1  3378 132 HIV INDUCED NITRIC OXIDE AND LIPID PEROXIDATION, INFLUENCES NEONATAL BIRTHWEIGHT IN A SOUTH AFRICAN POPULATION. HIV HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN ADVERSE BIRTH OUTCOMES, DUE TO INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, HIV HAS BEEN REPORTED TO INCREASE NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS. THEREFORE THE COMBINED EXPOSURES TO HIV AND TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION, WITHIN SOUTH DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA (SA), MAY LEAD TO ADVERSE BIRTH OUTCOMES. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISM IS STILL UNKNOWN; THIS STUDY AIMED TO IDENTIFY A POTENTIAL MECHANISM. FIRST, THE INFLUENCE OF HIV ON OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN PREGNANT WOMEN WAS ASSESSED. SECONDLY, THE EFFECT OF THESE STRESS MAKERS AND EXPOSURE TO OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX) ON NEONATAL BIRTHWEIGHT (BW) WAS EVALUATED. FINALLY, THE EFFECT HIV AND TRAFFIC-RELATED POLLUTION EXPOSURE HAS ON THE OXIDATIVE AND ENDOPLASMIC PROFILE AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NRF2-KEAP1 PATHWAY BY MIR-144 AND MIR-28 IN PREGNANT WOMEN WAS DETERMINED. WOMEN, IN THEIR THIRD TRIMESTER WITH SINGLETON PREGNANCIES, WHO WERE HIV+ AND HIV-, WERE RECRUITED FROM DURBAN, SA. BIOMARKER LEVELS OF SERUM NITRITES/NITRATES (NO) AND MALONDIALDEHYDE (MDA) WERE ANALYSED AND MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE AND ENDOPLASMIC STRESS RESPONSE GENES WERE ASSESSED. LAND REGRESSION MODELLING WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE NOX EXPOSURE LEVELS. HIV EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED NO LEVELS. NO WAS SHOWN TO REDUCE NEONATAL BW. NO AND MDA WAS FOUND TO RECIPROCALLY INCREASE EACH OTHER, WITH HIV DIFFERENTIALLY INFLUENCING MDA'S EFFECT ON BW. HIV DOWN-REGULATED MIR-144 WHICH WAS NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH NRF2, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR HIV ASSOCIATED CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS. THIS STUDY PROPOSES THAT NO PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN NEONATAL BW REDUCTION IN RESPONSE TO HIV AND TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  1940  17 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) SHOWS MARKED VARIATION WORLDWIDE BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THIS TUMOR IS REFLECTED BY THE OCCURRENCE OF AT LEAST 1 MILLION NEW CASES ANNUALLY AND THE UNIFORMLY DISMAL OUTLOOK WITH MEDIAN SURVIVALS OF <25 MONTHS AFTER RESECTION AND <6 MONTHS WITH SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT. THE STRIKINGLY UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF THIS TUMOR PARALLELS THE PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION WITH RISING INCIDENCE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES ATTRIBUTED TO HEPATITIS C INFECTION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS CONSTITUTE THE MAJOR PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS IN THE MAJORITY OF HCCS AND MAY BE RELATED TO OTHER ETIOLOGIC AGENTS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS INCLUDING NITRITES, HYDROCARBONS, SOLVENTS, ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES, AND THE CHEMICALS IN PROCESSED FOODS, CLEANING AGENTS, COSMETICS AND PHARMACEUTICALS, AS WELL AS PLANT TOXINS SUCH AS ANATOXINS PRODUCED BY FUNGI THAT CAUSE SPOILAGE OF GRAIN AND FOOD IN THE TROPICS. GENETIC DISEASES SUCH AS GENETIC HEMATOCHROMATOSIS, WILSON'S DISEASE, ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY, AND THE INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM INCLUDING HEREDITARY TYROSINEMIA AND HEPATIC PORPHYRIA, ARE KNOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH HCC. NUMEROUS GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND THE MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION ARE RECOGNIZED IN HCC AND IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES COMBINE WITH FACTORS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC HEPATOCYTE DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION TO RESULT IN NEOPLASTIC GROWTH AND MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SUBSETS OF HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3  4890  29 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEPATIC NOX PROTEINS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON LIVER CANCER AND A LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY IN THE WORLD. HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IS A MAJOR ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF HCC. A MAJORITY OF HCV INFECTIONS LEAD TO CHRONIC INFECTION THAT CAN PROGRESS TO CIRRHOSIS AND, EVENTUALLY, HCC AND LIVER FAILURE. A COMMON PATHOGENIC FEATURE PRESENT IN HCV INFECTION, AND OTHER CONDITIONS LEADING TO HCC, IS OXIDATIVE STRESS. HCV DIRECTLY INCREASES SUPEROXIDE AND H2O2 FORMATION IN HEPATOCYTES BY ELEVATING NOX PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND SENSITIZING MITOCHONDRIA TO REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES GENERATION WHILE DECREASING GLUTATHIONE. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHESIS AND HEPATIC IRON ARE ALSO ELEVATED. FURTHERMORE, ACTIVATION OF PHAGOCYTIC NADPH OXIDASE (NOX) 2 OF HOST IMMUNE CELLS IS LIKELY TO EXACERBATE OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HCV-INFECTED PATIENTS. KEY MECHANISMS OF HCC INCLUDE GENOME INSTABILITY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, INFLAMMATION WITH CHRONIC TISSUE INJURY AND SUSTAINED CELL PROLIFERATION, AND MODULATION OF CELL GROWTH AND DEATH. OXIDATIVE STRESS, OR NOX PROTEINS, PLAYS VARIOUS ROLES IN THESE MECHANISMS. NOX PROTEINS ALSO FUNCTION IN HEPATIC FIBROSIS, WHICH COMMONLY PRECEDES HCC, AND NOX4 ELEVATION BY HCV IS MEDIATED BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES MECHANISMS OF ONCOGENESIS BY HCV, HIGHLIGHTING THE ROLES OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HEPATIC NOX ENZYMES IN HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  1942  27 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LIVER CANCER IN AFRICA: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A DISEASE OF GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE WITH MORTALITY ON THE RISE, DESPITE THE PREVENTABLE NATURE OF ITS RISK FACTORS ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA. IT IS NOW THE SIXTH MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE, FIFTH IN MALES, AND NINTH IN FEMALES. HCC INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE PREDICTED TO INCREASE IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES CONSTRAINED BY LIMITED RESOURCES TO COMBAT ENDEMIC LEVELS OF VIRAL INFECTION AND SYNERGISTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. THE CHANGING NATURE OF HCC ETIOLOGY IS PARTICULARLY ILLUSTRATED HERE WITH THE TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE VIRAL HEPATITIS COEXISTING ALONGSIDE HIGH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) PREVALENCE AND RAPIDLY INCREASING URBANIZATION THAT HAVE PROMOTED A SHARP INCREASE IN ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE COINFECTION, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND OBESITY. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN ETIOLOGY BETWEEN NORTH AFRICA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, RISK FACTORS LIKE CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C, AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE, AND IRON OVERLOAD PREDOMINATE. AGGRESSIVE HEPATITIS B GENOTYPES, COMBINED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS/HEPATITIS C VIRUS/HIV COINFECTIONS AND AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE, PROMOTE A MORE AGGRESSIVE MOLECULAR PHENOTYPE. IN PARALLEL TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR ETIOLOGY OF HCC, POLICY AND PLANNING INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS THE BURDEN OF HCC MUST BE ANCHORED WITHIN THE REALITY OF THE LIMITED RESOURCES AVAILABLE. ESTABLISHMENT AND COORDINATION OF CANCER REGISTRIES ACROSS AFRICA IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DATA NECESSARY TO GALVANIZE ACTION. PREVENTIVE MEASURES INCLUDING HEPATITIS B VACCINATION PROGRAMS, MEASURES TO PREVENT MATERNAL-TO-CHILD AND CHILD-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION, DELIVERY OF UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE ANTIRETROVIRAL AND ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS, AND REDUCTION OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE CAN CONTRIBUTE MARKEDLY TO REDUCE HCC INCIDENCE. FINALLY, THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMARKERS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS WILL NEED A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIQUE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HCC ON THE CONTINENT. WE PRESENT A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF HCC IN AFRICA, DISCUSSING PRESENT AND FUTURE TRENDS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  6361  27 THE ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PRENEOPLASIA IN DRUG-INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATITIS BASED ON A MOUSE MODEL. INNATE IMMUNITY FACTORS SUCH AS CONVERSION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME TO FORM THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME AND THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS ARE ACTIVATED IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS INDUCED BY THE CARCINOGENIC DRUG DDC. OVER TIME, PRENEOPLASTIC HEPATOCYTE PHENOTYPES APPEAR IN THE LIVER PARENCHYMA. THESE CHANGED HEPATOCYTES EXPAND IN NUMBER BECAUSE THEY HAVE A GROWTH ADVANTAGE OVER NORMAL HEPATOCYTES WHEN RESPONDING TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY. THE CHANGED HEPATOCYTES CAN BE IDENTIFIED USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES TO PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS E.G. FAT10/UBD, A2 MACROGLOBULIN, GLUTATHIONE TRANSPEPTIDASE, ALPHA FETOPROTEIN, GLYCIPAN 3, FAS, AND GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE. THE FORMATION OF THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS OCCURS CONCOMITANT WITH ACTIVATION OF THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME TO FORM THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME. THIS TRANSFORMATION IS IN RESPONSE TO INTERFERON STIMULATING RESPONSE ELEMENT ON THE PROMOTER OF THE FAT10/UBD GENE. NFKAPPAB, ERK, P38 AND JNK ARE ALSO UP REGULATED. SPECIFIC INHIBITORS BLOCK THESE RESPONSES IN VITRO IN A MOUSE TUMOR CELL LINE EXPOSED TO INTERFERON GAMMA. MALLORY-DENK BODIES FORM IN THESE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS, BECAUSE OF THE DEPLETION OF THE 26S PROTEASOME DUE TO FORMATION OF THE IMMUNOPROTEASOME. THUS, MDB FORMING CELLS ARE ALSO MARKERS OF THE PRENEOPLASTIC HEPATOCYTES. THE UBD POSITIVE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS REGRESS WHEN THE LIVER INJURY INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATITIS SUBSIDES. WHEN THE DRUG DDC IS REFED TO MICE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS IS ACTIVATED, THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELL POPULATION EXPANDS AND MALLORY-DENK BODIES RAPIDLY REFORM. THIS RESPONSE IS REMEMBERED BY THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS FOR AT LEAST FOUR MONTHS INDICATING THAT AN EPIGENETIC CELLULAR MEMORY HAS FORMED IN THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS. THIS PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE IS PREVENTED BY FEEDING METHYL DONORS SUCH AS S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE OR BETAINE. DRUG FEEDING REDUCES THE METHYLATION OF H(3) K4, 9, AND 27 AND THIS RESPONSE IS PREVENTED BY FEEDING THE METHYL DONORS. AFTER 8 TO 15MONTHS OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL IN MICE THE PRENEOPLASTIC LIVER CELLS PERSIST AS SINGLE OR SMALL CLUSTERS OF CELLS IN THE LIVER LOBULES. MULTIPLE LIVER TUMORS FORM, SOME OF WHICH ARE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. THE TUMORS IMMUNOSTAIN POSITIVELY FOR THE SAME PRENEOPLASTIC MARKERS AS THE PRENEOPLASTIC CELLS. SIMILAR CELLS ARE IDENTIFIED IN HUMAN CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA INDICATING THE RELEVANCE OF THE DRUG MODEL DESCRIBED HERE TO THE PRENEOPLASTIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6  2792  27 FAT10 IS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER FOR LIVER PRENEOPLASIA IN A DRUG-PRIMED MOUSE MODEL OF TUMORIGENESIS. THERE IS CLINICAL EVIDENCE THAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES IN WHICH MDBS (MALLORY DENK BODIES) FORM PROGRESS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE PRESENT STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT LINKS MDB FORMATION INDUCED BY CHRONIC DRUG INJURY, WITH PRENEOPLASIA AND LATER TO THE FORMATION OF TUMORS, WHICH DEVELOP LONG AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL. EVIDENCE INDICATED THAT THIS LINK WAS DUE TO AN EPIGENETIC CELLULAR MEMORY INDUCED BY CHRONIC DRUG INGESTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF MANY MARKERS OF PRENEOPLASIA (UBD, ALPHA FETOPROTEIN, KLF6 AND GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE MU2) WERE INCREASED TOGETHER WHEN THE DRUG DDC WAS REFED. THESE CHANGES WERE SUPPRESSED BY S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE FEEDING, INDICATING THAT THE DRUG WAS AFFECTING DNA AND HISTONES METHYLATION IN AN EPIGENETIC MANNER. THE LINK BETWEEN MDB FORMATION AND NEOPLASIA FORMATION WAS LIKELY DUE TO THE OVER EXPRESSION OF UBD (ALSO CALLED FAT10), WHICH IS UP REGULATED IN 90% OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF DRUG-PRIMED MOUSE LIVERS SHOWED THAT FAT10 POSITIVE LIVER CELLS PERSISTED UP TO 4 MONTHS AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL AND THEY WERE STILL FOUND IN THE LIVERS OF MICE, 14 MONTHS AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL. THE REFEEDING OF DDC INCREASED THE PERCENT OF FAT10 HEPATOCYTES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  3267  20 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND POSSIBLE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CAUSES: A REVIEW. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A MULTISTEP PROCESS. IN HCC, PROGRESSIVE AND MORPHOLOGICALLY DISTINCT PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS/ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LIVER INJURY, INFLAMMATION, HEPATOCELLULAR DEGENERATION/REGENERATION, NECROSIS, AND SMALL-CELL DYSPLASIA CAN BE OBSERVED. THE INCIDENCE OF HCC EXHIBITS REGIONAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES. SEVERAL CYTOTOXIC AND DNA-DAMAGING CHEMICALS ARE SUGGESTED TO BE THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF HCC-FOR EXAMPLE, ACRYLAMIDE, PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID (PFOA), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS), BENZO(A)PYRENE (BAP), PERFLUORINATED CHEMICALS (PFCS), VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER (VCM), AND DIETARY CONTAMINANTS (AFLATOXINS, OCHRATOXINS). ALSO SUGGESTED ARE SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE (ALCOHOL) AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, SUCH AS HEPATITIS B AND C AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 (HIV-1). THESE CAN ACT THROUGH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THIS REVIEW WILL SHORTLY ADDRESS THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HCC AND FOCUS ON CYTOTOXIC AND DNA-DAMAGING CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, EXPOSURE TO WHICH ARE SUGGESTED TO LEAD TO HCC INITIATION, PROMOTION, AND/OR PROGRESSION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  3265  27 HEPATOCARCINOMA: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES. HCC IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 1 MILLION DEATHS ANNUALLY. THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IS HIGHEST IN ASIA AND AFRICA, WHERE THE ENDEMIC HIGH PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH HCC GENERALLY PRESENT AT AN ADVANCED STAGE DUE TO COMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS DEFINED BY THE ABSENCE OF PATHOGNOMONIC SYMPTOMS, RESULTING IN DEATH WITHIN 6 TO 20 MONTHS, SUGGESTING AN URGENT NEED IN TREATMENT MODALITIES THAT WILL DRAMATICALLY DECREASE THE MORTALITY RATE OF HCC. THE MOLECULAR HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS, HOWEVER, A GRADUAL PROCESS DURING WHICH GENETIC ALTERATIONS PROGRESSIVELY ACCUMULATE AND LEAD TO HCC THROUGH INTERMEDIATE PRENEOPLASTIC STAGES. WITH THE ADVENT OF WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING TOOLS, VARIOUS MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC HAVE BEEN IDENTI FI ED, WHICH HAVE ADVANCED OUR MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HCC. HOWEVER, THE FREQUENCY OF THESE MUTATIONS IS RARE, AND THESE GENETIC MUTATIONS ONLY PARTLY EXPLAIN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE. BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, MAY HELP UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC, AS WELL AS PROVIDING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR HCC TREATMENT. FURTHER CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND TARGETED DRUG THERAPY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  2840  26 FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS FOR THE CARCINOGENIC MODE OF ACTION OF NITROBENZENE. NITROBENZENE (CASRN: 98-95-3) HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE CANCERS IN MANY TISSUES INCLUDING KIDNEY, LIVER, AND THYROID, FOLLOWING CHRONIC INHALATION IN ANIMALS. HOWEVER, WITH A FEW EXCEPTIONS, GENOTOXICITY ASSAYS USING NITROBENZENE HAVE GIVEN NEGATIVE RESULTS. SOME DNA BINDING/ADDUCT STUDIES HAVE BROUGHT FORTH QUESTIONABLE RESULTS AND, CONSIDERING THE AVAILABLE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE, IT DOES NOT APPEAR THAT NITROBENZENE CAUSES CANCER VIA A GENOTOXIC MODE OF ACTION. NITROBENZENE PRODUCES A NUMBER OF FREE RADICALS DURING ITS REDUCTIVE METABOLISM, IN THE GUT AS WELL AS AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL, AND GENERATES SUPEROXIDE ANION AS A BY-PRODUCT DURING OXIDATIVE MELABOLISM. THE REACTIVE SPECIES GENERATED DURING NITROBENZENE METABOLISM ARE CONSIDERED CANDIDATES FOR CARCINOGENICITY. FURTHERMORE, SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE SUGGEST THAT NITROBENZENE EXERTS ITS CARCINOGENICITY THROUGH A NON-DNA REACTIVE (EPIGENETIC) FASHION, SUCH AS A STRONG TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NON-, PRE-, AND NEOPLASTIC LESIONS LEADING TO CARCINOGENESIS. IN THIS REPORT, WE FIRST DESCRIBE THE ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION OF NITROBENZENE FOLLOWED BY A SUMMARY OF THE AVAILABLE GENOTOXICITY STUDIES AND THE ONLY AVAILABLE CANCER BIOASSAY. WE SUBSEQUENTLY REFER TO THE MODE OF ACTION FRAMEWORK OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY'S 2005 GUIDELINES FOR CARCINOGEN RISK ASSESSMENT AS A BASIS FOR PRESENTING POSSIBLE MODES OF ACTION FOR NITROBENZENE-INDUCED CANCERS OF THE LIVER, THYROID, AND KIDNEY, AS SUPPORTED BY THE AVAILABLE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. THE RATIONALE(S) REGARDING HUMAN RELEVANCE OF EACH MODE OF ACTION IS ALSO PRESENTED. FINALLY, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE CARCINOGENIC MODE OF ACTION FOR NITROBENZENE IS MULTIFACTORIAL IN NATURE AND REFLECTIVE OF FREE RADICALS, INFLAMMATION, AND/OR ALTERED METHYLATION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  6310  30 THE REGULATION OF NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION IN THE LIVER OF MICE FED DDC. MALLORY-DENK BODIES (MDBS) ARE FOUND IN THE LIVER OF PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC AND CHRONIC NONALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). DIETHYL 1,4-DIHYDRO-2,4,6,-TRIMETHYL-3,5-PYRIDINEDICARBOXYLATE (DDC) IS USED AS A MODEL TO INDUCE THE FORMATION OF MDBS IN MOUSE LIVER. PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THIS LABORATORY SHOWED THAT DDC INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN DNA AND HISTONES. THE COMBINATION OF THESE MODIFICATIONS CHANGES THE PHENOTYPE OF THE MDB FORMING HEPATOCYTES, AS INDICATED BY THE MARKER FAT10. THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE PARTIALLY PREVENTED BY ADDING TO THE DIET S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME) OR BETAINE, BOTH METHYL DONORS. THE EXPRESSION OF THREE IMPRINTED NCRNA GENES WAS FOUND TO CHANGE IN MDB FORMING HEPATOCYTES, WHICH IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS REPORT. NCRNA EXPRESSION WAS QUANTITATED BY REAL-TIME PCR AND RNA FISH IN LIVER SECTIONS. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THREE NCRNAS WAS REGULATED BY DDC: UP REGULATION OF H19, ANTISENSE IGF2R (AIR), AND DOWN REGULATION OF GTL2 (ALSO CALLED MEG3). S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME) FEEDING PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. BETAINE, ANOTHER METHYL GROUP DONOR, PREVENTED ONLY H19 AND AIR UP REGULATION INDUCED BY DDC, ON MICROARRAYS. THE RESULTS OF THE SAME AND BETAINE GROUPS WERE CONFIRMED BY REAL-TIME PCR, EXCEPT FOR AIR EXPRESSION. AFTER 1 MONTH OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL, THE EXPRESSION OF THE THREE NCRNAS TENDED TOWARD CONTROL LEVELS OF EXPRESSION. LIVER TUMORS THAT DEVELOPED ALSO SHOWED UP REGULATION OF H19 AND AIR. THE RNA FISH APPROACH SHOWED THAT THE MDB FORMING CELLS' PHENOTYPE CHANGED THE LEVEL OF EXPRESSION OF AIR, H19 AND GTL2, COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING CELLS. FURTHERMORE, OVER EXPRESSION OF H19 AND AIR WAS DEMONSTRATED IN TUMORS FORMED IN MICE WITHDRAWN FOR 9 MONTHS. THE DYSREGULATION OF NCRNA IN MDB FORMING LIVER CELLS HAS BEEN OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN DRUG-PRIMED MICE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER PRENEOPLASTIC FOCI AND TUMORS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  2605  28 EPIGENETICS-A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH. PRETERM BIRTH IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF INFANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND A POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASE. WITH OVER 15 MILLION INFANTS BORN PRETERM WORLDWIDE EACH YEAR, PRETERM BIRTH POSES A GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN. THERE IS A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND PRETERM BIRTH, THOUGH STUDIES HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT, LIKELY DUE TO VARIATION IN STUDY DESIGN. HOW AIR POLLUTION INDUCES HEALTH EFFECTS IS UNCERTAIN; HOWEVER, STUDIES HAVE REPEATEDLY DEMONSTRATED THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. MORE RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETICS MAY, IN TURN, BE LINKED TO PRETERM BIRTH. DISCOVERY OF ENVIRONMENTALLY MODIFIABLE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES CONNECTED TO PRETERM BIRTH MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY WOMEN AT RISK OF PRETERM BIRTH, AND ULTIMATELY LEAD TO DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRETERM BIRTH PREVENTION MEASURES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12   496  37 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF HIV INFECTION AND ANTI-RETROVIRAL TREATMENT ON THE CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH OF PREGNANT MOTHERS AND THEIR OFFSPRING (ARTMOMSBABES). BACKGROUND: THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS) IS BECOMING MORE PREVALENT IN PREGNANT WOMEN THOUGH NOT MUCH DATA IS AVAILABLE FOR PREGNANT WOMEN WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV). FOETOPLACENTAL VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IS THOUGHT TO BE AT THE ORIGIN OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES AND OBESITY LATER ON IN LIFE. BECAUSE HIV AND ANTI-RETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ARTS) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, CHILDREN EXPOSED IN UTERO TO THESE CONDITIONS MAY BE AT GREATER RISK OF DEVELOPING CVDS. DESPITE THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF HIV IN PREGNANT SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF ART ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH OF THE MOTHER AND OFFSPRING. HENCE, THE PROPOSED STUDY INTENDS TO INVESTIGATE HOW HIV/ARTS MAY AFFECT THE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH OF THE MOTHER AND OFFSPRING AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS DURING THE PREGNANCY AND UP TO 2 YEARS AFTER BIRTH. METHODS: A LONGITUDINAL CASE-CONTROL STUDY IN HIV POSITIVE PREGNANT WOMEN ON ART AND HIV NEGATIVE PREGNANT WOMEN WILL BE CONDUCTED. ALL PREGNANT WOMEN WILL BE ASSESSED FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND MARKERS (LIPIDS, ANTHROPOMETRIC AND GLYCAEMIC INDIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS), HEMODYNAMIC STATUS (BLOOD PRESSURE PARAMETERS) AND VASCULAR FUNCTION (ARTERIAL COMPLIANCE, RETINAL MICROVASCULATURE, UTERINE ARTERY MEAN PULSATILITY INDEX). CHILD HEALTH WILL BE MONITORED IN UTERO AND POSTNATALLY VIA ROUTINE FOETAL HEALTH SCREENING, PLACENTAL INTEGRITY, ANTHROPOMETRY, BLOOD PRESSURE PARAMETERS, MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION IN CORD BLOOD AND CARDIOVASCULAR EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN URINE. DISCUSSION: THERE IS A PAUCITY OF STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND SUB-SAHARA AFRICA AS A WHOLE THAT UTILISED A LONGITUDINAL STUDY MODEL TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF ARTS ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CHANGES IN PREGNANT WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV AND THE CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH OF THEIR OFFSPRING. THIS STUDY WILL THEREFORE HELP TO MONITOR CHANGES IN CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK DURING PREGNANCY AND IN CHILDREN EXPOSED IN UTERO TO HIV-INFECTION AND ART USE. FINDINGS FROM THIS STUDY WILL PROVIDE USEFUL INFORMATION FOR DEVELOPING GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF ARTS IN PREGNANCY AND MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING OF HIV POSITIVE MOTHERS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  6270  44 THE OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN PLACENTAL MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR GENE CONNECTED TO GESTATIONAL DIABETES AND SMOKING. BACKGROUND: MATERNAL METABOLIC INSULTS AS WELL AS GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM) INFLUENCE THE FETAL HEALTH AND MAY AFFECT 'OFFSPRING'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. GDM, THE MOST COMMON METABOLIC DISORDER IN PREGNANCY, CAN BE CONSIDERED THE RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. A CRITICAL POINT IN THIS VIEW IS THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENES WHICH ARE EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GDM. THE MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR (MC4R) GENE PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN NUTRITIONAL HEALTH BY SUPPRESSING APPETITE AND PARTICIPATING IN ENERGY CONTROL REGULATION. THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PREGNANT 'WOMEN'S METABOLIC PROFILES AND PLACENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THIS GENE HAVE BEEN POORLY INVESTIGATED. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF GDM AND MATERNAL CLINICAL PARAMETERS AT THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY TO DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE PLACENTA AT CPG SITES OF MC4R GENE. DESIGN AND METHODS: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, MEDITERRANEAN DIET ADHERENCE, SMOKING HABITS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WERE ASSESSED AT THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY OF 60 CAUCASIAN PREGNANT WOMEN, OF WHICH 33 WITH GDM. CLINICAL PARAMETERS OF THE NEWBORNS WERE RECORDED AT BIRTH. MC4R DNA METHYLATION ON MATERNAL AND FETAL SIDES OF THE PLACENTA WAS ANALYZED USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: MC4R DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT CPG1 AND CPG2 WERE LOWER ON THE FETAL SIDE OF THE PLACENTA IN GDM-AFFECTED WOMEN THAN IN NON-GDM-AFFECTED RECRUITS (P = 0.033). MOREOVER, DNA METHYLATION LEVELS ON THE MATERNAL SIDE AT CPG1 WERE POSITIVELY RELATED TO GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION AT 2-H ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (OGTT). ON THE OTHER HAND, CPG2 DNA METHYLATION WAS POSITIVELY RELATED TO BOTH 1-H AND 2-H DURING OGTT. MATERNAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL AT CPG2 WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL (LDL-C) AT THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY (RHO = 0.340, P < 0.05), WHILE CPG1 METHYLATION WAS NEGATIVELY RELATED TO MATERNAL WEIGHT VARIATIONS AT DELIVERY (RHO = -0.316, P < 0.05). SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MC4R DNA METHYLATION ON THE MATERNAL SIDE AND LIPID PROFILE AT THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY IN WOMEN SMOKERS WERE FOUND. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MC4R METHYLATION PROFILE IN THE PLACENTA IS RELATED TO MATERNAL METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING FETAL PROGRAMMING AND THE FUTURE METABOLIC HEALTH OF THE NEWBORN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14   299  31 AIR POLLUTION AND DNA METHYLATION: EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE IN HUMANS. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE IS ESTIMATED TO CONTRIBUTE TO APPROXIMATELY SEVEN MILLION EARLY DEATHS EVERY YEAR WORLDWIDE AND MORE THAN 3% OF DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS LOST. AIR POLLUTION HAS NUMEROUS HARMFUL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MORBIDITY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC DISORDERS, AND A NUMBER OF LUNG PATHOLOGIES, INCLUDING ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). EMERGING DATA INDICATE THAT AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE MODULATES THE EPIGENETIC MARK, DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), AND THAT THESE CHANGES MIGHT IN TURN INFLUENCE INFLAMMATION, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND EXACERBATION RISK. SEVERAL TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION (TRAP) COMPONENTS, INCLUDING PARTICULATE MATTER (PM), BLACK CARBON (BC), OZONE (O(3)), NITROGEN OXIDES (NO(X)), AND POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNAM; TYPICALLY LOWERING DNAM AFTER EXPOSURE. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM HAVE BEEN OBSERVED ACROSS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN, BUT IT IS NOT YET CLEAR WHETHER EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENTAL SENSITIVITY OR THE ACCUMULATION OF EXPOSURES HAVE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON HEALTH. AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED DNAM PATTERNS ARE OFTEN CORRELATED WITH LONG-TERM NEGATIVE RESPIRATORY HEALTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASES, A FOCUS IN THIS REVIEW. RECENTLY, INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS EXERCISE AND B VITAMINS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON DNAM AND HEALTH. ULTIMATELY, IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE OF HOW EXPOSURE-INDUCED CHANGE IN DNAM IMPACTS HEALTH, BOTH ACUTELY AND CHRONICALLY, MAY ENABLE PREVENTATIVE AND REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY IN POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15  5731  20 SMAD3 PHOSPHO-ISOFORM SIGNALING IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. THE RISK OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) DEVELOPMENT INCREASES AS HEPATITIS VIRUS C (HCV)-RELATED LIVER DISEASES PROGRESS, ESPECIALLY IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE INFLAMMATION. INSIGHT INTO HEPATIC CARCINOGENESIS HAVE EMERGED FROM RECENT DETAILED ANALYSES OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA AND C-JUN-N-TERMINAL KINASE SIGNALING PROCESSES DIRECTED BY MULTIPLE PHOSPHORYLATED (PHOSPHO)-ISOFORMS OF A SMAD3 MEDIATOR. IN THE COURSE OF HCV-RELATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND HOST GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ADDITIVELY SHIFT THE HEPATOCYTIC SMAD3 PHOSPHO-ISOFORM SIGNALING FROM TUMOR SUPPRESSION TO CARCINOGENESIS, INCREASING THE RISK OF HCC. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION REPRESENTS AN EARLY CARCINOGENIC STEP THAT PROVIDES A NONMUTAGENIC TUMOR-PROMOTING STIMULUS. AFTER UNDERGOING SUCCESSFUL ANTIVIRAL THERAPY, PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C COULD EXPERIENCE A LOWER RISK OF HCC AS SMAD3 PHOSPHO-ISOFORM SIGNALING REVERSES FROM POTENTIAL CARCINOGENESIS TO TUMOR SUPPRESSION. EVEN AFTER HCV CLEARANCE, HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS COULD STILL DEVELOP HCC BECAUSE OF SUSTAINED, INTENSE CARCINOGENIC SMAD3 PHOSPHO-ISOFORM SIGNALING THAT IS POSSIBLY CAUSED BY GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. SMAD3 PHOSPHO-ISOFORMS SHOULD ASSIST WITH EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT REDUCING HUMAN HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16  4134  29 MECHANISMS OF HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS AND ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND CHARACTERIZED. AMONG THESE ARE CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS, EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B1, AND CIRRHOSIS OF ANY ETIOLOGY (INCLUDING ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS AND CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC LIVER DISEASES). BOTH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS REPRESENT MAJOR PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS OF THE LIVER AS THE MAJORITY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS ARISE IN THESE PATHOLOGICAL SETTINGS. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS REPRESENTS A LINEAR AND PROGRESSIVE PROCESS IN WHICH SUCCESSIVELY MORE ABERRANT MONOCLONAL POPULATIONS OF HEPATOCYTES EVOLVE. REGENERATIVE HEPATOCYTES IN FOCAL LESIONS IN THE INFLAMED LIVER (CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS) GIVE RISE TO HYPERPLASTIC HEPATOCYTE NODULES, AND THESE PROGRESS TO DYSPLASTIC NODULES, WHICH ARE THOUGHT TO BE THE DIRECT PRECURSOR OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IN MOST CASES, THE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF HEPATOCYTES RESULTS FROM ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC DAMAGE DURING THE REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROLIFERATION THAT OCCURS IN THE INJURED LIVER IN RESPONSE TO PARACRINE GROWTH FACTOR AND CYTOKINE STIMULATION. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS EXHIBIT NUMEROUS GENETIC ABNORMALITIES (INCLUDING CHROMOSOMAL DELETIONS, REARRANGEMENTS, ANEUPLOIDY, GENE AMPLIFICATIONS, AND MUTATIONS), AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (INCLUDING MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION). THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS COMBINE TO ACTIVATE POSITIVE MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION (INCLUDING CELLULAR PROTO-ONCOGENES AND THEIR MITOGENIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS) AND INACTIVATE NEGATIVE MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION (INCLUDING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES), RESULTING IN CELLS WITH AUTONOMOUS GROWTH POTENTIAL. HOWEVER, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS EXHIBIT A HIGH DEGREE OF GENETIC HETEROGENEITY, SUGGESTING THAT MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE GENESIS OF SUBSETS OF HEPATOCELLULAR NEOPLASMS. CONTINUED INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISMS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS WILL REFINE OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS FOR NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION IN LIVER, ENABLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND/OR MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17   122  27 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON FLUORIDE-INDUCED EPIGENETIC TOXICITY IN MAMMALS. FLUORIDE, ONE OF THE GLOBAL GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS, IS UBIQUITOUS IN OUR DAY-TO-DAY LIFE FROM VARIOUS NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES. NUMEROUS IN VITRO, IN VIVO, AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ARE CONDUCTED TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. A LOW CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE IS REPORTED TO INCREASE ORAL HEALTH, WHEREAS CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS CAUSES FLUORIDE TOXICITY (FLUOROSIS). IT INCLUDES DENTAL FLUOROSIS, SKELETAL FLUOROSIS, AND FLUORIDE TOXICITY IN SOFT TISSUES. THE MECHANISM OF FLUORIDE TOXICITY HAS BEEN REVIEWED EXTENSIVELY. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN FLUORIDE TOXICITY HAS NOT BEEN REVIEWED. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING FLUORIDE-INDUCED EPIGENETIC TOXICITY IN THE IN VITRO, IN VIVO, AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS. WE EXAMINED FOUR DATABASES FOR THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EPIGENETICS AND FLUORIDE EXPOSURE. OUT OF 932 ARTICLES (AS OF 31 MARCH 2022), 39 MET OUR INCLUSION CRITERIA. MOST OF THE STUDIES FOCUSED ON DIFFERENT GENES, AND OVERALL, PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FLUORIDE TOXICITY WAS IDENTIFIED. WE FURTHER HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR EPIGENOME STUDIES RATHER THAN CANDIDATE GENES AND PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. OUR RESULTS INDICATE A CORRELATION BETWEEN FLUORIDE EXPOSURE AND EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. FURTHER STUDIES ARE WARRANTED TO ELUCIDATE AND CONFIRM THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MEDIATED FLUORIDE TOXICITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  6848  25 [MOLECULAR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS]. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A MAJOR TYPE OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER AND ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT HUMAN MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS. COMMON RISK FACTORS OF HUMAN HCC INCLUDE CHRONIC HEPATITIS VIRUS (HBV AND HCV) INFECTION, DIETARY AFLATOXIN B1 (AFB1) INGESTION, CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE, AND CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC LIVER DISEASES. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS THE RESULT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. INHERITANCE DETERMINES INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CANCER; ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES WHICH SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS EXPRESS CANCER. STUDIES OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS SHOWED THAT HCC DEVELOPMENT IS A COMPLEX POLYGENE AND MULTIPATHWAY PROCESS; THE ACTIVATION OF PROTO-ONCOGENES AND THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES INDUCED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE CORE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; RB1, P53, AND WNT PATHWAYS ARE COMMONLY AFFECTED IN HCCS OF DIFFERENT ETIOLOGIES, WHICH MAY REFLECT COMMON PATHOLOGIC SEQUENCE OF HCC: CHRONIC LIVER INJURY, CIRRHOSIS, ATYPICAL HYPERPLASTIC NODULES, AND HCC OF EARLY STAGES. HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION-ASSOCIATED HCCS HAVE FREQUENT ALTERATIONS IN RB1 PATHWAY, INCLUDING METHYLATION OF P16INK4A AND RB1 GENES AND AMPLIFICATION OF CYCLIN D1. AFB1 EXPOSURE-ASSOCIATED HCCS HAVE FREQUENT ALTERATIONS IN P53 PATHWAY; THE G-->T MUTATION OF P53 GENE AT CODON 249 HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A GENETIC HALLMARK OF HCC CAUSED BY AFB1. ALCOHOLISM-ASSOCIATED HCCS HAVE FREQUENT ALTERATIONS IN BOTH RB1 AND P53 PATHWAYS. THE ROLES OF SOME IMPORTANT GENES RELATED TO CELL APOPTOSIS, DNA REPAIR, DRUG METABOLISM, AND TUMOR METASTASIS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS HAD BEEN DISCUSSED.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19   824  27 CHARACTERIZATION OF COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA REVEALS CONCORDANCE WITH HUMAN DISEASE. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A PREVALENT HUMAN CANCER WITH RISING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE. HUMAN HCC IS FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LIVER INFLAMMATION AND CIRRHOSIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT ARE A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION, DISTURBANCES IN METABOLISM, OR EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL TOXICANTS. TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE PATHOGENESIS OF HCC, WE USED A HUMAN DISEASE-RELEVANT MOUSE MODEL OF FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. IN THIS MODEL, MARKED LIVER TUMOR RESPONSE CAUSED BY THE PROMUTAGENIC CHEMICAL N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE IN THE PRESENCE OF LIVER FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC EVENTS INDICATIVE OF GENOMIC INSTABILITY. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DNA COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS (CNAS), A FEATURE OF GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND A COMMON CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER, ARE CONCORDANT BETWEEN HUMAN HCC AND MOUSE MODELS OF FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. WE EVALUATED DNA CNAS AND CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MOUSE LIVER (NORMAL, TUMOR, AND NONTUMOR FIBROTIC TISSUES). ADDITIONALLY, WE COMPARED OUR FINDINGS TO DNA CNAS IN HUMAN HCC CASES (TUMOR AND NONTUMOR CIRRHOTIC/FIBROTIC TISSUES) USING PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATA FROM THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS (TCGA). WE OBSERVED THAT WHILE FIBROTIC LIVER TISSUE IS LARGELY DEVOID OF DNA CNAS, HIGHLY FREQUENTLY OCCURRING DNA CNAS ARE FOUND IN MOUSE TUMORS, WHICH IS INDICATIVE OF A PROFOUND INCREASE IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY IN HCC. THE CROSS-SPECIES GENE-LEVEL COMPARISON OF CNAS IDENTIFIED SHARED REGIONS OF CNAS BETWEEN HUMAN FIBROSIS- AND CIRRHOSIS-ASSOCIATED LIVER TUMORS AND MOUSE FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED HCC. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CNAS MOST COMMONLY ARISE IN NEOPLASTIC TISSUE RATHER THAN IN FIBROTIC OR CIRRHOTIC LIVER, AND DEMONSTRATE THE UTILITY OF THIS MOUSE MODEL IN REPLICATING THE MOLECULAR FEATURES OF HUMAN HCC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  3272  37 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: AN UPDATE. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANT TUMOR OF MALES IN THE WORLD, WITH AN INCIDENCE OF 1,000,000 NEW CASES A YEAR. IT IS ENDEMIC IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. RISK FACTORS INCLUDE CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV), AFLATOXIN B1 UPTAKE, HEMOCHROMATOSIS, AND ALPHA1 -ANTITRIPSIN DEFICIENCY. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF HCC WITH HBV INFECTION. THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IS HIGH IN REGIONS HYPERENDEMIC FOR HBV. CHRONIC CARRIER STATE AND MATERNAL-INFANT TRANSMISSION ARE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. EVIDENCE OF DIRECT ONCOGENIC EFFECT OF H BV IS WELL ESTABLISHED, HCCS CONTAIN VIRAL DNA SEQUENCES INTEGRATED INTO HEPATOCYTE DNA THAT ACT AS RANDOM INSERTIONAL MUTAGENS, AND THESE SITES ARE NEAR GENES INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. THE MECHANISM OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS STILL IMPRECISE BUT A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF CASES ARE RELATED TO THIS VIRUS. CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND CIRRHOSIS ARE COFACTORS THAT INCREASE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. IN EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS A MULTIPOTENTIAL ELEMENT CALLED OVAL CELL PROLIFERATES IN THE EARLY STAGES. THE CELLULAR EVENTS ARE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL GROWTH FACTORS THAT ENHANCE THE SURVIVAL OF CARCINOGEN-ACTIVATED CELLS BY SUPPRESSING APOPTOSIS AND INCREASING ELEMENTS ENTERING THE CELL CYCLE. HEPATIC CARCINOGENESIS IS A COMPLEX PROCESS ASSOCIATED WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT RUN THROUGH STEPS OF INITIATION, PROMOTION AND PROGRESSION. ACTIVATION OF ONCOGENES OF THE "RAS" FAMILY AND OTHERS HAS BEEN DETECTED DURING CHEMICALLY-INDUCED HCC IN RODENTS, BUT THERE IS LITTLE EVIDENCE OF SUCH ACTIVATION IN HUMAN TUMORS. THE ROLE OF TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENES SUCH AS RETINOBLASTOMA (RB) AND P53 GENES HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED. AFLATOXIN B1 THAT CONTAMINATES FOODS IN ENDEMIC AREAS HAS A CLEAR ROLE IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. METABOLITES OF THIS TOXIN PROMOTE APURINIC SITES AND G TO T MUTATIONS IN CHROMOSOMAL DNA, THE THIRD BASE OF CODON 249 OF THE P53 GENE IS PREFERENTIALLY TARGETED TO FORM ADUCTS WITH AFLATOXIN B1, AND THIS MUTATION HAS BEEN SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED IN HBV INFECTION. HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF HCC ARE WELL ESTABLISHED AND ARE BASED IN ARCHITECTURAL AND CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES. AN IMPORTANT ISSUE IS THE DIAGNOSIS OF LIVER "NODULES" DETECTED BY IMAGE, FROM WHICH SMALL BIOPSIES OR ASPIRATION MATERIAL IS OBTAINED. SPECIAL STUDIES SUCH AS RETICULIN, CD34, CYTOKERATIN PROFILE, AND MOC-31 CAN BE VERY USEFUL FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY AND METASTATIC TUMORS. TELOMERASE ACTIVITY HAS BEEN FOUND IN HCC AND NEGATIVE IN PERICANCEROUS TISSUE. IT IS MORE PRONOUNCED IN POORLY DIFFERENTIATED TUMORS AND CORRELATES WITH FACTORS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE, SUCH AS PROGNOSIS AND RECURRENCES. CELLS OF WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HCC HAVE AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL APPEARANCE SIMILAR TO NORMAL HEPATOCYTES. DURING THE PROCESS OF DEDIFFERENTIATION, THERE IS PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF ORGANIZATION OF INTRACELLULAR ORGANELLES. THE CELL COHESION IS LOST, INTERCELLULAR GAPS WITH MICROVILLI APPEAR, THE SINUSOIDS BECOME CAPILLARIZED, AND REPARATIVE CHANGES ARE SEEN IN THE SPACES OF DISSE. A VARIETY OF INCLUSIONS, SUCH AS MALLORY BODIES, GRANULAR MATERIAL, SECONDARY LYSOSOMES, AND DUBIN-JOHNSON PIGMENT, HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. FIBROLAMELLAR CARCINOMA HAS A CHARACTERISTIC HISTOLOGICAL PICTURE AND ULTRASTRUCTURALLY ONCOCYTIC FEATURES. NEUROENDOCRINE GRANULES AND COMBINATION OF HCC WITH BILE DUCT CARCINOMA ARE SEEN BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.	2001