1  3459 102 HYPOMETHYLATION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) PROMOTES BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA AND CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC PAIN USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN REMAINS UNCLEAR. METHODS: WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA), EXPLORED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE NGF GENE, AND CLARIFIED THE FUNCTION AND MECHANISM OF C/EBPALPHA-NGF SIGNALING PATHWAY FROM EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE IN THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL. RESULTS: CFA INDUCED SIGNIFICANT HYPERALGESIA AND CONTINUOUS UPREGULATION OF NGF MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE L4-6 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIONS (DRGS) IN RATS. HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS OCCURRED IN THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CFA TREATMENT. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MIR-29B EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B (DNMT3B) LEVEL REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY. MOREOVER, CFA TREATMENT PROMOTED BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA TO THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION AND C/EBPALPHA SIRNA TREATMENT OBVIOUSLY DECREASED EXPRESSION OF NGF LEVELS AND ALSO ALLEVIATE INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA SIGNIFICANTLY IN RATS. CONCLUSION: COLLECTIVELY, THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT CFA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF MIR-29B LEVEL, WHICH REPRESSES THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B, ENHANCES THE DEMETHYLATION OF THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION, AND PROMOTES THE BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA WITH THE NGF GENE PROMOTER, THUS RESULTS IN THE UPREGULATION OF NGF GENE EXPRESSION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  3332  32 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED EMERGENCE OF SYNAPTIC DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTORS AND BEHAVIORAL ANTINOCICEPTION IN PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE EFFICACY OF OPIOIDS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. ALTHOUGH ACTIVATION OF DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTORS (DORS) IN THE BRAINSTEM REDUCES INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PERSISTENT HYPERALGESIA, IT IS NOT EFFECTIVE UNDER PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND THESE CLINICAL PROBLEMS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, BY USING A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN RATS, WE FOUND THAT IN THE BRAINSTEM NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS (NRM), DORS EMERGED ON THE SURFACE MEMBRANE OF CENTRAL SYNAPTIC TERMINALS ON DAY 3 AFTER CCI SURGERY AND DISAPPEARED ON DAY 14. HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS MICROINJECTED INTO THE NRM IN VIVO INCREASED THE LEVEL OF SYNAPTOSOMAL DOR PROTEIN AND NRM INFUSION OF DOR AGONISTS PRODUCING AN ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT IN A NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) SIGNALING-DEPENDENT MANNER. IN VITRO, IN CCI RAT SLICES INCUBATED WITH HDAC INHIBITORS, DOR AGONISTS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED EPSCS. THIS EFFECT WAS BLOCKED BY TYROSINE RECEPTOR KINASE A ANTAGONISTS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT NRM INFUSION OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN CCI RATS INCREASED THE LEVEL OF HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION AT NGF GENE PROMOTER REGIONS. NGF WAS INFUSED INTO THE NRM OR INCUBATED CCI RAT SLICES DROVE DORS TO THE SURFACE MEMBRANE OF SYNAPTIC TERMINALS. TAKEN TOGETHER, EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF NGF ACTIVITY BY HDAC INHIBITORS IN THE NRM PROMOTES THE TRAFFICKING OF DORS TO PAIN-MODULATING NEURONAL SYNAPSES UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS, LEADING TO DELTA-OPIOID ANALGESIA. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT THERAPEUTIC USE OF DOR AGONISTS COMBINED WITH HDAC INHIBITORS MIGHT BE EFFECTIVE IN CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  3052  27 GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS OF PAIN SEVERITY IN DYSMENORRHEA IDENTIFIES ASSOCIATION AT CHROMOSOME 1P13.2, NEAR THE NERVE GROWTH FACTOR LOCUS. DYSMENORRHEA IS A COMMON CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME AFFECTING WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING POTENTIAL. FAMILY STUDIES SUGGEST THAT GENETIC BACKGROUND INFLUENCES THE SEVERITY OF DYSMENORRHEA, BUT GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DYSMENORRHEA ARE NOT UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE CONDUCT THE FIRST GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY TO IDENTIFY GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DYSMENORRHEA PAIN SEVERITY. A COHORT OF FEMALES OF EUROPEAN DESCENT (N = 11,891) AGED 18 TO 45 YEARS RATED THEIR AVERAGE DYSMENORRHEA PAIN SEVERITY. WE USED A LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL ADJUSTING FOR AGE AND BODY MASS INDEX, IDENTIFYING ONE GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT (P < 5 X 10) ASSOCIATION (RS7523086, P = 4.1 X 10, EFFECT SIZE 0.1 [95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.074-0.126]). THIS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM IS COLOCALISING WITH NGF, ENCODING NERVE GROWTH FACTOR. THE PRESENCE OF ONE RISK ALLELE CORRESPONDS TO A PREDICTED 0.1-POINT INCREASE IN PAIN INTENSITY ON A 4-POINT ORDINAL PAIN SCALE. THE PUTATIVE EFFECTS ON NGF FUNCTION AND/OR EXPRESSION REMAIN UNKNOWN. HOWEVER, GENETIC VARIATION COLOCALISES WITH ACTIVE EPIGENETIC MARKS IN FAT AND OVARY TISSUES, AND EXPRESSION LEVELS IN AORTA TISSUE OF A NONCODING RNA FLANKING NGF CORRELATE. PARTICIPANTS REPORTING EXTREME DYSMENORRHEA PAIN WERE MORE LIKELY TO REPORT BEING POSITIVE FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME, DEPRESSION, AND OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT DYSMENORRHEA PAIN SEVERITY IS PARTLY GENETICALLY DETERMINED. NGF ALREADY HAS AN ESTABLISHED ROLE IN CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS, AND OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT NGF MAY BE AN IMPORTANT MEDIATOR FOR GYNAECOLOGICAL/PELVIC PAIN IN THE VISCERA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  1695  29 DYNAMIC ASSOCIATION OF P300 WITH THE PROMOTER OF THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED RAT DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR GENE DURING NGF-INDUCED NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION. THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR (DOR) PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PAIN CONTROL. EMERGING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT DOR ALSO PLAYS A ROLE IN NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND SURVIVAL. NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) IS KNOWN TO BE CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUSTAINED ACTIVATION OF NGF/PI3K/AKT/NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING IS ESSENTIAL FOR NGF-INDUCED DOR GENE EXPRESSION DURING NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION AND THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AT HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TEMPORALLY CORRELATE WITH THE DOR GENE TRANSCRIPTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE CLONED THE RAT DOR GENE PROMOTER AND IDENTIFIED AN NGF-RESPONSIVE REGION SIMILAR TO THAT FROM THE MOUSE DOR GENE PROMOTER. WE FURTHER IDENTIFIED P300, A KNOWN NF-KAPPAB BINDING PARTNER WITH INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY, TO BE DYNAMICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DOR GENE. WE ALSO FOUND THAT ASSEMBLING OF RNA POLYMERASE II (POL II) AT THE PROMOTER TOOK PLACE BEFORE NGF STIMULATION, INDICATING THAT P300 COULD ONLY INTERACT WITH PREASSEMBLED POL II AT THE PROMOTER AFTER NGF STIMULATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS IMPLICATE THAT PREASSEMBLY OF THE POL II PREINITIATION COMPLEX, SUSTAINED ACTIVATION OF PI3K/AKT/NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING, AND DYNAMIC P300 ASSOCIATION AT THE PROMOTERS SEQUENTIALLY IS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF INDUCTION OF THE LATE PHASE GENES DURING NGF-INDUCED NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  4616  31 NERVE INJURY INCREASES BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR LEVELS TO SUPPRESS BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. ABNORMAL HYPEREXCITABILITY OF PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER NERVE INJURY. NERVE INJURY PROFOUNDLY REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF BIG CONDUCTANCE CA(2+) -ACTIVATED K(+) (BK) CHANNELS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW NERVE INJURY AFFECTS BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE CHANGES IN BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) TO REDUCED BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY. THE BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY WAS PRESENT PREDOMINANTLY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM DRG NEURONS, AND LIGATION OF L5 AND L6 SPINAL NERVES PROFOUNDLY DECREASED THE BK CURRENT DENSITY IN THESE NEURONS. BLOCKING BK CHANNELS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY IN SHAM CONTROL, BUT NOT IN NERVE-INJURED, RATS. THE BDNF CONCENTRATION IN THE DRG WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN NERVE-INJURED RATS THAN IN CONTROL RATS. BDNF TREATMENT LARGELY REDUCED BK CURRENTS IN DRG NEURONS IN CONTROL RATS, WHICH WAS BLOCKED BY EITHER ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY OR K252A, A TRK RECEPTOR INHIBITOR. FURTHERMORE, EITHER ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY OR K252A REVERSED REDUCTION IN BK CURRENTS IN INJURED DRG NEURONS. BDNF TREATMENT REDUCED THE MRNA LEVELS OF BKALPHA1 SUBUNIT IN DRG NEURONS, AND ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY ATTENUATED THE REDUCTION IN THE BKALPHA1 MRNA LEVEL IN INJURED DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY PRIMARILY DIMINISHES THE BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM DRG NEURONS. INCREASED BDNF LEVELS CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCED BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  4615  31 NERVE INJURY DIMINISHES OPIOID ANALGESIA THROUGH LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR, ENCODED BY OPRM1) AGONISTS ARE THE MAINSTAY ANALGESICS FOR TREATING MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN. NERVE INJURY CAUSES DOWN-REGULATION OF MORS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AND DIMINISHES THE OPIOID EFFECT ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION CAUSED BY NERVE INJURY ARE NOT CLEAR. G9A (ENCODED BY EHMT2), A HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 METHYLTRANSFERASE, IS A KEY CHROMATIN REGULATOR RESPONSIBLE FOR GENE SILENCING. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE ROLE OF G9A IN DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION AND OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY IN RATS INDUCED A LONG-LASTING REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS IN THE DRG BUT NOT IN THE SPINAL CORD. NERVE INJURY CONSISTENTLY INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF THE G9A PRODUCT HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 DIMETHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF OPRM1 IN THE DRG. G9A INHIBITION OR SIRNA KNOCKDOWN FULLY REVERSED MOR EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED DRG AND POTENTIATED THE MORPHINE EFFECT ON PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. IN MICE LACKING EHMT2 IN DRG NEURONS, NERVE INJURY FAILED TO REDUCE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS AND THE MORPHINE EFFECT. IN ADDITION, G9A INHIBITION OR EHMT2 KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS NORMALIZED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION IN THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF THE OPIOID ON SYNAPTIC GLUTAMATE RELEASE FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES CRITICALLY TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. G9A INHIBITORS MAY BE USED TO ENHANCE THE OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECT IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  4172  31 MELATONIN IMPEDES TET1-DEPENDENT MGLUR5 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION TO RELIEVE PAIN. MELATONIN (N-ACETYL-5-METHOXYTRYPTAMINE)/MT2 RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION REPRESENTS A NOVEL PATHWAY IN THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BECAUSE SPINAL TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1)-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN LINKED TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT MELATONIN/MT2-DEPENDENT ANALGESIA INVOLVES SPINAL TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT SPINAL TET1 GENE TRANSFER BY INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF TET1-ENCODING VECTORS TO NAIVE RATS PRODUCED PROFOUND AND LONG-LASTING NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN ADDITION, ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION, TET1-METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBTYPE 5 (MGLUR5) PROMOTER COUPLING, DEMETHYLATION AT THE MGLUR5 PROMOTER, AND MGLUR5 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS WERE OBSERVED. RATS SUBJECTED TO SPINAL NERVE LIGATION AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION DISPLAYED TACTILE ALLODYNIA AND BEHAVIORAL HYPERALGESIA ASSOCIATED WITH SIMILAR CHANGES IN THE DORSAL HORN. NOTABLY, INTRATHECAL MELATONIN INJECTION REVERSED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION, PROTEIN-PROMOTER COUPLING, PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION, AND PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY TET1 GENE TRANSFER, SPINAL NERVE LIGATION, AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION. ALL THE EFFECTS CAUSED BY MELATONIN WERE BLOCKED BY PRETREATMENT WITH A MT2 RECEPTOR-SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST. IN CONCLUSION, MELATONIN RELIEVES PAIN BY IMPEDING TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION OF MGLUR5 IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS THROUGH THE MT2 RECEPTOR. OUR FINDINGS LINK MELATONIN/MT2 SIGNALING TO TET1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION OF NOCICEPTIVE GENES FOR THE FIRST TIME AND SUGGEST MELATONIN AS A PROMISING THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  6424  31 THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C/EBPBETA IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CONTRIBUTES TO PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER NERVE TRAUMA CONTRIBUTE TO THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE REPORT THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA CAUSED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) INCREASED THE ABUNDANCE OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C/EBPBETA (CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN BETA) IN THE DRG. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE MITIGATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF CCI-INDUCED MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND COLD PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES WITHOUT AFFECTING BASAL RESPONSES TO ACUTE PAIN AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THIS INCREASE PRODUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL, THERMAL, OR COLD PAIN. IN THE IPSILATERAL DRG, C/EBPBETA PROMOTED A DECREASE IN THE ABUNDANCE OF THE VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KV1.2 AND MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) AT THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS, WHICH WOULD BE PREDICTED TO INCREASE EXCITABILITY IN THE IPSILATERAL DRG NEURONS AND REDUCE THE EFFICACY OF MORPHINE ANALGESIA. THESE EFFECTS REQUIRED C/EPBBETA-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF EHMT2 (EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2), WHICH ENCODES G9A, AN EPIGENETIC SILENCER OF THE GENES ENCODING KV1.2 AND MOR. BLOCKING THE INCREASE IN C/EBPBETA IN THE DRG IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIA AFTER CCI. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT C/EBPBETA IS AN ENDOGENOUS INITIATOR OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF THIS DISORDER.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  5574  25 ROLE OF MICRORNA-143 IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) MRNA AND ITS ENCODING DNMT3A PROTEIN IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG). THIS INCREASE IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENDOGENOUS INSTIGATOR IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES (SUCH AS OPRM1) IN INJURED DRG. HOWEVER, HOW DRG DNMT3A IS INCREASED FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS STILL ELUSIVE. WE REPORTED HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY CAUSED BY THE FIFTH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) DOWNREGULATED MICRORNA (MIR)-143 EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG. THIS DOWNREGULATION WAS REQUIRED FOR SNL-INDUCED DRG DNMT3A INCREASE AS RESCUING MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF MIR-143 MIMICS INTO INJURED DRG BLOCKED THE SNL-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNMT3A AND RESTORED THE SNL-INDUCED DECREASES IN OPRM1 MRNA AND ITS ENCODING MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN INJURED DRG, IMPAIRED SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, AND IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING SNL. MIMICKING SNL-INDUCED DRG MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH DRG MICROINJECTION OF MIR143 INHIBITORS IN NAIVE RATS INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 MRNA AND MOR IN INJECTED DRG AND PRODUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT MIR-143 IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR IN DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN THE DRG UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  2751  30 EXPRESSION OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND ACETYL-HISTONE H4 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RAT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. AIMS: HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION ARE TWO HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE USUALLY CONTROLLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). ALTHOUGH HATS OR HDACS INHIBITORS COULD RELIEVE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN ANIMAL MODELS, IT IS NOT CLEAR ON THE EXPRESSION OF GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OR SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MAIN METHODS: A SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL)-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL AND A COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA)-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL IN RATS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE EXPRESSION OF TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H4 (ACH4) BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OR WESTERN BLOT. KEY FINDINGS: ACH3 AND ACH4 NOT ONLY LOCALIZED IN NEURONAL NUCLEI, BUT ALSO IN NUCLEI OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE DRG. UNILATERAL SNL INDUCED THE INCREASE OF ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED LUMBAR 5 (L5) DRG, BUT NOT IN THE UNINJURED L5 DRG OR THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, WHILE UNILATERAL INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA INCREASED ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 SPINAL DORSAL HORN, BUT NOT IN THE L4/5 DRG. SIGNIFICANCE: THESE RESULTS PROVIDE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL CORD AND INDICATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. MORE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON THE TARGET GENES NEED TO BE REVEALED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11   189  25 ACETYL-L-CARNITINE IN CHRONIC PAIN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW. ACETYL-L-CARNITINE (ALC) IS AN ENDOGENOUS MOLECULE THAT NOT ONLY PLAYS A ROLE IN ENERGY METABOLISM, BUT ALSO HAS ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES, PROTECTS FROM OXIDATIVE STRESS, MODULATES BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS SUCH AS ACETYLCHOLINE, SEROTONIN AND DOPAMINE, AND ACTS ON NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS SUCH AS NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) AND METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE (MGLU) RECEPTORS BY MEANS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. IMPORTANTLY, IT INDUCES MGLU2 EXPRESSION AT NERVE TERMINALS, THUS GIVING RISE TO ANALGESIA AND PREVENTING SPINAL SENSITISATION. IT HAS ALSO BEEN FOUND TO HAVE EVEN LONG-TERM NEUROTROPHIC AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW IS TO SUMMARISE THE CURRENT EVIDENCE REGARDING THE USE OF ALC IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN, AND COGNITIVE AND MOOD DISORDERS, AND INVESTIGATE THE RATIONALE UNDERLYING ITS USE IN PATIENTS WITH FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME, WHICH IS CHARACTERISED BY NOCIPLASTIC CHANGES THAT INCREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO PAIN.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12   742  33 CANNABINOID CB2 RECEPTORS ARE UPREGULATED VIA BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CONTROL PRIMARY AFFERENT INPUT TO THE SPINAL CORD IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TYPE-2 CANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB2, ENCODED BY THE CNR2 GENE) ARE MAINLY EXPRESSED IN IMMUNE CELLS, AND CB2 AGONISTS NORMALLY HAVE NO ANALGESIC EFFECT. HOWEVER, NERVE INJURY UPREGULATES CB2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), FOLLOWING WHICH CB2 STIMULATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IT IS UNCLEAR HOW NERVE INJURY INCREASES CB2 EXPRESSION OR HOW CB2 ACTIVITY IS TRANSFORMED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, IMMUNOBLOTTING SHOWED THAT SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) INDUCED A DELAYED AND SUSTAINED INCREASE IN CB2 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND DORSAL SPINAL CORD SYNAPTOSOMES. RNASCOPE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION ALSO SHOWED THAT SNL SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED CB2 MRNA LEVELS, MOSTLY IN MEDIUM AND LARGE DRG NEURONS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT THE SPECIFIC CB2 AGONIST JWH-133 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITS THE AMPLITUDE OF DORSAL ROOT-EVOKED GLUTAMATERGIC EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS IN SNL RATS, BUT NOT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS; INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF JWH-133 REVERSED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SNL RATS, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QPCR ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT SNL INCREASED ENRICHMENT OF TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS (H3K4ME3 AND H3K9AC) AND DIMINISHED OCCUPANCY OF TWO REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K27ME3) AT THE CNR2 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. IN CONTRAST, SNL HAD NO EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AROUND THE CNR2 PROMOTER. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY PROMOTES CB2 EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS VIA EPIGENETIC BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND THAT CB2 ACTIVATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY ATTENUATING NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES TO THE SPINAL CORD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  2272  40 EPIGENETIC REDUCTION OF MIR-214-3P UPREGULATES ASTROCYTIC COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-1 AND CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THAT COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-1 (CSF1) MODULATES NEUROINFLAMMATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WHILE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE, WE IDENTIFIED THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CSF1 DERIVED FROM ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN IN RATS WITH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL). SUPPRESSION OF CSF1 EXPRESSION ALLEVIATED NEUROINFLAMMATION, NEURONAL HYPEREXCITABILITY, AND GLUTAMATERGIC RECEPTOR SUBUNIT UPREGULATION IN THE DORSAL HORN AND IMPROVED SNL-INDUCED PAIN BEHAVIOR. WE ALSO FOUND REDUCED MIR-214-3P EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN FOLLOWING AN SNL PROCEDURE; MIR-214-3P DIRECTLY BOUND TO THE 3'-UTR OF CSF1 MRNA AND NEGATIVELY REGULATED CSF1 EXPRESSION. INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF MIR-214-3P MIMIC REVERSED THE ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF CSF1 AND ASTROCYTE OVERACTIVITY AND ALLEVIATED THE IL-6 UPREGULATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY SNL. MOREOVER, SUPPRESSION OF SPINAL MIR-214-3P INCREASED ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY, PROMOTED CSF1 AND IL-6 PRODUCTION, AND INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE ANIMALS. FURTHERMORE, SNL INDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MIR-214-3P PROMOTER, LEADING TO REDUCED MIR-214-3P EXPRESSION IN THE MODEL RODENTS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNMT INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CYTOSINE METHYLATION IN THE MIR-214-3P PROMOTER; THIS REDUCED METHYLATION CONSEQUENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-214-3P AND DECREASED THE CONTENT OF CSF1 IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN AND, FURTHER, ATTENUATED IL-6 PRODUCTION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR IN RATS WITH SNL. TOGETHER, OUR DATA INDICATE THAT THE DNMT3A-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF MIR-214-3P ENHANCED CSF1 PRODUCTION IN ASTROCYTES, WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY INDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR IN SNL MODEL RATS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  3201  36 HDAC2 IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS CONSTITUTIVELY RESTRAINS CHRONIC PAIN BY REPRESSING ALPHA2DELTA-1 EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY. ALPHA2DELTA-1 (ENCODED BY THE CACNA2D1 GENE) IS A NEWLY DISCOVERED NMDA RECEPTOR-INTERACTING PROTEIN AND IS THE THERAPEUTIC TARGET OF GABAPENTINOIDS (E.G., GABAPENTIN AND PREGABALIN) FREQUENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NERVE INJURY CAUSES SUSTAINED ALPHA2DELTA-1 UPREGULATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), WHICH PROMOTES NMDA RECEPTOR SYNAPTIC TRAFFICKING AND ACTIVATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, A HALLMARK OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW NERVE INJURY INITIATES AND MAINTAINS THE HIGH EXPRESSION LEVEL OF ALPHA2DELTA-1 TO SUSTAIN CHRONIC PAIN. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NERVE INJURY CAUSED HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND DIMINISHED ENRICHMENT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 (HDAC2), BUT NOT HDAC3, AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. STRIKINGLY, HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN OR CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS IN MALE AND FEMALE MICE CONSISTENTLY INDUCED LONG-LASTING MECHANICAL PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHICH WAS READILY REVERSED BY BLOCKING NMDA RECEPTORS, INHIBITING ALPHA2DELTA-1 WITH GABAPENTIN OR DISRUPTING THE ALPHA2DELTA-1-NMDA RECEPTOR INTERACTION AT THE SPINAL CORD LEVEL. HDAC2 DELETION IN DRG NEURONS INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER, UPREGULATED ALPHA2DELTA-1 IN THE DRG, AND POTENTIATED ALPHA2DELTA-1-DEPENDENT NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AT PRIMARY AFFERENT CENTRAL TERMINALS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. CORRESPONDINGLY, HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS BLUNTED IN CACNA2D1 KNOCKOUT MICE. THUS, OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT HDAC2 FUNCTIONS AS A PIVOTAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA CONSTITUTIVELY SUPPRESSING ALPHA2DELTA-1 EXPRESSION AND ENSUING PRESYNAPTIC NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD. HDAC2 ENRICHMENT LEVELS AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER IN DRG NEURONS CONSTITUTE A UNIQUE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GOVERNS ACUTE-TO-CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT EXCESS ALPHA2DELTA-1 PROTEINS PRODUCED AFTER NERVE INJURY DIRECTLY INTERACT WITH GLUTAMATE NMDA RECEPTORS TO POTENTIATE SYNAPTIC NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD, A PROMINENT MECHANISM OF NERVE PAIN. BECAUSE ALPHA2DELTA-1 UPREGULATION AFTER NERVE INJURY IS LONG LASTING, GABAPENTINOIDS RELIEVE PAIN SYMPTOMS ONLY TEMPORARILY. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME THE UNEXPECTED ROLE OF INTRINSIC HDAC2 ACTIVITY AT THE ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE PROMOTER IN LIMITING ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE TRANSCRIPTION, NMDA RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER NERVE INJURY. THESE FINDINGS CHALLENGE THE PREVAILING VIEW ABOUT THE ROLE OF GENERAL HDAC ACTIVITY IN PROMOTING CHRONIC PAIN. RESTORING THE REPRESSIVE HDAC2 FUNCTION AND/OR REDUCING HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE PROMOTER IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS COULD LEAD TO LONG-LASTING RELIEF OF NERVE PAIN.	2022	

15  4618  31 NERVE INJURY-INDUCED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPIOID RECEPTORS CONTROLLED BY DNMT3A IN PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS. OPIOIDS ARE THE GOLD STANDARD FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THEIR ANALGESIC EFFECTS ARE UNSATISFACTORY IN PART DUE TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF OPIOID RECEPTORS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. HOW NERVE INJURY DRIVES SUCH DOWNREGULATION REMAINS ELUSIVE. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-TRIGGERED DNA METHYLATION REPRESSES GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW HERE THAT BLOCKING THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DRG DNMT3A (A DE NOVO DNMT) RESCUED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE ENCODING MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (KOR) PROTEINS IN THE INJURED DRG. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE ALSO PREVENTED THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE OPRM1 GENE IN THE INJURED DRG, RESTORED MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE (A PERIPHERAL ACTING MOR PREFERRING AGONIST) ANALGESIC EFFECTS, AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR ANALGESIC TOLERANCE UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR CODING MOR AND KOR IN DRG AND AUGMENTED MOR-GATED NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE FROM THE PRIMARY AFFERENTS. MECHANISTICALLY, DNMT3A REGULATION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION REQUIRED THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 1, MBD1, AS MBD1 KNOCKOUT RESULTED IN THE DECREASED BINDING OF DNMT3A TO THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER AND BLOCKED THE DNMT3A-TRIGGERED REPRESSION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT DNMT3A IS REQUIRED FOR NERVE INJURY-INDUCED AND MBD1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE MOR AND KOR IN THE INJURED DRG. DNMT3A INHIBITION MAY SERVE AS A PROMISING ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR OPIOID USE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  2885  25 G9A PARTICIPATES IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED KCNA2 DOWNREGULATION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KCNA2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) IS CRITICAL FOR DRG NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW NERVE INJURY CAUSES THIS DOWNREGULATION IS STILL ELUSIVE. EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2, ALSO KNOWN AS G9A, METHYLATES HISTONE H3 ON LYSINE RESIDUE 9 TO PREDOMINANTLY PRODUCE A DYNAMIC HISTONE DIMETHYLATION, RESULTING IN CONDENSED CHROMATIN AND GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. WE SHOWED HERE THAT BLOCKING NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN G9A RESCUED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE DECREASED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION, REDUCED KV CURRENT, AND INCREASED EXCITABILITY IN THE DRG NEURONS AND LED TO SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. G9A MRNA IS CO-LOCALIZED WITH KCNA2 MRNA IN THE DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF KCNA2 IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  3810  34 INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE INHIBITS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 EXPRESSION AND ALLEVIATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY. THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN REGULATING EXPRESSION OF PRO- OR ANTINOCICEPTIVE GENES. DNA METHYLATION IS A MAJOR EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN VERTEBRATES, AND METHYL- CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN METHYLATION-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING. TO DETERMINE HOW CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION OCCUR FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) AND HOW REPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AFFECTS THESE CHANGES AND ATTENUATES NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE USED INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, IN CCI RATS. RATS RECEIVED 0.9% SALINE OR 5-AZACYTIDINE (10MUMOL.D(-1)) VIA SPINAL INJECTION ONCE DAILY FROM DAY 3 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION INCREASED IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS ON DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CCI WERE ATTENUATED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE FROM DAY 5 TO DAY 14 AFTER CCI SURGERY. THE INCREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD IN CCI RATS WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED BY INTRATHECAL 5-AZACYTIDINE. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND MECP2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER NERVE DAMAGE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. 5-AZACYTIDINE SHOWS POTENTIAL FOR TREATING NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  2883  23 G9A INHIBITS CREB-TRIGGERED EXPRESSION OF MU OPIOID RECEPTOR IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. NEUROPATHIC PAIN, A DISTRESSING AND DEBILITATING DISORDER, IS STILL POORLY MANAGED IN CLINIC. OPIOIDS, LIKE MORPHINE, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF THIS DISORDER, BUT THEIR ANALGESIC EFFECTS ARE HIGHLY UNSATISFACTORY IN PART DUE TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION OF OPIOID RECEPTORS IN THE FIRST-ORDER SENSORY NEURONS OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. G9A IS A REPRESSOR OF GENE EXPRESSION. WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASES IN G9A AND ITS CATALYZED REPRESSIVE MARKER H3K9M2 ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPRM1, OPRK1, AND OPRD1 GENES IN THE INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. BLOCKING THESE INCREASES RESCUED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA OPRM1, OPRK1, AND OPRD1 GENE EXPRESSION AND MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE ANALGESIA AND PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE-INDUCED ANALGESIC TOLERANCE UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THESE INCREASES REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF THREE OPIOID RECEPTORS AND PROMOTED THE MU OPIOID RECEPTOR-GATED RELEASE OF PRIMARY AFFERENT NEUROTRANSMITTERS. MECHANISTICALLY, NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASES IN THE BINDING ACTIVITY OF G9A AND H3K9ME2 TO THE OPRM1 GENE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCED BINDING OF CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN TO THE OPRM1 GENE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT G9A PARTICIPATES IN THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION OF THE OPRM1 GENE LIKELY THROUGH G9A-TRIGGERED BLOCKAGE IN THE ACCESS OF CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN TO THIS GENE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  2363  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD GENE EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTES TO ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE SUBSEQUENT TO CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. BACKGROUND: OPIOIDS HAVE BECOME THE MAINSTAY FOR TREATMENT OF MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN AND ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT SURGICAL PAIN. WHILE OPIOID ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND TOLERANCE, INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OPIOID ADMINISTRATION AND SURGERY WITH RESPECT TO THESE PROBLEMATIC ADAPTATIONS HAVE SCARCELY BEEN ADDRESSED. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS OPIOIDS AND NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALING MAY CONVERGE ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN SPINAL CORD TO ENHANCE OR PROLONG NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF (BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR) AND PDYN (PRODYNORPHIN) GENES MAY BE INVOLVED. RESULTS: FOUR DAYS OF ASCENDING DOSES OF MORPHINE TREATMENT CAUSED OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY IN MICE. BOTH OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND THE REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY WERE ENHANCED IN MICE THAT RECEIVED HINDPAW INCISIONS. THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND PDYN (QPCR) WAS INCREASED AFTER MORPHINE TREATMENT AND INCISION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PDYN AND BDNF PROMOTERS WERE MORE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ACETYLATED H3K9 AFTER MORPHINE PLUS INCISION THAN IN THE MORPHINE OR INCISION ALONE GROUPS. SELECTIVE TROPOMYOSIN-RELATED KINASE B (ANA-12) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE) ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTERED INTRATHECALLY, BOTH REDUCED HYPERALGESIA ONE OR THREE DAYS AFTER SURGERY. ADMINISTRATION OF ANA-12 OR NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE ATTENUATED THE DECREASED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFICACY ON DAY 1, BUT ONLY NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE WAS EFFECTIVE ON DAY 3 AFTER INCISION IN OPIOID-EXPOSED GROUP. COADMINISTRATION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ANACARDIC ACID DAILY WITH MORPHINE BLOCKED THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND ATTENUATED INCISION-ENHANCED HYPERALGESIA IN MORPHINE-TREATED MICE. ANACARDIC ACID HAD SIMILAR EFFECTS ON ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, SHOWING THE INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE INTERACTIONS DETECTED. CONCLUSIONS: SPINAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVING BDNF AND PDYN MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE OBSERVED AFTER CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. TREATMENTS BLOCKING THE EPIGENETICALLY MEDIATED UP-REGULATION OF THESE GENES OR ADMINISTRATION OF TRKB OR KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS MAY IMPROVE THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF OPIOIDS, PARTICULARLY AFTER SURGERY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20  1320  38 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016