1  5383 172 RECURRENT XPO1 MUTATIONS ALTER PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPORTIN 1 (XPO1/CRM1) IS A KEY MEDIATOR OF NUCLEAR EXPORT WITH RELEVANCE TO MULTIPLE CANCERS, INCLUDING CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). WHOLE EXOME SEQUENCING HAS IDENTIFIED HOT-SPOT SOMATIC XPO1 POINT MUTATIONS WHICH WE FOUND TO DISRUPT HIGHLY CONSERVED BIOPHYSICAL INTERACTIONS IN THE NES-BINDING GROOVE, CONFERRING NOVEL CARGO-BINDING ABILITIES AND FORCING CELLULAR MIS-LOCALIZATION OF CRITICAL REGULATORS. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENIC ROLE PLAYED BY CHANGE-IN-FUNCTION XPO1 MUTATIONS IN CLL IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A LARGE, MULTI-CENTER RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF CLL CASES (N = 1286) TO CORRELATE NONSYNONYMOUS MUTATIONS IN XPO1 (PREDOMINANTLY E571K OR E571G; N = 72) WITH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES CONTRIBUTING TO THE OVERALL OUTCOMES IN THESE PATIENTS. WE THEN ESTABLISHED A MOUSE MODEL WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF WILDTYPE (WT) OR MUTANT (E571K OR E571G) XPO1 RESTRICTED TO THE B CELL COMPARTMENT (EMICRO-XPO1). EMICRO-XPO1 MICE WERE THEN CROSSED WITH THE EMICRO-TCL1 CLL MOUSE MODEL. LASTLY, WE DETERMINED CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF XPO1 (WT OR E571K) BOUND TO SEVERAL SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF NUCLEAR EXPORT (SINE) MOLECULES (KPT-185, KPT-330/SELINEXOR, AND KPT-8602/ELTANEXOR). RESULTS: WE REPORT THAT NONSYNONYMOUS MUTATIONS IN XPO1 ASSOCIATE WITH HIGH RISK GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES AND ACCELERATED CLL PROGRESSION. USING THE NEWLY-GENERATED EMICRO-XPO1 MOUSE MODEL, WE FOUND THAT CONSTITUTIVE B-CELL OVER-EXPRESSION OF WT OR MUTANT XPO1 COULD AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF A CLL-LIKE DISEASE IN AGED MICE. FURTHERMORE, CONCURRENT B-CELL EXPRESSION OF XPO1 WITH E571K OR E571G MUTATIONS AND TCL1 ACCELERATED THE RATE OF LEUKEMOGENESIS RELATIVE TO THAT OF EMICRO-TCL1 MICE. LASTLY, CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF E571 OR E571K-XPO1 BOUND TO SINES, INCLUDING SELINEXOR, ARE HIGHLY SIMILAR, SUGGESTING THAT THE ACTIVITY OF THIS CLASS OF COMPOUNDS WILL NOT BE AFFECTED BY XPO1 MUTATIONS AT E571 IN PATIENTS WITH CLL. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MUTATIONS IN XPO1 AT E571 CAN DRIVE LEUKEMOGENESIS BY PRIMING THE PRE-NEOPLASTIC LYMPHOCYTES FOR ACQUISITION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT COLLECTIVELY RESULT IN NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  3625  40 IN VIVO GENOME AND METHYLOME ADAPTATION OF CAG-NEGATIVE HELICOBACTER PYLORI DURING EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN INFECTION. MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED RAPID BACTERIAL GENOME EVOLUTION DURING CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN CONTRAST, LITTLE WAS KNOWN ABOUT GENETIC CHANGES DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF INFECTION, WHEN SELECTIVE PRESSURE IS LIKELY TO BE HIGHEST. USING SINGLE-MOLECULE, REAL-TIME (SMRT) AND ILLUMINA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES, WE ANALYZED GENOME AND METHYLOME EVOLUTION DURING THE FIRST 10 WEEKS OF INFECTION BY COMPARING THE CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND (CAGPAI)-NEGATIVE H. PYLORI CHALLENGE STRAIN BCS 100 WITH PAIRS OF H. PYLORI REISOLATES FROM GASTRIC ANTRUM AND CORPUS BIOPSY SPECIMENS OF 10 HUMAN VOLUNTEERS WHO HAD BEEN INFECTED WITH THIS STRAIN AS PART OF A VACCINE TRIAL. MOST GENETIC CHANGES DETECTED IN THE REISOLATES AFFECTED GENES WITH A SURFACE-RELATED ROLE OR A PREDICTED FUNCTION IN PEPTIDE UPTAKE. APART FROM PHENOTYPIC CHANGES OF THE BACTERIAL ENVELOPE, A DUPLICATION OF THE CATALASE GENE WAS OBSERVED IN ONE REISOLATE, WHICH RESULTED IN HIGHER CATALASE ACTIVITY AND IMPROVED SURVIVAL UNDER OXIDATIVE STRESS CONDITIONS. THE METHYLOMES ALSO VARIED IN SOME OF THE REISOLATES, MOSTLY BY ACTIVITY SWITCHING OF PHASE-VARIABLE METHYLTRANSFERASE (MTASE) GENES. THE OBSERVED IN VIVO MUTATION SPECTRUM WAS REMARKABLE FOR A VERY HIGH PROPORTION OF NONSYNONYMOUS MUTATIONS. ALTHOUGH THE DATA SHOWED SUBSTANTIAL WITHIN-STRAIN GENOME DIVERSITY IN THE CHALLENGE STRAIN, MOST ANTRUM AND CORPUS REISOLATES FROM THE SAME VOLUNTEERS WERE HIGHLY SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER, INDICATING THAT THE CHALLENGE INFECTION REPRESENTS A MAJOR SELECTIVE BOTTLENECK SHAPING THE TRANSMITTED POPULATION. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST RAPID IN VIVO SELECTION OF H. PYLORI DURING EARLY-PHASE INFECTION PROVIDING ADAPTATION TO DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS BY COMMON MECHANISMS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS.IMPORTANCE EXCEPTIONAL GENETIC DIVERSITY AND VARIABILITY ARE HALLMARKS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI, BUT THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF THIS PLASTICITY REMAINS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE HAD THE RARE OPPORTUNITY TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR EVOLUTION DURING THE FIRST WEEKS OF H. PYLORI INFECTION BY COMPARING THE GENOMES AND EPIGENOMES OF H. PYLORI STRAIN BCS 100 USED TO CHALLENGE HUMAN VOLUNTEERS IN A VACCINE TRIAL WITH THOSE OF BACTERIA REISOLATED FROM THE VOLUNTEERS 10 WEEKS AFTER THE CHALLENGE. THE DATA PROVIDE MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE PROCESS OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THIS HIGHLY VERSATILE PATHOGEN IN 10 DIFFERENT HUMAN INDIVIDUAL HOSTS, SHOWING, FOR EXAMPLE, SELECTION FOR CHANGES IN HOST-INTERACTION MOLECULES AS WELL AS CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC METHYLATION PATTERNS. THE DATA PROVIDE IMPORTANT CLUES TO THE EARLY ADAPTATION OF H. PYLORI TO NEW HOST NICHES AFTER TRANSMISSION, WHICH WE BELIEVE IS VITAL TO UNDERSTAND ITS SUCCESS AS A CHRONIC PATHOGEN AND DEVELOP MORE EFFICIENT TREATMENTS AND VACCINES.	2020	
             
3  3037  42 GENOME AND METHYLOME VARIATION IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI WITH A CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND DURING EARLY STAGES OF HUMAN INFECTION. BACKGROUND & AIMS: HELICOBACTER PYLORI IS REMARKABLE FOR ITS GENETIC VARIATION; YET, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS GENETIC CHANGES DURING EARLY STAGES OF HUMAN INFECTION, AS THE BACTERIA ADAPT TO THEIR NEW ENVIRONMENT. WE ANALYZED GENOME AND METHYLOME VARIATIONS IN A FULLY VIRULENT STRAIN OF H PYLORI DURING EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION. METHODS: WE PERFORMED A RANDOMIZED PHASE I/II, OBSERVER-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF 12 HEALTHY, H PYLORI-NEGATIVE ADULTS IN GERMANY FROM OCTOBER 2008 THROUGH MARCH 2010. THE VOLUNTEERS WERE GIVEN A PROPHYLACTIC VACCINE CANDIDATE (N = 7) OR PLACEBO (N = 5) AND THEN CHALLENGED WITH H PYLORI STRAIN BCM-300. BIOPSY SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND H PYLORI WERE ISOLATED. GENOMES OF THE CHALLENGE STRAIN AND 12 REISOLATES, OBTAINED 12 WEEKS AFTER (OR IN 1 CASE, 62 WEEKS AFTER) INFECTION WERE SEQUENCED BY SINGLE-MOLECULE, REAL-TIME TECHNOLOGY, WHICH, IN PARALLEL, PERMITTED DETERMINATION OF GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION PATTERNS FOR ALL STRAINS. FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF GENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN H PYLORI STRAINS DURING HUMAN INFECTION WERE ASSESSED BY MEASURING RELEASE OF INTERLEUKIN 8 FROM AGS CELLS (TO DETECT CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND FUNCTION), NEUTRAL RED UPTAKE (TO DETECT VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN ACTIVITY), AND ADHESION ASSAYS. RESULTS: THE OBSERVED MUTATION RATE WAS IN AGREEMENT WITH RATES PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC H PYLORI INFECTIONS, WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF A MUTATION BURST. A LOSS OF CAG PATHOGENICITY ISLAND FUNCTION WAS OBSERVED IN 3 REISOLATES. IN ADDITION, 3 REISOLATES FROM THE VACCINE GROUP ACQUIRED MUTATIONS IN THE VACUOLATING CYTOTOXIN GENE VACA, RESULTING IN LOSS OF VACUOLIZATION ACTIVITY. WE OBSERVED INTERSTRAIN VARIATION IN METHYLOMES DUE TO PHASE VARIATION IN GENES ENCODING METHYLTRANSFERASES. CONCLUSIONS: WE ANALYZED ADAPTATION OF A FULLY VIRULENT STRAIN OF H PYLORI TO 12 DIFFERENT VOLUNTEERS TO OBTAIN A ROBUST ESTIMATE OF THE FREQUENCY OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF INTERSTRAIN RECOMBINATION. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT THE LARGE AMOUNT OF GENETIC VARIATION IN H PYLORI POSES A CHALLENGE TO VACCINE DEVELOPMENT. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NO: NCT00736476.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4   129  35 A UNIQUE VIRULENCE GENE OCCUPIES A PRINCIPAL POSITION IN IMMUNE EVASION BY THE MALARIA PARASITE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE GENE EXPRESSION, WHEREBY ONLY ONE MEMBER OF A MULTI-GENE FAMILY IS SELECTED FOR ACTIVATION, IS USED BY THE MALARIA PARASITE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM TO ESCAPE THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM AND PERPETUATE LONG-TERM, CHRONIC INFECTIONS. A FAMILY OF GENES CALLED VAR ENCODES THE CHIEF ANTIGENIC AND VIRULENCE DETERMINANT OF P. FALCIPARUM MALARIA. VAR GENES ARE TRANSCRIBED IN A MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE MANNER, WITH SWITCHING BETWEEN ACTIVE GENES RESULTING IN ANTIGENIC VARIATION. WHILE RECENT WORK HAS SHED CONSIDERABLE LIGHT ON THE EPIGENETIC BASIS FOR VAR GENE ACTIVATION AND SILENCING, HOW SWITCHING IS CONTROLLED REMAINS A MYSTERY. IN PARTICULAR, SWITCHING SEEMS NOT TO BE RANDOM, BUT INSTEAD APPEARS TO BE COORDINATED TO RESULT IN TIMELY ACTIVATION OF INDIVIDUAL GENES LEADING TO SEQUENTIAL WAVES OF ANTIGENICALLY DISTINCT PARASITE POPULATIONS. THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THIS APPARENT COORDINATION IS UNKNOWN. HERE WE SHOW THAT VAR2CSA, AN UNUSUAL AND HIGHLY CONSERVED VAR GENE, OCCUPIES A UNIQUE POSITION WITHIN THE VAR GENE SWITCHING HIERARCHY. INDUCTION OF SWITCHING THROUGH THE DESTABILIZATION OF VAR SPECIFIC CHROMATIN USING BOTH GENETIC AND CHEMICAL METHODS REPEATEDLY LED TO THE RAPID AND EXCLUSIVE ACTIVATION OF VAR2CSA. ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATED THAT THESE REPRESENT "TRUE" SWITCHING EVENTS AND NOT SIMPLY DE-SILENCING OF THE VAR2CSA PROMOTER, AND THAT ACTIVATION IS LIMITED TO THE UNIQUE LOCUS ON CHROMOSOME 12. COMBINED WITH TRANSLATIONAL REPRESSION OF VAR2CSA TRANSCRIPTS, FREQUENT "DEFAULT" SWITCHING TO THIS LOCUS AND DETECTION OF VAR2CSA UNTRANSLATED TRANSCRIPTS IN NON-PREGNANT INDIVIDUALS, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT VAR2CSA COULD PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN COORDINATING SWITCHING, FULFILLING A PREDICTION MADE BY MATHEMATICAL MODELS DERIVED FROM POPULATION SWITCHING PATTERNS. THESE STUDIES PROVIDE THE FIRST INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH VAR GENE SWITCHING IS COORDINATED AS WELL AS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT CAN DISRUPT ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5  3179  35 HAIR CORTISOL AS A HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS BIOMARKER IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA: A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: CORTISOL IS A HORMONE INVOLVED IN MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDING FETAL MATURATION AND EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING DURING PREGNANCY. THIS STUDY AIMED TO USE HAIR CORTISOL AS A BIOMARKER OF CHRONIC INHALED CORTICOSTEROID (ICS) EXPOSURE AND ASSESS THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF ASTHMA ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA TREATED WITH ICS WOULD EXHIBIT LOWER HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS, INDICATIVE OF ADRENAL SUPPRESSION, COMPARED TO WOMEN WITH ASTHMA NOT USING ICS AND WOMEN WHO DO NOT HAVE ASTHMA. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN OBSERVATIONAL RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. HAIR SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FROM PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA, WITH (N = 56) AND WITHOUT (N = 31) ICS TREATMENT, AND PREGNANT WOMEN WITHOUT ASTHMA (N = 31). HAIR SAMPLES WERE SEGMENTED BASED ON THE GROWTH RATE OF 1 CM/MONTH AND ANALYZED BY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY TO PROVIDE CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS CORRESPONDING TO PRECONCEPTION, TRIMESTERS 1-3, AND POSTPARTUM. HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS WERE COMPARED WITHIN AND AMONG THE GROUPS USING NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TESTS. RESULTS: HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS INCREASED ACROSS TRIMESTERS FOR ALL THREE GROUPS, BUT THIS INCREASE WAS DAMPENED IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA (P = 0.03 FOR CONTROLS VS. ICS TREATED AND CONTROLS VS. NO ICS). ICS TREATED WOMEN TAKING MORE THAN FIVE DOSES PER WEEK HAD HAIR CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS 47 % LOWER IN THIRD TRIMESTER THAN CONTROLS. LINEAR REGRESSION OF THE THIRD TRIMESTER HAIR CORTISOL RESULTS IDENTIFIED ASTHMA AS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR WHEN COMPARING CONSISTENT ICS USE OR ASTHMA AS THE PREDICTOR (F(1, 25) = 9.7, P = 0.005, R(2) ADJ = 0.257). CONCLUSIONS: HAIR CORTISOL SUCCESSFULLY SHOWED THE EXPECTED CHANGE IN CORTISOL OVER THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY AND MAY BE A USEFUL BIOMARKER OF HPA AXIS FUNCTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ASTHMA. THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DECREASED MATERNAL CORTISOL IN WOMEN WITH ASTHMA ON PERINATAL OUTCOMES REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6  4491  40 MONOSOMY 7 MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, TYPE 1: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS. LOSS OF CONSTITUTIONAL HETEROZYGOSITY IS A COMMON MOLECULAR FEATURE OF CANCERS IN WHICH INACTIVATION OF ONE OR MORE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO TUMORIGENESIS. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE GENE RESPONSIBLE FOR NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, TYPE 1 (NF-1), BELONGS TO THIS CLASS OF HERITABLE CANCER GENES. CHILDREN WITH NF-1 SHOW AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING JUVENILE CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (JCML) AND, PERHAPS, THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME (MPS) ASSOCIATED WITH BONE MARROW MONOSOMY 7 (MO 7). WE HAVE INVESTIGATED FIVE CHILDREN WITH MO 7: THREE WITH NF-1 AND TWO OTHERS WITH SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE OF NF-1. SOUTHERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED IN FOUR PATIENTS SHOWED NO LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN BONE MARROW SPECIMENS USING PROBES LINKED TO THE NF-1 LOCUS ON THE LONG ARM OF CHROMOSOME 17. BOTH OF OUR PATIENTS WITH FAMILIAL NF-1 INHERITED THE DISEASE FROM THEIR MOTHERS, AS DID 14 OF 19 OTHER CASES OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH FAMILIAL NF-1. SEVENTEEN OF THESE 21 CHILDREN WERE BOYS. MYELOID LEUKEMIA DEVELOPED IN 12 BOYS AND FOUR GIRLS WHO INHERITED NF-1 FROM THEIR MOTHERS, AND IN FIVE BOYS WHO INHERITED THE DISEASE FROM THEIR FATHERS. FATHER-TO-DAUGHTER TRANSMISSION WAS NOT OBSERVED. TAKEN TOGETHER, THE PRESENCE OF CHROMOSOME 7 DELETIONS IN THE LEUKEMIAS OF CHILDREN WITH NF-1, A PATTERN OF INHERITANCE FAVORING MATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF NF-1, AND THE MARKED PREDILECTION FOR BOYS TO DEVELOP JCML AND MO 7 SUGGEST A MULTISTEP MECHANISM OF ONCOGENESIS IN WHICH EPIGENETIC FACTORS MIGHT PLAY A ROLE. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS REQUIRED TO DETERMINE IF THE NF-1 GENES IN THE LEUKEMIC BONE MARROWS OF THESE PATIENTS HAVE ACQUIRED POINT MUTATIONS OR SMALL DELETIONS.	1992	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  1469  34 DISTINCT EVOLUTIONARY PATHS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA DURING RESISTANCE TO THE GRAFT-VERSUS-LEUKEMIA EFFECT. LEUKEMIC RELAPSE REMAINS A MAJOR BARRIER TO SUCCESSFUL ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ALLO-HSCT) FOR AGGRESSIVE HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. THE BASIS FOR RELAPSE OF ADVANCED LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES REMAINS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD AND MAY INVOLVE ESCAPE FROM THE GRAFT-VERSUS-LEUKEMIA (GVL) EFFECT. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TREATED WITH ALLO-HSCT, LEUKEMIC CELL-INTRINSIC FEATURES INFLUENCE TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES BY DIRECTING THE EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORIES OF CLL CELLS. INTEGRATED GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, AND EPIGENETIC ANALYSES OF CLL CELLS FROM 10 PATIENTS REVEALED THAT THE CLINICAL KINETICS OF POST-HSCT RELAPSE ARE SHAPED BY DISTINCT MOLECULAR DYNAMICS. EARLY RELAPSES AFTER ALLO-HSCT EXHIBITED NOTABLE GENETIC STABILITY; SINGLE CLL CELL TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED A CELLULAR HETEROGENEITY THAT WAS STATIC OVER TIME. IN CONTRAST, CLL CELLS RELAPSING LATE AFTER ALLO-HSCT DISPLAYED NOTABLE GENETIC EVOLUTION AND EVIDENCE OF NEOANTIGEN DEPLETION, CONSISTENT WITH MARKED SINGLE-CELL TRANSCRIPTIONAL SHIFTS THAT WERE UNIQUE TO EACH PATIENT. WE OBSERVED A GREATER RATE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGE FOR LATE RELAPSES NOT SEEN IN EARLY RELAPSES OR RELAPSES AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY ALONE, SUGGESTING THAT THE SELECTION PRESSURES OF THE GVL BOTTLENECK ARE UNLIKE THOSE IMPOSED BY CHEMOTHERAPY. NO SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE FOR HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) LOSS WAS OBSERVED, EVEN WHEN PRESENT IN PRETRANSPLANT SUBPOPULATIONS. GAIN OF STEM CELL MODULES WAS A COMMON SIGNATURE ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA RELAPSE REGARDLESS OF POSTTRANSPLANT RELAPSE KINETICS. THESE DATA ELUCIDATE THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS THAT UNDERLIE GVL RESISTANCE AND POSTTRANSPLANT RELAPSE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8   718  31 CALCIUM-DEPENDENT INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN PRIMARY CULTURED ADIPOCYTES AND ANK3 GENE VARIATION IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. BIPOLAR DISORDER (BD) IS A CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE AFFECTING >1% OF THE SWEDISH POPULATION. DESPITE PROGRESS, PATIENTS STILL SUFFER FROM CHRONIC MOOD SWITCHES WITH POTENTIAL SEVERE CONSEQUENCES. THUS, EARLY DETECTION, DIAGNOSIS AND INITIATION OF CORRECT TREATMENT ARE CRITICAL. CULTURED ADIPOCYTES FROM 35 PATIENTS WITH BD AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED USING SIGNAL PATHWAY REPORTER ASSAYS, THAT IS, PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC), PROTEIN KINASE A (PKA), MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK) AND C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE (JNK)), MYC, WNT AND P53. THE LEVELS OF ACTIVATED TARGET TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS WERE MEASURED IN ADIPOCYTES BEFORE AND AFTER STIMULATION WITH LITHIUM AND ESCITALOPRAM. VARIATIONS WERE ANALYSED IN THE LOCI OF 25 DIFFERENT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS). ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALS IN SEVERAL PATHWAYS ANALYSED WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS UPON DRUG STIMULATION, ESPECIALLY WITH ESCITALOPRAM STIMULATION OF PKC, JNK AND MYC, AS WELL AS LITHIUM-STIMULATED PKC, WHEREAS NO MEANINGFUL DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED BEFORE STIMULATION. UNIVARIATE ANALYSES OF CONTINGENCY TABLES FOR 80 CATEGORICAL SNP RESULTS VERSUS DIAGNOSES SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT LINK WITH THE ANK3 GENE (RS10761482; LIKELIHOOD RATIO CHI(2)=4.63; P=0.031). IN A MULTIVARIATE ORDINAL LOGISTIC FIT FOR DIAGNOSIS, A BACKWARD STEPWISE PROCEDURE SELECTED ANK3 AS THE REMAINING SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR. COMPARISON OF THE ESCITALOPRAM-STIMULATED PKC ACTIVITY AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE SHOWED THEM TO ADD THEIR SHARE OF THE DIAGNOSTIC VARIANCE, WITH NO INTERACTION (15% OF VARIANCE EXPLAINED, P<0.002). THE STUDY IS CROSS-SECTIONAL WITH NO LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP. COHORTS ARE RELATIVELY SMALL WITH NO MEDICATION-FREE PATIENTS, AND THERE ARE NO 'ILL PATIENT' CONTROLS. IT TAKES 3 TO 4 WEEKS OF CULTURE TO EXPAND ADIPOCYTES THAT MAY CHANGE EPIGENETIC PROFILES BUT REMOVE THE POSSIBILITY OF MEDICATION EFFECTS. ABNORMALITIES IN THE REACTIVITY OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PATHWAYS TO STIMULATION AND THE ANK3 GENOTYPE MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGENESIS OF BD. ALGORITHMS USING BIOLOGICAL PATTERNS SUCH AS PATHWAY REACTIVITY TOGETHER WITH STRUCTURAL GENETIC SNP DATA MAY PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR EARLIER DETECTION AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF BD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  6460  34 TIME TO RELAPSE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND DNA-METHYLATION-BASED BIOLOGICAL AGE. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS A MATURE B CELL NEOPLASM WITH A PREDILECTION FOR OLDER INDIVIDUALS. WHILE PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH CLL, WHETHER AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES MODULATE CLL RELAPSE REMAINS ELUSIVE. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION AND TIME TO CLL RELAPSE IN A PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATASET. DNA METHYLATION PROFILING OF 35 CLL PATIENTS PRIOR TO INITIATING CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY WAS PERFORMED USING THE INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP. FOUR EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION METRICS (INTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION [IEAA], EXTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION [EEAA], PHENOAGE ACCELERATION [PHENOAA], AND GRIMAGE ACCELERATION [GRIMAA]) WERE ESTIMATED FROM BLOOD DNA METHYLATION LEVELS. LINEAR, QUANTILE, AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED TO ASSESS THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EACH EPIGENETIC AGE METRIC AND TIME TO CLL RELAPSE. EEAA (P = 0.011) AND PHENOAA (P = 0.046) WERE NEGATIVELY AND GRIMAA (P = 0.040) WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH TIME TO CLL RELAPSE. SIMULTANEOUS ASSESSMENT OF EEAA AND GRIMAA IN MALE PATIENTS DISTINGUISHED PATIENTS WHO RELAPSED EARLY FROM PATIENTS WHO RELAPSED LATER (P = 0.039). NO ASSOCIATIONS WERE OBSERVED WITH IEAA. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION PRIOR TO CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY INITIATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TIME TO CLL RELAPSE. OUR RESULTS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHT INTO THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND CLL RELAPSE AND MAY SERVE HAS BIOMARKERS FOR TREATMENT RELAPSE, AND POTENTIALLY, TREATMENT SELECTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  3304  45 HIGH-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS CHANGE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN HUMAN IVM OOCYTES. STUDY QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HIGH-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS ON DNA METHYLATION OF HUMAN OOCYTES? SUMMARY ANSWER: HIGH-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS ALTERED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF PEG3 AND ADIPONECTIN IN HUMAN IN VITRO MATURATION OOCYTES. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: MATERNAL DIABETES HAS A DETRIMENTAL INFLUENCE ON OOCYTE QUALITY INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AS SHOWN IN NON-HUMAN MAMMALIAN SPECIES. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: IMMATURE METAPHASE I (MI) STAGE OOCYTES OF GOOD QUALITY WERE RETRIEVED FROM PATIENTS WHO HAD NORMAL OVARIAN POTENTIAL AND WHO UNDERWENT ICSI IN THE REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE CENTER OF PEOPLE'S HOSPITAL OF ZHENGZHOU UNIVERSITY. MI OOCYTES WERE CULTURED IN MEDIUM WITH DIFFERENT GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS (CONTROL, 10 MM AND 15 MM) IN VITRO AND 48 H LATER, OOCYTES WITH FIRST POLAR BODY EXTRUSION WERE COLLECTED TO CHECK THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: MI OOCYTES UNDERWENT IN VITRO MATURATION (IVM) AT 37 DEGREES C WITH 5% MIXED GAS FOR 48 H. THEN THE MATURE OOCYTES WERE TREATED WITH BISULFITE BUFFER. TARGET SEQUENCES WERE AMPLIFIED USING NESTED OR HALF-NESTED PCR AND THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS WAS TESTED USING COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS (COBRA) AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING (BS). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: HIGH-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE FIRST POLAR BODY EXTRUSION RATE. COMPARED TO CONTROLS, THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF PEG3 IN HUMAN IVM OOCYTES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN 10 MM (P < 0.001) AND 15 MM (P < 0.001) CONCENTRATIONS OF GLUCOSE. BUT THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF H19 WAS NOT AFFECTED BY HIGH-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN IVM OOCYTES. WE ALSO FOUND THAT THERE WAS A DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE PROMOTER OF ADIPONECTIN IN HUMAN IVM OOCYTES BETWEEN CONTROLS AND OOCYTES EXPOSED TO 10 MM GLUCOSE (P = 0.028). LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THE ALTERATIONS ARE BENEFICIAL OR NOT FOR THE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND OFFSPRING HEALTH. THE EFFECTS OF HIGH-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS ON THE WHOLE PROCESS OF OOCYTE MATURATION ARE STILL NOT ELUCIDATED. ANOTHER ISSUE IS THAT THE NUMBER OF OOCYTES USED IN THIS STUDY WAS LIMITED. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THAT THE EFFECTS OF HIGH-GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION ON DNA METHYLATION OF HUMAN OOCYTES HAVE BEEN ELUCIDATED. OUR RESULT INDICATES THAT IN HUMANS, THE HIGH RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES IN OFFSPRING FROM DIABETIC MOTHERS MAY ORIGINATE FROM ABNORMAL DNA MODIFICATIONS IN OOCYTES. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): THIS WORK WAS SUPPORTED BY THE FUND OF NATIONAL NATURAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA (81401198) AND DOCTOR FOUNDATION OF QINGDAO AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (1116008).THE AUTHORS DECLARE THAT THERE ARE NO POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST RELEVANT TO THIS ARTICLE.	2018	

11  2734  34 EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AGE MEASURES AND PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN WITH EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANCER. PURPOSE: THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK HAS BEEN ACKNOWLEDGED AS AN INDICATOR FOR MOLECULAR AGING, BUT FEW STUDIES HAVE EXAMINED POSSIBLE ASSOCIATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) AGE OR AGE ACCELERATION (AA) WITH SYMPTOM BURDEN IN INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE TREATED FOR CANCER. THIS STUDY EXPLORED THE ASSOCIATION OF DNAM AGE OR AA WITH PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL (PN) SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISTURBANCES, PAIN, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, IN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS OVER A 2-YEAR PERIOD. METHODS: WE MEASURED PN SYMPTOMS USING RELIABLE INSTRUMENTS AND DNAM LEVELS BY INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450K BEADCHIP (N = 72). DNAM AGE WAS CALCULATED BY THE HORVATH, GRIM, AND HANNUM-BASED INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC AGE ESTIMATIONS. AA WAS DEFINED BY THE RESIDUAL REGRESSING ESTIMATED EPIGENETIC AGE ON CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. MIXED REGRESSION MODELS WERE FITTED FOR AA AND CHANGES IN AA TO STUDY THE ASSOCIATION OVER TIME. SEPARATE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS AND A MIXED-EFFECTS MODEL WERE FITTED FOR AA AT EACH TIME POINT. RESULTS: HORVATH-AA, GRIM-AA, AND EXTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED OVER TIME, WHILE INTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AA DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY TEMPORAL CHANGES. INCREASED AA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER ANXIETY AND FATIGUE, AS WELL AS WORSE COGNITIVE MEMORY, ADJUSTING FOR RACE, BMI, INCOME, CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIATION THERAPY, AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. INCREASED DNAM AGE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER ANXIETY OVER 2 YEARS. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST DNAM AGE AND AA MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH PN SYMPTOMS OVER THE COURSE OF CANCER TREATMENT AND SURVIVORSHIP. SOME PN SYMPTOMS MAY BE AMENABLE TO PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS TARGETED TO EPIGENETIC CLOCKS THAT INFLUENCE AGING-ASSOCIATED PROCESSES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  1960  40 EPIGENETIC AGING IN CHILDREN FROM A SMALL-SCALE FARMING SOCIETY IN THE CONGO BASIN: ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHILD GROWTH AND FAMILY CONFLICT. DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS' LONG-TERM HEALTH TRAJECTORIES, AND THERE IS INCREASING EMPHASIS ON UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH THIS OCCURS. EPIGENETIC AGING EVALUATES DNA METHYLATION AT A SUITE OF DISTINCT CPG SITES IN THE GENOME, AND EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (EAA) IS LINKED TO HEIGHTENED CHRONIC MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RISKS IN ADULTS. CONSEQUENTLY, EAA PROVIDES INSIGHTS ON TRAJECTORIES OF BIOLOGICAL AGING, WHICH EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES MAY HELP SHAPE. HOWEVER, FEW STUDIES HAVE MEASURED CORRELATES OF CHILDREN'S EPIGENETIC AGING, ESPECIALLY OUTSIDE OF THE U.S. AND EUROPE. IN PARTICULAR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW CHILDREN'S GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT RELATE TO EAA IN ECOLOGIES IN WHICH ENERGETIC AND PATHOGENIC STRESSORS ARE COMMONPLACE. WE STUDIED EAA FROM DRIED BLOOD SPOTS AMONG BONDONGO CHILDREN (N = 54) RESIDING IN A SMALL-SCALE, FISHER-FARMER SOCIETY IN A REMOTE REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. HERE, INFECTIOUS DISEASE BURDENS AND THEIR RESULTANT ENERGY DEMANDS ARE HIGH. CHILDREN WHO WERE HEAVIER FOR HEIGHT OR TALLER FOR AGE, RESPECTIVELY, EXHIBITED GREATER EAA, INCLUDING INTRINSIC EAA, WHICH IS CONSIDERED TO MEASURE EAA INTERNAL TO CELLS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT CHILDREN IN FAMILIES WITH MORE CONFLICT BETWEEN PARENTS HAD GREATER INTRINSIC EAA. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN CONTEXTS IN WHICH LIMITED ENERGY MUST BE ALLOCATED TO COMPETING DEMANDS, MORE INVESTMENT IN GROWTH MAY COINCIDE WITH GREATER EAA, WHICH PARALLELS FINDINGS IN EUROPEAN CHILDREN WHO DO NOT FACE SIMILAR ENERGETIC CONSTRAINTS. OUR FINDINGS ALSO INDICATE THAT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ADVERSE FAMILY ENVIRONMENTS AND GREATER INTRINSIC EAA WERE NONETHELESS OBSERVABLE BUT ONLY AFTER ADJUSTMENT FOR COVARIATES RELEVANT TO THE ENERGETICALLY AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY DEMANDING NATURE OF THE LOCAL ECOLOGY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  2106  40 EPIGENETIC EVOLUTION AND LINEAGE HISTORIES OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INTRA-TUMORAL HETEROGENEITY COOPERATE TO SHAPE THE EVOLUTIONARY COURSE OF CANCER(1). CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) IS A HIGHLY INFORMATIVE MODEL FOR CANCER EVOLUTION AS IT UNDERGOES SUBSTANTIAL GENETIC DIVERSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION AFTER THERAPY(2,3). THE CLL EPIGENOME IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT DISEASE-DEFINING FEATURE(4,5), AND GROWING POPULATIONS OF CELLS IN CLL DIVERSIFY BY STOCHASTIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION KNOWN AS EPIMUTATIONS(6). HOWEVER, PREVIOUS STUDIES USING BULK SEQUENCING METHODS TO ANALYSE THE PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION WERE UNABLE TO DETERMINE WHETHER EPIMUTATIONS AFFECT CLL POPULATIONS HOMOGENEOUSLY. HERE, TO MEASURE THE EPIMUTATION RATE AT SINGLE-CELL RESOLUTION, WE APPLIED MULTIPLEXED SINGLE-CELL REDUCED-REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO B CELLS FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND PATIENTS WITH CLL. WE OBSERVED THAT THE COMMON CLONAL ORIGIN OF CLL RESULTS IN A CONSISTENTLY INCREASED EPIMUTATION RATE, WITH LOW VARIABILITY IN THE CELL-TO-CELL EPIMUTATION RATE. BY CONTRAST, VARIABLE EPIMUTATION RATES ACROSS HEALTHY B CELLS REFLECT DIVERSE EVOLUTIONARY AGES ACROSS THE TRAJECTORY OF B CELL DIFFERENTIATION, CONSISTENT WITH EPIMUTATIONS SERVING AS A MOLECULAR CLOCK. HERITABLE EPIMUTATION INFORMATION ALLOWED US TO RECONSTRUCT LINEAGES AT HIGH-RESOLUTION WITH SINGLE-CELL DATA, AND TO APPLY THIS DIRECTLY TO PATIENT SAMPLES. THE CLL LINEAGE TREE SHAPE REVEALED EARLIER BRANCHING AND LONGER BRANCH LENGTHS THAN IN NORMAL B CELLS, REFLECTING RAPID DRIFT AFTER THE INITIAL MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION AND A GREATER PROLIFERATIVE HISTORY. INTEGRATION OF SINGLE-CELL BISULFITE SEQUENCING ANALYSIS WITH SINGLE-CELL TRANSCRIPTOMES AND GENOTYPING CONFIRMED THAT GENETIC SUBCLONES MAPPED TO DISTINCT CLADES, AS INFERRED SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF EPIMUTATION INFORMATION. FINALLY, TO EXAMINE POTENTIAL LINEAGE BIASES DURING THERAPY, WE PROFILED SERIAL SAMPLES DURING IBRUTINIB-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOCYTOSIS, AND IDENTIFIED CLADES OF CELLS THAT WERE PREFERENTIALLY EXPELLED FROM THE LYMPH NODE AFTER TREATMENT, MARKED BY DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES. THE SINGLE-CELL INTEGRATION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL INFORMATION THUS CHARTS THE LINEAGE HISTORY OF CLL AND ITS EVOLUTION WITH THERAPY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14  1161  41 CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENTAL AND EARLY LIFE TRICHLOROETHYLENE EXPOSURE PROMOTED DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN POLYCOMB PROTEIN BINDING SITES IN EFFECTOR/MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS. TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) IS AN INDUSTRIAL SOLVENT AND DRINKING WATER POLLUTANT ASSOCIATED WITH CD4(+) T CELL-MEDIATED AUTOIMMUNITY. IN OUR MOUSE MODEL, DISCONTINUATION OF TCE EXPOSURE DURING ADULTHOOD AFTER DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE DID NOT PREVENT IMMUNOTOXICITY. TO DETERMINE WHETHER PERSISTENT EFFECTS WERE LINKED TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES WE CONDUCTED WHOLE GENOME REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) TO EVALUATE METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOMES IN ACTIVATED EFFECTOR/MEMORY CD4(+) T CELLS. FEMALE MRL+/+ MICE WERE EXPOSED TO VEHICLE CONTROL OR TCE IN THE DRINKING WATER FROM GESTATION UNTIL ~37 WEEKS OF AGE [POSTNATAL DAY (PND) 259]. IN A SUBSET OF MICE, TCE EXPOSURE WAS DISCONTINUED AT ~22 WEEKS OF AGE (PND 154). AT PND 259, RRBS ASSESSMENT REVEALED MORE GLOBAL METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE GROUP VS. THE DISCONTINUOUS EXPOSURE GROUP. A MAJORITY OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG REGIONS (DMRS) ACROSS PROMOTERS, ISLANDS, AND REGULATORY ELEMENTS WERE HYPERMETHYLATED (~90%). HOWEVER, CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENTAL TCE EXPOSURE ALTERED THE METHYLATION OF 274 CPG SITES IN PROMOTERS AND CPG ISLANDS. IN CONTRAST, ONLY 4 CPG ISLAND REGIONS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED (HYPERMETHYLATED) IN THE DISCONTINUOUS GROUP. INTERESTINGLY, 2 OF THESE 4 SITES WERE ALSO HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE GROUP, AND BOTH OF THESE ISLAND REGIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LYSINE 27 ON HISTONE H3 (H3K27) INVOLVED IN POLYCOMB COMPLEX-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION VIA H3K27 TRI-METHYLATION. CPG SITES WERE OVERLAPPED WITH THE OPEN REGULATORY ANNOTATION DATABASE. UNLIKE THE DISCONTINUOUS GROUP, CONTINUOUS TCE TREATMENT RESULTED IN 129 DMRS INCLUDING 12 UNIQUE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND REGULATORY ELEMENTS; 80% OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED FOR ONE OR MORE POLYCOMB GROUP (PCG) PROTEIN BINDING REGIONS (I.E., SUZ12, EZH2, JARID2, AND MTF2). PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF THE DMRS INDICATED THAT TCE PRIMARILY ALTERED THE METHYLATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH REGULATION OF CELLULAR METABOLISM AND CELL SIGNALING. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO TCE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BINDING SITES OF PCG PROTEINS IN EFFECTOR/MEMORY CD4(+) CELLS. THERE WERE MINIMAL YET POTENTIALLY BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS THAT OCCURRED WHEN EXPOSURE WAS DISCONTINUED. THESE RESULTS POINT TOWARD A NOVEL MECHANISM BY WHICH CHRONIC DEVELOPMENTAL TCE EXPOSURE MAY ALTER TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED CD4(+) T CELL FUNCTION IN ADULTHOOD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15   355  26 ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL DNA METHYLATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER IN AN APP/PS1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AND MITOCHONDRIAL IMPAIRMENT IS A KEY FEATURE OF AD. THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS A RELATIVELY NEW FIELD COMPARED TO NUCLEAR DNA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MTDNA EPIGENETIC MECHANISM AND AD HASN'T BEEN ESTABLISHED. SO WE ANALYZED THE MTDNA METHYLATION IN D-LOOP REGION AND 12 S RRNA GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPI IN AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN/PRESENILIN 1 (APP/PS1) TRANSGENIC MICE BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE STUDIED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR). WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN THE DISPLACEMENT LOOP (D-LOOP) METHYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN 12 S RRNA GENE METHYLATION, WHILE BOTH THE MTDNA COPY NUMBER AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENE EXPRESSION WERE REDUCED IN APP/PS1 TRANSGENIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, THE PRESENT FINDING SUGGEST THAT MTDNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY A ROLE IN AD PATHOLOGY, WHICH WARRANTS LARGER FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16   765  30 CC-486 MAINTENANCE AFTER STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. RELAPSE IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TREATMENT FAILURE AFTER ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ALLOSCT) IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS). INJECTABLE AZACITIDINE CAN IMPROVE POST-TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES BUT PRESENTS CHALLENGES WITH EXPOSURE AND COMPLIANCE. ORAL CC-486 ALLOWS EXTENDED DOSING TO PROLONG AZACITIDINE ACTIVITY. WE INVESTIGATED USE OF CC-486 MAINTENANCE THERAPY AFTER ALLOSCT. ADULTS WITH MDS OR AML IN MORPHOLOGIC COMPLETE REMISSION AT CC-486 INITIATION (42 TO 84 DAYS AFTER ALLOSCT) WERE INCLUDED. PATIENTS RECEIVED 1 OF 4 CC-486 DOSING SCHEDULES PER 28-DAY CYCLE FOR UP TO 12 CYCLES. ENDPOINTS INCLUDED SAFETY, PHARMACOKINETICS, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) INCIDENCE, RELAPSE/PROGRESSION RATE, AND SURVIVAL. OF 30 PATIENTS, 7 RECEIVED CC-486 ONCE DAILY FOR 7 DAYS PER CYCLE (200 MG, N = 3; 300 MG, N = 4) AND 23 FOR 14 DAYS PER CYCLE (150 MG, N = 4; 200 MG, N = 19 [EXPANSION COHORT]). GRADES 3 TO 4 ADVERSE EVENTS WERE INFREQUENT AND OCCURRED WITH SIMILAR FREQUENCY ACROSS REGIMENS. STANDARD CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS DID NOT ALTER CC-486 PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS. THREE PATIENTS (10%) EXPERIENCED GRADE III ACUTE GVHD AND 9 EXPERIENCED CHRONIC GVHD. OF 28 EVALUABLE PATIENTS, 6 (21%) RELAPSED OR HAD PROGRESSIVE DISEASE: 3 OF 7 PATIENTS (43%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 7-DAY DOSING AND 3 OF 23 (13%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 14-DAY DOSING. TRANSPLANT-RELATED MORTALITY WAS 3%. AT 19 MONTHS OF FOLLOW-UP, MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS NOT REACHED. ESTIMATED 1-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES WERE 86% AND 81% IN THE 7-DAY AND 14-DAY DOSING COHORTS, RESPECTIVELY. CC-486 MAINTENANCE WAS GENERALLY WELL TOLERATED, WITH LOW RATES OF RELAPSE, DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND GVHD. CC-486 MAINTENANCE MAY PERMIT EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE ALLOREACTIVE RESPONSE POSTALLOGRAFT. FINDINGS REQUIRE CONFIRMATION IN RANDOMIZED TRIALS. (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT01835587.).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17   526  28 ASSOCIATIONS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AND CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS WITH ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGEING IN OLDER ADULTS. BACKGROUND: HELICOBACTER PYLORI (HP) INFECTION AND CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS (CAG) HAVE SHOWN STRONG ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EXAMINE WHETHER BOTH RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGEING, AS DETERMINED BY THE 'DNA METHYLATION AGE', IN A POPULATION-BASED STUDY OF OLDER ADULTS (N=1477). METHODS: SEROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OF HP ANTIBODIES AND PEPSINOGEN I AND II FOR CAG DEFINITION WERE OBTAINED BY ELISA KITS. WHOLE BLOOD DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WERE MEASURED BY ILLUMINA HUMAN METHYLATION450K BEADCHIP. DNA METHYLATION AGES WERE CALCULATED BY TWO ALGORITHMS PROPOSED BY HORVATH AND HANNUM ET AL. RESULTS: AFTER ADJUSTING FOR POTENTIAL COVARIATES IN LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS, WE FOUND THAT HP INFECTION, INFECTION WITH VIRULENT HP STRAINS (CAGA+) AND SEVERE CAG WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION AGE BY APPROXIMATELY 0.4, 0.6 AND 1 YEAR (ALL P-VALUES <0.05), RESPECTIVELY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY INDICATES THAT BOTH CAGA+ HP INFECTION AND CAG GO ALONG WITH ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGEING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  1784  39 EFFECT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON CPG METHYLATION IN THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF H19 AND IG-DMR IN MALE GAMETES: IMPLICATIONS FOR FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS. BACKGROUND: EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL IN UTERO IS THE MAIN ATTRIBUTABLE CAUSE OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS (FASD) WHICH IN ITS MOST SEVERE FORM IS CHARACTERIZED BY IRREVERSIBLE BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE DISABILITY. PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION DRINKING IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR, EVEN THOUGH ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC PATERNAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HAS A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSPRING EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF IN UTERO ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT ALCOHOL CAN REDUCE THE LEVELS AND ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES RESULTING IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND THAT REDUCED METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY CAN CAUSE ACTIVATION OF NORMALLY SILENCED GENES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ESTABLISH A LINK BETWEEN ALCOHOL USE IN MEN AND HYPOMETHYLATION OF PATERNALLY IMPRINTED LOCI IN SPERM DNA IN GENOMIC REGIONS CRITICAL FOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR PATERNAL EFFECTS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF FASD. METHODS: SPERM DNA FROM MALE VOLUNTEERS WAS BISULFITE TREATED AND THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF 2 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS), H19 AND IG-DMR, ANALYZED FOLLOWING SEQUENCING OF INDIVIDUAL CLONES. THE METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEVELS OF THE VOLUNTEER MALES. RESULTS: THERE WAS A PATTERN OF INCREASED DEMETHYLATION WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT THE 2 IMPRINTED LOCI WITH A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE OBSERVED AT THE IG-DMR BETWEEN THE NONDRINKING AND HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS. GREATER INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN AVERAGE METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED AT THE H19 DMR AND INDIVIDUAL CLONES WERE MORE EXTENSIVELY DEMETHYLATED THAN THOSE OF THE IG-DMR. CPG SITE #4 IN THE IG-DMR WAS PREFERENTIALLY DEMETHYLATED AMONG ALL INDIVIDUALS AND ALONG WITH THE H19 DMR CPG SITE #7 LOCATED WITHIN THE CTCF BINDING SITE 6 SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION IN THE ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE AND DEMETHYLATION OF NORMALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IMPRINTED REGIONS IN SPERM DNA. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT, SHOULD THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN IMPRINTED GENES BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH FERTILIZATION, THEY WOULD ALTER THE CRITICAL GENE EXPRESSION DOSAGES REQUIRED FOR NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT RESULTING IN OFFSPRING WITH FEATURES OF FASD.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19  3452  33 HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY SHARE COMMON CFDNA METHYLATION PROFILES. HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY (HDP) CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO PERINATAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES POINT TOWARDS CARDIO-METABOLIC DYSREGULATION FOR THESE VASCULAR DISORDERS. IN EARLY PREGNANCY, EPIGENETIC CHANGES USING CELL FREE DNA (CFDNA) ARE LARGELY UNEXPLORED. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THESE IN HDP BETWEEN 11 AND 14 WEEKS OF GESTATION BY ANALYSIS OF CFDNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS. WE IDENTIFIED PATIENTS WITHOUT CHRONIC HYPERTENSION BUT WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA (PE) (N = 11), WITH CHRONIC HYPERTENSION (HT) BUT WITHOUT PE DEVELOPMENT (N = 14), AND LACKING BOTH PE AND HT (N = 422). WE MATCHED PATIENTS ACCORDING TO PE RISK FACTORS INTO THREE GROUPS (N = 5 EACH GROUP): (1) PE: NO HT BUT PE DEVELOPMENT, (2) HT: CHRONIC HYPERTENSION BUT NO PE AND (3) CONTROL: NO PE OR HT. WE SUCCESSFULLY OPTIMIZED OUR CFDNA ISOLATION PROCESS PRIOR TO WHOLE GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING. ANALYSIS OF CFDNA METHYLATION CHANGES INDICATE A COMMON PREDISPOSITION IN PE AND HT GROUPS, CHIEFLY OF MATERNAL ORIGIN. ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS AND ANNOTATED GENES POINT TOWARDS A COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR PREDISPOSITION IN PREECLAMPSIA AND HYPERTENSION GROUPS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER. WE POSTULATE THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE MATERNAL CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN HDP, WHICH IS ALREADY EVIDENT IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20  5648  30 SEX DIFFERENCES IN OPIOID RESPONSE LINKED TO OPRM1 AND COMT GENES DNA METHYLATION/GENOTYPES CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN. ANALGESIC-RESPONSE VARIABILITY IN CHRONIC NONCANCER PAIN (CNCP) HAS BEEN REPORTED DUE TO SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO EXPLORE SEX DIFFERENCES LINKED TO OPRM1 AND COMT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND GENETIC VARIANTS IN ANALGESIC RESPONSE. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY WITH 250 REAL-WORLD CNCP OUTPATIENTS WAS PERFORMED IN WHICH DATA FROM DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL VARIABLES WERE COLLECTED. DNA METHYLATION LEVELS (CPG ISLAND) WERE EVALUATED BY PYROSEQUENCING, AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH THE OPRM1 (A118G) AND COMT (G472A) GENE POLYMORPHISMS WAS STUDIED. A PRIORI-PLANNED STATISTICAL ANALYSES WERE CONDUCTED TO COMPARE RESPONSES BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES. SEX-DIFFERENTIAL OPRM1 DNA METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED TO BE LINKED TO LOWER OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) CASES FOR FEMALES (P = 0.006). PATIENTS WITH LOWER OPRM1 DNA METHYLATION AND THE PRESENCE OF THE MUTANT G-ALLELE REDUCED OPIOID DOSE REQUIREMENTS (P = 0.001), EQUAL FOR BOTH SEXES. MOREOVER, COMT DNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE NEGATIVELY RELATED TO PAIN RELIEF (P = 0.020), QUALITY OF LIFE (P = 0.046), AND SOME ADVERSE EVENTS (PROBABILITY > 90%) SUCH AS CONSTIPATION, INSOMNIA, OR NERVOUSNESS. FEMALES WERE, SIGNIFICANTLY, 5 YEARS OLDER WITH HIGH ANXIETY LEVELS AND A DIFFERENT SIDE-EFFECTS DISTRIBUTION THAN MALES. THE ANALYSES DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES RELATED TO OPRM1 SIGNALLING EFFICIENCY AND OUD, WITH A GENETIC-EPIGENETIC INTERACTION IN OPIOID REQUIREMENTS. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IMPORTANCE OF SEX AS A BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE TO BE FACTORED INTO CHRONIC PAIN-MANAGEMENT STUDIES.	2023