1 1 52 ON DECEMBER 5, 2017, THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE HOSTED A PUBLIC WORKSHOP TITLED NUTRIGENOMICS AND THE FUTURE OF NUTRITION IN WASHINGTON, DC, TO REVIEW CURRENT KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF NUTRIGENOMICS AS IT RELATES TO NUTRITION. WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS EXPLORED THE INFLUENCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EXPRESSION ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF PERSONALIZED NUTRITION ON HEALTH MAINTENANCE AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION. THIS PUBLICATION SUMMARIZES THE PRESENTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS FROM THE WORKSHOP. 2018 2 6858 20 [NUTRIGENOMICS, OBESITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH]. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS WILL CHANGE KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE IN CLINICAL NUTRITION IN THE FORTHCOMING YEARS. THE POSSIBILITY OF PERFORMING AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC PROFILE (GENETIC VARIATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS) AS WELL AS THE ABILITY OF ITS INTEGRATION IN A COMPLEX NETWORK OF METABOLIC INTERACTIONS REPRESENTS A HUGE CHALLENGE IN HUMAN NUTRITION. THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRIGENOMICS IN TERMS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN A POPULATION LEVEL REMAINS UNDETERMINED FOR THE MOMENT. THE OPPORTUNITY OF NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION IN CRITICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHANCE OF CHANGING GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASES THROUGH DIET IN A PUBLIC HEALTH BASIS SHOULD LEAD THE FUTURE OF NUTRIGENOMICS BEYOND THE MERE DESIGN OF "PERSONALIZED" FUNCTIONAL FOOD OR DIETS. 2007 3 3169 24 GUIDE FOR CURRENT NUTRIGENETIC, NUTRIGENOMIC, AND NUTRIEPIGENETIC APPROACHES FOR PRECISION NUTRITION INVOLVING THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY. CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING OBESITY, ARE MAJOR CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN MOST COUNTRIES. THE ADVERSE IMPACTS OF OBESITY AND ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES ON HEALTH REMAIN A MAJOR CONCERN DUE TO THE LACK OF EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT. PRECISION NUTRITION IS AN EMERGING THERAPEUTIC APPROACH THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AGE, GENDER, OR PARTICULAR PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STATUS. ADVANCES IN GENOMIC SCIENCES ARE CONTRIBUTING TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF GENETIC VARIANTS AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES AS WELL AS GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERSE CHRONIC CONDITIONS, AND HOW THEY MAY MODIFY THERAPEUTIC RESPONSES. THIS KNOWLEDGE HAS LED TO THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS TO PREDICT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES AND PERSONALIZING THEIR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. ADDITIONALLY, ORIGINAL NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS BASED ON NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE DIETARY COMPOUNDS THAT CAN MODIFY EPIGENETIC MARKS AND GENE EXPRESSION HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED. ALTHOUGH CAUTION MUST BE EXERCISED, THESE SCIENTIFIC INSIGHTS ARE PAVING THE WAY FOR THE DESIGN OF INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF CHRONIC DISEASES ACCOMPANYING OBESITY. THIS DOCUMENT PROVIDES A NUMBER OF EXAMPLES OF THE HUGE POTENTIAL OF UNDERSTANDING NUTRIGENETIC, NUTRIGENOMIC, AND NUTRIEPIGENETIC ROLES IN PRECISION NUTRITION. 2017 4 6454 25 THIRD JESUS CULEBRAS LECTURE - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND CLINICAL NUTRITION; WHERE DO WE STAND AND WHERE DO WE GO? NUTRITION PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH AND THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE, AND SERVES AS THE CROSSROADS FOR MANY DISCIPLINES. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPRESENTS A KEY BRAND OF SCIENCE TO ASCERTAIN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NUTRIENTS AND OTHER FOOD BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT JESUS M. CULEBRAS LECTURE IS TO CONSIDER THE FUTURE OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND CLINICAL NUTRITION AND TO DISCUSS THE USE OF MOLECULAR AND GENETIC TOOLS TO STUDY MOLECULAR RESPONSES TO DIETARY FACTORS AND THE METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES OF FOOD AND TO CONSIDER MAJOR CHALLENGES ON HUMAN NUTRITION SCIENCES IN THE 21(ST) CENTURY. PARTICULAR EMPHASIS IS GIVEN TO THE IDENTIFICATION AND USE OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. LIKEWISE, THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HUMAN MICROBIOME AND HOW MICROORGANISMS CAN BE SAFELY UTILIZED IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS AND CHRONIC DISEASES ARE DISCUSSED. MOREOVER, THE KEY ROLE OF NUTRIGENETICS, NUTRIGENOMICS AND EPIGENETICS IN THE NEW ERA OF NUTRITION IS CONSIDERED. NUTRIGENETICS REFERS TO THE ROLE OF DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION IN THE RESPONSES TO NUTRIENTS, WHEREAS NUTRIGENOMICS IS THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS IN GENE EXPRESSION. EPIGENETICS IS THE STUDY OF MITOTICALLY HERITABLE ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION POTENTIAL THAT ARE NOT CAUSED BY DNA SEQUENCE ALTERATIONS. IN THE PAST DECADE, IT HAS INCREASINGLY BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT DYSREGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN HUMAN DISEASE. INDEED, THERE IS INCREASING INTEREST IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PHENOTYPE MODIFICATION MODULATED BY NUTRIENTS. FURTHER RESEARCH IN THOSE AREAS SHOULD CONTRIBUTE TO EVALUATE FUNCTIONALITY OF SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION AND ALLOW PERSONALIZED NUTRITIONAL ADVICE. 2013 5 5586 24 ROLE OF PERSONALIZED NUTRITION IN CHRONIC-DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. HUMAN NUTRITION IS A BRANCH OF MEDICINE BASED ON FOODS BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS WITH THE HUMAN BODY. THE PHENOTYPIC TRANSITION FROM HEALTH TO DISEASE STATUS CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO CHANGES IN GENES AND/OR PROTEIN EXPRESSION. FOR THIS REASON, A NEW DISCIPLINE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED CALLED "-OMIC SCIENCE". IN THIS REVIEW, WE ANALYZED THE ROLE OF "-OMICS SCIENCES" (NUTRIGENETICS, NUTRIGENOMICS, PROTEOMICS AND METABOLOMICS) IN THE HEALTH STATUS AND AS POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC TOOL IN CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. IN PARTICULAR, WE FOCUSED ON THE ROLE OF NUTRIGENETICS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EATING HABITS, CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE AND THE ONSET OF NUTRITION-RELATED DISEASES. MOREOVER, WE EXAMINED NUTRIGENOMICS AND THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON GENE EXPRESSION. WE PERUSED THE ROLE OF PROTEOMICS AND METABOLOMICS IN PERSONALIZED NUTRITION. IN THIS SCENARIO, WE ANALYZED ALSO HOW DYSBIOSIS OF GUT MICROBIOTA CAN INFLUENCE THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. MOREOVER, NUTRIENTS INFLUENCING AND REGULATING GENE ACTIVITY, BOTH DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY, PAVES THE WAY FOR PERSONALIZED NUTRITION THAT PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. 2019 6 6290 18 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS TOOLS IN VALIDATING HIGH HEALTH FOODS FOR CANCER CONTROL: BROCCOLI AS EXAMPLE. NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS REFLECTS GENE/NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS, UTILISING HIGH-THROUGHPUT GENOMIC TOOLS IN NUTRITION RESEARCH. THE FIELD ALSO CONSIDERS THE CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL GENOTYPES TO WELLNESS AND THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE (NUTRIGENETICS), AND HOW SUCH GENETIC PREDISPOSITION MAY BE MODIFIED BY APPROPRIATE DIETS. FOR EXAMPLE, HIGH CONSUMPTION OF BRASSICACEOUS VEGETABLES, INCLUDING BROCCOLI, HAS REGULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH LOW CANCER RISK. BIOACTIVE CHEMICALS IN BROCCOLI INCLUDE GLUCOSINOLATES, PLANT PIGMENTS INCLUDING KAEMPFEROL, QUERCETIN, LUTEIN AND CAROTENOIDS, VARIOUS VITAMINS, MINERALS AND AMINO ACIDS. CANCER PREVENTION IS HYPOTHESISED TO ACT THROUGH VARIOUS MECHANISMS INCLUDING MODULATION OF XENOBIOTIC METABOLISING ENZYMES, NF-E2 P45-RELATED FACTOR-2 (NRF2)-MEDIATED STRESS-RESPONSE MECHANISMS, AND PROTECTION AGAINST GENOMIC INSTABILITY. BROCCOLI AND BROCCOLI EXTRACTS ALSO REGULATE THE PROGRESSION OF CANCER THROUGH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS, EFFECTS ON SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND MODULATION OF THE COLONIC MICROFLORA. HUMAN INTERVENTION STUDIES WITH BROCCOLI AND RELATED FOODS, USING STANDARD BIOMARKER METHODOLOGIES, REVEAL PART OF A COMPLEX PICTURE. NUTRIGENOMIC APPROACHES, ESPECIALLY TRANSCRIPTOMICS, ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS STUDY OF VARIOUS SIGNALLING PATHWAYS AND NETWORKS. PHENOTYPIC, GENETIC AND/OR METABOLIC STRATIFICATION MAY IDENTIFY INDIVIDUALS MOST LIKELY TO RESPOND POSITIVELY TO FOODS OR DIETS. JOINTLY, THESE TECHNOLOGIES CAN PROVIDE PROOF OF HUMAN EFFICACY, AND MAY BE ESSENTIAL TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE MARKET TRANSFER AND UPTAKE OF BROCCOLI AND RELATED FOODS. 2012 7 2930 22 GENES AND DIET IN THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES IN FUTURE GENERATIONS. NUTRITION IS A MODIFIABLE KEY FACTOR THAT IS ABLE TO INTERACT WITH BOTH THE GENOME AND EPIGENOME TO INFLUENCE HUMAN HEALTH AND FERTILITY. IN PARTICULAR, SPECIFIC GENETIC VARIANTS CAN INFLUENCE THE RESPONSE TO DIETARY COMPONENTS AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS, AND CONVERSELY, THE DIET ITSELF IS ABLE TO MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THIS CONTEXT AND THE ERA OF PRECISION MEDICINE, NUTRIGENETIC AND NUTRIGENOMIC STUDIES OFFER SIGNIFICANT OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE PREVENTION OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, EVEN WITH TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. THE PRESENT REVIEW TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, GENES AND HUMAN HEALTH, AND PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF NUTRIGENETICS, NUTRIGENOMICS AND EPIGENETICS IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. MOREOVER, WE FOCUS OUR ATTENTION ON THE MECHANISM OF INTERGENERATIONAL OR TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO METABOLIC DISTURBANCES, AND UNDERLINE THAT THE REVERSIBILITY OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THROUGH DIETARY INTERVENTION COULD COUNTERACT PERTURBATIONS INDUCED BY LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. 2020 8 4520 19 MULTI-OMICS NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES TARGETING METABOLIC-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE. CURRENTLY, METABOLIC-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (MAFLD) IS A LEADING GLOBAL CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, AND IS EXPECTED TO BECOME ONE OF THE MOST COMMON INDICATIONS OF LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. MAFLD IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY, INVOLVING MULTIPLE MECHANISMS SUCH AS ALTERATIONS IN LIPID METABOLISM, INSULIN RESISTANCE, HYPERINFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELL APOPTOSIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX FORMATION. HOWEVER, THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MAFLD IS VARIABLE AMONG INDIVIDUALS, BEING INFLUENCED BY INTRINSIC (PERSONAL) AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. IN THIS CONTEXT, SEQUENCE STRUCTURAL VARIANTS ACROSS THE HUMAN GENOME, EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA (I.E., DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND LONG NON-CODING RNAS) AFFECTING GENE EXPRESSION, GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS, AND METABOLOMICS/LIPIDOMIC FINGERPRINTS MAY ACCOUNT FOR DIFFERENCES IN MAFLD OUTCOMES THROUGH INTERACTIONS WITH NUTRITIONAL FEATURES. THIS KNOWLEDGE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO GAINING A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYING MAFLD PATHOGENESIS AND PHENOTYPE HETEROGENEITY, AS WELL AS FACILITATING THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TAILORED NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES. THIS COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE POTENTIAL OF NUTRIGENETIC, NUTRIEPIGENETIC, NUTRIMETAGENOMIC, NUTRITRANSCRIPTOMICS, AND NUTRIMETABOLOMIC APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF MAFLD IN HUMANS THROUGH THE LENS OF PRECISION NUTRITION. 2022 9 617 19 BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPOUNDS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION: FOCUS ON EARLY-LIFE INTERVENTIONS WITH POLYPHENOLS. CONSUMPTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS SUCH AS POLYPHENOLS, ISOTHIOCYANATES, SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS AND TERPENOIDS, FOUND IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, IS ASSOCIATED WITH PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THESE BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPOUNDS ELICIT THEIR PROTECTIVE EFFECTS THROUGH COMPLEX MECHANISMS AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC LEVELS. ACCORDING TO THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) PARADIGM, IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS SUCH AS MALNUTRITION THROUGH MATERNAL DIET WOULD IMPAIR FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND EPIGENETICALLY PROGRAM INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC DISEASES AND SOME CANCERS IN ADULT LIFE. IN ADDITION, A ROLE FOR FATHERS DIET DURING PRECONCEPTION ON THEIR OFFSPRING HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY HAS ALSO EMERGED. THIS HIGHLIGHTS EARLY LIFE AS A PROMISING WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY FOR STARTING DIETARY INTERVENTIONS FOCUSING ON PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASES. HOWEVER, KNOWLEDGE ON THE POTENTIAL BENEFICIAL IMPACT OF EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPOUNDS IS LIMITED. AMONG THE STUDIES THAT HAVE INVESTIGATED BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPOUNDS IN THE CONTEXT OF DOHAD, MOST HAVE FOCUSED ON THE IMPACT OF DIETARY POLYPHENOLS. THUS, IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR THE DIETARY POLYPHENOLS RESVERATROL, GENISTEIN, EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE AND ANTHOCYANINS IN CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION CONSIDERING A PERSPECTIVE FROM EARLY-LIFE INTERVENTIONS THROUGH MATERNAL AND PATERNAL DIETS AND FOCUSING ON EPIGENETICS AS A POTENTIAL UNDERLYING MECHANISM. 2019 10 6872 14 [POLYPHENOLS AS PROMISING BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS]. POLYPHENOLS ARE DIVERSE AND WIDESPREAD BIOACTIVE PLANT-BASED COMPOUNDS. THESE COMPOUNDS ARE FOUND IN VARIOUS FOODS SUCH AS BERRIES, FRUITS, VEGETABLES, CEREALS, NUTS, COFFEE, CACAO, SPICES, SEEDS. THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO PHENOLIC ACIDS, STILBENES, FLAVONOIDS, LIGNANS DEPENDING ON THEIR MOLECULAR STRUCTURE. THEY ATTRACT THE ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS DUE TO WIDE RANGE OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON HUMAN BODY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK WAS TO ANALYZE MODERN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POLYPHENOLS. MATERIAL AND METHODS. THE REVIEW IS BASED ON PUBLICATIONS PRESENTED IN THE PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, RESEARCHGATE, ELSEVIER, ELIBRARY, CYBERLENINKA DATABASES USING "POLYPHENOLS", "FLAVONOIDS", "RESVERATROL", "QUERCETIN", "CATECHINS" AS KEY WORDS. PREFERENCE WAS GIVEN TO ORIGINAL RESEARCHES OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS PUBLISHED IN REFEREED JOURNALS. RESULTS. OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MICROBIOME DISORDERS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, EXCESSIVE PROTEIN GLYCATION, AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS ARE AT THE HEART OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF MANY DISEASES, INCLUDING THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH AGE. A LARGE AMOUNT OF MATERIAL HAS BEEN ACCUMULATED ON THE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTICARCINOGENIC, EPIGENETIC, METABOLIC, GEROPROTECTIVE, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS OF POLYPHENOLS. THIS GIVES REASONS TO CONSIDER POLYPHENOLS AS VERY PROMISING MICRONUTRIENTS, WHICH INCLUSION IN THE DIET CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CARDIOVASCULAR, ONCOLOGICAL, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME, PREMATURE AGING, THAT IS, THE MAIN CAUSES OF DEATH, A DECREASE IN THE DURATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF A MODERN PERSON. CONCLUSION. EXPANDING THE RANGE OF PRODUCTS ENRICHED WITH POLYPHENOLS WITH THEIR HIGH BIOAVAILABILITY IS A PROMISING AREA OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION IN ORDER TO PREVENT SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT AGE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES. 2023 11 4792 16 NUTRITIONAL EPIGENETICS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER FORMATION. NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS ARE TWO CONCEPTS IN THE AREA OF NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS. EPIGENETICS IS A NEW DISCIPLINE WITH SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CERTAIN CARCINOMAS AND DISEASES. EPIGENETICS CONSISTS OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, NON-CODING RNAS, AND TELOMERASE ACTIVITY. EPIGENETIC-BASED MECHANISMS ACT ON THE INHIBITION OF CANCER CELLS BY MODULATING ENZYMES SUCH AS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AS WELL AS NON-CODING RNAS. PHYTOCHEMICALS ARE NATURAL BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF PLANT ORIGIN THAT HAVE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTI-ANGIOGENIC EFFECTS ON VARIOUS DISEASES, ESPECIALLY CANCER. THE EPIGENETIC DIET IS A NUTRITIONAL MODEL BASED ON THE CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS PHYTOCHEMICALS SUCH AS EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE, MORIN, CAFFEIC ACID PHENYL ESTER, APIGENIN, GENISTEIN, CURCUMIN, RESVERATROL, AND SULFORAPHANE. PHYTOCHEMICALS EXERT THEIR EFFECTS ON CANCER-BASED BY REDUCING CELL PROLIFERATION, INVASION, AND METASTASIS AND INCREASING CELL APOPTOSIS. SIMULTANEOUSLY, IT HAS FUNCTIONS SUCH AS REDUCING ONCOGENES THAT HAVE EFFECTS ON CANCER ETIOLOGY AND INCREASING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES.KEY TEACHING POINTSCANCER IS A CHRONIC DISEASE WITH A HIGH MORTALITY RATE, IN WHICH VARIOUS GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN ITS ETIOLOGY.PROTOONCOGENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, AND DNA REPAIR GENES ARE AMONG THE GENE GROUPS THAT FORM THE BASIS OF CANCER AND GENETIC STRUCTURE.THE BIDIRECTIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN NUTRITION AND THE HUMAN GENOME HAS BEEN EFFECTIVE IN THE EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPTS OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS.EPIGENETIC DIET IS A DIET BASED ON THE CONSUMPTION OF FOODS SUCH AS SOY, GRAPES, BLUEBERRIES, TURMERIC, CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES, AND GREEN TEA, WHICH INDUCE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT PROTECT AGAINST CANCER AND AGING. 2023 12 4794 15 NUTRITIONAL GENOMIC APPROACHES TO CANCER PREVENTION RESEARCH. A WEALTH OF EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE DIET AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MODIFIABLE DETERMINANTS OF THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER, BUT A GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DIET AND GENES MAY HELP DISTINGUISH WHO WILL AND WILL NOT RESPOND TO DIETARY INTERVENTIONS. THE TERM NUTRIGENOMICS OR NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS REFERS TO THE BIDIRECTIONAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENES AND DIET. NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS ENCOMPASSES AN UNDERSTANDING ABOUT HOW THE RESPONSE TO BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS DEPENDS ON AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC BACKGROUND (NUTRIGENETICS), NUTRIENT INDUCED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, AND OTHER CHROMATIN ALTERATIONS (NUTRITIONAL EPIGENETICS), AND NUTRIENT INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION (NUTRITIONAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS). THESE APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF NUTRITION WILL ASSIST IN UNDERSTANDING HOW GENETIC VARIATION, EPIGENETIC EVENTS, AND REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION ALTER REQUIREMENTS FOR, AND RESPONSES TO, NUTRIENTS. RECOGNITION OF THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND DIET COULD ULTIMATELY HELP IDENTIFY MODIFIABLE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR PREVENTING, DELAYING, OR REDUCING THE SYMPTOMS OF CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. 2007 13 1836 13 EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT AND BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS ON ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND EPIGENETIC. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF DEMENTIA IN THE ELDERLY AND IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE THAT IS BECOMING WIDESPREAD. FOR THIS REASON, IN RECENT YEARS FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF THE AD HAVE BEEN EMPHASIZED. NUTRIENTS AND OTHER BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS ARE AMONG THE FACTORS THAT ARE EFFECTIVE IN AD. IN PARTICULAR, VITAMINS A, C AND E, VITAMINS B(1), B(6) AND B(12), FOLATE, MAGNESIUM, CHOLINE, INOSITOL, ANTHOCYANINS, ISOFLAVONES ETC. NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS ARE KNOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AD. NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT COMPONENTS MAY ALSO HAVE AN EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON AD. AT THE SAME TIME, NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS SLOW DOWN THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. FOR THIS REASON, THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS AND FOOD COMPONENTS ON AD WAS EXAMINED IN THIS REVIEW. 2019 14 6732 15 WESTERN DIET AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: AN INFLAMMATORY CONNECTION. THE CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN-TYPE CALORICALLY RICH DIETS COMBINED WITH CHRONIC OVERNUTRITION AND A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE IN WESTERN SOCIETIES EVOKES A STATE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC INFLAMMATION, TERMED METAFLAMMATION. METAFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY PREVALENT NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS), AND THESE LIFESTYLE-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGIES REPRESENT A RISING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH GLOBAL EPIDEMIC DIMENSIONS. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW MODERN LIFESTYLE AND WESTERN DIET (WD) ACTIVATE IMMUNE CELLS IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR COMMON NCDS. HERE, WE REVIEW THE CURRENT MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE WESTERN LIFESTYLE CAN INDUCE METAFLAMMATION, AND WE DISCUSS HOW THIS KNOWLEDGE CAN BE TRANSLATED TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC FROM THE HEALTH BURDEN ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR SELECTED LIFESTYLE. 2019 15 3427 15 HUMAN VARIATION IN RESPONSE TO FOOD AND NUTRIENTS. THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO HUMAN NUTRITION OVER THE CENTURIES HAS SERVED SOCIETIES WELL. ONE EXAMPLE IS THE IDENTIFICATION OF KEY NUTRIENTS TO OVERCOME NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, WHICH HAS ENHANCED LIFE EXPECTANCY. ENHANCED LIFE EXPECTANCY, HOWEVER, IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DISORDERS RELATED TO FOOD AND NUTRITION. FINDINGS OF STUDIES INDICATING THAT INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO NUTRIENTS DIFFER SUBSTANTIALLY BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS MAKE IT NECESSARY TO RE-EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION AND HUMAN HEALTH. THE EMERGENCE OF NEW GENOMIC-BASED TECHNOLOGIES ILLUSTRATES THE COMPLEXITY AND SCALE OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NUTRITION AND GENETIC FACTORS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS RESULTING FROM INTERACTIONS OF THE GENETIC PROFILE, AGING, AND LIFESTYLE CAN INFLUENCE THE TIME COURSE OF CHRONIC DISORDERS AND CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN VARIABILITY IN RESPONSE TO NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS. DEVELOPING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN VARIABILITY AS IT APPLIES TO HUMAN NUTRITION WILL INVOLVE EMBRACING THE APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES OF COMPLEX SCIENCE. 2020 16 6379 21 THE ROLE OF NUTRITION ON META-INFLAMMATION: INSIGHTS AND POTENTIAL TARGETS IN COMMUNICABLE AND CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF COMMUNICABLE AND CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW EXAMINED THE EFFECTS AND EVENTUAL MEDIATION ROLES OF DIFFERENT NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ON INFLAMMATION. RECENT FINDINGS: POTENTIAL NUTRITIONAL COMPOUNDS INFLUENCING INFLAMMATION PROCESSES INCLUDE MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENTS, BIOACTIVE MOLECULES (POLYPHENOLS), SPECIFIC FOOD COMPONENTS, AND CULINARY INGREDIENTS AS WELL AS STANDARDIZED DIETARY PATTERNS, EATING HABITS, AND CHRONONUTRITION FEATURES. THEREFORE, RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD IS STILL REQUIRED, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CRITICAL ASPECTS OF HETEROGENEITY INCLUDING TYPE OF POPULATION, MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM INTAKES AND ADVERSE EFFECTS, COOKING METHODS, PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STATUS, AND TIMES OF INTERVENTION. MOREOVER, THE INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL VARIABLES (AGE, SEX, METABOLIC PROFILE, CLINICAL HISTORY, BODY PHENOTYPE, HABITUAL DIETARY INTAKE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS, AND LIFESTYLE) TOGETHER WITH INDIVIDUALIZED ISSUES (GENETIC BACKGROUND, EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES, MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION, GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES, AND METABOLOMIC FINGERPRINTS) MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE KNOWLEDGE AND PRESCRIPTION OF MORE PERSONALIZED TREATMENTS AIMED TO IMPROVING THE PRECISION MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF INFLAMMATION AS WELL AS THE DESIGN OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETS IN CHRONIC AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 2022 17 424 13 ANTHOCYANINS: FROM MECHANISMS OF REGULATION IN PLANTS TO HEALTH BENEFITS IN FOODS. ANTHOCYANINS REPRESENT THE MAJOR RED, PURPLE, AND BLUE PIGMENTS IN MANY FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND CEREALS. THEY ARE ALSO RECOGNIZED AS IMPORTANT HEALTH-PROMOTING COMPONENTS IN THE HUMAN DIET WITH PROTECTIVE EFFECTS AGAINST MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, AND CANCER. ANTHOCYANIN BIOSYNTHESIS HAS BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY, AND BOTH BIOSYNTHETIC AND KEY REGULATORY GENES HAVE BEEN ISOLATED IN MANY PLANT SPECIES. HERE, WE WILL PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE ANTHOCYANIN BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY IN PLANTS, FOCUSING ON THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS CONTROLLING ACTIVATION OR REPRESSION OF ANTHOCYANIN ACCUMULATION IN CEREALS AND FRUITS OF DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE DIFFERENCES IN MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BETWEEN MONOCOT AND DICOT PLANTS. RECENTLY, NEW INSIGHT INTO THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE ANTHOCYANIN BIOSYNTHESIS, INCLUDING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION OF MYB-BHLH-WD40 COMPLEXES, HAS BEEN GAINED. WE WILL CONSIDER HOW KNOWLEDGE OF REGULATORY MECHANISMS HAS HELPED TO PRODUCE ANTHOCYANIN-ENRICHED FOODS THROUGH CONVENTIONAL BREEDING AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING. ADDITIONALLY, WE WILL BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ANTHOCYANINS AS COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN DIET AND RECENT FINDINGS DEMONSTRATING THE IMPORTANT HEALTH BENEFITS OF ANTHOCYANIN-RICH FOODS AGAINST CHRONIC DISEASES. 2021 18 1398 23 DIET, GUT MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS: EMERGING LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) REPRESENT A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN DUE TO INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT NOTION ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS THAT GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP INTOLERANCE TO DYSREGULATED GUT MICROFLORA (DYSBIOSIS) AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IBD, DIET PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING THE GUT MICROBIOME, INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND, THEREFORE, COULD BE APPLIED AS A THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO IMPROVE THE DISEASE COURSE. NEVERTHELESS, THE CURRENT DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ARE SCARCE AND HAVE WEAK EVIDENCE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS IN IBD. WHEREAS AN OVERABUNDANCE OF CALORIES AND SOME MACRONUTRIENTS INCREASE GUT INFLAMMATION, SEVERAL MICRONUTRIENTS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE IT. IMMUNONUTRITION HAS EMERGED AS A NEW CONCEPT PUTTING FORWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS SUCH AS VITAMINS A, C, E, AND D, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS SUCH AS ZINC, SELENIUM, MANGANESE AND IRON. HOWEVER, WHEN ASSESSED IN CLINICAL TRIALS, SPECIFIC MICRONUTRIENTS EXERTED A LIMITED BENEFIT. BEYOND NUTRIENTS, AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETARY PATTERN AS A COMPLEX INTERVENTION APPROACH HAS BECOME POPULAR IN RECENT YEARS. HENCE, EXCLUSIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PAEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE IS THE ONLY NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED AS A FIRST-LINE THERAPY. OTHER NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS OR SPECIFIC DIETS INCLUDING THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE DIET (SCD), THE LOW FERMENTABLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDES, AND POLYOL (FODMAP) DIET AND, MOST RECENTLY, THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET HAVE SHOWN STRONG ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES AND SHOW PROMISE FOR IMPROVING DISEASE SYMPTOMS. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD COMPOUNDS AND COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DECREASE INFLAMMATION AS A MEANS OF PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF IBD. 2017 19 2835 19 FOOD AS MEDICINE: TARGETING THE URAEMIC PHENOTYPE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE OBSERVATION THAT UNHEALTHY DIETS (THOSE THAT ARE LOW IN WHOLE GRAINS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, AND HIGH IN SUGAR, SALT, SATURATED FAT AND ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS) ARE A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR POOR HEALTH OUTCOMES HAS BOOSTED INTEREST IN THE CONCEPT OF 'FOOD AS MEDICINE'. THIS CONCEPT IS ESPECIALLY RELEVANT TO METABOLIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), IN WHICH DIETARY APPROACHES ARE ALREADY USED TO AMELIORATE METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL COMPLICATIONS. INCREASED AWARENESS THAT TOXIC URAEMIC METABOLITES ORIGINATE NOT ONLY FROM INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM BUT ALSO FROM GUT MICROBIAL METABOLISM, WHICH IS DIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY DIET, HAS FUELLED INTEREST IN THE POTENTIAL OF 'FOOD AS MEDICINE' APPROACHES IN CKD BEYOND THE CURRENT STRATEGIES OF PROTEIN, SODIUM AND PHOSPHATE RESTRICTION. BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS CAN ALTER THE COMPOSITION AND METABOLISM OF THE MICROBIOTA, ACT AS MODULATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, MITIGATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, ACT AS SENOLYTICS AND IMPACT THE EPIGENOME BY ALTERING ONE-CARBON METABOLISM. AS GUT DYSBIOSIS, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, PREMATURE AGEING AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE COMMON FEATURES OF CKD, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT TAILORED, HEALTHY DIETS THAT INCLUDE BIOACTIVE NUTRIENTS AS PART OF THE FOODOME COULD POTENTIALLY BE USED TO PREVENT AND TREAT CKD AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. 2021 20 2881 20 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF PERSONALIZED WEIGHT LOSS INTERVENTIONS BASED ON NUTRIGENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METAGENOMIC DATA. AS OBESITY HAS BECOME A MAJOR GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGE, A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE ANALYZED DIFFERENT STRATEGIES AIMED AT INDUCING A NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE AND, CONSEQUENTLY, BODY WEIGHT LOSS. HOWEVER, MOST EXISTING WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAMS ARE GENERALLY UNSUCCESSFUL, SO SEVERAL INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT TO IDENTIFY PHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS CONCERNING THIS VARIABILITY IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT MORE PERSONALIZED TREATMENT. NOWADAYS, AN INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH IS BEING PROPOSED THROUGH SO-CALLED PERSONALIZED NUTRITION, WHEREBY NOT ONLY THE PHENOTYPE BUT ALSO THE GENOTYPE IS USED FOR CUSTOMIZED NUTRITION TREATMENT. REGARDING BODY WEIGHT REGULATION, APPROXIMATELY 70 POLYMORPHISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN OR NEAR GENES RELATED TO ENERGY EXPENDITURE, APPETITE, ADIPOGENESIS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND LIPID METABOLISM. ALTHOUGH PERSONALIZED NUTRITION REFERS MAINLY TO GENETIC MAKEUP, RECENT ADVANCES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EPIGENOME AND THE MICROBIOME OPEN THE DOOR TO IMPLEMENT MORE PERSONALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT. IN THIS CONTEXT, RECENT STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE EXISTENCE OF SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT MAY MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION AND COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE OUTCOME OF WEIGHT LOSS INTERVENTIONS. MOREOVER, DIFFERENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DIETARY INTERVENTIONS COULD AFFECT THE COMPOSITION OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND HAVE AN IMPACT ON BODY WEIGHT. THE INTEGRATION OF NUTRIGENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METAGENOMIC DATA MAY LEAD TO THE DESIGN OF MORE PERSONALIZED DIETARY TREATMENTS TO PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES AND TO OPTIMIZE THE INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE TO DIETARY INTERVENTIONS. 2015