATE WITH A RANGE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN CHILDHOOD, ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT HAS YET TO BE INVESTIGATED. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED PROSPECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CORD BLOOD DNAM AT BIRTH AND LOW PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR WITHIN AND ACROSS FOUR LONGITUDINAL BIRTH COHORTS FROM THE PREGNANCY AND CHILDHOOD EPIGENETICS (PACE) CONSORTIUM. WE EXAMINED (A) DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES OF "CHRONIC-LOW" VERSUS "TYPICAL" PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR ACROSS CHILDHOOD IN A CASE-CONTROL DESIGN (N = 2,095), AND (B) CONTINUOUS "LOW PROSOCIAL" SCORES AT COMPARABLE CROSS-COHORT TIME-POINTS (N = 2,121). META-ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED TO EXAMINE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS AND REGIONS. AT THE COHORT-SPECIFIC LEVEL, THREE CPGS WERE FOUND TO ASSOCIATE WITH CHRONIC LOW PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR; HOWEVER, NONE OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WAS REPLICATED IN ANOTHER COHORT. META-ANALYSIS REVEALED NO EPIGENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT CPGS OR REGIONS. OVERALL, WE FOUND NO EVIDENCE FOR ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNAM PATTERNS AT BIRTH AND LOW PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR ACROSS CHILDHOOD. FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYING MULTI-COHORT APPROACHES TO REPLICATE EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF FALSE POSITIVE DISCOVERIES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  1601  31 DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. OBJECTIVE: FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES (FSS) ARE HIGHLY PREVALENT ACROSS ALL LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE. THE FACT THAT THEY ARE CHARACTERISED BY MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS FATIGUE AND PAIN, RAISES THE IMPORTANT QUESTION OF THEIR UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FSS AND CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM MODIFICATIONS AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEW, FOR THE FIRST TIME, WHETHER INDIVIDUALS WITH FSS ARE CHARACTERISED BY SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. METHODS: MEDLINE AND PSYCINFO WERE SEARCHED FROM THE FIRST AVAILABLE DATE UNTIL SEPTEMBER 2022. THE INCLUSION CRITERIA WERE: 1) ADULTS FULFILLING RESEARCH DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME, AND/OR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME, 2) HEALTHY CONTROL GROUP, AND 3) CANDIDATE-GENE OR GENOME-WIDE STUDY OF DNA METHYLATION. RESULTS: SIXTEEN STUDIES (N = 957) WERE INCLUDED. IN CANDIDATE-GENE STUDIES, SPECIFIC SITES WITHIN NR3C1 WERE IDENTIFIED, WHICH WERE HYPOMETHYLATED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN GENOME-WIDE STUDIES IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, A HYPOMETHYLATED SITE LOCATED TO LY86 AND HYPERMETHYLATED SITES WITHIN HLA-DQB1 WERE FOUND. IN GENOME-WIDE STUDIES IN FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME, DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SITES RELATED TO HDAC4 , TMEM44 , KCNQ1 , SLC17A9 , PRKG1 , ALPK3 , TFAP2A , AND LY6G5C WAS FOUND. CONCLUSIONS: INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME APPEAR TO BE CHARACTERISED BY ALTERED DNA METHYLATION OF GENES REGULATING CELLULAR SIGNALLING AND IMMUNE FUNCTIONING. IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, THERE IS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR THESE TO BE IMPLICATED IN KEY PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS HYPOCORTISOLISM AND LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEBILITATING SYMPTOMS THESE INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCE.PREREGISTRATION PROSPERO IDENTIFIER: CRD42022364720.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  4789  25 NUTRITION, IMMUNOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND DIETARY IMMUNOMODULATION IN ADHD. ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) ETIOLOGY IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD, BUT COMMON COMORBID DYSFUNCTION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND IMMUNE SYSTEM SUGGESTS THAT THESE SYSTEMS MAY BE AFFECTED BY A COMMON GENETIC BACKGROUND AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. FOR EXAMPLE, INCREASED LEVELS OF SPECIFIC CYTOKINES WERE OBSERVED IN ADHD. MOREOVER, ADHD HAS A HIGH COMORBIDITY WITH BOTH TH1- AND TH2-MEDIATED DISORDERS LIKE EAR INFECTIONS, ECZEMA AND ASTHMA. A COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM WAS SUGGESTED TO UNDERLIE BOTH ASTHMA AND ADHD, WHILE SEVERAL GENES THAT ARE LINKED TO ADHD HAVE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS. FURTHERMORE, IMMUNOLOGICAL RECOGNITION OF FOOD PROVOKING ADHD-LIKE BEHAVIOR WAS SUGGESTED. AN IMMUNE IMBALANCE, PROBABLY REQUIRING A PREDISPOSING GENETIC BACKGROUND, IS THEREFORE SUGGESTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO ADHD ETIOLOGY, WITH IMMUNE DYSREGULATION BEING MORE LIKELY THAN A SINGLE SUBCELLULAR DEFECT. HOWEVER, NEXT TO ALLERGIC MECHANISMS, ALSO PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS (ESPECIALLY IN CASE OF FOOD ADDITIVES) MIGHT BE INVOLVED. IN ADDITION, THOUGH CELLULAR (CYTOKINE-RELATED) RATHER THAN ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNE MECHANISMS SEEM INVOLVED, SPECIFIC IMMUNE-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS OTHER THAN ANTIBODIES HAVE NOT BEEN SYSTEMATICALLY STUDIED IN ADHD. SUBSTANTIAL ALTERATIONS IMPLICATED IN ADHD APPARENTLY OCCUR IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. AS A RESULT, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS COULD DEVELOP, WHICH CAN LEAD TO ADHD SYMPTOMS, FOR EXAMPLE BY CHRONIC T-CELL-MEDIATED NEUROINFLAMMATION. IF IMMUNE PATHWAYS CONTRIBUTE TO ADHD, BOTH ITS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT SHOULD BE RECONSIDERED. MODULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVITY MIGHT HAVE POTENTIAL IN ADHD TREATMENT, FOR EXAMPLE BY NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES PROVIDING SAFE AND LOW-COST ADHD THERAPY, BUT FURTHER RESEARCH IN THESE FIELDS IS IMPLICATED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  2630  33 EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IDENTIFIES NOVEL LOCI IN U.S. MILITARY VETERANS. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IS A CHRONIC AND DISABLING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER PREVALENT IN MILITARY VETERANS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PTSD, WITH DNA METHYLATION BEING THE MOST STUDIED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISORDER. WE PERFORMED ONE OF THE LARGEST SINGLE-SAMPLE EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) OF PTSD TO DATE. OUR SAMPLE INCLUDED 1135 MALE EUROPEAN-AMERICAN U.S. VETERANS WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND RESILIENCE IN VETERANS STUDY (NHRVS). DNA WAS COLLECTED FROM SALIVA SAMPLES AND THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION EPIC BEADCHIP WAS USED FOR THE METHYLATION ANALYSIS. PTSD WAS ASSESSED USING THE PTSD CHECKLIST. AN EWAS WAS CONDUCTED USING LINEAR REGRESSION ADJUSTED FOR AGE, CELL-TYPE PROPORTIONS, FIRST 10 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS, AND SMOKING STATUS. AFTER BONFERRONI CORRECTION, WE IDENTIFIED SIX GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT (GWS) CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH PAST-MONTH PTSD AND THREE CPGS WITH LIFETIME PTSD (P(RANGE) = 10(-10)-10(-8)). THESE CPG SITES MAP TO GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNE FUNCTION, TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION, AXONAL GUIDANCE, CELL SIGNALING, AND PROTEIN BINDING. AMONG THESE, SENP7, WHICH IS INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION AND HAS BEEN LINKED TO RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOR AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT VETERAN COHORT AND WAS DOWNREGULATED IN MEDIAL ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX OF PTSD POSTMORTEM BRAIN TISSUE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS OF PTSD THAT MAY HELP INFORM THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THIS DISORDER IN VETERANS AND OTHER TRAUMA-AFFECTED POPULATIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  4623  24 NEUROBIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF GENETIC COMPONENTS, SIGNALING PATHWAYS, BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES, AND NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC MENTAL ILLNESS CHARACTERIZED BY CHANGES IN MOOD THAT ALTERNATE BETWEEN MANIA AND HYPOMANIA OR BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND MIXED STATES, OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT. ALTHOUGH EFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE, SEVERAL PATIENTS WITH BD REMAIN SYMPTOMATIC. THE ADVANCE IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEUROBIOLOGY UNDERLYING BD COULD HELP IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AS WELL AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSIS, AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN BD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, MOLECULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF BD. DESPITE THE ADVANCES IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF BD, THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE ARE STILL ESSENTIALLY CLINICAL. GIVEN THE COMPLEXITY OF THE BRAIN AND THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND BRAIN FUNCTION, INITIATIVES THAT INCORPORATE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, MOLECULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL DATA, AND BRAIN IMAGING ARE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE INFORMATION THAT CAN BE TRANSLATED INTO PREVENTION AND BETTER OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS WITH BD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  4632  24 NEUROIMAGING GENETIC APPROACHES TO POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER. NEUROIMAGING GENETIC STUDIES THAT ASSOCIATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATION WITH NEURAL ACTIVITY OR STRUCTURE PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY TO LINK GENES TO PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, OFTEN BEFORE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IS DISCERNABLE IN BEHAVIOR. HERE WE REVIEW NEUROIMAGING GENETICS STUDIES WITH PARTICIPANTS WHO HAVE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD). RESULTS SHOW THAT GENES RELATED TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE (E.G., GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND ACTIVITY, NEUROENDOCRINE RELEASE), LEARNING AND MEMORY (E.G., PLASTICITY), MOOD, AND PAIN PERCEPTION ARE TIED TO NEURAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH PTSD. THESE GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AND SOMETIMES PREDICT NEURAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AREAS INVOLVED IN ATTENTION, EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, MEMORY, DECISION-MAKING, EMOTION REGULATION, SALIENCE OF POTENTIAL THREATS, AND PAIN PERCEPTION. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THESE RISK POLYMORPHISMS AND NEURAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES ARE VULNERABILITIES TOWARD DEVELOPING PTSD IN THE AFTERMATH OF TRAUMA, OR VULNERABILITIES TOWARD PARTICULAR SYMPTOMS ONCE PTSD HAS DEVELOPED. WORK DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE RE-EXPERIENCING AND DISSOCIATIVE SUB-TYPES OF PTSD, AND EXAMINING OTHER PTSD SYMPTOM CLUSTERS IN ADDITION TO THE RE-EXPERIENCING AND HYPERAROUSAL SYMPTOMS, WILL FURTHER CLARIFY NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND INCONSISTENT FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, AN EXCITING POSSIBILITY IS THAT GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS WITH PTSD MAY EVENTUALLY BE UNDERSTOOD THROUGH DIFFERENTIAL INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES OF NEURAL CIRCUIT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, POSSIBLY UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENT SYMPTOM CLUSTERS SEEN WITHIN PTSD.	2016