1  1445 122 DIFFUSE PEDIATRIC-TYPE HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA ARISING IN AN OVARIAN MATURE CYSTIC TERATOMA. IMMATURE NEUROECTODERMAL TISSUE CAN BE FOUND IN THE OVARY AS PART OF AN IMMATURE TERATOMA OR AS PART OF A TERATOMA WITH MALIGNANT NEUROECTODERMAL TRANSFORMATION. SUCH LESIONS MAY CLOSELY RESEMBLE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS, BUT THEIR BIOLOGIC SIMILARITY IS UNCLEAR. WE DESCRIBE AN 18-YR-OLD FEMALE WHO PRESENTED WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN CAUSED BY AN OVARIAN MASS WITH WIDESPREAD METASTASES. HISTOLOGY SHOWED A PRIMITIVE, HIGH-GRADE TUMOR ARISING IN THE BACKGROUND OF A MATURE TERATOMA. THE TUMOR WAS SOX10 POSITIVE, WITH FOCAL EXPRESSION OF GFAP, S100, NSE, AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED CO-AMPLIFICATION OF PDGFRA AND KIT, ALTERATIONS COMMON IN HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS. BY WHOLE-GENOME METHYLATION PROFILING, IT CLUSTERED INTO THE "DIFFUSE PEDIATRIC-TYPE HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA, RTK1 SUBTYPE, SUBCLASS C" GROUP. DESPITE PROGRESSING THROUGH 2 LINES OF CHEMOTHERAPY WITH WIDESPREAD METASTATIC DISEASE, SHE ACHIEVED AN EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY DIRECTED TOWARD AGGRESSIVE GERM CELL TUMORS. THIS CASE EMPHASIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL, GENOMIC, AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSES TO ACCURATELY CLASSIFY THESE EXCEEDINGLY RARE TUMORS AND DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  5954  28 TBI-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION IS REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION. CHRONIC PAIN AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) IS VERY COMMON, BUT THE MECHANISMS LINKING TBI TO PAIN AND THE PAIN-RELATED INTERACTIONS OF TBI WITH PERIPHERAL INJURIES ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THESE STUDIES WE PURSUED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT TBI PAIN SENSITIZATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE RAT LATERAL FLUID PERCUSSION MODEL. SOME ANIMALS RECEIVED HINDPAW INCISIONS IN ADDITION TO TBI TO MIMIC POLYTRAUMA. NEUROPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BRAIN TISSUE FROM SHAM AND TBI ANIMALS REVEALED EVIDENCE OF BLEEDING, BREAKDOWN OF THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER, IN THE CORTEX, HIPPOCAMPUS, THALAMUS AND OTHER STRUCTURES RELATED TO PAIN SIGNAL PROCESSING. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA WAS MEASURED IN THESE ANIMALS FOR UP TO EIGHT WEEKS POST-INJURY. INHIBITORS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) WERE USED TO PROBE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SUCH PAIN PROCESSING. WE FOLLOWED SERUM MARKERS INCLUDING GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), NEURON-SPECIFIC ENOLASE 2 (NSE) MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN (MBP) AND S100BETA TO GAUGE TBI INJURY SEVERITY. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT TBI CAUSED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA IN THE HINDPAWS OF THE RATS LASTING SEVERAL WEEKS. HINDPAWS CONTRALATERAL TO TBI SHOWED MORE RAPID AND PROFOUND SENSITIZATION THAN IPSILATERAL HINDPAWS. THE INHIBITION OF HAT USING CURCUMIN 50 MG/KG S.C REDUCED MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION WHILE THE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID 50 MG/KG I.P. PROLONGED SENSITIZATION IN THE TBI RATS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SPINAL CORD TISSUE LOCALIZED CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ACETYLATION OF THE H3K9 HISTONE MARK TO DORSAL HORN NEURONS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT TBI INDUCES SUSTAINED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, AND CHANGES IN SPINAL NEURONAL HISTONE PROTEINS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  6039  28 THE CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2 SUPPORTS NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. CHRONIC PAIN AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) IS VERY COMMON, BUT THE MECHANISMS LINKING TBI TO PAIN AND THE PAIN-RELATED INTERACTIONS OF TBI WITH PERIPHERAL INJURIES ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN BOTH PAIN AND BRAIN INJURY. IN THE CURRENT WORK, WE PURSUED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED CXC CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR 2 (CXCR2) IS A CRUCIAL MODULATOR OF NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION INDUCED BY TBI. FOR THESE STUDIES, WE USED THE RAT LATERAL FLUID PERCUSSION MODEL OF TBI. HISTONE ACTYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY WAS BLOCKED USING ANACARDIC ACID BEGINNING IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING INJURY, OR DELAYED FOR SEVEN DAYS PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION. THE SELECTIVE CXCR2 ANTAGONIST SCH527123 ADMINISTERED SYSTEMICALLY OR INTRATHECALLY WAS USED TO PROBE THE ROLE OF CHEMOKINE SIGNALING ON MECHANICAL HINDPAW SENSITIZATION AFTER TBI. THE EXPRESSION OF THE CXCR2 RECEPTOR WAS ACCOMPLISHED USING REAL-TIME PCR, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND WESTERN BLOTTING, WHILE EPIGENETIC REGULATION WAS ASSESSED USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. THE SPINAL LEVELS OF SEVERAL PAIN-RELATED MEDIATORS INCLUDING CXCL1, AN ENDOGENOUS LIGAND FOR CXCR2, AS WELL AS BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AND PRODYNORPHIN WERE MEASURED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. WE OBSERVED THAT ANACARDIC ACID POTENTLY BLOCKED AND REVERSED MECHANICAL HINDPAW SENSITIZATION AFTER TBI. THE SAME DRUG WAS ABLE TO PREVENT THE UPREGULATION OF CXCR2 AFTER TBI, BUT DID NOT AFFECT THE SPINAL EXPRESSION OF OTHER PAIN MEDIATORS. ON THE OTHER HAND, BOTH SYSTEMICALLY AND INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTERED SCH527123 REVERSED HINDPAW ALLODYNIA AFTER TBI. MOST OF THE SPINAL CXCR2 APPEARED TO BE EXPRESSED BY SPINAL CORD NEURONS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATED TBI-ENHANCED ASSOCIATION OF THE CXCR2 PROMOTER WITH ACETYLATED-H3K9 HISTONE PROTEIN THAT WAS ALSO REVERSIBLE USING ANACARDIC ACID. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT TBI CAUSES THE UPREGULATION OF SPINAL CXCR2 THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM ULTIMATELY SUPPORTING NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION. THE USE OF CXCR2 ANTAGONISTS MAY, THEREFORE, BE USEFUL IN PAIN RESULTING FROM TBI.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  2365  21 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING IN INCISIONAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MICE. BACKGROUND: THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF PAIN SENSITIZATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CONTROLLING CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND GENE EXPRESSION. CHEMOKINE CC MOTIF RECEPTOR 2 (CXCR2) IS A PROINFLAMMATORY RECEPTOR IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN AND IS KNOWN TO BE REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SOME SETTINGS. THE AUTHORS SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING AFTER INCISION. METHODS: GROUPS OF 5-8 MICE UNDERWENT HIND PAW INCISION. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID AND ANACARDIC ACID WERE USED TO INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASE AND HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, RESPECTIVELY. BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION AS WELL AS HYPERALGESIC PRIMING WERE USED. BOTH MESSAGE RNA QUANTIFICATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS WERE USED TO STUDY THE REGULATION OF CXCR2 AND LIGAND EXPRESSION. FINALLY, THE SELECTIVE CXCR2 ANTAGONIST SB225002 WAS ADMINISTERED INTRATHECALLY TO REVEAL THE FUNCTION OF SPINAL CXCR2 RECEPTORS AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. RESULTS: SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION. CONVERSELY, ANACARDIC ACID REDUCED INCISIONAL SENSITIZATION AND ALSO ATTENUATED INCISION-INDUCED HYPERALGESIC PRIMING. OVERALL, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 WAS INCREASED IN SPINAL CORD TISSUES AFTER INCISION, AND ENHANCED ASSOCIATION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 WITH THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF CXCR2 AND KERATINOCYTE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE (CXCL1) WAS OBSERVED AS WELL. BLOCKING CXCR2 REVERSED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE MODIFICATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM REGULATING INCISION-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION. THE SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING PATHWAY IS ONE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED PATHWAY CONTROLLING EARLY AND LATENT SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  4851  22 OPIOIDS ENHANCE CXCL1 EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION AFTER INCISION IN MICE. CHRONIC OPIOID CONSUMPTION INCREASES POSTOPERATIVE PAIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO CHRONIC OPIOID USE AND SURGICAL INCISION MAY BE PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS ENHANCEMENT. THE CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING PATHWAY, IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL PAIN MODELS, IS KNOWN TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED VIA HISTONE ACETYLATION. THE CURRENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING IN OPIOID-ENHANCED INCISIONAL SENSITIZATION AND TO ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING CXCL1/CXCR2 PATHWAY-MEDIATED REGULATION OF NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION IN MICE. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT GENERATED MECHANICAL AND THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AND ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. PERIPHERAL BUT NOT CENTRAL MESSENGER RNA LEVELS OF CXCL1 AND CXCR2 WERE INCREASED AFTER INCISION. THE SOURCE OF PERIPHERAL CXCL1 APPEARED TO BE WOUND AREA NEUTROPHILS. HISTONE H3 SUBUNIT ACETYLATED AT THE LYSINE 9 POSITION (ACH3K9) WAS INCREASED IN INFILTRATING DERMAL NEUTROPHILS AFTER INCISION AND WAS FURTHER INCREASED IN MICE WITH CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT. THE ASSOCIATION OF ACH3K9 WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF CXCL1 WAS ENHANCED IN MICE AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT. THE INCREASE IN CXCL1 NEAR WOUNDS CAUSED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE PRETREATMENT WAS MIMICKED BY PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION. FINALLY, LOCAL INJECTION OF CXCL1 INDUCED MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY IN NAIVE MICE, WHEREAS BLOCKING CXCR2 REVERSED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. PERSPECTIVE: PERIPHERAL CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING HELPS TO CONTROL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CXCL1 EXPRESSION EXPLAINS IN PART OPIOID-ENHANCED INCISIONAL ALLODYNIA IN MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TARGETING CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING MAY BE USEFUL IN TREATING NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, PARTICULARLY FOR POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN CHRONIC OPIOID-CONSUMING PATIENTS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  1559  21 DNA METHYLATION MODULATES NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION. DNA METHYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CONTROLLING DNA ACCESSIBILITY AND GENE EXPRESSION. BLOCKADE OF DNA METHYLATION CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT PAIN BEHAVIORS IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION WITH REGARD TO POSTOPERATIVE PAIN HAS NOT YET BEEN EXPLORED. IN THIS STUDY WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MODULATING INCISIONAL PAIN AND IDENTIFY POSSIBLE TARGETS UNDER DNA METHYLATION AND CONTRIBUTING TO INCISIONAL PAIN. DNA METHYLTRANFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY. AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE ALSO REDUCED HINDPAW SWELLING AFTER INCISION, SUGGESTING AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION WERE INCREASED IN SKIN AFTER INCISION, BUT NONE OF DNMT1, DNMT3A OR DNMT3B WAS ALTERED IN SPINAL CORD OR DRG. THE EXPRESSION OF PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN POMC ENCODING BETA-ENDORPHIN AND OPRM1 ENCODING THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR WERE UPREGULATED PERIPHERALLY AFTER INCISION; MOREOVER, OPRM1 EXPRESSION WAS FURTHER INCREASED UNDER DNMT INHIBITOR TREATMENT. FINALLY, LOCAL PERIPHERAL INJECTION OF THE OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST NALOXONE SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION IS FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT TO INCISIONAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, AND THAT MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR SIGNALING MIGHT BE ONE METHYLATION REGULATED PATHWAY CONTROLLING SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7  2363  20 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD GENE EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTES TO ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE SUBSEQUENT TO CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. BACKGROUND: OPIOIDS HAVE BECOME THE MAINSTAY FOR TREATMENT OF MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN AND ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT SURGICAL PAIN. WHILE OPIOID ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND TOLERANCE, INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OPIOID ADMINISTRATION AND SURGERY WITH RESPECT TO THESE PROBLEMATIC ADAPTATIONS HAVE SCARCELY BEEN ADDRESSED. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS OPIOIDS AND NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALING MAY CONVERGE ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN SPINAL CORD TO ENHANCE OR PROLONG NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF (BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR) AND PDYN (PRODYNORPHIN) GENES MAY BE INVOLVED. RESULTS: FOUR DAYS OF ASCENDING DOSES OF MORPHINE TREATMENT CAUSED OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY IN MICE. BOTH OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND THE REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY WERE ENHANCED IN MICE THAT RECEIVED HINDPAW INCISIONS. THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND PDYN (QPCR) WAS INCREASED AFTER MORPHINE TREATMENT AND INCISION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PDYN AND BDNF PROMOTERS WERE MORE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ACETYLATED H3K9 AFTER MORPHINE PLUS INCISION THAN IN THE MORPHINE OR INCISION ALONE GROUPS. SELECTIVE TROPOMYOSIN-RELATED KINASE B (ANA-12) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE) ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTERED INTRATHECALLY, BOTH REDUCED HYPERALGESIA ONE OR THREE DAYS AFTER SURGERY. ADMINISTRATION OF ANA-12 OR NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE ATTENUATED THE DECREASED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFICACY ON DAY 1, BUT ONLY NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE WAS EFFECTIVE ON DAY 3 AFTER INCISION IN OPIOID-EXPOSED GROUP. COADMINISTRATION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ANACARDIC ACID DAILY WITH MORPHINE BLOCKED THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND ATTENUATED INCISION-ENHANCED HYPERALGESIA IN MORPHINE-TREATED MICE. ANACARDIC ACID HAD SIMILAR EFFECTS ON ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, SHOWING THE INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE INTERACTIONS DETECTED. CONCLUSIONS: SPINAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVING BDNF AND PDYN MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE OBSERVED AFTER CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. TREATMENTS BLOCKING THE EPIGENETICALLY MEDIATED UP-REGULATION OF THESE GENES OR ADMINISTRATION OF TRKB OR KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS MAY IMPROVE THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF OPIOIDS, PARTICULARLY AFTER SURGERY.	2016	

8  3830  22 INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE LYSINE CROTONYLATION IN THE REGULATION OF NERVE-INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE LYSINE CROTONYLATION (KCR), A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, IS IMPORTANT IN REGULATING A BROAD SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND VARIOUS DISEASES. HOWEVER, WHETHER KCR IS INVOLVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED. WE FOUND KCR OCCURS IN MACROPHAGES, SENSORY NEURONS, AND SATELLITE GLIAL CELLS OF TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA (TG), NEURONS, ASTROCYTES, AND MICROGLIA OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. KCR IN TG WAS DETECTED MAINLY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SENSORY NEURONS, TO A LESSER EXTENT IN LARGE NEURONS. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY ELEVATED KCR LEVELS IN MACROPHAGES IN THE TRIGEMINAL AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA AND MICROGLIA IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA BUT REDUCED KCR LEVELS IN SENSORY NEURONS. INHIBITION OF HISTONE CROTONYLTRANSFERASES (P300) BY INTRA-TG OR INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF C646 SIGNIFICANTLY ALLEVIATED PARTIAL INFRAORBITAL NERVE TRANSECTION (PIONT)- OR SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL)-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. INTRA-TG OR INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF CROTONYL COENZYME A TRILITHIUM SALT TO UPREGULATE KCR DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN MICE. MECHANISMLY, INHIBITION OF P300 ALLEVIATED PIONT-INDUCED MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AND REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF PAIN-RELATED INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES TNFALPHA, IL1BETA AND CHEMOKINES CCL2 AND CXCL10. CORRESPONDINGLY, EXOGENOUS CROTONYL-COA INDUCED MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AND THE EXPRESSION OF TNFALPHA, IL1BETA, IL6, CCL2 AND CCL7 IN TG, WHICH C646 CAN REPRESS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HISTONE CROTONYLATION MIGHT BE FUNCTIONALLY INVOLVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND NEUROINFLAMMATION REGULATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  3320  26 HISTONE ACETYLATION IN MICROGLIA CONTRIBUTES TO EXERCISE-INDUCED HYPOALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL MICE. PHYSICAL EXERCISE CAN ATTENUATE NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NPP), BUT THE EXACT MECHANISM UNDERLYING EXERCISE-INDUCED HYPOALGESIA (EIH) REMAINS UNCLEAR. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION VIA PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES NPP, AND THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY LEAD TO THE PRODUCTION OF ANALGESIC FACTORS INCLUDING INTERLEUKIN 10. WE INTENDED TO CLARIFY WHETHER HISTONE ACETYLATION IN MICROGLIA IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN CONTRIBUTES TO EIH IN NPP MODEL MICE. C57BL/6J MICE UNDERWENT PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION (PSL) AND PSL- AND SHAM-RUNNER MICE RAN ON A TREADMILL AT A SPEED OF 7 M/MIN FOR 60 MIN/D, 5 DAYS PER WEEK, FROM 2 DAYS AFTER THE SURGERY. PSL-SEDENTARY MICE DEVELOPED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND HEAT HYPERALGESIA, BUT SUCH BEHAVIORS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED IN PSL-RUNNER MICE. IN IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS, PSL SURGERY MARKEDLY INCREASED THE NUMBER OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1-POSITIVE/CD11B-POSITIVE MICROGLIA IN THE IPSILATERAL SUPERFICIAL DORSAL HORN, AND THEY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED BY TREADMILL-RUNNING. MOREOVER, THE NUMBER OF MICROGLIA WITH NUCLEAR EXPRESSION OF ACETYLATED H3K9 IN THE IPSILATERAL SUPERFICIAL DORSAL HORN WAS MAINTAINED AT LOW LEVELS IN PSL-SEDENTARY MICE, BUT RUNNING EXERCISE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THEM. THEREFORE, WE CONCLUDE THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAUSES HYPERACETYLATION OF H3K9 IN ACTIVATED MICROGLIA MAY PLAY A ROLE IN PRODUCING EIH. PERSPECTIVE: THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN MICROGLIA IN PRODUCING EIH. THE CURRENT RESEARCH IS NOT ONLY HELPFUL FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL NONPHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY FOR NPP, BUT WILL ALSO ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS AND AVAILABILITY OF EXERCISE IN OUR DAILY LIFE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  3196  16 HDAC INHIBITORS RESTORE C-FIBRE SENSITIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: HYPOESTHESIA IS A CLINICAL FEATURE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE FEATURE IS PARTLY EXPLAINED BY THE EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF NAV 1.8 SODIUM CHANNEL IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBILITY OF TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), VALPROIC ACID (VPA) AND SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) TO REVERSE THE UNIQUE C-FIBRE SENSITIVITY OBSERVED FOLLOWING PARTIAL LIGATION OF SCIATIC NERVE IN MICE. KEY RESULTS: NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF DRG NAV 1.8 SODIUM CHANNEL AND C-FIBRE-RELATED HYPOESTHESIA WERE REVERSED BY TSA, VPA AND SAHA TREATMENTS, WHICH INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC), AND INCREASE HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE REGULATORY SEQUENCE OF NAV 1.8. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE STUDIES PROVIDE THE EVIDENCE THAT HYPOESTHESIA AND UNDERLYING DOWN-REGULATION OF NAV 1.8, NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OBSERVED IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS ARE REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN REMODELLING THROUGH HDAC-RELATED MACHINERIES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  2751  17 EXPRESSION OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND ACETYL-HISTONE H4 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RAT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. AIMS: HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION ARE TWO HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE USUALLY CONTROLLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). ALTHOUGH HATS OR HDACS INHIBITORS COULD RELIEVE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN ANIMAL MODELS, IT IS NOT CLEAR ON THE EXPRESSION OF GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OR SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MAIN METHODS: A SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL)-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL AND A COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA)-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL IN RATS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE EXPRESSION OF TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H4 (ACH4) BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OR WESTERN BLOT. KEY FINDINGS: ACH3 AND ACH4 NOT ONLY LOCALIZED IN NEURONAL NUCLEI, BUT ALSO IN NUCLEI OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE DRG. UNILATERAL SNL INDUCED THE INCREASE OF ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED LUMBAR 5 (L5) DRG, BUT NOT IN THE UNINJURED L5 DRG OR THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, WHILE UNILATERAL INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA INCREASED ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 SPINAL DORSAL HORN, BUT NOT IN THE L4/5 DRG. SIGNIFICANCE: THESE RESULTS PROVIDE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL CORD AND INDICATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. MORE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON THE TARGET GENES NEED TO BE REVEALED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12  3542  29 IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE TRIGEMINAL ROOT ENTRY ZONE IN AN ANIMAL MODEL OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA. OBJECTIVE: THE TRIGEMINAL ROOT ENTRY ZONE (TREZ) IS A TRANSITIONAL ZONE BETWEEN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS), ADJACENT TO THE BRAINSTEM. MICROVASCULAR COMPRESSION OF THE TREZ HAS BEEN CONSIDERED TO BE THE PRIMARY ETIOLOGY IN MOST CASES OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA (TN), BUT WHETHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TN IS STILL UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE TREZ IN AN ANIMAL MODEL OF TN. METHODS: AN ANIMAL MODEL OF TN WAS ESTABLISHED, AND ADULT MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO A TN GROUP WITH TRIGEMINAL NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION, SHAM OPERATION GROUP, TN+HDACI GROUP (TN PLUS SELECTIVE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR INJECTION INTO THE TREZ), OR TN+VEH GROUP (TN PLUS VEHICLE INJECTION INTO THE TREZ). TO MEASURE THE LENGTH OF THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE TREZ FROM THE JUNCTION OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE ROOT ENTERING THE PONS TO THE INTERFACE OF THE DOME-SHAPED CNS-PNS TRANSITIONAL ZONE, IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING OF GLIA AND GLIAL NUCLEI WAS PERFORMED USING GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP) ANTIBODY AND DAPI, RESPECTIVELY. TO INVESTIGATE THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 WITHIN THE TREZ IN A TN ANIMAL MODEL GROUP AND A SHAM OPERATION GROUP, LOCALIZATION OF HISTONE H3K9, H3K18, AND H3K27 ACETYLATION WAS EXAMINED VIA IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING METHODS. RESULTS: MEASUREMENTS OF THE CNS-PNS TRANSITIONAL ZONE IN THE TREZ REVEALED THAT THE AVERAGE LENGTH FROM THE JUNCTION OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE ROOT CONNECTING THE PONS TO THE GLIAL FRINGE OF THE TREZ IN THE TN GROUP WAS LONGER THAN THAT IN THE SHAM OPERATION GROUP (P < 0.05) AND THAT THE INTERFACE GRADUALLY MIGRATED DISTALLY. CELLS THAT STAINED POSITIVE FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE H3K9, H3K18, AND H3K27 WERE DISTRIBUTED AROUND BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER OF THE CNS-PNS JUNCTION IN THE TREZ. THE RATIO OF IMMUNOREACTIVE H3K9-, H3K18- AND H3K27-POSITIVE CELLS IN THE TN GROUP WAS OBVIOUSLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE SHAM OPERATION GROUP ON POSTOPERATIVE DAYS 7, 14, 21, AND 28 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT CHRONIC COMPRESSION OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE ROOT MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TN IN AN ANIMAL MODEL BY INFLUENCING THE PLASTICITY OF THE CNS-PNS TRANSITIONAL ZONE AND THE LEVEL OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE TREZ.	2018	
                                  
13  2006  20 EPIGENETIC AUGMENTATION OF THE MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 2/C-X-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR TYPE 2 AXIS THROUGH HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN INJURED PERIPHERAL NERVES ELICITS NEUROPATHIC PAIN. ALTHOUGH THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE SHOWING THAT THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHEMOKINES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROINFLAMMATION, THE DETAILS ARE UNCLEAR. WE INVESTIGATED THE C-X-C CHEMOKINE LIGAND TYPE 2 [MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 2 (MIP-2)]/C-X-C CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR TYPE 2 (CXCR2) AXIS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THESE MOLECULES IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. EXPRESSION OF MIP-2 AND CXCR2 WERE UP-REGULATED AND LOCALIZED ON ACCUMULATED NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES IN THE INJURED SCIATIC NERVE (SCN) AFTER PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION (PSL). PERINEURAL INJECTION OF MIP-2-NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY (ANTI-MIP-2) OR THE CXCR2 ANTAGONIST N-(2-BROMOPHENYL)-N'-(2-HYDROXY-4-NITROPHENYL)UREA (SB225002) PREVENTED PSL-INDUCED TACTILE ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. PERINEURAL INJECTION OF RECOMBINANT MIP-2 ELICITED NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE BEHAVIORS. ANTI-MIP-2 SUPPRESSED NEUTROPHIL ACCUMULATION IN THE SCN AFTER PSL. NEUTROPHIL DEPLETION BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF LY6G ANTIBODY ATTENUATED PSL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BOTH ANTI-MIP-2 AND SB225002 SUPPRESSED UP-REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES IN THE INJURED SCN. IN ADDITION, ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 [LYSINE (LYS9)-ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 (ACK9-H3)] ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF MIP-2 AND CXCR2 WAS INCREASED IN THE INJURED SCN AFTER PSL. EXPRESSION OF ACK9-H3 WAS OBSERVED IN THE NUCLEI OF NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES SURROUNDING THE EPINEURIUM. ADMINISTRATION OF THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ANACARDIC ACID SUPPRESSED THE UP-REGULATION OF MIP-2 AND CXCR2 IN THE SCN AFTER PSL AND RESULTED IN THE PREVENTION OF PSL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SHOW THAT AUGMENTATION OF THE MIP-2/CXCR2 AXIS BY HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 ON THE PROMOTER REGION OF MIP-2 AND CXCR2 LOCATED IN THE INJURED PERIPHERAL NERVE ELICITS CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION THROUGH NEUTROPHIL ACCUMULATION, LEADING TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  4579  18 N(6)-METHYLADENOSINE METHYLASE METTL3 CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. WE AIMED AT EXPLORING THE ROLE AND MECHANISM OF METTL3-MEDIATED M(6)A MODIFICATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: SHAM OPERATION GROUP (SHAM GROUP), CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE MODEL GROUP (NPP GROUP), INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF VIRUS DOWN-REGULATED METTL3 + CCI MODEL GROUP (M3 + NPP GROUP) AND INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF NEGATIVE CONTROL VIRUS + CCI MODEL GROUP (SCR + NPP GROUP). THE M3 + NPP GROUP AND THE SCR + NPP GROUP WERE INTRATHECALLY INJECTED WITH VIRUS NINETEEN DAYS BEFORE OPERATION. THE PAW WITHDRAWAL MECHANICAL THRESHOLDS AND PAW WITHDRAWAL LATENCY WERE RESPECTIVELY RECORDED ONE DAY BEFORE OPERATION, THREE DAYS, FIVE DAYS AND SEVEN DAYS AFTER OPERATION. THE RATS WERE SACRIFICED ON THE SEVENTH DAY AFTER OPERATION, AND THEIR SPINAL CORD TISSUES WERE TAKEN. THE FROZEN SECTIONS OF RATS WERE PERFORMED TO OBSERVE THE EXPRESSION OF GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN OF THE VIRUS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RNA, THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF M(6)A-RELATED ENZYME (METTL3) AND MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN SPINAL CORD TISSUES OF THE FOUR GROUPS WERE MEASURED. DOWNREGULATION OF METTL3 HAD NO EFFECT ON THE OVERALL METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE SPINAL CORD, BUT IT COULD REGULATE THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE OPRM1 GENE RNA ENCODING MOR, PARTIALLY RESTORE THE EXPRESSION OF MOR, AND RELIEVE PAIN IN RATS. IN THE PROCESS OF NPP, METTL3 MAY INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF MOR BY REGULATING THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF OPRM1 GENE RNA ENCODING MOR, AND ULTIMATELY PROMOTE THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NPP.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  2300  21 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16  2353  21 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA, DEPENDENCE, AND TOLERANCE IN MICE. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOIDS SUCH AS MORPHINE INDUCES PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL CHANGES INCLUDING OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH), TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. IN THE CURRENT WORK WE EXPLORED HOW THE BALANCE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) VERSUS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MIGHT REGULATE THESE MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES. NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS, ANALGESIA, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE WERE ASSESSED DURING AND FOR A PERIOD OF SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TO PROBE THE ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, THE HAT INHIBITOR CURCUMIN OR A SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) WAS ADMINISTERED DAILY TO GROUPS OF ANIMALS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SPINAL CORD WAS ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF CURCUMIN WITH MORPHINE FOR 4 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. CONVERSELY, THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA ENHANCED THESE RESPONSES. INTERESTINGLY, SAHA TREATMENT AFTER THE TERMINATION OF OPIOID ADMINISTRATION SUSTAINED THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS. HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WAS INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT, BUT H4 ACETYLATION WAS UNCHANGED. MOREOVER, WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF MORPHINE-TREATED MICE WHILE OVERALL HAT ACTIVITY WAS UNCHANGED, SUGGESTING A SHIFT TOWARD A STATE OF ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. PERSPECTIVE: THE CURRENT STUDY INDICATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN OPIOID-INDUCED LONG-LASTING NEUROPLASTICITY. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW SIGHT INTO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF OPIOID-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO LIMIT OPIOID ABUSE POTENTIAL AND INCREASE THE VALUE OF THESE DRUGS AS ANALGESICS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  2827  20 FLUOXETINE INCREASES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC FACTORS BUT DOES NOT IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE INDUCES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, STIMULATES MATURATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, AND REDUCES MOTOR/SENSORY AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN SEVERAL CNS DISORDERS. IN THE SETTING OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), ITS EFFECTS ON NEUROPLASTICITY AND FUNCTION HAVE YET TO BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFICACY OF FLUOXETINE AFTER A MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI, PRODUCED BY A CONTROLLED CORTICAL IMPACT. THREE DAYS AFTER TBI OR SHAM SURGERY, MICE WERE TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG/D) OR VEHICLE FOR 4 WEEKS. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF FLUOXETINE ON NEUROPLASTICITY, HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WERE STUDIED. STEREOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DOUBLECORTIN-POSITIVE CELLS IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE RELATIVE TO CONTROLS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING AN INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INDUCTION OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION, WERE LIKEWISE SEEN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND QUANTITATIVE WESTERN IMMUNOBLOTS, RESPECTIVELY, IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE. TO DETERMINE IF FLUOXETINE IMPROVES NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TBI, GAIT FUNCTION AND SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY WERE ASSESSED BY THE CATWALK-ASSISTED GAIT TEST AND BARNES MAZE TEST, RESPECTIVELY. NO DIFFERENCES IN THESE PARAMETERS WERE SEEN BETWEEN FLUOXETINE- AND VEHICLE-TREATED ANIMALS. THUS WHILE FLUOXETINE ENHANCED NEUROPLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER TBI, ITS CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION DID NOT RESTORE LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION OR AMELIORATE MEMORY DEFICITS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  2680  25 EVALUATION OF EPIGENETIC (HDAC, DNMT) AND PAIN (GAD65, TGF) FACTORS FOLLOWING PHOTOBIOMODULATION THERAPY IN A NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. PHOTOBIOMODULATION THERAPY (PBMT) IS CONVERTED TO THE MOST COMMON ANALGESIC TREATMENT BEFORE THE WHOLE MECHANISM IS YET TO BE DISCOVERED. THIS STUDY FOR THE FIRST TIME WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE ALTERNATIONS OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS AFTER PAIN AND PBMT. THE CCI MODEL WAS CHOSEN TO INDUCE PAIN. PAIN EVALUATION TESTS INCLUDING PLANTAR, ACETONE, VON FREY, AND PINCH WERE DONE WEEKLY. THEN SPINAL CORD TISSUE WAS ISOLATED FOR EVALUATING MRNA EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A, HDAC1, AND NRSF USING RT-QPCR METHOD, AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION FACTORS OF HDAC2 AND DNMT3A USING WESTERN BLOTTING. GAD65 AND TGF-BETA PROTEINS WERE ASSESSED BY THE IHC METHOD. PBMT INCREASED THE PAIN THRESHOLD UP TO THE POINT WHERE IT ROUGHLY MET THE PAIN THRESHOLD OF THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER THREE WEEKS OF TREATMENT, BOTH PBMT PROTOCOLS DEMONSTRATED A REDUCTION IN ALLODYNIA AND HYPERALGESIA. WHILE SOME MOLECULES, SUCH AS TGF-BETA AND GAD65, INCREASED FOLLOWING PBMT, WE OBSERVED NO INHIBITION OF NRSF, HDAC1, AND DNMT3A EXPRESSION DESPITE IMPLEMENTING TWO DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  1120  24 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IN ATTENUATING INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN RATS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS), WHICH INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, HAVE SHOWN ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF PERSISTENT PAIN. THE HDAC FAMILY COMPRISES 18 GENES; HOWEVER, THE DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF DISTINCT CLASSES OF HDACIS ON PAIN RELIEF REMAIN UNCLEAR. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF THESE HDACIS ON ATTENUATING THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN WAS INDUCED BY INJECTING COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) INTO THE LEFT HIND PAW OF RATS. THEN, HDACIS TARGETING CLASS I (ENTINOSTAT (MS-275)) AND CLASS IIA (SODIUM BUTYRATE, VALPROIC ACID (VPA), AND 4-PHENYLBUTYRIC ACID (4-PBA)), OR CLASS II (SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDOXAMIC ACID (SAHA), TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), AND DACINOSTAT (LAQ824)) WERE ADMINISTERED INTRAPERITONEALLY ONCE DAILY FOR 3 OR 4 DAYS. WE FOUND THAT THE INJECTION OF SAHA ONCE A DAY FOR 3 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CFA-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA FROM DAY 4 AND LASTED 7 DAYS. IN COMPARISON WITH SAHA, SUPPRESSION OF HYPERALGESIA BY 4-PBA PEAKED ON DAY 2, WHEREAS THAT BY MS-275 OCCURRED ON DAYS 5 AND 6. FATIGUE WAS A SERIOUS SIDE EFFECT SEEN WITH MS-275. THESE FINDINGS WILL BE BENEFICIAL FOR OPTIMIZING THE SELECTION OF SPECIFIC HDACIS IN MEDICAL FIELDS SUCH AS PAIN MEDICINE AND NEUROPSYCHIATRY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  3337  19 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS PREVENT PERSISTENT HYPERSENSITIVITY IN AN OROFACIAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. CHRONIC OROFACIAL PAIN IS A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH PROBLEM REQUIRING IDENTIFICATION OF REGULATING PROCESSES. INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT IS REPORTED FOR HINDLIMB NEUROPATHIC PAIN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS, HOWEVER, IS LESS WELL STUDIED IN CRANIAL NERVE PAIN MODELS. THREE INDEPENDENT OBSERVATIONS REPORTED HERE ARE THE (1) EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN MOUSE TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA (TG) AFTER TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION (TIC) NERVE INJURY MOUSE MODEL DETERMINED BY GENE EXPRESSION MICROARRAY, (2) H3K9 ACETYLATION PATTERN IN TG BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND (3) EFFICACY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS TO ATTENUATE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY. AFTER TIC INJURY, IPSILATERAL WHISKER PAD MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION DEVELOPS BY DAY 3 AND PERSISTS WELL BEYOND DAY 21 IN CONTRAST TO SHAM SURGERY. GLOBAL ACETYLATION OF H3K9 DECREASES AT DAY 21 IN IPSILATERAL TG . THIRTY-FOUR GENES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ( P < 0.05) OVEREXPRESSED IN THE IPSILATERAL TG BY AT LEAST TWO-FOLD AT EITHER 3 OR 21 DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION INJURY. THE THREE GENES MOST OVEREXPRESSED THREE DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION NERVE INJURY ARE NERVE REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENE ATF3, UP 6.8-FOLD, AND TWO OF ITS REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENE EFFECTOR GENES, SPRR1A AND GAL, UP 174- AND 25-FOLD, RESPECTIVELY. ALTHOUGH TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF 25 OF 32 GENES SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED THREE DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION RETURN TO CONSTITUTIVE LEVELS BY DAY 21, THESE THREE REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENES REMAIN SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED AT THE LATER TIME POINT. ON DAY 21, WHEN TISSUES ARE HEALED, OTHER DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES INCLUDE 39 OF THE TOP 50 UPREGULATED AND DOWNREGULATED GENES. REMARKABLY, PREEMPTIVE MANIPULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WITH TWO HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACI'S), SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) AND MS-275, REDUCES THE MAGNITUDE AND DURATION OF WHISKER PAD MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSISTENT PAIN STATE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT TRIGEMINAL NERVE INJURY LEADS TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS FAVORING OVEREXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NERVE REGENERATION AND THAT MAINTAINING TRANSCRIPTIONAL HOMEOSTASIS WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUGS COULD HELP PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN.	2018