1  4101 78 MDCT AND MR UROGRAM SPECTRUM OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DIAGNOSED IN ADULTHOOD. OBJECTIVE: CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEYS AND URINARY TRACT (CAKUT) ENCOMPASS A SPECTRUM OF ANOMALIES THAT RESULT FROM GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND MOLECULAR SIGNAL ABERRATIONS AT KEY STAGES OF URINARY TRACT DEVELOPMENT. CAKUT CAN BE SEEN INCIDENTALLY ON CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING OF THE ABDOMEN OR CAN BE A CAUSE FOR ADULT-ONSET CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, POSING NEW CHALLENGES FOR NEPHROLOGISTS, UROLOGISTS, AND RADIOLOGISTS. CONCLUSION: AWARENESS OF CAKUT AND FAMILIARITY WITH THEIR IMAGING FINDINGS PERMIT OPTIMAL PATIENT MANAGEMENT AND THOROUGH WORKUP TO PREVENT HYPERTENSION AND PROGRESSION FROM CAKUT TO RENAL FAILURE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO REVIEW THE CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING FINDINGS OF CAKUT THAT MAY PRESENT IN ADULTHOOD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  1055 31 CLINICAL INTEGRATION OF GENOME DIAGNOSTICS FOR CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT. REVOLUTIONS IN GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS ARE CURRENTLY CHANGING THE OUTLINE OF DIAGNOSTICS AND CLINICAL MEDICINE. FROM A NEPHROLOGIST'S PERSPECTIVE, INDIVIDUALS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT (CAKUT) ARE AN IMPORTANT PATIENT CATEGORY: NOT ONLY IS CAKUT THE PREDOMINANT CAUSE OF KIDNEY FAILURE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS, BUT THE STRONG PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT MALFORMATIONS HAS HAMPERED STANDARDIZATION OF CLINICAL DECISION MAKING UNTIL NOW. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH CAKUT MAY BENEFIT FROM PRECISION MEDICINE, INCLUDING AN INTEGRATED DIAGNOSTICS TRAJECTORY, GENETIC COUNSELING, AND PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF DEVELOPMENTAL KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DEFECTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE PRESENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR ETIOLOGY OF CAKUT AND THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE GENOME DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN THE CLINICAL CARE OF PATIENTS WITH CAKUT. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS HOW CLINICAL INTEGRATION OF FINDINGS FROM LARGE-SCALE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDIES MAY IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS OF ALL INDIVIDUALS WITH CAKUT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  6160 33 THE GENETICS AND PATHOGENESIS OF CAKUT. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT (CAKUT) COMPRISE A LARGE VARIETY OF MALFORMATIONS THAT ARISE FROM DEFECTIVE KIDNEY OR URINARY TRACT DEVELOPMENT AND FREQUENTLY LEAD TO KIDNEY FAILURE. THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM RANGES FROM SEVERE MALFORMATIONS, SUCH AS RENAL AGENESIS, TO POTENTIALLY MILDER MANIFESTATIONS, SUCH AS VESICOURETERAL REFLUX. ALMOST 50% OF CASES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE THAT MANIFEST WITHIN THE FIRST THREE DECADES OF LIFE ARE CAUSED BY CAKUT. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF CAKUT ARE GENETIC IN ORIGIN. TO DATE, MUTATIONS IN ~54 GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS MONOGENIC CAUSES OF CAKUT, CONTRIBUTING TO 12-20% OF THE AETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE. PATHOGENIC COPY NUMBER VARIANTS HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE CAKUT AND CAN BE DETECTED IN 4-11% OF PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF CAKUT. THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL CAKUT-CAUSING GENES IS CHALLENGING OWING TO VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY, INCOMPLETE PENETRANCE AND VARIABLE GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE CORRELATION. HOWEVER, SUCH A DISCOVERY COULD ULTIMATELY LEAD TO IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ACCURATE MOLECULAR GENETIC DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT OF PROGNOSIS AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CAKUT, POTENTIALLY INCLUDING PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  4170 20 MEETING REPORT: ISN FOREFRONTS IN NEPHROLOGY ON ENDOTHELIAL BIOLOGY AND RENAL DISEASE: FROM BENCH TO PREVENTION. THIS ISN-SPONSORED FOREFRONT IN NEPHROLOGY MEETING, WHICH HAS BROUGHT TOGETHER 120 SCIENTISTS FROM 21 COUNTRIES, HAS BEEN CONCERNED WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND/OR ITS CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THE FOLLOWING THEMES WERE DISCUSSED IN GREAT DEPTH: (1) PHENOTYPICAL CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM - PERMEABILITY, SENESCENCE, AND APOPTOSIS; (2) REGULATION OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE (NO) SYNTHASE FUNCTION - CAVEOLAR AND SHEAR STRESS MECHANISMS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, S-NITROSYLATION, AND RHO-KINASE REGULATION; (3) OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPOXIA-INDUCED CHANGES; (4) ORGANELLAR DYSFUNCTION - LYSOSOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; (5) NO-INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS OF VASOMOTION - EPOXIDES, HEME OXYGENASE-1 AND CARBON MONOXIDE, THROMBOXANE, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, AND URIC ACID; (6) ENDOTHELIAL CROSSTALK WITH PODOCYTES, MONOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, AND PLATELETS; (7) CANDIDATE CLINICAL BIOMARKERS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION - FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF MACRO- AND MICRO-VASCULAR FUNCTIONS, SURROGATE MARKERS, CIRCULATING DETACHED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND ENDOTHELIAL PRECURSOR CELLS; AND CULMINATED IN ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND ITS TREATMENT OPTIONS. IN CONCLUSION, THIS MEETING HAS FOCUSED ON SEVERAL KEY PROBLEMS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PATHOBIOLOGY RELEVANT TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5   220 29 ACUTE KIDNEY DISEASE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT. ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) INCREASES THE RISK OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AND AKI AND CKD ARE SEEN AS INTERCONNECTED SYNDROMES. ACUTE KIDNEY DISEASE (AKD) IS DEFINED AS SUBACUTE DAMAGE AND/OR LOSS OF KIDNEY FUNCTION OCCURRING 7 TO 90 DAYS AFTER AKI, DURING WHICH PERIOD KEY INTERVENTIONS MAY BE INITIATED TO HINDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF CKD. WHILE AKD IS USUALLY UNDER-RECOGNIZED, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY GLOBALLY. THIS REVIEW ARTICLE AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF AKD WITH THE AIM TO DEVELOP MONITORING STRATEGIES AND THERAPEUTIC AGENTS OF AKD. GENERALLY, AKD TENDS TO OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY IN THE ELDERLY AND THOSE WITH CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. IN ADDITION, THE SEVERITY, DURATION, AND FREQUENCY OF AKI ARE INDEPENDENT RISK FACTORS FOR AKD. INVESTIGATIONS OF SEVERAL MECHANISMS OF AKD, SUCH AS RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIUM CELL-CYCLE ARREST, EPIGENETIC CHANGE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MITOCHONDRIA DYSFUNCTION, FAILED REGENERATION OF TUBULAR CELLS, METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING, AND RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM (RAS) ACTIVATION, HAVE IDENTIFIED ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL PHARMACOTHERAPY TARGETS. MANAGEMENT OF AKD INCLUDES PREVENTION OF REPEATED AKI, EARLY AND REGULAR FOLLOW-UP BY A NEPHROLOGIST, RESUMPTION AND ADJUSTMENT OF ESSENTIAL MEDICATION, OPTIMIZATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL AND NUTRITION MANAGEMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS INCLUDING RAS INHIBITORS. FINALLY, WE OUTLINE A CARE BUNDLE FOR AKD PATIENTS BASED ON IMPORTANT LESSONS LEARNED FROM STUDIES AND REGISTRIES AND IDENTIFY THE NEED FOR CLINICAL TRIALS OF RAS INHIBITORS OR OTHER NOVEL AGENTS TO IMPEDE ENSUING CKD DEVELOPMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  3913 20 LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS AND NUTRITIONAL AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS IN DELAYING THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A REVIEW. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS A DEBILITATING PROGRESSIVE ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS MORE THAN 10% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION. IN THIS LITERATURE REVIEW, WE DISCUSSED THE ROLES OF NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, HYPERTENSION (HTN) AND DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) CONTROL, AND MEDICATIONS IN DELAYING THE PROGRESSION OF CKD. WALKING, WEIGHT LOSS, LOW-PROTEIN DIET (LPD), ADHERENCE TO THE ALTERNATE MEDITERRANEAN (AMED) DIET, AND ALTERNATIVE HEALTHY EATING INDEX (AHEI)-2010 SLOW THE PROGRESSION OF CKD. HOWEVER, SMOKING AND BINGE ALCOHOL DRINKING INCREASE THE RISK OF CKD PROGRESSION. IN ADDITION, HYPERGLYCEMIA, ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, OVER-ACTIVATION OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS), AND OVERHYDRATION (OH) INCREASE DIABETIC CKD PROGRESSION. THE KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES (KDIGO) GUIDELINES RECOMMEND BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) CONTROL OF <140/90 MMHG IN PATIENTS WITHOUT ALBUMINURIA AND <130/80 MMHG IN PATIENTS WITH ALBUMINURIA TO PREVENT CKD PROGRESSION. MEDICAL THERAPIES AIM TO TARGET EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, FIBROSIS, AND INFLAMMATION. CURRENTLY, RAAS BLOCKADE, SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 (SGLT2) INHIBITORS, PENTOXIFYLLINE, AND FINERENONE ARE APPROVED FOR MANAGING CKD. IN ADDITION, ACCORDING TO THE COMPLETED STUDY OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY WITH ATRASENTAN (SONAR), ATRASENTAN, AN ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (ERA), DECREASED THE RISK OF RENAL EVENTS IN DIABETIC CKD PATIENTS. HOWEVER, ONGOING TRIALS ARE STUDYING THE ROLE OF OTHER AGENTS IN SLOWING THE PROGRESSION OF CKD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7  5363 19 RECENT ADVANCES IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASES: FROM KIDNEY INJURY TO KIDNEY FIBROSIS. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF DKD INCLUDES GLOMERULAR HYPERFILTRATION, PROGRESSIVE ALBUMINURIA, DECLINING ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, AND, ULTIMATELY, KIDNEY FAILURE. IT IS KNOWN THAT DKD IS ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC CHANGES CAUSED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA, RESULTING IN GLOMERULAR HYPERTROPHY, GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, AND TUBULOINTERSTITIAL INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. HYPERGLYCEMIA IS ALSO KNOWN TO CAUSE PROGRAMMED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF DKD REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS RECENT ADVANCES REGARDING THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DKD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8  2693 25 EVOLUTION, KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT, AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THERE IS A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) CHARACTERIZED BY A PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF NEPHRONS, ASCRIBED IN LARGE PART TO A RISING INCIDENCE OF HYPERTENSION, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. THERE IS A TEN-FOLD VARIATION IN NEPHRON NUMBER AT BIRTH IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, AND A 50% OVERALL DECREASE IN NEPHRON NUMBER IN THE LAST DECADES OF LIFE. THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF NEPHRON LOSS STIMULATING HYPERTROPHY BY REMAINING NEPHRONS AND RESULTING IN GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS HAS BEEN REGARDED AS MALADAPTIVE, AND ONLY PARTIALLY RESPONSIVE TO ANGIOTENSIN INHIBITION. ADVANCES OVER THE PAST CENTURY IN KIDNEY PHYSIOLOGY, GENETICS, AND DEVELOPMENT HAVE ELUCIDATED MANY ASPECTS OF NEPHRON FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. PARALLEL ADVANCES HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, WITH THE EMERGENCE OF EVOLUTIONARY MEDICINE, A DISCIPLINE THAT PROMISES TO PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS OF CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTAL NEPHROLOGY, AND RECENT PROGRESS IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (EVO-DEVO), ECOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (ECO-DEVO), AND DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) FOLLOWED THE DISCOVERY OF THE HOX GENE FAMILY, THE RECOGNITION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS TO THE CHANGING PHENOTYPE OVER THE LIFE CYCLE, AND MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THE MATURATION OF EVOLUTIONARY MEDICINE HAS CONTRIBUTED TO NEW INVESTIGATIVE APPROACHES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CANCER, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE, AND PROMISES THE SAME FOR CKD. BY INCORPORATING THESE PRINCIPLES, DEVELOPMENTAL NEPHROLOGY IS IDEALLY POSITIONED TO ANSWER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS REGARDING THE FATE OF NEPHRONS FROM EMBRYO THROUGH SENESCENCE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  1477 23 DIVERSE PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF NPHP4 MUTATIONS IN FOUR SIBLINGS. NEPHRONOPHTHISIS (NPHP) IS AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY RENAL TUBULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE DISRUPTION, INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND TUBULAR CYSTS THAT PROGRESSES TO END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE (ESKD). THERE ARE ALSO CHARACTERISTIC EXTRARENAL MANIFESTATIONS. MUTATIONS OF MORE THAN THIRTEEN GENES THAT CAN CAUSE NPHP HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED. WE HEREIN REPORT FOUR SIBLINGS FROM A CONSANGUINEOUS FAMILY, WHO CARRIED THE SAME NPHP4 MUTATIONS BUT PRESENTED WITH DIFFERENT DISEASE PHENOTYPES RANGING FROM ENURESIS NOCTURNA TO ESKD. DILUTED URINE AND ECHOGENIC KIDNEYS IN ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION WERE CONSISTENT, WHICH IS TYPICAL FOR 100% OF THE NPHP CASES THAT HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPED IN THE OLDER TWO BROTHERS. THE OBSERVED PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES ARE LIKELY TO BE RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, OLIGOGENIC INHERITANCE AND MODIFIER GENES AFFECTING THE AGE OF PRESENTATION OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS. NPHP SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF CKD IN CHILDREN, WHICH INSIDIOUSLY PROGRESSES TO ESKD, WITH NO SPECIFIC THERAPY AVAILABLE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  5951 23 TARGETING THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM TO PREVENT HYPERTENSION AND KIDNEY DISEASE OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS. THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) IS IMPLICATED IN HYPERTENSION AND KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEVELOPING KIDNEY CAN BE PROGRAMMED BY VARIOUS EARLY-LIFE INSULTS BY SO-CALLED RENAL PROGRAMMING, RESULTING IN HYPERTENSION AND KIDNEY DISEASE IN ADULTHOOD. THIS THEORY IS KNOWN AS DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD). CONVERSELY, EARLY RAAS-BASED INTERVENTIONS COULD REVERSE PROGRAM PROCESSES TO PREVENT A DISEASE FROM OCCURRING BY SO-CALLED REPROGRAMMING. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE MAINLY SUMMARIZE (1) THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE RAAS IMPLICATED IN RENAL PROGRAMMING; (2) CURRENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE ABERRANT RAAS AND OTHER MECHANISMS BEHIND RENAL PROGRAMMING, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, NITRIC OXIDE DEFICIENCY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS; AND (3) AN OVERVIEW OF HOW RAAS-BASED REPROGRAMMING INTERVENTIONS MAY PREVENT HYPERTENSION AND KIDNEY DISEASE OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS. TO ACCELERATE THE TRANSITION OF RAAS-BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION AND KIDNEY DISEASE, AN EXTENDED COMPREHENSION OF THE RAAS IMPLICATED IN RENAL PROGRAMMING IS NEEDED, AS WELL AS A GREATER FOCUS ON FURTHER CLINICAL TRANSLATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  3399 23 HOW CAN GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS HELP THE NEPHROLOGIST IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS? DISCOVERY OF NOVEL IMPROVED TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS AN IMPORTANT TASK FOR THE NEPHROLOGY COMMUNITY AND IT IS LIKELY THAT SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS, TO A LARGE EXTENT, WILL BE BASED ON GENOMICS. THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE NUMBER OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, MAJOR ADVANCES IN DNA SEQUENCING AND OMICS PROFILING, AND ACCELERATING BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH EFFORTS IN THIS AREA HAVE GREATLY EXPANDED THE KNOWLEDGE BASE NEEDED FOR APPLIED GENOMICS. HOWEVER, TRANSLATING AND IMPLEMENTING GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE DATA INTO GENE-BASED MEDICINE IN CKD POPULATIONS IS STILL IN AN EARLY PHASE AND WILL REQUIRE CONTINUOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS WITH INTEGRATED APPROACHES AND INTENSIFIED INVESTIGATIONS THAT FOCUS ON THE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, WHICH CAUSATIVELY LINK A GENETIC VARIANT WITH THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEW SOME CURRENT STRATEGIES TO UNRAVEL THESE TRANSLATIONAL GAPS AS WELL AS PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC METHODS INTO NOVEL CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12  4329 28 MICRORNAS: A NEW AVENUE TO UNDERSTAND, INVESTIGATE AND TREAT IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY? IGA NEPHROPATHY (IGAN) IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PRIMARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WORLDWIDE. UP TO 30% OF CASES DEVELOP THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF THE DISEASE, EVENTUALLY REQUIRING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY. DIAGNOSIS AND RISK STRATIFICATION RELIES ON AN INVASIVE KIDNEY BIOPSY AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ARE LIMITED, WITH RECURRENCE FOLLOWING RENAL TRANSPLANTATION BEING COMMON. THUS THE QUEST TO UNDERSTAND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IGAN HAS BEEN ONE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. MICRORNAS (MIRS) ARE SHORT NUCLEOTIDES THAT SUPPRESS GENE EXPRESSION BY HYBRIDIZING TO THE 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION OF MESSENGER RNA (MRNAS), PROMOTING MRNA DEGRADATION OR DISRUPTING TRANSLATION. FIRST DISCOVERED IN 1993, MIRS HAVE SINCE BEEN IMPLICATED IN A NUMBER OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS, INCLUDING CANCER, HEART DISEASE AND KIDNEY DISEASE. THE MOUNTING INTEREST IN THE FIELD OF MIRS HAS LED TO FASCINATING DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF NEPHROLOGY, RANGING FROM THEIR ROLES AS BIOMARKERS FOR DISEASE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIR ANTAGONISTS AS AVENUES FOR TREATMENT. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL FOR MIRS IN IGAN IS THUS WELL GROUNDED AND MAY REPRESENT A PARADIGM SHIFT IN CURRENT APPROACHES TO THE DISEASE. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE LITERATURE WITH REGARD TO MIRS AND THEIR ROLES IN IGAN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13  6575 21 TREATMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CURRENT AND FUTURE. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. HOWEVER, ONLY RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM INHIBITOR WITH MULTIDISCIPLINARY TREATMENTS IS EFFECTIVE FOR DKD. IN 2019, SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITOR SHOWED EFFICACY AGAINST DKD IN CANAGLIFLOZIN AND RENAL EVENTS IN DIABETES WITH ESTABLISHED NEPHROPATHY CLINICAL EVALUATION (CREDENCE) TRIAL, ADDING A NEW TREATMENT OPTION. HOWEVER, THE PROGRESSION OF DKD HAS NOT BEEN COMPLETELY CONTROLLED. THE PATIENTS WITH TRANSIENT EXPOSURE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA DEVELOP DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING DKD, EVEN AFTER NORMALIZATION OF THEIR BLOOD GLUCOSE. TEMPORARY HYPERGLYCEMIA CAUSES ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT (AGE) ACCUMULATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AS METABOLIC MEMORY. THE DRUGS THAT IMPROVE METABOLIC MEMORY ARE AWAITED, AND AGE INHIBITORS AND HISTONE MODIFICATION INHIBITORS ARE THE FOCUS OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH. IN ADDITION, INCRETIN-RELATED DRUGS SHOWED A RENOPROTECTIVE ABILITY IN MANY CLINICAL TRIALS, AND THESE TRIALS WITH RENAL OUTCOME AS THEIR PRIMARY ENDPOINT ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING. HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR PROLYL HYDROXYLASE INHIBITORS RECENTLY APPROVED FOR RENAL ANEMIA MAY BE RENOPROTECTIVE SINCE THEY IMPROVE TUBULOINTERSTITIAL HYPOXIA. FURTHERMORE, NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 ACTIVATORS IMPROVED THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE OF DKD PATIENTS IN BARDOXOLONE METHYL TREATMENT: RENAL FUNCTION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE/TYPE 2 DIABETES (BEAM) TRIAL AND PHASE II STUDY OF BARDOXOLONE METHYL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (TSUBAKI) TRIAL. THUS, FOLLOWING SGLT2 INHIBITOR, NUMEROUS NOVEL DRUGS COULD BE UTILIZED IN TREATING DKD. FUTURE STUDIES ARE EXPECTED TO PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  4513 20 MULTI-OMIC APPROACHES TO ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND REPAIR. THE KIDNEY HAS A REMARKABLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY. IN RESPONSE TO ISCHEMIC OR TOXIC INJURY, PROXIMAL TUBULE CELLS CAN PROLIFERATE TO REBUILD DAMAGED TUBULES AND RESTORE KIDNEY FUNCTION. HOWEVER, SEVERE ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) OR RECURRENT AKI EVENTS CAN LEAD TO MALADAPTIVE REPAIR AND DISEASE PROGRESSION FROM AKI TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). THE APPLICATION OF SINGLE CELL TECHNOLOGIES HAS IDENTIFIED INJURED PROXIMAL TUBULE CELL STATES WEEKS AFTER AKI, DISTINGUISHED BY A PRO-INFLAMMATORY SENESCENT MOLECULAR SIGNATURE. EPIGENETIC STUDIES HIGHLIGHTED DYNAMIC CHANGES IN THE CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE OF THE KIDNEY FOLLOWING AKI AND DESCRIBED KEY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS LINKED TO THE AKI RESPONSE. THE INTEGRATION OF MULTI-OMIC TECHNOLOGIES OPENS NEW POSSIBILITIES TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF AKI AND THE DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE AKI-TO-CKD TRANSITION, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF DESIGNING TAILORED DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE AKI OUTCOMES AND PREVENT KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  6648 22 UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) IS A CHRONIC COMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS WHICH MAY EVENTUALLY LEAD TO END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE (ESKD). DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN GLYCAEMIC CONTROL AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT WITH RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) BLOCKADE, THE CURRENT THERAPY CANNOT COMPLETELY HALT DKD PROGRESSION TO ESKD IN SOME PATIENTS. DKD IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE ENTITY IN TERMS OF ITS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND THE RATE OF PROGRESSION, WHICH MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTICS. IT WAS FORMERLY CONSIDERED THAT ALBUMINURIA PRECEDED KIDNEY FUNCTION DECLINE IN DKD, BUT RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES REVEALED THAT A DISTINCT GROUP OF PATIENTS PRESENTED KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION WITHOUT DEVELOPING ALBUMINURIA. OTHER COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS HYPERTENSION, OBESITY AND GOUT, ALSO AFFECT THE CLINICAL COURSE OF DKD. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DKD IS COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING BOTH METABOLIC AND HAEMODYNAMIC FACTORS. THESE INDUCE ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPOXIA, DYSREGULATED AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH RESULT IN KIDNEY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. RECENTLY, TWO GROUPS OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS, SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 (SGLT2) INHIBITORS AND GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) RECEPTOR AGONISTS, WERE DEMONSTRATED TO PROVIDE RENOPROTECTION ON TOP OF THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING EFFECTS. SEVERAL OTHER THERAPEUTIC AGENTS ARE ALSO BEING DEVELOPED AND EVALUATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16  2579 20 EPIGENETICS OF KIDNEY DISEASE. DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS DETERMINE RENAL PROGRAMMING AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF RENAL DISEASE. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE WAY IN WHICH THE RENAL CELL EPIGENOME IS ALTERED BY ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFIERS DRIVING THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF RENAL DISEASES HAS EXTENDED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON CURRENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE IMPLICATIONS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS DURING RENAL DISEASE FROM EARLY DEVELOPMENT TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION INCLUDING RENAL FIBROSIS, DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF IDENTIFYING NEW BIOMARKERS AND TREATMENTS FOR THE PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  5370 14 RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS DEFINED AS ANY CONDITION THAT CAUSES REDUCED KIDNEY FUNCTION OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. FIBROSIS, TUBULAR ATROPHY AND INTERSTITIAL INFLAMMATION ARE THE HALLMARK OF PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN CKD. REGARDLESS OF INITIAL INSULT, CKD HAS SOME COMMON PATHWAYS LEADING CKD TO END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE, INCLUDING HYPOXIA IN THE TUBULOINTERSTITIUM AND PROTEINURIA. RECENT ADVANCES IN GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES AND STEM CELL RESEARCH GIVE GREAT INSIGHTS TO UNDERSTAND THE PATHOGENESIS OF CKD, INCLUDING IDENTIFICATIONS OF THE ORIGINS OF RENAL MYOFIBROBLASTS AND TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS UPON INJURY. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS HYPOXIA, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN RELATION TO CKD ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18  1246 21 CURRENT EPIGENETIC ASPECTS THE CLINICAL KIDNEY RESEARCHER SHOULD EMBRACE. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AFFECTING 10-12% OF THE WORLD'S ADULT POPULATION, IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CONSIDERABLY ELEVATED RISK OF SERIOUS COMORBIDITIES, IN PARTICULAR, PREMATURE VASCULAR DISEASE AND DEATH. ALTHOUGH A WIDE SPECTRUM OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AND/OR SUGGESTED, THERE IS STILL A LARGE GAP OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND THE COMPLEXITY OF THE CKD PHENOTYPE. EPIGENETIC FACTORS, WHICH CALIBRATE THE GENETIC CODE, ARE EMERGING AS IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN THE CKD-ASSOCIATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEW SOME OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND ASPECTS ON THEIR ROLE IN THE PERTURBED URAEMIC MILIEU, AS WELL AS THE PROSPECT OF APPLYING EPIGENOTYPE-BASED DIAGNOSTICS AND PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC TOOLS OF CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO CKD PATIENTS. THE PRACTICAL REALIZATION OF SUCH A PARADIGM WILL REQUIRE THAT RESEARCHERS APPLY A HOLISTIC APPROACH, INCLUDING THE FULL SPECTRUM OF THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AS WELL AS THE VARIABILITY BETWEEN AND WITHIN TISSUES IN THE URAEMIC MILIEU.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19    97 26 A PRIMER ON THE EPIGENETICS OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. DESPITE EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE VARIOUS MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS, IT REMAINS AN UNSOLVED QUESTION WHY THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE VARIES SUBSTANTIALLY FROM PATIENT TO PATIENT, EVEN AMONG PATIENTS WITH COMMON UNDERLYING NEPHROPATHIES AND COMORBIDITIES. POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR DIFFERENT SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS TO DEVELOP END-STAGE RENAL FAILURE INCLUDE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS, WHICH MODIFY HOW INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS RESPOND TO KIDNEY INJURY. HERE WE REVIEW PRINCIPLES OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN CONTEXT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND DISCUSS HOW SUCH INSIGHTS MAY BE UTILIZED FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AND MAY LEAD TO NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS IN THE FUTURE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  1170 28 CONTRIBUTION OF GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS TO PROGRESSION OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) WHICH CAN LEAD TO END-STAGE RENAL FAILURE REMAINS A PRINCIPAL CHALLENGE IN NEPHROLOGY. WHILE MECHANISTIC STUDIES PROVIDED EXTENSIVE INSIGHTS INTO THE COMMON PATHWAYS OF FIBROGENESIS WHICH UNDERLIE THE PROGRESSION OF CKD, THESE PRE-CLINICAL STUDIES FAIL TO FULLY EXPLAIN THE VASTLY DIFFERENT PROGRESSION SLOPES OF INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. RECENT STUDIES PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS DETERMINE THE INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PATIENTS TO DEVELOP CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY DISEASE. HERE, WE REVIEW RECENT INSIGHTS THAT WERE PROVIDED BY GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWASS), GENE-LINKAGE STUDIES AND EPIGENOME ANALYSIS. THE PROGRESSION OF CKD TOWARDS END-STAGE RENAL FAILURE REMAINS A PRINCIPAL UNSOLVED PROBLEM IN NEPHROLOGY AS EFFECTIVE THERAPIES AND PREDICTIVE TESTS ARE STILL NOT AVAILABLE [ 1, 2]. CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY DISEASE IS CAUSED BY A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASES, WITH DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERTENSION AND PRIMARY GLOMERULOPATHIES BEING THE MOST COMMON CAUSES IN THE WESTERN WORLD [ 3]. INFECTIONS, PHYSICAL OBSTRUCTION, INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIDES AND GENETIC CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES ARE ALSO COMMON CAUSES OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) [ 3]. REGARDLESS OF THE PRIMARY UNDERLYING DISEASE, CHRONICALLY INJURED KIDNEYS ARE HISTOMORPHOLOGICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS [ 1]. IN FACT, THE EXTENT OF TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS IS THE BEST PREDICTOR FOR KIDNEY SURVIVAL, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE UNDERLYING DISEASE. FOR THIS REASON, FIBROSIS IS CONSIDERED THE COMMON PATHWAY OF CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY DISEASE [ 1]. FIBROGENESIS IS A PATHOLOGICAL SCARRING PROCESS WHICH INVOLVES ACCUMULATION OF ACTIVATED FIBROBLASTS, EXCESSIVE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, FAILED REGENERATION OF TUBULAR EPITHELIUM, MICROVASCULAR RAREFACTION AND (MOSTLY STERILE) INFLAMMATION [ 4]. FIBROGENESIS DEPENDS ON A COMPLEX INTERACTION OF THE INVOLVED CELL TYPES WHICH IS ORCHESTRATED BY AN EXTENSIVE NETWORK OF GROWTH FACTORS AND SIGNALLING PATHWAYS (WHICH ARE REVIEWED EXTENSIVELY ELSEWHERE) [ 1]. IN VIEW OF THE DETAILED MECHANISTIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE PATHWAYS THAT ORCHESTRATE RENAL FIBROGENESIS, IT IS PUZZLING WHY PROGRESSION RATES OF CKD DIFFER DRAMATICALLY AMONG PATIENTS WITH IDENTICAL UNDERLYING DISEASES [ 1, 2]. THE FIBROTIC PATHWAYS ARE KNOWN, BUT THE SWITCHES THAT CONTROL THEIR INTENSITIES AND WHICH DETERMINE THE SPEED AT WHICH FIBROSIS MOVES ALONG THE PROGRESSION SLOPE ARE NOT YET UNDERSTOOD [ 1, 2]. THE CONCEPT THAT GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS ARE THE BASIS FOR INDIVIDUAL PROGRESSION RATES OF CKD IS AN OBVIOUS AND ATTRACTIVE ONE. DISTINCT SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF DIFFERENT MOUSE AND RAT STRAINS TO EXPERIMENTAL CKD ARE A STRONG TESTAMENT OF THE IMPACT OF GENETIC VARIATIONS ON RENAL FIBROGENESIS. IDENTIFICATION OF THE UNDERLYING GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND MECHANISTIC PROOF OF THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE PROGRESSION OF CKD, HOWEVER, IS AN ONGOING CHALLENGE. THERE ARE TWO BASIC APPROACHES: ONE STRATEGY IS TO PERFORM UNBIASED SCREENING TO IDENTIFY GENES WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY DISEASE AND TO THEN PROVE THEIR MECHANISTIC RELEVANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ('GENOTYPE TO PHENOTYPE APPROACH'). THE SECOND STRATEGY IS TO SELECTIVELY ANALYSE POLYMORPHISMS OF GENES WHICH HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN MECHANISTIC STUDIES AS DRIVERS OF RENAL FIBROGENESIS WITH REGARD TO THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH CKD (PHENOTYPE TO GENOTYPE APPROACH). THE PUZZLING OBSERVATION, HOWEVER, IS THAT GENETIC ANALYSIS AND MECHANISTIC STUDIES SO FAR RARELY COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER. THE CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS IS REVIEWED IN MORE DETAIL BELOW.	2014