1   992 114 CHRONIC STRESS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THE ANOREXIC STATE: ENDOCRINE AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ALTHOUGH ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM IN OBESITY HAS BEEN WIDELY STUDIED, THERE IS LIMITED RESEARCH ON THE ANOREXIC STATE, WHERE THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS DISRUPTED BY REDUCED ADIPOSE TISSUE MASS AND THERE ARE DEPOT-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN ADIPOCYTE TYPE AND FUNCTION. STRESS EXPOSURE AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF LIFE CAN ALTER THE BALANCE BETWEEN ENERGY INTAKE AND EXPENDITURE AND THEREBY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA. THIS REVIEW INTEGRATES INFORMATION FROM HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS TO DESCRIBE ENDOCRINE, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE PHYSIOLOGY IN THE ANOREXIC CONDITION. CHANGES IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-THYROID, -ADRENAL, AND -GONADAL AXES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO APPETITE REGULATION AND ADIPOCYTE FUNCTION ARE DISCUSSED. BECAUSE OF THE ROLE OF STRESS IN TRIGGERING OR MAGNIFYING ANOREXIA, AND THE DYNAMIC BUT ALSO PERSISTENT NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, EPIGENETICS IS LIKELY THE LINK BETWEEN STRESS AND LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THAT DISRUPT HOMOEOSTATIC FOOD INTAKE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM. HEREIN, WE FOCUS ON THE ADIPOCYTE AND CHANGES IN ITS FUNCTION, INCLUDING ALTERATIONS REINFORCED BY ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCE AND DYSFUNCTIONAL ADIPOKINE REGULATION. THIS INFORMATION IS CRITICAL BECAUSE OF THE POOR UNDERSTANDING OF ANOREXIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DUE TO THE LACK OF SUITABLE RESEARCH MODELS, AND THE COMPLEXITY OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  4791  29 NUTRITIONAL CATCH-UP GROWTH. MALNUTRITION, MARKED BY VARIANT NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, IS CONSIDERED A LEADING CAUSE OF STUNTED GROWTH WORLDWIDE. IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, MALNUTRITION IS CAUSED MAINLY BY FOOD SHORTAGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. MALNUTRITION MAY ALSO BE FOUND IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD, WHERE IT IS DUE MOSTLY TO PREMATURITY, CHRONIC DISEASES, AND ANOREXIA NERVOSA. IN MOST CASES, WHEN FOOD CONSUMPTION IS CORRECTED, SPONTANEOUS CATCH-UP (CU) GROWTH OCCURS. HOWEVER, CU GROWTH IS NOT ALWAYS COMPLETE, LEADING TO GROWTH DEFICITS. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISMS THAT GOVERN THIS PROCESS. USING A RAT MODEL OF FOOD RESTRICTION FOLLOWED BY REFEEDING, WE ESTABLISHED A NUTRITION-INDUCED CU GROWTH MODEL. LEVELS OF LEPTIN AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 WERE FOUND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE WHEN FOOD WAS RESTRICTED AND TO INCREASE ALREADY 1 DAY AFTER REFEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH PLATE REVEALED THAT FOOD RESTRICTION SPECIFICALLY AFFECTS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS THE HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM TARGETS ON THE ONE HAND, AND GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION, INDICATING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, ON THE OTHER. FOOD RESTRICTION ALSO REDUCED THE LEVEL OF SEVERAL MICRORNAS, INCLUDING THE CHONDROCYTE-SPECIFIC MIR-140, WHICH LED TO AN INCREASE IN ITS TARGET, SIRT1, A CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE. THESE FINDINGS MAY EXPLAIN THE GLOBAL CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OBSERVED UNDER NUTRITIONAL MANIPULATION. WE SUGGEST THAT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF REGULATION, INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND MICRORNAS RESPOND TO NUTRITIONAL CUES AND OFFER A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF FOOD RESTRICTION ON EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE GROWTH. THE MEANS WHEREBY THESE COMPONENTS SENSE CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS ARE STILL UNKNOWN. DECIPHERING THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN GROWTH MAY PAVE THE WAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TREATMENTS FOR CHILDREN WITH GROWTH DISORDERS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  6742  40 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  6743  42 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? INCORPORATING PRESENTATIONS ON SCOLIOGENY AT THE 2012 IRSSD AND SRS MEETINGS. THIS PAPER AIMS TO INTEGRATE INTO CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AIS CAUSATION, ETIOPATHOGENETIC INFORMATION PRESENTED AT TWO MEETINGS DURING 2012 NAMELY, THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES (IRSSD) AND THE SCOLIOSIS RESEARCH SOCIETY (SRS). THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OR PROGRESSION OF THE SPINAL DEFORMITY OF AIS WITH NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT, POSSIBLY MEDICAL. THIS MIGHT BE ATTAINED BY PERSONALISED POLYMECHANISTIC PREVENTIVE THERAPY TARGETING THE APPROPRIATE ETIOLOGY AND/OR ETIOPATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS, TO AVOID FUSION AND MAINTAIN SPINAL MOBILITY. ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
5  4062  24 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6     2  31 "DRY MOUTH" AND "FLAMMER" SYNDROMES-NEGLECTED RISKS IN ADOLESCENTS AND NEW CONCEPTS BY PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALISED APPROACH. BACKGROUND: "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME (CHRONIC HYPOSALIVATION) CAN BE CAUSED BY A NUMBER OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS EXPOSURE, ABNORMAL BODY WEIGHT (BOTH TOO HIGH AND TOO LOW ONES), EATING DISORDERS (SUCH AS ANOREXIA NERVOSA), METABOLIC SYNDROME(S), SJOGREN'S AND SICCA SYNDROMES, DRUGS AND HEAD/NECK RADIOTHERAPY APPLICATION. IN TURN, THE CHRONIC HYPOSALIVATION AS A SUBOPTIMAL HEALTH CONDITION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES QUALITY OF LIFE, MAY INDICATE A SYSTEMIC DEHYDRATION, PROVOKES AND CONTRIBUTES TO A NUMBER OF PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS A STRONGLY COMPROMISED PROTECTION OF THE ORAL CAVITY, CHRONIC INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES, PERIODONTITIS, VOICE AND DIGESTIVE DISORDERS. CONSEQUENTLY, "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME MIGHT BE EXTREMELY USEFUL AS AN INDICATOR FOR AN IN-DEPTH DIAGNOSTICS OF BOTH-CO-EXISTING AND SNOWBALLING HEALTH-THREATING CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, PREDICTIVE DIAGNOSTICS, TARGETED PREVENTION AND PERSONALISATION OF TREATMENTS ARE EVIDENTLY UNDERDEVELOPED FOR INDIVIDUALS AT HIGH RISK SUFFERING FROM THE "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME. WORKING HYPOTHESIS AND METHODOLOGY: IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HAVE HYPOTHESISED THAT INDIVIDUALS DEMONSTRATING "FLAMMER SYNDROME" (FS) PHENOTYPE MAY SUFFER FROM THE "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME MORE FREQUENTLY, DUE TO DISTURBED MICROCIRCULATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS (OBSESSIONAL PERSONALITY/PERFECTIONISM), AND DIMINISHED FEELING OF THIRST WITH CONSEQUENTLY INSUFFICIENT DAILY LIQUID INTAKE POTENTIALLY RESULTING IN THE SYSTEMIC DEHYDRATION WITH INDIVIDUALLY PRONOUNCED LEVEL OF SEVERITY. IF CONFIRMED, FS PHENOTYPING LINKED TO THE CHRONIC HYPOSALIVATION MIGHT BE PREDICTIVE FOR INDIVIDUALS AT RISK IDENTIFIED BY INNOVATIVE SCREENING PROGRAMMES. TO VERIFY THE WORKING HYPOTHESIS, HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS (NEGATIVE CONTROL GROUP) VERSUS INDIVIDUALS WITH EVIDENT HYPOSALIVATION AS WELL AS PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PERIODONTITIS (POSITIVE CONTROL GROUP) OBSERVED AND TREATED AT THE DENTAL CLINIC WERE INVESTIGATED. THE DEGREE TO WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL IS AFFECTED BY HYPOSALIVATION WAS DETERMINED BY THE BOTHER XEROSTOMIA INDEX UTILISING A QUESTIONNAIRE OF 10 ISSUE-SPECIFIC ITEMS AND MONITORING OF A TYPICALLY MATT ROOF OF THE MOUTH IN DENTAL PRACTICE. AN EXTENT TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY ARE THE CARRIERS OF THE FS PHENOTYPE WAS ESTIMATED BY THE SPECIALISED 15-ITEM QUESTIONNAIRE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: FOR BOTH-THE TARGET GROUP (HYPOSALIVATION) AND POSITIVE CONTROL GROUP (PERIODONTITIS)-FS PHENOTYPE WAS DEMONSTRATED TO BE MORE SPECIFIC COMPARED TO THE DISEASE-FREE (NEGATIVE CONTROL) GROUP. MOREOVER, SELF-REPORTS PROVIDED BY INTERVIEWED ADOLESCENTS OF THE TARGET GROUP FREQUENTLY RECORDED REMARKABLE DISCOMFORT RELATED TO "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME, ACUTE AND CHRONIC OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICAL INFECTIONS AND EVEN DELAYED WOUND HEALING. FURTHER, INTERVIEWED ADOLESCENTS DO WORRY ABOUT THE SYMPTOMS WHICH MIGHT BE INDICATIVE FOR POTENTIAL DISEASES; THEY ARE ALSO AMAZED THAT TOO LITTLE ATTENTION IS CURRENTLY PAID TO THE ISSUE BY CAREGIVERS. IN CONCLUSION, FS QUESTIONNAIRE LINKED TO THE "DRY MOUTH" SYNDROME IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED FOR APPLICATION IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE. CONSEQUENTLY, TARGETED PREVENTIVE MEASURES CAN BE TRIGGERED EARLY IN LIFE. FOR EXAMPLE, TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE DEMONSTRATES POSITIVE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS IN INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM XEROSTOMIA. FOR IN-DEPTH DIAGNOSTICS, EPI/GENETIC REGULATIONS INVOLVED INTO PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF HYPOSALIVATION IN FS-AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED AT MOLECULAR LEVEL. IDENTIFIED BIOMARKER PANELS MIGHT BE OF GREAT CLINICAL UTILITY FOR PREDICTIVE DIAGNOSTICS AND PATIENT STRATIFICATION THAT, FURTHER, WOULD SUFFICIENTLY IMPROVE PERSONALISED CARE TO THE PATIENT.	2018	

7   107  44 A REVIEW OF PRE-CLINICAL MODELS FOR GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI) IS A CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOMATIC DISORDER THAT AFFLICTS OVER 1/3RD OF THE 1991 GW VETERANS. IT SPANS MULTIPLE BODILY SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS ITSELF AS A SYNDROME EXHIBITING DIVERSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, MOOD, AND MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION DEFICITS, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN GW VETERANS. THE ETIOLOGY OF GWI IS COMPLEX AND MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING CHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS PRESENT IN THE GW ARENA, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT. IT HAS BEEN OVER 30 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE GW BUT, GWI HAS BEEN PERSISTENT IN SUFFERING VETERANS WHO ARE ALSO DEALING WITH PAUCITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE MULTIFACTORIAL ASPECT OF GWI ALONG WITH GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA SURROUNDING WAR-TIME EXPOSURES HAVE PROVED TO BE CHALLENGING IN DEVELOPING PRE-CLINICAL MODELS OF GWI. DESPITE THIS, OVER A DOZEN GWI ANIMAL MODELS EXIST IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, FOLLOWING A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF GW HISTORY, GWI DEFINITIONS, AND PROBABLE CAUSES FOR ITS PATHOGENESIS, WE WILL EXPAND UPON VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED IN GWI LABORATORY RESEARCH. THESE ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR ATTEMPTS AT MIMICKING GW-RELATED EXPOSURES WITH REGARDS TO THE VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, DOSES, AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURES. WE WILL DISCUSS THEIR ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN MODELING GWI FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION OF BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN THESE MODELS. THE MECHANISTIC DATA OBTAINED FROM THESE PRECLINICAL STUDIES HAVE OFFERED MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID DISTURBANCES, CALCIUM HOMEOSTATIC ALTERATIONS, CHANGES IN GUT MICROBIOTA, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AMONGST OTHERS FOR EXPLAINING GWI DEVELOPMENT AND ITS PERSISTENCE. FINALLY, THESE FINDINGS HAVE ALSO INFORMED US ON NOVEL DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN GWI. WHILE, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE A SINGLE PRE-CLINICAL MODEL THAT COULD EXPRESS ALL THE GWI SIGNS AND EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY REFLECTIVE OF THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN GWI, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF GWI AND EVALUATING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR GWI.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  6478  24 TOPICAL REVIEW: THE EMERGING FIELD OF EPIGENETICS: INFORMING MODELS OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. OBJECTIVE: TRAUMA EXPERIENCED DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE HAS BEEN LINKED TO A NUMBER OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONCERNS. WE HIGHLIGHT MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THE PEDIATRIC TRAUMA LITERATURE TO PROVIDE A MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING THIS ASSOCIATION. METHODS: STUDIES EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA WERE SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED AND SYNTHESIZED INTO A MODEL PROPOSING A CENTRAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN THE WAYS THAT CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES CAN AFFECT HEALTH. RESULTS: EARLY HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS RESPONSE MAY IMPACT INITIAL TRAUMA EXPERIENCE, WITH DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS ON POSTTRAUMA ADJUSTMENT REFLECTED IN POSTTRAUMA NEUROBIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH. CONCLUSIONS: PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS EXPOSED TO TRAUMA IS NEEDED TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE COURSE OF HPA AND IMMUNE PROCESSES AS RELATED TO POSTTRAUMA PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  3463  36 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXES: SEX DIFFERENCES IN REGULATION OF STRESS RESPONSIVITY. GONADAL HORMONES PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT, ACTIVATION, AND REGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. BY INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE AND SENSITIVITY TO RELEASING FACTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND HORMONES, GONADAL STEROIDS HELP ORCHESTRATE THE GAIN OF THE HPA AXIS TO FINE-TUNE THE LEVELS OF STRESS HORMONES IN THE GENERAL CIRCULATION. FROM EARLY LIFE TO ADULTHOOD, GONADAL STEROIDS CAN DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECT THE HPA AXIS, RESULTING IN SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE RESPONSIVITY OF THIS AXIS. THE HPA AXIS INFLUENCES MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS MAKING AN ORGANISM'S RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT APPROPRIATE FOR ITS REPRODUCTIVE STATUS. ALTHOUGH THE ACUTE HPA RESPONSE TO STRESSORS IS A BENEFICIAL RESPONSE, CONSTANT ACTIVATION OF THIS CIRCUITRY BY CHRONIC OR TRAUMATIC STRESSFUL EPISODES MAY LEAD TO A DYSREGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS AND CAUSE PATHOLOGY. COMPARED TO MALES, FEMALE MICE AND RATS SHOW A MORE ROBUST HPA AXIS RESPONSE, AS A RESULT OF CIRCULATING ESTRADIOL LEVELS WHICH ELEVATE STRESS HORMONE LEVELS DURING NON-THREATENING SITUATIONS, AND DURING AND AFTER STRESSORS. FLUCTUATING LEVELS OF GONADAL STEROIDS IN FEMALES ACROSS THE ESTROUS CYCLE ARE A MAJOR FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ROBUSTNESS OF HPA ACTIVITY IN FEMALES COMPARED TO MALES. MOREOVER, GONADAL STEROIDS MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO EPIGENETIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE HPA AXIS EVEN BEFORE PUBERTY. CORRESPONDINGLY, CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL (HPG) AND HPA AXES COULD LEAD TO ABNORMALITIES OF STRESS RESPONSES. IN HUMANS, A DYSREGULATED STRESS RESPONSE IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS SEEN ACROSS MANY NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, AND AS A RESULT, SUCH INTERACTIONS MAY EXACERBATE PERIPHERAL PATHOLOGIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE HPA AND HPG AXES AND REVIEW HOW GONADAL STEROIDS INTERACT WITH THE HPA AXIS TO REGULATE THE STRESS CIRCUITRY DURING ALL STAGES IN LIFE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  2801  22 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  5179  26 PREGNANCY: AN UNDERUTILIZED WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE LONG-TERM MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH-AN APPEAL FOR CONTINUOUS FAMILY CARE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION. PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY UNMASK A WOMAN'S PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES. COMPLICATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY PREDICTED BY FIRST-TRIMESTER ALGORITHMS, AMPLIFY A PRE-EXISTING MATERNAL PHENOTYPE AND ACCELERATE RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING UP TO ADULTHOOD (BARKER HYPOTHESIS). RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VICE VERSA, PREGNANCY DISEASES ALSO INDICATE MATERNAL AND EVEN GRANDPARENT'S RISKS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES (REVERSE BARKER HYPOTHESIS). PUB-MED AND EMBASE WERE REVIEWED FOR MESH TERMS "FETAL PROGRAMMING" AND "PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS COMBINED WITH MATERNAL DISEASE" UNTIL JANUARY 2017. STUDIES LINKING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS TO FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, AND THROMBOTIC RISKS FOR MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE REVIEWED. WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGE, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION, PREECLAMPSIA, PRETERM DELIVERY, OBESITY, EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, SUBFERTILITY, AND THROMBOPHILIA MORE FREQUENTLY DEMONSTRATE WITH ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES, HIGHER FASTING INSULIN, DEVIATING LIPIDS OR CLOTTING FACTORS AND SHOW DEFECTIVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION. THROMBOPHILIA HINTS TO THROMBOTIC RISKS IN LATER LIFE. PREGNANCY ABNORMALITIES CORRELATE WITH FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS AND EARLIER MORTALITY. CONVERSELY, WOMEN WITH A NORMAL PREGNANCY HAVE LOWER RATES OF SUBSEQUENT DISEASES THAN THE GENERAL FEMALE POPULATION CREATING THE TERM: "PREGNANCY AS A WINDOW FOR FUTURE HEALTH." ALTHOUGH THE PLACENTA WORKS AS A GATEKEEPER, MANY PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS MAY LEAD TO SICKNESS AND EARLIER DEATH IN LATER LIFE WHEN THE CHILD BECOMES AN ADULT. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MISMATCH BETWEEN PRE- AND POSTNATAL LIFE HAVE CREATED THE TERM "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASE." UP TO NOW, THE IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, OR THROMBOTIC RISK PROFILES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED SEPARATELY FOR MOTHER AND CHILD. IN THIS MANUSCRIPT, WE STRIVE TO ILLUSTRATE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH, FETUS AND MOTHER WITHIN A COHESIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THUS TRY TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS FOR LONG-TERM HEALTH OF SOCIETIES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE SPECIALISTS SHOULD HAVE A KEY ROLE IN THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY IMPLEMENTING A FRAMEWORK FOR PATIENT CONSULTATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORKS. HEALTH-CARE PROVIDERS AND POLICY MAKERS SHOULD INCREASINGLY INVEST IN A STRATIFIED PRIMARY PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP TO REDUCE THE INCREASING NUMBER OF MANIFEST CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES AND TO PREVENT WASTE OF HEALTH-CARE RESOURCES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12  6668  35 URGENT NEEDS OF CAREGIVING IN AGEING POPULATIONS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND OTHER CHRONIC CONDITIONS: SUPPORT OUR LOVED ONES. THE AGEING PROCESS BEGINS AT BIRTH. IT IS A LIFE-LONG PROCESS, AND ITS EXACT ORIGINS ARE STILL UNKNOWN. SEVERAL HYPOTHESES ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE THE NORMAL AGEING PROCESS, INCLUDING HORMONAL IMBALANCE, FORMATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, DNA METHYLATION & DNA DAMAGE ACCUMULATION, LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, SENESCENCE, INFLAMMATION, AND STEM CELL DEPLETION. WITH INCREASED LIFESPAN IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS, THE PREVALENCE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES INCLUDING, CANCER, DIABETES, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, ALZHEIMER'S, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND RELATED DEMENTIAS, PARKINSON'S, AND OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES ARE INCREASED. THESE INCREASED AGE-RELATED ILLNESSES, PUT TREMENDOUS PRESSURE & BURDEN ON CAREGIVERS, FAMILY MEMBERS, AND FRIENDS WHO ARE LIVING WITH PATIENTS WITH AGE-RELATED DISEASES. AS MEDICAL NEEDS EVOLVE, THE CAREGIVER IS EXPECTED TO EXPERIENCE AN INCREASE IN DUTIES AND CHALLENGES, WHICH MAY RESULT IN STRESS ON THEMSELVES, AND IMPACT THEIR OWN FAMILY LIFE. IN THE CURRENT ARTICLE, WE ASSESS THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND ITS EFFECT ON BODY SYSTEMS, EXPLORING LIFESTYLE AND AGEING, WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON AGE-RELATED DISORDERS. WE ALSO DISCUSSED THE HISTORY OF CAREGIVING AND SPECIFIC CHALLENGES FACED BY CAREGIVERS IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES. WE ALSO ASSESSED INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO FUNDING CAREGIVING, AND EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE MEDICAL SYSTEM TO BETTER ORGANIZE CHRONIC CARE EFFORTS, WHILE IMPROVING THE SKILL AND EFFICIENCY OF BOTH INFORMAL AND FORMAL CAREGIVERS. WE ALSO DISCUSSED THE ROLE OF CAREGIVING IN END-OF-LIFE CARE. OUR CRITICAL ANALYSIS STRONGLY SUGGESTS THAT THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR CAREGIVING IN AGED POPULATIONS AND SUPPORT FROM LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL AGENCIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  3786  32 INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD GROWTH AND UNDERNUTRITION. INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE WELL DOCUMENTED. SEVERAL GENERATIONS ARE NECESSARY IN ANIMAL MODELS TO 'WASH OUT' EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION, CONSISTENT WITH THE UNFOLDING OF THE SECULAR TREND IN HEIGHT IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. BIRTHWEIGHT IS CORRELATED ACROSS GENERATIONS AND SHORT MATERNAL STATURE, WHICH REFLECTS INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT GROWTH FAILURE, IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, CHILD STUNTING, DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS AND INCREASED CHILD MORTALITY, EVEN AFTER ADJUSTING FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS. A NUTRITION INTERVENTION IN GUATEMALA REDUCED CHILDHOOD STUNTING; IT ALSO IMPROVED GROWTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION, BUT ONLY IN THE OFFSPRING OF GIRLS. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON LINEAR GROWTH ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, SHARED GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC CHANGES, AND THE MECHANICS OF A REDUCED SPACE FOR THE FETUS TO GROW. THERE ARE ALSO SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AT PLAY THAT ARE IMPORTANT SUCH AS THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF POVERTY AND THE FEAR OF BIRTHING A LARGE BABY, WHICH LEADS TO 'EATING DOWN' DURING PREGNANCY. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THERE IS AN UPPER LIMIT FOR IMPACT ON INTRAUTERINE AND INFANT LINEAR GROWTH THAT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COULD ACHIEVE THAT IS SET BY EARLY CHILDHOOD MALNUTRITION IN THE MOTHER. SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN LINEAR GROWTH CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH ADOPTION AND MIGRATION, AND IN A FEW SELECTED COUNTRIES, FOLLOWING RAPID ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WOULD SEEM, DESPITE CLEAR DOCUMENTATION OF INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS, THAT NEARLY NORMAL LENGTHS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO WERE MALNOURISHED IN CHILDHOOD WHEN PROFOUND IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH, NUTRITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT TAKE PLACE BEFORE CONCEPTION. TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR LEVELS OF IMPACT THROUGH PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES ALONE IN POOR COUNTRIES IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY. THE REALITY IN POOR COUNTRIES LIMITS THE SCOPE, QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF PROGRAMMES THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED AND MODEST IMPACT SHOULD BE EXPECTED INSTEAD. THE LANCET SERIES ON MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION ESTIMATED THAT IMPLEMENTATION TO SCALE OF PROVEN INTERVENTIONS IN HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES WOULD REDUCE STUNTING BY ONE-THIRD; THIS IS PERHAPS A REALISTIC UPPER BOUND FOR IMPACT FOR HIGH QUALITY PROGRAMMES, UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY SWEEPING IMPROVEMENTS IN SOCIAL SERVICES AND MARKED REDUCTIONS IN POVERTY. FINALLY, BECAUSE SO MUCH CAN BE ACHIEVED IN A SINGLE GENERATION, INTERGENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ARE UNLIKELY TO BE AN IMPORTANT EXPLANATION FOR LACK OF PROGRAMME IMPACT AIMED AT THE WINDOW OF THE FIRST 1000 DAYS. FAILURE TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HEALTH AS WELL AS FOR THE FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL. THE NUTRITION TRANSITION HAS CREATED A DOUBLE BURDEN BY ADDING OBESITY AND RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA OF COUNTRIES STILL STRUGGLING WITH THE 'OLD' PROBLEMS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD UNDERNUTRITION. THE CHALLENGE AHEAD IS TO INCREASE EFFORTS TO PREVENT LINEAR GROWTH FAILURE WHILE KEEPING CHILD OVERWEIGHT AT BAY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  4796  25 NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION AS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT? MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN ADDITION TO THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS, VARIOUS OTHER FACTORS, E.G. UNHEALTHY DIETARY HABITS, PLAY A ROLE IN THE MS PATHOGENESIS. DIETARY INTERVENTION IS A HIGHLY APPEALING APPROACH, AS IT PRESENTS A SIMPLE AND RELATIVELY LOW RISK METHOD TO POTENTIALLY IMPROVE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH BRAIN DISORDERS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE REMISSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF CLINICAL STATUS, WELL-BEING AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF PATIENTS WITH MS. THE IMPORTANCE OF SATURATED FAT INTAKE RESTRICTION FOR THE CLINICAL STATUS IMPROVEMENT OF MS PATIENTS WAS POINTED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1950S. RECENTLY, DECREASED RISK OF FIRST CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CNS DEMYELINATION ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER INTAKE OF OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS PARTICULARLY ORIGINATING FROM FISH WAS REPORTED. ONLY FEW CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO ADDRESS THE QUESTION OF THE ROLE OF DIETARY INTERVENTION, SUCH IS E.G. LOW SATURATED FAT DIET IN MS TREATMENT. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY APPROACHES (DIETS LOW IN SATURATED FAT AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS SUCH AS FISH OIL, LIPOIC ACID, OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, SEEDS OILS, HIGH FIBER DIET, VITAMIN D, ETC.) ON NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS, PATIENT'S WELL-BEING, PHYSICAL AND INFLAMMATORY STATUS. SO FAR THE RESULTS ARE NOT CONCLUSIVE, THEREFORE MUCH MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO CONFIRM AND TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN THE LONG TERM AND WELL DEFINED STUDIES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  6406  33 THE SEARCH FOR RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE IN MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES. WHILST FACING A WORLDWIDE FAST INCREASE OF FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGIES, THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY IS ALSO CONFRONTED WITH ANOTHER INHOMOGENEOUS GROUP OF ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED DISABLING CONDITIONS, INCLUDING MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY (MCS), FIBROMYALGIA, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, ELECTRIC HYPERSENSITIVITY, AMALGAM DISEASE AND OTHERS. THESE SHARE THE FEATURES OF POLY-SYMPTOMATIC MULTI-ORGAN CUTANEOUS AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS, WITH POSTULATED INHERITED/ACQUIRED IMPAIRED METABOLISM OF CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL/NUTRITIONAL XENOBIOTICS, TRIGGERING ADVERSE REACTIONS AT EXPOSURE LEVELS FAR BELOW TOXICOLOGICALLY-RELEVANT VALUES, OFTEN IN THE ABSENCE OF CLEAR-CUT ALLERGOLOGIC AND/OR IMMUNOLOGIC INVOLVEMENT. DUE TO THE LACK OF PROVEN PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS GENERATING MEASURABLE DISEASE BIOMARKERS, THESE ENVIRONMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITIES ARE GENERALLY IGNORED BY SANITARY AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS, AS PSYCHOGENIC OR "MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS". THE UNCONTROLLED APPLICATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS NOT CORRESPONDING TO ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF VALIDATION, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL EFFICACY, TO A STEADILY INCREASING NUMBER OF PATIENTS DEMANDING ASSISTANCE, OCCURS IN MANY COUNTRIES IN THE ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES. HERE WE REVISE AVAILABLE INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE ORGANIC NATURE OF THESE CLINICAL CONDITIONS. FOLLOWING INTENSE RESEARCH ON GENE POLYMORPHISMS OF PHASE I/II DETOXIFICATION ENZYME GENES, SO FAR STATISTICALLY INCONCLUSIVE, EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS ARE UNDER INVESTIGATION, IN PARTICULAR FREE RADICAL/ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBANCES. THE FINDING OF RELEVANT ALTERATIONS OF CATALASE, GLUTATHIONE-TRANSFERASE AND PEROXIDASE DETOXIFYING ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATING WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MCS, HAS RECENTLY REGISTERED SOME PROGRESS TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ONSET, PROGRESSION, AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  4711  27 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A ROLE FOR NUTRITION? NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN, PARALLELING THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY WORLDWIDE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PAEDIATRIC NAFLD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT OBESITY, NUTRITION, LIFESTYLE VARIABLES, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY BE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, OBESITY AND NUTRITION ARE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD, WHICH MAY EXERT THEIR ADVERSE HEPATIC EFFECTS ALREADY BEFORE BIRTH. EXCESS ENERGY INTAKE INDUCES HYPERTROPHY AND HYPERPLASIA OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC INSULIN RESISTANCE, WHICH IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR NAFLD. DIET COMPOSITION AND IN PARTICULAR SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE (ESPECIALLY HIGH FRUCTOSE INTAKE) MAY PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, WHEREAS NON-DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES (DIETARY FIBER), BY AFFECTING GUT MICROBIOTA, MAY FAVOUR THE INTEGRITY OF GUT WALL AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION, OPPOSING THIS PROCESS. SATURATED FAT INTAKE MAY ALSO PROMOTE NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, WHEREAS UNSATURATED FAT INTAKE HAS SOME BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. PROTEIN INTAKE DOES NOT SEEM TO AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, BUT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED. IN CONCLUSION, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE WEIGHT LOSS, THROUGH DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF TREATMENT FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD. THE USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, SUCH AS OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND PROBIOTICS, NEEDS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE RECOMMENDATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  3817  30 INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE REVEALED STRONG RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POOR FOETAL GROWTH AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME. PERSISTING EFFECTS OF EARLY MALNUTRITION BECOME TRANSLATED INTO PATHOLOGY, THEREBY DETERMINE CHRONIC RISK FOR DEVELOPING GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE AND DIABETES. THESE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IDENTIFY THE PHENOMENA OF FOETAL PROGRAMMING WITHOUT EXPLAINING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT ESTABLISH THE CAUSAL LINK. ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED AND STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT REDUCTION IN THE AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS DURING FOETAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS AND INSULIN-SENSITIVE TISSUES. WHATEVER THE TYPE OF FOETAL MALNUTRITION, WHETHER THERE ARE NOT ENOUGH CALORIES OR PROTEIN IN FOOD OR AFTER PLACENTAL DEFICIENCY, MALNOURISHED PUPS ARE BORN WITH A DEFECT IN THEIR BETA-CELL POPULATION THAT WILL NEVER COMPLETELY RECOVER, AND INSULIN-SENSITIVE TISSUES WILL BE DEFINITIVELY ALTERED. DESPITE THE SIMILAR ENDPOINT, DIFFERENT CELLULAR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ARE PROPOSED. HORMONES OPERATIVE DURING FOETAL LIFE LIKE INSULIN ITSELF, INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AS WELL AS SPECIFIC MOLECULES LIKE TAURINE, OR ISLET VASCULARIZATION WERE IMPLICATED AS POSSIBLE FACTORS AMPLIFYING THE DEFECT. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING OF THE BETA CELLS ARE STILL ELUSIVE, BUT TWO HYPOTHESES RECENTLY EMERGED: THE FIRST ONE IMPLIES PROGRAMMING OF MITOCHONDRIA AND THE SECOND, EPIGENETIC REGULATION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  5280  28 PROMOTING SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES. ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) DYSFUNCTION MAY BE THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF MANY MS CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING NEURODEGENERATION AND REDUCED RESPONSE TO IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES, DEPRESSION, FATIGUE AND SLEEP DISORDERS, MIGRAINE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CHRONIC CEREBROSPINAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY, THE NEWER MS VASCULAR ETIOLOGY. WE HAVE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WITH THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCING ANS ACTIVITY, AND THE INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS. THIS REVIEW EXPANDS UPON PREVIOUS ONES, DESCRIBING THE PHARMACOLOGICAL, NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL, AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES THAT COULD BE ADOPTED TO PREVENT AND MINIMIZE THE DETERIORATION IN ANS FUNCTION, PROMOTING A STATE OF SYMPATHOVAGAL BALANCE. HOWEVER, THESE STRATEGIES SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED AS "ONE SIZE FITS ALL", BUT SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NATURE AND THE DEGREE OF ANS DYSFUNCTION. THESE STRATEGIES WOULD BE EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING ANS FUNCTION NOT ONLY IN MS, BUT ALSO IN OTHER AUTOIMMUNE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, WHERE THE DYSFUNCTION OF THIS SYSTEM PLAYS A ROLE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19  6329  36 THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THE ROLE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. RELEVANT STUDIES WERE IDENTIFIED VIA MEDLINE (PUBMED) AND PSYCINFO DATABASES PUBLISHED UP TO AND INCLUDING JULY 2015. THIS REVIEW CONTRIBUTES TO A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY LIFE STRESS, AS WELL AS SETTING CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN A BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DISCUSSING NOVEL LONG-TERM PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMATIC EVENTS ARE RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN ADDITION TO A MORE SEVERE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OVER TIME (PRIMARILY AN EARLIER AGE AT ONSET AND AN INCREASED RISK OF SUICIDE ATTEMPT AND SUBSTANCE MISUSE). CHILDHOOD TRAUMA LEADS TO ALTERATIONS OF AFFECT REGULATION, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING THAT MIGHT DECREASE THE ABILITY TO COPE WITH LATER STRESSORS. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA INTERACTS WITH SEVERAL GENES BELONGING TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS [HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION, NEUROPLASTICITY, IMMUNITY, CALCIUM SIGNALING, AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS] TO DECREASE THE AGE AT THE ONSET OF THE DISORDER OR INCREASE THE RISK OF SUICIDE. EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDER. BIOLOGICAL SEQUELAE SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, OR TELOMERE SHORTENING ARE POTENTIAL MEDIATORS OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS, IN PARTICULAR WITH REGARD TO PHYSICAL HEALTH. THE MAIN CLINICAL IMPLICATION IS TO SYSTEMATICALLY ASSESS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDERS, OR AT LEAST IN THOSE WITH A SEVERE OR INSTABLE COURSE. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT YEARS WILL BE TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN CLINICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND ROUTINE PRACTICE, SINCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING THIS SPECIFIC POPULATION ARE LACKING. IN PARTICULAR, LITTLE IS KNOWN ON WHICH PSYCHOTHERAPIES SHOULD BE PROVIDED OR WHICH TARGETS THERAPISTS SHOULD FOCUS ON, AS WELL AS HOW CHILDHOOD TRAUMA COULD EXPLAIN THE RESISTANCE TO MOOD STABILIZERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20    30  39 A BRIEF LOOK AT HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE, ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS, OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE-COULD ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS BE THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SAME COIN? HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE (HD) IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. THE EXACT PATHOMECHANISM BEHIND IT HAS NOT BEEN CLEARLY ESTABLISHED; HOWEVER, AN INTERPLAY OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS (INCLUDING DIET) AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS SEEMS TO BE INVOLVED. AMONG THE LATTER, INCREASINGLY MORE ATTENTION HAS BEEN PAID TO SOME HORMONALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, KNOWN AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED WORLDWIDE. HD HAS BECOME A CONDITION WIDELY REPORTED IN THE MEDIA, ACTING AS A CULPRIT FOR INEXPLICABLE WEIGHT GAIN, CHRONIC FATIGUE OR WEAKNESS. NEVERTHELESS, THE RECOGNITION OF HD IS UNDENIABLY INCREASING AND REPRESENTS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN. AT THE SAME TIME, IMPROVING ACCESS TO IMAGING TESTS HAS INCREASED THE NUMBER OF INCIDENTALLY DIAGNOSED ADRENAL TUMORS. ABOVE ALL, THE WIDESPREAD USE OF CHEST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC HAS CONTRIBUTED TO FREQUENT INCIDENTAL DETECTION OF ADRENAL LESIONS. FORTUNATELY, A VAST MAJORITY OF THESE FINDINGS ARE ASYMPTOMATIC BENIGN TUMORS WITH NO EXCESSIVE HORMONAL ACTIVITY, AND THEREFORE, THEY ARE DEFINED AS ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS (AIS). INTERESTINGLY, RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT PATIENTS WITH AIS ARE MORE PRONE TO OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. ALTHOUGH MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE THYROID AND THE ADRENAL GLANDS HAVE BEEN STUDIED WIDELY, STILL, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE POSSIBLE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THYROID AUTOIMMUNITY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDERS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE FREQUENTLY COEXISTING INSULIN RESISTANCE AND/OR OBESITY. FURTHERMORE, IN RESPONSE TO THE RECENT GROWING INTEREST IN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, WITH THEIR TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT INFLUENCE HORMONAL SYSTEM FUNCTION, A CONCISE OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC HAS ALSO BEEN INCLUDED.	2023