1  4572 154 MYELOPEROXIDASE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AS A MEASURE OF DISEASE ACTIVITY IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS: ASSOCIATION WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS-COLORECTAL CANCER, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR POLYMORPHISM AND RUNX3 METHYLATION. BACKGROUND: PATIENTS WITH EXTENSIVE, LONGSTANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), A DISEASE OF CHRONIC COLONIC INFLAMMATION, ARE AT RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC). ELUCIDATING THE MECHANISM AND FULLY CHARACTERIZING THE NATURE OF THIS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OFFERS THE POTENTIAL TO IDENTIFY THOSE AT GREATEST RISK. WE PERFORMED A CASE-CONTROL STUDY COMPARING HISTOLOGIC DISEASE ACTIVITY (HDA; NEUTROPHILS ON HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN [H&E]-STAINED SLIDES) WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) DIRECTED AGAINST SPECIFIC CELL TYPES. WE CORRELATED IHC RESULTS WITH DATA PREVIOUSLY GENERATED ON METHYLATION STATUS OF RUNX3 AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) IN TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA). METHODS: A NONADJACENT, NONNEOPLASTIC SECTION OF BOWEL WALL WAS IDENTIFIED FOR EACH UC-CRC CASE. HDA WAS ASSESSED FOR UC-CRC CASES (N = 50) AND UC-CONTROLS (N = 50). SECTIONS WERE IMMUNOSTAINED USING ANTIBODIES AGAINST MACROPHAGES (CD68), NEUTROPHILS/MONOCYTES (MYELOPEROXIDASE, MPO), AND T CELLS (CD3). SLIDES WERE SCORED USING IMAGEJ AND RESULTS REPORTED AS THE PERCENT AREA POSITIVE FOR EACH MARKER. RESULTS: HDA DID NOT CORRELATE WITH INFILTRATE LEVELS AS MEASURED BY IHC AND INCREASING HDA WAS INVERSELY RELATED TO UC-CRC RISK. CONVERSELY, THE PERCENT AREA POSITIVE FOR CD68 AND MPO WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN UC-CRC CASES VERSUS CONTROLS (P = 0.04 AND < 0.0001, RESPECTIVELY). IN AREAS DESIGNATED INACTIVE, MPO STAINING REMAINED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN UC-CRC CASES VERSUS CONTROLS (P = 0.002). INCREASED MPO STAINING WAS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF RUNX3 AND THE TNF-ALPHA -308G>A SNP. CONCLUSIONS: HDA IS LESS SENSITIVE THAN IHC AND MAY UNDERESTIMATE INFLAMMATORY CELL POPULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH UC-CRC. THE EPIGENETIC/GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS RELATED TO ELEVATED MPO STAINING IN UC-CRC MAY OFFER NEW METHODS FOR RISK STRATIFICATION AND ADJUNCTIVE SCREENING TOOLS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  4905  43 P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, AGE, AND GENDER IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PURPOSE: THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE P16INK4A IS MAINLY INACTIVATED BY AN EPIGENETIC CHANGE INVOLVING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL IMPACT OF P16INK4A METHYLATION AND THE POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF P16INK4A IN 50 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND CORRESPONDING NONNEOPLASTIC LIVER LESIONS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES. RESULTS: P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 58% (29 OF 50) OF THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND 16% (6 OF 38) OF THE CORRESPONDING CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS TISSUE SAMPLES. P16INK4A METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION (P <0.001 AND P=0.003, RESPECTIVELY). ALL OF THE P16INK4A-METHYLATED TUMORS WERE POSITIVE FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS MARKERS, BUT NONE OF THE VIRUS-NEGATIVE TUMORS EXHIBITED P16INK4A METHYLATION (P=0.006). THE FREQUENCY OF P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (23 OF 32, 72%) THAN IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (6 OF 13, 46%; P=0.1). ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16INK4A WAS ALSO RELATED SIGNIFICANTLY TO INCREASING AGE, FEMALE GENDER, AND NORMAL LEVELS OF SERUM PIVKA-II (P=0.02, 0.04, AND 0.04, RESPECTIVELY). NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN SURVIVAL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION AND THOSE WITHOUT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS FROM AN EARLY STAGE AND THAT MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS VIRAL INFECTIONS, AGE, AND GENDER, MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3   401  41 ANALYSIS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION ON PROMOTER SEQUENCES OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TOTAL DNA IN SPUTUM SAMPLES: A PROMISING TOOL FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER IN SMOKERS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A DISORDER ASSOCIATED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND LUNG CANCER (LC). SINCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) ARE CLEARLY IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LC. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT TOBACCO SMOKERS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE FOR METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TSGS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS WHEN COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKER SUBJECTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE USEFULNESS OF DETECTION OF GENES PROMOTER METHYLATION IN SPUTUM SPECIMENS, AS A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL TO IDENTIFY LC BIOMARKERS AMONG SMOKERS WITH EARLY COPD. METHODS: WE DETERMINED THE AMOUNT OF DNA IN INDUCED SPUTUM FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD (N = 23), LC (N = 26), AS WELL AS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS (CTR) (N = 33), USING A COMMERCIAL KIT FOR DNA PURIFICATION, FOLLOWED BY ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENT AT 260 NM. THE FREQUENCY OF CDKN2A, CDH1 AND MGMT PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE SAME GROUPS WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP). THE FISHER'S EXACT TEST WAS EMPLOYED TO COMPARE FREQUENCY OF RESULTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT GROUPS. RESULTS: DNA CONCENTRATION WAS 7.4 AND 5.8 TIMES HIGHER IN LC AND COPD COMPARED TO THE (CTR) (P < 0.0001), RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION STATUS OF CDKN2A AND MGMT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN COPD AND LC PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CTR GROUP (P < 0.0001). FREQUENCY OF CDH1 METHYLATION ONLY SHOWED A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LC PATIENTS AND CTR GROUP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TSGS IN SAMPLES OF INDUCED SPUTUM IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR EARLY DIAGNOSTIC OF LUNG DISEASES (LC AND COPD) IN SMOKER SUBJECTS. VIRTUAL SLIDES: THE ABSTRACT MUST FINISH WITH THE FOLLOWING TEXT: VIRTUAL SLIDES THE VIRTUAL SLIDE(S) FOR THIS ARTICLE CAN BE FOUND HERE: HTTP://WWW.DIAGNOSTICPATHOLOGY.DIAGNOMX.EU/VS/1127865005664160.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4  6691  32 VARIABLE DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND LUNG FUNCTION. RATIONALE: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOCAL (LUNG) AND SYSTEMIC (BLOOD) INFLAMMATION AND MANIFESTATIONS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION, AND GLOBAL AND SPECIFIC GENE METHYLATION MARKS MAY VARY WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE. OBJECTIVES: TO PERFORM A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF METHYLATION MARKS IN DNA FROM SUBJECTS WELL PHENOTYPED FOR NONNEOPLASTIC LUNG DISEASE. METHODS: WE CONDUCTED ARRAY-BASED METHYLATION SCREENS, USING A TEST-REPLICATION APPROACH, IN TWO FAMILY-BASED COHORTS (N = 1,085 AND 369 SUBJECTS). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: WE OBSERVED 349 CPG SITES SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE AND SEVERITY OF COPD IN BOTH COHORTS. SEVENTY PERCENT OF THE ASSOCIATED CPG SITES WERE OUTSIDE OF CPG ISLANDS, WITH THE MAJORITY OF CPG SITES RELATIVELY HYPOMETHYLATED. GENE ONTOLOGY ANALYSIS BASED ON THESE 349 CPGS (330 GENES) SUGGESTED THE INVOLVEMENT OF A NUMBER OF GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY SYSTEM PATHWAYS, RESPONSES TO STRESS AND EXTERNAL STIMULI, AS WELL AS WOUND HEALING AND COAGULATION CASCADES. INTERESTINGLY, OUR OBSERVATIONS INCLUDE SIGNIFICANT, REPLICABLE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SERPINA1 HYPOMETHYLATION AND COPD AND LOWER AVERAGE LUNG FUNCTION PHENOTYPES (COMBINED P VALUES: COPD, 1.5 X 10(-23); FEV(1)/FVC, 1.5 X 10(-35); FEV(1), 2.2 X 10(-40)). CONCLUSIONS: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS MAY BOTH CONTRIBUTE TO COPD. MANY OF THE TOP ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN COPD AND DNA METHYLATION OCCUR IN BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE PATHWAYS. THIS LARGE-SCALE ANALYSIS SUGGESTS THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY BE A BIOMARKER OF COPD AND MAY HIGHLIGHT NEW PATHWAYS OF COPD PATHOGENESIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  3460  37 HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL8 PROMOTER IN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS. BACKGROUND: IL-8 IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOKINE IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS (CRS), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IL8 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRS. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER AND CRS IN HAN CHINESE SUBJECTS. METHODS: PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS (CRSWNP; N = 187), PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITHOUT NASAL POLYPS (CRSSNP; N = 89), AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (N = 57) WERE ENROLLED IN 2 INDEPENDENT COHORTS. PURIFIED HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM EACH PARTICIPANT WERE ASSESSED FOR PERCENTAGE DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER BY USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING AND FOR FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF METHYLATION STATUS BY USING IN VITRO ASSAYS. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION OF CPG SITES 1, 2, AND 3, RESPECTIVELY, IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN HUMAN NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CRSWNP COMPARED WITH THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CRSSNP (P < .001) AND CONTROL SUBJECTS (P < .001). PERCENTAGE OF DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG3 SITE WAS CORRELATED NEGATIVELY WITH BOTH TISSUE EOSINOPHILIC CATIONIC PROTEIN (P < .01) AND MYELOPEROXIDASE (P < .05) LEVELS. IL-1BETA (P < .001) AND TNF-ALPHA (P < .01) SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IL8 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANIED BY A REDUCTION IN METHYLATION AT THE CPG3 SITE (P < .001). ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG3 CHANGED THE BINDING OF OCTAMER-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 AND NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB. CONCLUSION: DECREASED DNA METHYLATION OF PARTICULARLY CPG SITES IN THE IL8 PROXIMAL PROMOTER MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CRSWNP.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  3294  36 HIGH INCIDENCE OF MGMT AND RARBETA PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PRIMARY GLIOBLASTOMAS: ASSOCIATION WITH HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. GLIOBLASTOMAS, THE MOST FREQUENT PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS IN ADULTS, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND ANGIOGENIC PHENOTYPE. METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CANCER-RELATED GENES MAY SERVE AS AN EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR GLIOBLASTOMA DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF FOUR CRITICAL TUMOR-ASSOCIATED GENES (MGMT, RARBETA, RASSF1A, CDH13), AND INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY (INTERLEUKIN [IL]-6, IL-8) AND ANGIOGENIC MEDIATORS (VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR [VEGF], CYCLOOXYGENASE [COX]-2) AND CLINICAL OUTCOME IN 23 GLIOMA SAMPLES (6 GRADE II ASTROCYTOMAS, 17 GRADE IV GLIOBLASTOMAS). RARBETA AND MGMT GENES WERE MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN 70.58% AND 58.8% OF GLIOBLASTOMAS, RESPECTIVELY. RASSF1A AND CDH13 DISPLAYED A SIMILAR METHYLATION FREQUENCY (23.52%) IN GLIOBLASTOMAS. NO GENE METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN GRADE II ASTROCYTOMAS. TUMOR GRADE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION (P = 0.005 AND P = 0.019, RESPECTIVELY) AND THE EXTENT OF NECROSIS (P = 0.001 AND P = 0.003). INTERESTINGLY, THE MARKER OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IL-6, WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF MGMT (P = 0.004), RARBETA (P = 0.002), AND RASSF1A (P = 0.0081) AS WELL AS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES (P < 0.0001), INDICATING THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF IL-6 IN MAINTAINING PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THESE GENES. VEGF EXPRESSION CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION ALTHOUGH THESE RELATIONSHIPS WERE OF MARGINAL SIGNIFICANCE (P = 0.0679 AND P = 0.0757). KAPLAN-MEIER UNIVARIATE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS INDICATED AN UNFAVORABLE SURVIVAL PERIOD IN PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT METHYLATION (P = 0.0474). OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPLICATION OF MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION IN THE AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE OF PRIMARY GLIOBLASTOMAS. THE ASSOCIATION OF MGMT METHYLATION WITH CLINICAL OUTCOME INDICATES ITS POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC VALUE.	2010	
                                                                                                                          
7  1495  31 DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CELL CYCLE (P15 AND P16) AND APOPTOTIC (P14, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF LEUKEMIA PATIENTS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES HAS BEEN REPORTED IN ALL MAJOR TYPES OF LEUKEMIA WITH POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE INACTIVATION OF REGULATORY CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS GENES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE PREVIOUS REPORTS DID NOT SHOW THE EXTENT OF CONCURRENT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES IN THE FOUR LEUKEMIA TYPES. HERE, WE ANALYZED SIX KEY GENES (P14, P15, P16, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) FOR DNA METHYLATION USING METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR TO ANALYZE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 78 LEUKEMIA PATIENTS (24 CML, 25 CLL, 12 AML, AND 17 ALL) AND 24 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. IN CML, METHYLATION WAS DETECTED FOR P15 (11%), P16 (9%), P53 (23%) AND DAPK (23%), IN CLL, P14 (25%), P15 (19%), P16 (12%), P53 (17%) AND DAPK (36%), IN AML, P14 (8%), P15 (45%), P53 (9%) AND DAPK (17%) AND IN ALL, P15 (14%), P16 (8%), AND P53 (8%). THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTED AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF DAPK METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LEUKEMIA IN CONTRAST TO P15 METHYLATION IN THE ACUTE CASES, WHEREAS TMS1 HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN ALL CASES. FURTHERMORE, HYPERMETHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES PER PATIENT WAS OBSERVED, WITH OBVIOUS SELECTIVENESS IN THE 9P21 CHROMOSOMAL REGION GENES (P14, P15 AND P16). INTERESTINGLY, METHYLATION OF P15 INCREASED THE RISK OF METHYLATION IN P53, AND VICE VERSA, BY FIVE FOLDS (P=0.03) INDICATING POSSIBLE SYNERGISTIC EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE OR BETWEEN THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS. THE INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METHYLATED GENES MIGHT SHED LIGHT ON TUMOR SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  2842  33 FREQUENT CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND AND AIM: EXCEPT FOR GENETIC MUTATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS. RECENTLY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED SOX1, SRY (SEX DETERMINING REGION Y)-BOX 1, IS HYPERMETHYLATED IN CERVICAL CANCER AND OVARIAN CANCER. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS COMMON IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). METHODS: WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MS-PCR) AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO ANALYZE THE METHYALTION LEVEL OF THE SOX1 PROMOTER IN SEVEN HCC CELL LINES, 54 CLINICAL HCCS, 42 CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 21 LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS, AND 15 CONTROL LIVERS. THEN, WE EMPLOYED QUANTITATIVE MS-PCR (QMSP) TO VALIDATE IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF SAMPLES (60 PAIRED HCCS AND 30 CONTROL LIVERS). FINALLY, WE USED LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND COLONY FORMATION ASSAY TO CHECK THE EFFECT OF SOX1 IN HCC. RESULTS: PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SOX1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY FREQUENT IN HCC CELL LINES AND CLINICAL HCCS, CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, BUT NOT IN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN DOWNREGULATION OF SOX1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION. QMSP RESULTS CONFIRMED THAT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOX1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN HCCS THAN CONTROL LIVERS (P < 0.0001). THE FREQUENCY OF SOX1 METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN IN PATIENTS WITHOUT SFRPS METHYLATION (P < 0.0001). FURTHERMORE, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF SOX1 COULD SUPPRESS T-CELL FACTOR-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY AND COLONY FORMATION NUMBER IN HCCS. CONCLUSIONS: CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOX1 AND SFRPS THROUGH PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS FREQUENT IN HCCS, AND THIS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO ABNORMAL ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNAL PATHWAY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  2439  39 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE MLH1 PROMOTER IN RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER AND ITS USE AS A BIOMARKER FOR PATIENTS WITH MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. BACKGROUND/AIMS: HUMAN MUTL HOMOLOG 1 (MLH1) PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS REPORTED IN GASTRIC CANCER (GC). THIS STUDY DETERMINED THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL, PROGNOSTIC, AND DIAGNOSTIC EFFECTS OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN GC. METHODS: THE COMBINED ODDS RATIO (OR) OR HAZARD RATIO (HR) AND THEIR CORRESPONDING 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS (95% CI) WERE CALCULATED. THE POOLED SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 4654 GC PATIENTS AND 3669 NON-MALIGNANT CONTROLS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THIS SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN GC SAMPLES THAN IN GASTRIC ADENOMAS, CHRONIC GASTRITIS, ADJACENT TISSUES, NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, AND NORMAL HEALTHY BLOOD SAMPLES, BUT IT EXHIBITED A SIMILAR FREQUENCY IN GC VS. INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND DYSPLASIA SAMPLES. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH AGE AND MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI), BUT IT WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH GENDER, H. PYLORI INFECTION, SMOKING, DRINKING BEHAVIORS, PATHOLOGICAL HISTOLOGY, TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION, CLINICAL STAGE, LYMPH NODE STATUS, DISTANT METASTASIS, OR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF GC. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION EXHIBITED A POOR SENSITIVITY VALUE (< 0.5) IN PATIENTS WITH GC COMPARED WITH ADJACENT TISSUES, GASTRIC ADENOMAS, CHRONIC GASTRITIS, NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, AND NORMAL HEALTHY BLOOD SAMPLES. THE POOLED SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND AUC OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN GC WITH MSI VS. GC WITH MICROSATELLITE STABILITY (MSS) SAMPLES WERE 0.64, 0.96, AND 0.90, RESPECTIVELY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE DETECTION OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR GC PATIENTS WITH MSI.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  4903  22 P16 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH OR WITHOUT HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THROUGH METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE RELATION BETWEEN HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: SIXTEEN PATIENTS WITHOUT HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND 35 PATIENTS WITH HBV OR HCV WHO UNDERWENT LIVER RESECTION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) WERE STUDIED. MUTATION OF P53 WAS DETECTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. METHYLATION STATUS OF P16 WAS EVALUATED IN TUMOR AND NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN HCC WITHOUT HBV AND HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 5 (31%) OF 16 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (25%) OF 8 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 6 (75%) OF 8 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND NONE OF 16 NONCANCEROUS TISSUE SPECIMENS. IN HCC WITH HBV OR HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 8 (23%) OF 35 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (100%) OF 2 WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 13 (76%) OF 17 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 12 (75%) OF 16 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND 9 (26%) OF 35 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HEPATITIS VIRUSES MIGHT INDUCE METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER IN LIVER WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BEFORE APPEARANCE OF HCC.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  4231  37 METHYLATION OF PROTOCADHERIN 10, A NOVEL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: BY USING METHYLATION-SENSITIVE REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED PROTOCADHERIN 10 (PCDH10), A GENE THAT ENCODES A PROTOCADHERIN AND IS SILENCED IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER. WE ANALYZED ITS EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN GASTRIC CANCER. METHODS: METHYLATION STATUS WAS EVALUATED BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING. THE EFFECTS OF PCDH10 RE-EXPRESSION WERE DETERMINED IN GROWTH, APOPTOSIS, PROLIFERATION, AND INVASION ASSAYS. PCDH10 TARGET GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY COMPLEMENTARY DNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. RESULTS: PCDH10 WAS SILENCED OR DOWN-REGULATED IN 94% (16 OF 17) OF GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINES; EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE RESTORED BY EXPOSURE TO DEMETHYLATING AGENTS. RE-EXPRESSION OF PCDH10 IN MKN45 GASTRIC CANCER CELLS REDUCED COLONY FORMATION IN VITRO AND TUMOR GROWTH IN MICE; IT ALSO INHIBITED CELL PROLIFERATION (P < .01), INDUCED CELL APOPTOSIS (P < .001), AND REPRESSED CELL INVASION (P < .05), UP-REGULATING THE PRO-APOPTOSIS GENES FAS, CASPASE 8, JUN, AND CDKN1A; THE ANTIPROLIFERATION GENE FGFR; AND THE ANTI-INVASION GENE HTATIP2. PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 82% (85 OF 104) OF GASTRIC TUMORS COMPARED WITH 37% (38 OF 104) OF PAIRED NONTUMOR TISSUES (P < .0001). IN THE LATTER, PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN PRECANCEROUS LESIONS (27 OF 45; 60%) THAN IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES (11 OF 59; 19%) (P < .0001). AFTER A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP PERIOD OF 16.8 MONTHS, MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT PATIENTS WITH PCDH10 METHYLATION IN ADJACENT NONTUMOR AREAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN OVERALL SURVIVAL. KAPLAN-MEIER SURVIVAL CURVES SHOWED THAT PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN STAGE I-III GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: PCDH10 IS A GASTRIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; ITS METHYLATION AT EARLY STAGES OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12   672  36 BRAF, KRAS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI EPIGENETIC CHANGES-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN EGYPTIAN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER. WE AIMED TO STUDY MLH1 AND MGMT METHYLATION STATUS IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN EGYPTIAN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER. 39 PATIENTS WERE INCLUDED IN OUR STUDY. THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS; PATIENTS WITHOUT (GROUP I) AND WITH GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP II). PATIENTS WERE SUBJECTED TO CLINICAL EXAMINATION, ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND AND UPPER ENDOSCOPY FOR GASTRIC BIOPSY. BIOPSIES WERE SUBJECTED TO UREASE TEST, HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION, AND DNA PURIFICATION. H. PYLORI, BRAF, KRAS, MLH1 AND MGMT METHYLATION WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. DNA SEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS BRAF AND KRAS GENES MUTATION. QPCR OF H. PYLORI WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP II) THAN THOSE WITHOUT ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP I); WITH A P < 0.001 AS WELL AS IN PATIENTS WITH AGE ABOVE 50 YEARS WITH A P VALUE = 0.008. BY APPLYING LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS IT WAS REPORTED THAT THE H. PYLORI QPCR IS A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR TO THE ADENOCARCINOMA WITH OR = 1.025 (95 % CI: 1. 002-1.048), WITH SENSITIVITY OF 90 % AND SPECIFICITY OF 100 %. ADENOCARCINOMA PATIENTS HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER MEAN AGE AND LEVELS OF H. PYLORI, BRAF, K-RAS, METHYLATED MGMT AND METHYLATED MLH1 THAN THOSE OF GASTRITIS PATIENTS. DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF BRAF (CODON 12) AND KRAS (CODON 600) HAD GENES MUTATION IN GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA VERSUS CHRONIC GASTRITIS. CONCLUSION: H. PYLORI MAY CAUSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES PREDISPOSING THE PATIENTS TO CANCER STOMACH. ESTIMATION OF H. PYLORI BY QPCR CAN BE A GOOD PREDICTOR TO ADENOCARCINOMA. BRAF AND KRAS GENES MUTATION WERE REVELED IN GASTRITIS AND ADENOCARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  5435  43 RELATIVE ROLE OF METHYLATOR AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PATHWAYS IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLON CANCER. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED COLORECTAL CANCER RISK WHICH MAY BE SECONDARY TO REPETITIVE MUCOSAL INJURY. BOTH EPIGENETIC METHYLATION AND THE CLASSIC ADENOMA-TO-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THIS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAIN POORLY DEFINED. THIS STUDY COMPARES THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED AND COMMON COLORECTAL CANCERS. METHODS: NINETEEN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS ARISING WITHIN UC WERE MATCHED FOR AGE AND CANCER SITE WITH 54 PATIENTS WITH SPORADIC ADENOCARCINOMAS. TUMOR TISSUE WAS EXAMINED FOR BRAF MUTATIONS, CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE (CIMP), AND MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. MUTATIONS OF KRAS AND P53 WERE ASSESSED BY SEQUENCING. RESULTS: PATIENT DEMOGRAPHICS WERE SIMILAR FOR THE TWO GROUPS. CIMP WAS OBSERVED IN 22% OF SPORADIC COLORECTAL CANCERS AND IN 5% OF UC CANCERS (P = 0.162). RATES OF BRAF MUTATION (4% VS 5%, P = 1.0), MLH1 METHYLATION (9% VERSUS 5%, P = 0.682), AND KRAS MUTATIONS (24% VERSUS 32%, P = 0.552) WERE SIMILAR BETWEEN THE GROUPS. HOWEVER, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCERS WERE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE A P53 MUTATION COMPARED TO SPORADIC ADENOCARCINOMAS (95% VERSUS 53%, P = 0.001). THE DOMINANT MUTATION FOR COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS WAS A MUTATION IN CODON 4, REPRESENTING HALF OF THE MUTATIONS. FURTHERMORE, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS HAD A HIGHER RATE OF MUTATION IN CODON 8 (48% VERSUS 6%, P < 0.001) THAN SPORADIC COUNTERPARTS. CONCLUSIONS: UNLIKE OTHER INFLAMMATORY GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCERS DO NOT PREFERENTIALLY ARISE VIA A METHYLATOR PATHWAY WHEN COMPARED TO SPORADIC COLORECTAL CANCERS. CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY REMAINS AN IMPORTANT ETIOLOGY, BUT WITH A UNIQUE P53 FREQUENCY AND MUTATION PATTERN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  3159  34 GLYPHOSATE PRIMES MAMMARY CELLS FOR TUMORIGENESIS BY REPROGRAMMING THE EPIGENOME IN A TET3-DEPENDENT MANNER. THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT THAT POLLUTANTS MIGHT INFLUENCE THE EPIGENOME RAISES SERIOUS CONCERNS REGARDING THEIR LONG-TERM IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE HAS BEEN SCRUTINIZED FOR AN IMPACT ON CANCER INCIDENCE, BUT REPORTS DEMONSTRATE THE DIFFICULTY OF LINKING ESTIMATES OF EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE ANALYSIS. AN APPROACH TO BETTER APPREHEND A POTENTIAL RISK IMPACT FOR CANCER IS TO FOLLOW A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH, AS CANCER RARELY OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO ONE RISK FACTOR. THE KNOWN INFLUENCE OF GLYPHOSATE ON ESTROGEN-REGULATED PATHWAY MAKES IT A LOGICAL TARGET OF INVESTIGATION IN BREAST CANCER RESEARCH. WE HAVE USED NONNEOPLASTIC MCF10A CELLS IN A REPEATED GLYPHOSATE EXPOSURE PATTERN OVER 21 DAYS. GLYPHOSATE TRIGGERED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN DNA METHYLATION, AS SHOWN BY THE LEVEL OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE DNA; HOWEVER, IN CONTRAST TO STRONG DEMETHYLATING AGENT AND CANCER PROMOTER UP PEPTIDE, GLYPHOSATE-TREATED CELLS DID NOT LEAD TO TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. WHEREAS UP ACTS THROUGH A DNMT1/PCNA/UHRF1 PATHWAY, GLYPHOSATE TRIGGERED INCREASED ACTIVITY OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET)3. COMBINING GLYPHOSATE WITH ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA (MIR) 182-5P ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST CANCER INDUCED TUMOR DEVELOPMENT IN 50% OF MICE. CULTURE OF PRIMARY CELLS FROM RESECTED TUMORS REVEALED A LUMINAL B (ER+/PR-/HER2-) PHENOTYPE IN RESPONSE TO GLYPHOSATE-MIR182-5P EXPOSURE WITH SENSITIVITY TO TAMOXIFEN AND INVASIVE AND MIGRATORY POTENTIALS. TUMOR DEVELOPMENT COULD BE PREVENTED EITHER BY SPECIFICALLY INHIBITING MIR 182-5P OR BY TREATING GLYPHOSATE-MIR 182-5P-CELLS WITH DIMETHYLOXALLYL GLYCINE, AN INHIBITOR OF TET PATHWAY. LOOKING FOR POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MARKS OF TET-MEDIATED GENE REGULATION UNDER GLYPHOSATE EXPOSURE, WE IDENTIFIED MTRNR2L2 AND DUX4 GENES, THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF WHICH WAS SUSTAINED EVEN AFTER STOPPING GLYPHOSATE EXPOSURE FOR 6 WEEKS. OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT LOW PRESSURE BUT SUSTAINED DNA HYPOMETHYLATION OCCURRING VIA THE TET PATHWAY PRIMES CELLS FOR ONCOGENIC RESPONSE IN THE PRESENCE OF ANOTHER POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR. THESE RESULTS WARRANT FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GLYPHOSATE-MEDIATED BREAST CANCER RISK.	2019	

15  1107  36 COMBINING CYTOGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC APPROACHES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IMPROVES PROGNOSIS PREDICTION FOR PATIENTS WITH ISOLATED 13Q DELETION. BACKGROUND: BOTH DEFECTIVE DNA METHYLATION AND ACTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION PROCESSES ARE EMERGING AS IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). HOWEVER, ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN 5-CYTOSINE EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND THE MOST FREQUENT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES DETECTED IN CLL REMAIN TO BE ESTABLISHED. METHODS: CLL PATIENTS WERE RETROSPECTIVELY CLASSIFIED INTO A CYTOGENETIC LOW-RISK GROUP (ISOLATED 13Q DELETION), AN INTERMEDIATE-RISK GROUP (NORMAL KARYOTYPE OR TRISOMY 12), AND A HIGH-RISK GROUP (11Q DELETION, 17P DELETION, OR COMPLEX KARYOTYPE [>/= 3 BREAKPOINTS]). THE TWO 5-CYTOSINE DERIVATIVES, 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5-MCYT) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMCYT), WERE TESTED BY ELISA (N = 60), WHILE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED FOR DETERMINING TRANSCRIPTIONAL EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNMT AND TET (N = 24). RESULTS: BY USING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION LEVELS, IN THE LOW-RISK DISEASE GROUP, TWO SUBGROUPS WITH SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT CLINICAL OUTCOMES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED (MEDIAN TREATMENT-FREE SURVIVAL [TFS] 45 VERSUS > 120 MONTHS FOR 5-MCYT, P = 0.0008, AND 63 VERSUS > 120 MONTHS FOR 5-HMCYT, P = 0.04). A DEFECTIVE 5-MCYT STATUS WAS FURTHER ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF 13Q DELETED NUCLEI (> 80%), THUS SUGGESTING AN ACQUIRED PROCESS. WHEN CONSIDERING THE CYTOGENETIC INTERMEDIATE/HIGH-RISK DISEASE GROUPS, AN ASSOCIATION OF 5-MCYT STATUS WITH LYMPHOCYTOSIS (P = 0.0008) AND THE LYMPHOCYTE DOUBLING TIME (P = 0.04) BUT NOT WITH TFS WAS OBSERVED, AS WELL AS A REDUCTION OF DNMT3A, TET1, AND TET2 TRANSCRIPTS. CONCLUSIONS: COMBINING CYTOGENETIC STUDIES WITH 5-MCYT ASSESSMENT ADDS ACCURACY TO CLL PATIENTS' PROGNOSES AND PARTICULARLY FOR THOSE WITH 13Q DELETION AS A SOLE CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16  6415  35 THE STUDY OF P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND THEIR QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IN PLASMA BY REAL-TIME PCR. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION ARE COMMONLY OBSERVED IN HUMAN EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS (HNSCC). IN THIS STUDY, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IN 73 HNSCC SURGICAL SPECIMENS. P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION WAS ALSO EXAMINED IN 29 PAIRED METASTATIC LYMPH NODES AND 29 PAIRED HISTOLOGICALLY, NORMAL RESECTION MARGIN MUCOSAE. THE QUANTITY OF CELL-FREE METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN THE PLASMA SAMPLES OF 20 HNSCC PATIENTS AND 24 HEALTHY CONTROLS WAS ALSO EXAMINED USING A FLUORESCENCE-BASED REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY. THE FREQUENCIES OF P16 AND P15 METHYLATION IN THE PRIMARY TUMOUR WERE 49% AND 60%, RESPECTIVELY. CONCORDANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND P15 IN TUMOUR SAMPLES AND METASTATIC LYMPH NODES WAS FOUND IN 59 AND 38% OF CASES, RESPECTIVELY. A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PREVALENCE OF P15 METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN HISTOLOGICALLY-NORMAL SURGICAL MARGIN EPITHELIA OF HNSCC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING HABITS COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKERS AND NON-DRINKERS. IN ADDITION, METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE PLASMA OF HNSCC PATIENTS (MEAN 56 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 65 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY) COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS (MEAN 6 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 16 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY). IN CONCLUSION, PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HNSCC AND MAY BE RELATED TO CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING. THE DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS OF METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN PLASMA MIGHT BE POTENTIAL USEFUL MARKERS IN SCREENING HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS FOR EARLY HNSCC AND MONITORING THEIR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17  6589  37 TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN JAPANESE ADULTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: OVER-EXPRESSION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) PLAYS A PATHOLOGICAL ROLE IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (CP) AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA), WHICH MIGHT BE REGULATED BY THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE WHETHER THERE IS A UNIQUE METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN BLOOD CELLS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CP AND RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS CONSISTED OF 30 JAPANESE ADULTS WITH RA (RA GROUP), 30 RACE-MATCHED ADULTS WITH CP ONLY (CP GROUP) AND 30 RACE-MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (H GROUP). GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD WAS MODIFIED BY SODIUM BISULFITE AND ANALYZED, BY DIRECT SEQUENCING, TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION OF THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER REGION. THE LEVEL OF TNF-ALPHA PRODUCED IN MONONUCLEAR CELLS STIMULATED WITH PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE WAS DETERMINED USING ELISA. RESULTS: TWELVE CYTOSINE-GUANINE DINUCLEOTIDE (CPG) MOTIFS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE TNF-ALPHA PROMOTER FRAGMENT FROM -343 TO +57 BP. THE CP GROUP SHOWED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION RATE AND FREQUENCY AT -72 BP THAN THE H GROUP (P < 0.01). THE RA GROUP EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION RATES AT SEVEN CPG MOTIFS (-302, -163, -119, -72, -49, -38 AND +10 BP), AND SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCIES AT SIX CPG MOTIFS (-163, -119, -72, -49, -38 AND +10 BP), THAN THE H GROUP (P < 0.01 FOR ALL COMPARISONS). THE LEVELS OF TNF-ALPHA PRODUCED WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT METHYLATION AT -163 BP (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE HYPERMETHYLATED STATUS OF CPG MOTIFS IN THE TNF-ALPHA GENE PROMOTER IN BLOOD CELLS MAY BE UNIQUE TO JAPANESE ADULTS WITH CP AND RA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18  4248  37 METHYLATION STATUS, MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THE SMAD4 GENE IN PATIENTS WITH NON-MELANOCYTIC SKIN CANCERS. BACKGROUND: SMAD4 IS A POTENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR. SMAD4 LOSS INCREASES GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE THAT LEADS TO SKIN CANCER DEVELOPMENT. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE SMAD4 METHYLATION EFFECTS ON MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF SMAD4 IN CANCER AND HEALTHY TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (BCC), CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (CSCC), AND BASOSQUAMOUS SKIN CANCER (BSC). METHODS AND RESULTS: THE STUDY INCLUDED 17 BCC, 24 CSCC AND NINE BSC PATIENTS. DNA AND RNA WERE ISOLATED FROM CANCEROUS AND HEALTHY TISSUES FOLLOWING PUNCH BIOPSY. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR METHODS WERE USED TO EXAMINE SMAD4 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND SMAD4 MRNA LEVELS, RESPECTIVELY. THE PERCENTAGE AND INTENSITY OF STAINING OF THE SMAD4 PROTEIN WERE DETERMINED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. THE PERCENTAGE OF SMAD4 METHYLATION WAS INCREASED IN THE PATIENTS WITH BCC (P = 0.007), CSCC (P = 0.004), AND BSC (P = 0.018) COMPARED TO THE HEALTHY TISSUE. SMAD4 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN THE PATIENTS WITH BCC (P<0.001), CSCC (P<0.001), AND BSC (P = 0.008). THE STAINING CHARACTERISTIC OF SMAD4 PROTEIN WAS NEGATIVE IN THE CANCER TISSUES OF THE PATIENTS WITH CSCC (P = 0.00). LOWER SMAD4 MRNA LEVELS WERE OBSERVED IN THE POORLY DIFFERENTIATED CSCC PATIENTS (P = 0.001). THE STAINING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SMAD4 PROTEIN WERE RELATED TO AGE AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE. CONCLUSIONS: HYPERMETHYLATION OF SMAD4 AND REDUCED SMAD4 MRNA EXPRESSION WERE FOUND TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BCC, CSCC, AND BSC. A DECREASE IN SMAD4 PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED ONLY IN CSCC PATIENTS. THIS SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS TO THE SMAD4 GENE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CSCC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: THE NAME OF THE TRIAL REGISTER: SMAD4 METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION LEVELS IN NON-MELANOCYTIC SKIN CANCERS; SMAD4 PROTEIN POSITIVITY. THE REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04759261 ( HTTPS://CLINICALTRIALS.GOV/CT2/RESULTS?TERM=NCT04759261 ).	2023	
                                                                                                                                                  
19  6770  33 [ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HCC. METHODS: SIXTY SAMPLES OF HCC AND THE PAIRED ADJACENT LIVER TISSUE, 16 SAMPLES FROM POST-HEPATITIS CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 5 FROM LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND 5 FROM NORMAL LIVERS WERE COLLECTED. EIGHT TSGS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF DIGESTIVE TUMORS WERE SELECTED, INCLUDING APC, RASSF1A, P16, GSTP1, MGMT, DAPK, SOCS-1 AND RIZ1. THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THESE 8 GENES WAS INVESTIGATED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OF HCC WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN HCC. RESULTS: METHYLATION OF THE 8 TSGS WAS QUITE FREQUENT IN HCC, WITH A METHYLATION RATE OF 95.0% IN RASSF1A, 90.0% IN APC, 73.3% IN GSTP1, 65.0% IN P16, 61.6% IN RIZ1 AND 60.0% IN MGMT. METHYLATION OF THE 6 GENES WAS MORE FREQUENT IN HCC THAN THAT IN ADJACENT TISSUES (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION RATE OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES WAS 41.6%, 40.0% AND 25.0%, RESPECTIVELY, SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER (P < 0.05). P16 METHYLATION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HCC IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF MGMT METHYLATION WAS TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN GIANT HCC THAN THAT IN THE OTHER TYPES OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION IN THE TUMOR WERE FOUND TO HAVE A SHORTER DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES AND CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IMPLIES THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS MAY BE A GRADUALLY PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 MAY BE PROMISING IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, MGMT METHYLATION MIGHT BE ALSO USED AS A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                      
20  2678  34 EVALUATION OF A PROGNOSTIC EPIGENETIC CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: METHYLATION AT 5 CPG SITES WAS PREVIOUSLY SHOWN TO CLASSIFY CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) INTO 3 PROGNOSTIC SUBGROUPS. HERE, WE AIMED TO VALIDATE THE MARKER SET IN AN ADDITIONAL COHORT AND TO EVALUATE ITS CLINICAL UTILITY FOR CLL PATIENT STRATIFICATION. METHODS: WE EVALUATED THIS EPIGENETIC MARKER SET IN 79 GERMAN PATIENTS USING BISULFITE TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY PYROSEQUENCING AND CLASSIFICATION USING A SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE-LEARNING TOOL. RESULTS: THE N-CLL, I-CLL, AND M-CLL CLASSIFICATION WAS DETECTED IN 28 (35%), 10 (13%), AND 41 (51%) PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. EPIGENETIC GROUPING WAS ASSOCIATED WITH IGHV MUTATIONAL STATUS (P = 2 X 10(-12)), ISOLATED DEL13Q (P = 9 X 10(-6)), DEL17P (P = .015), COMPLEX KARYOTYPE (P = .005), VH-USAGE, AND CLINICAL OUTCOME AS TIME TO FIRST TREATMENT (P = 1.4 X 10(-12)) AND OVERALL SURVIVAL (P = .003). MULTIVARIATE COX REGRESSION ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED N-CLL AS A FACTOR FOR EARLIER TREATMENT HAZARD RATIO (HR), 6.3 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL [CI] 2.4-16.4; P = .0002) COMPARED TO IGHV MUTATIONAL STATUS (HR 4.6, 95% CI 1.9-11.3, P = .0008). IN ADDITION, WHEN COMPARING THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE EPIGENETIC CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM WITH THE IGHV CLASSIFICATION, EPIGENETIC GROUPING PERFORMED BETTER COMPARED TO IGHV MUTATIONAL STATUS USING KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATION AND ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF A THIRD, INTERMEDIATE (I-CLL) GROUP. THUS, OUR STUDY CONFIRMED THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE EPIGENETIC MARKER SET FOR PATIENT STRATIFICATION IN ROUTINE CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS.	2022