1  6612 113 ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE ENHANCES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN PTX-TREATED RATS: REGULATION ON GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. OBJECTIVE: EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING MAY HAVE A POSSIBLE ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT; THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE GLOBAL PATTERNS OF LYSINE HISTONE MODIFICATION. IN THIS SERIAL STUDY WE ANALYZED THE LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 MONOMETHYLATION, HISTONE 3 LYSINE 4 DIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION IN PERTUSSIS TOXIN (PTX)-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIC RAT SPINAL CORDS. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS IMPLANTED WITH AN INTRATHECAL CATHETER RECEIVED A SINGLE INTRATHECAL PTX (1 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION. FOUR DAYS LATER, THEY WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE EITHER A SINGLE INJECTION OF SALINE, OR ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE (15 NG IN 5 MUL SALINE), FOLLOWED BY MORPHINE (10 MUG IN 5 MUL SALINE) INJECTION 30 MINUTES LATER. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT PTX INJECTION INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORDS. INTRATHECAL MORPHINE ALONE DID NOT AFFECT THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE PLUS MORPHINE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED THE PTX-INDUCED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND DOWN-REGULATED THE GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ULTRA-LOW-DOSE NALOXONE MIGHT BE CLINICAL VALUABLE FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT VIA REGULATING GLOBAL HISTONE MODIFICATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2  4913  34 PAIN MODULATION IN WAG/RIJ EPILEPTIC RATS (A GENETIC MODEL OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY): EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN EPILEPSY AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT. ABOUT THAT, WE STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF THE NATURAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE (BUT) IN COMPARISON WITH VALPROIC ACID (VPA) IN A VALIDATED GENETIC MODEL OF GENERALIZED ABSENCE EPILEPSY AND EPILEPTOGENESIS. WAG/RIJ RATS WERE TREATED WITH BUT (30 MG/KG), VPA (300 MG/KG), AND THEIR COMBINATION (BUT + VPA) DAILY PER OS FOR 6 MONTHS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED AT RANDALL-SELITTO, VON FREY, HOT PLATE, AND TAIL FLICK TESTS AFTER 1, 3, AND 6 MONTHS OF TREATMENT TO EVALUATE HYPERSENSITIVITY TO NOXIOUS AND NON-NOXIUOUS STIMULI. MOREOVER, PPAR-GAMMA (G3335 1 MG/KG), GABA-B (CGP35348 80 MG/KG), AND OPIOID (NALOXONE 1 MG/KG) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTRATED TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ANALGESIC ACTIVITY. THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB, GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, AND PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS ALSO EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. WAG/RIJ RATS SHOWED AN ALTERED PAIN THRESHOLD THROUGHOUT THE STUDY (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA TREATMENT REDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (P < 0.01). VPA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTIVE ONLY AFTER 1 MONTH (P < 0.01). ALL THE THREE RECEPTORS ARE INVOLVED IN BUT + VPA EFFECTS (P < 0.001). BUT AND BUT + VPA DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF NFKB AND ENHANCED GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (P < 0.01); PROTEIN OXIDATION (CARBONYLATION) WAS REDUCED (P < 0.01). NO EFFECT WAS REPORTED WITH VPA. IN CONCLUSION BUT, ALONE OR IN COADMINISTRATION WITH VPA, IS A VALUABLE CANDIDATE FOR MANAGING THE EPILEPSY-RELATED PERSISTENT PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  1559  35 DNA METHYLATION MODULATES NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION. DNA METHYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CONTROLLING DNA ACCESSIBILITY AND GENE EXPRESSION. BLOCKADE OF DNA METHYLATION CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT PAIN BEHAVIORS IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION WITH REGARD TO POSTOPERATIVE PAIN HAS NOT YET BEEN EXPLORED. IN THIS STUDY WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MODULATING INCISIONAL PAIN AND IDENTIFY POSSIBLE TARGETS UNDER DNA METHYLATION AND CONTRIBUTING TO INCISIONAL PAIN. DNA METHYLTRANFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY. AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE ALSO REDUCED HINDPAW SWELLING AFTER INCISION, SUGGESTING AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND DNMT3B EXPRESSION WERE INCREASED IN SKIN AFTER INCISION, BUT NONE OF DNMT1, DNMT3A OR DNMT3B WAS ALTERED IN SPINAL CORD OR DRG. THE EXPRESSION OF PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN POMC ENCODING BETA-ENDORPHIN AND OPRM1 ENCODING THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR WERE UPREGULATED PERIPHERALLY AFTER INCISION; MOREOVER, OPRM1 EXPRESSION WAS FURTHER INCREASED UNDER DNMT INHIBITOR TREATMENT. FINALLY, LOCAL PERIPHERAL INJECTION OF THE OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST NALOXONE SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION IS FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT TO INCISIONAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, AND THAT MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR SIGNALING MIGHT BE ONE METHYLATION REGULATED PATHWAY CONTROLLING SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  2363  38 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CORD GENE EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTES TO ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE SUBSEQUENT TO CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. BACKGROUND: OPIOIDS HAVE BECOME THE MAINSTAY FOR TREATMENT OF MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN AND ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT SURGICAL PAIN. WHILE OPIOID ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND TOLERANCE, INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OPIOID ADMINISTRATION AND SURGERY WITH RESPECT TO THESE PROBLEMATIC ADAPTATIONS HAVE SCARCELY BEEN ADDRESSED. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS OPIOIDS AND NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALING MAY CONVERGE ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN SPINAL CORD TO ENHANCE OR PROLONG NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF (BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR) AND PDYN (PRODYNORPHIN) GENES MAY BE INVOLVED. RESULTS: FOUR DAYS OF ASCENDING DOSES OF MORPHINE TREATMENT CAUSED OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY IN MICE. BOTH OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND THE REDUCED OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFICACY WERE ENHANCED IN MICE THAT RECEIVED HINDPAW INCISIONS. THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND PDYN (QPCR) WAS INCREASED AFTER MORPHINE TREATMENT AND INCISION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PDYN AND BDNF PROMOTERS WERE MORE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ACETYLATED H3K9 AFTER MORPHINE PLUS INCISION THAN IN THE MORPHINE OR INCISION ALONE GROUPS. SELECTIVE TROPOMYOSIN-RELATED KINASE B (ANA-12) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE) ANTAGONISTS WERE ADMINISTERED INTRATHECALLY, BOTH REDUCED HYPERALGESIA ONE OR THREE DAYS AFTER SURGERY. ADMINISTRATION OF ANA-12 OR NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE ATTENUATED THE DECREASED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFICACY ON DAY 1, BUT ONLY NOR-BINALTORPHIMINE WAS EFFECTIVE ON DAY 3 AFTER INCISION IN OPIOID-EXPOSED GROUP. COADMINISTRATION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ANACARDIC ACID DAILY WITH MORPHINE BLOCKED THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA AND ATTENUATED INCISION-ENHANCED HYPERALGESIA IN MORPHINE-TREATED MICE. ANACARDIC ACID HAD SIMILAR EFFECTS ON ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, SHOWING THE INVOLVEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE INTERACTIONS DETECTED. CONCLUSIONS: SPINAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES INVOLVING BDNF AND PDYN MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENHANCED POSTOPERATIVE NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AND ANALGESIC TOLERANCE OBSERVED AFTER CONTINUOUS OPIOID EXPOSURE. TREATMENTS BLOCKING THE EPIGENETICALLY MEDIATED UP-REGULATION OF THESE GENES OR ADMINISTRATION OF TRKB OR KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS MAY IMPROVE THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF OPIOIDS, PARTICULARLY AFTER SURGERY.	2016	

5  4172  28 MELATONIN IMPEDES TET1-DEPENDENT MGLUR5 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION TO RELIEVE PAIN. MELATONIN (N-ACETYL-5-METHOXYTRYPTAMINE)/MT2 RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION REPRESENTS A NOVEL PATHWAY IN THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BECAUSE SPINAL TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1)-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN LINKED TO PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT MELATONIN/MT2-DEPENDENT ANALGESIA INVOLVES SPINAL TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT SPINAL TET1 GENE TRANSFER BY INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF TET1-ENCODING VECTORS TO NAIVE RATS PRODUCED PROFOUND AND LONG-LASTING NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. IN ADDITION, ENHANCED TET1 EXPRESSION, TET1-METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBTYPE 5 (MGLUR5) PROMOTER COUPLING, DEMETHYLATION AT THE MGLUR5 PROMOTER, AND MGLUR5 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS WERE OBSERVED. RATS SUBJECTED TO SPINAL NERVE LIGATION AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION DISPLAYED TACTILE ALLODYNIA AND BEHAVIORAL HYPERALGESIA ASSOCIATED WITH SIMILAR CHANGES IN THE DORSAL HORN. NOTABLY, INTRATHECAL MELATONIN INJECTION REVERSED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION, PROTEIN-PROMOTER COUPLING, PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION, AND PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY TET1 GENE TRANSFER, SPINAL NERVE LIGATION, AND INTRAPLANTAR COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION. ALL THE EFFECTS CAUSED BY MELATONIN WERE BLOCKED BY PRETREATMENT WITH A MT2 RECEPTOR-SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST. IN CONCLUSION, MELATONIN RELIEVES PAIN BY IMPEDING TET1-DEPENDENT DEMETHYLATION OF MGLUR5 IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS THROUGH THE MT2 RECEPTOR. OUR FINDINGS LINK MELATONIN/MT2 SIGNALING TO TET1-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC DEMETHYLATION OF NOCICEPTIVE GENES FOR THE FIRST TIME AND SUGGEST MELATONIN AS A PROMISING THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  5480  49 RESVERATROL REVERSES MORPHINE-INDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATION IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RATS BY REVERSAL HDAC1 EXPRESSION. BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SUBSEQUENT INTRATHECAL (I.T.) INJECTION OF RESVERATROL (30 MUG) SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSES MORPHINE-EVOKED NEUROINFLAMMATION IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RATS. THE PRESENT STUDY EXAMINED THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM. METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS WERE IMPLANTED WITH TWO I.T. CATHETERS, ONE OF WHICH WAS CONNECTED TO A MINIOSMOTIC PUMP AND USED FOR MORPHINE (15 MUG/H) OR SALINE INFUSION FOR 120 HOURS. TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS ON SPINAL CORD EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1), THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), AND TNF RECEPTOR (TNFR) 1 AND TNFR2 DURING TOLERANCE INDUCTION, A TAIL-FLICK TEST WAS PERFORMED PRIOR TO INFUSION AND AFTER 24 HOURS, 48 HOURS, 72 HOURS, 96 HOURS, AND 120 HOURS OF INFUSION. RESULTS: RESVERATROL TREATMENT PRIOR TO MORPHINE CHALLENGE RESTORED THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RATS AND REVERSED THE MORPHINE INFUSION-INDUCED INCREASE IN HDAC1, TNF-ALPHA, AND TNFR1 EXPRESSION. MOREOVER, CHRONIC MORPHINE INFUSION INCREASED TNFR1-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION IN NEURON IN MORPHINE-TOLERANT RAT SPINAL CORDS, AND THIS EFFECT WAS ALMOST COMPLETELY INHIBITED BY RESVERATROL TREATMENT PRIOR TO MORPHINE CHALLENGE. CONCLUSION: RESVERATROL RESTORES THE ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE BY REVERSING MORPHINE INFUSION-INDUCED SPINAL CORD NEUROINFLAMMATION AND INCREASE IN TNFR1 EXPRESSION. THE REVERSAL OF THE MORPHINE-INDUCED INCREASE IN TNFR1 EXPRESSION BY RESVERATROL IS PARTIALLY DUE TO REVERSAL OF THE MORPHINE INFUSION-INDUCED INCREASE IN HDAC1 EXPRESSION. RESVERATROL PRETREATMENT CAN BE USED AS AN ADJUVANT IN CLINICAL PAIN MANAGEMENT FOR PATIENTS WHO NEED LONG-TERM MORPHINE TREATMENT OR WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  2751  30 EXPRESSION OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND ACETYL-HISTONE H4 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RAT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. AIMS: HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION ARE TWO HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE USUALLY CONTROLLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). ALTHOUGH HATS OR HDACS INHIBITORS COULD RELIEVE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN ANIMAL MODELS, IT IS NOT CLEAR ON THE EXPRESSION OF GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OR SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MAIN METHODS: A SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL)-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL AND A COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA)-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL IN RATS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE EXPRESSION OF TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H4 (ACH4) BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OR WESTERN BLOT. KEY FINDINGS: ACH3 AND ACH4 NOT ONLY LOCALIZED IN NEURONAL NUCLEI, BUT ALSO IN NUCLEI OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE DRG. UNILATERAL SNL INDUCED THE INCREASE OF ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED LUMBAR 5 (L5) DRG, BUT NOT IN THE UNINJURED L5 DRG OR THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, WHILE UNILATERAL INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA INCREASED ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 SPINAL DORSAL HORN, BUT NOT IN THE L4/5 DRG. SIGNIFICANCE: THESE RESULTS PROVIDE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL CORD AND INDICATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. MORE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON THE TARGET GENES NEED TO BE REVEALED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8  4850  25 OPIOIDS AND OPIOID RECEPTORS; UNDERSTANDING PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AS A KEY TO THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES AND MITIGATION OF THE MISUSE CRISIS. OPIOIDS ARE A MAINSTAY IN ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCE THEIR EFFECTS AND SIDE EFFECTS (E.G., TOLERANCE, OPIOID-USE DISORDER AND IMMUNE SUPPRESSION) BY INTERACTION WITH OPIOID RECEPTORS. I WILL DISCUSS OPIOID PHARMACOLOGY IN SOME CONTROVERSIAL AREAS OF ENQUIRY OF ANAESTHETIC RELEVANCE. THE MAIN OPIOID TARGET IS THE MICRO (MU,MOP) RECEPTOR BUT OTHER MEMBERS OF THE OPIOID RECEPTOR FAMILY, DELTA (DELTA; DOP) AND KAPPA (KAPPA; KOP) OPIOID RECEPTORS ALSO PRODUCE ANALGESIC ACTIONS. THESE ARE NALOXONE-SENSITIVE. THERE IS IMPORTANT CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT RELATING TO THE NOCICEPTIN/ORPHANIN FQ (NOP) RECEPTOR, AN OPIOID RECEPTOR THAT IS NOT NALOXONE-SENSITIVE. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE DRIVERS FOR OPIOID EFFECTS AND SIDE EFFECTS MAY FACILITATE SEPARATION OF SIDE EFFECTS AND PRODUCTION OF SAFER DRUGS. OPIOIDS BIND TO THE RECEPTOR ORTHOSTERIC SITE TO PRODUCE THEIR EFFECTS AND CAN ENGAGE MONOMER OR HOMO-, HETERODIMER RECEPTORS. SOME LIGANDS CAN DRIVE ONE INTRACELLULAR PATHWAY OVER ANOTHER. THIS IS THE BASIS OF BIASED AGONISM (OR FUNCTIONAL SELECTIVITY). OPIOID ACTIONS AT THE ORTHOSTERIC SITE CAN BE MODULATED ALLOSTERICALLY AND POSITIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATORS THAT ENHANCE OPIOID ACTION ARE IN DEVELOPMENT. AS WELL AS TARGETING LIGAND-RECEPTOR INTERACTION AND TRANSDUCTION, MODULATING RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND HENCE FUNCTION IS ALSO TRACTABLE. THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAIN AND ALSO SUBSTANCE MISUSE. AS LONG AS THE OPIOID NARRATIVE IS DEFINED BY THE 'OPIOID CRISIS' THE DRIVE TO REMOVE THEM COULD GATHER PACE. THIS WILL DENY USE WHERE THEY ARE EFFECTIVE, AND ACCESS TO MORPHINE FOR PAIN RELIEF IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  5574  24 ROLE OF MICRORNA-143 IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) MRNA AND ITS ENCODING DNMT3A PROTEIN IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG). THIS INCREASE IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENDOGENOUS INSTIGATOR IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES (SUCH AS OPRM1) IN INJURED DRG. HOWEVER, HOW DRG DNMT3A IS INCREASED FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS STILL ELUSIVE. WE REPORTED HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY CAUSED BY THE FIFTH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) DOWNREGULATED MICRORNA (MIR)-143 EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG. THIS DOWNREGULATION WAS REQUIRED FOR SNL-INDUCED DRG DNMT3A INCREASE AS RESCUING MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF MIR-143 MIMICS INTO INJURED DRG BLOCKED THE SNL-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNMT3A AND RESTORED THE SNL-INDUCED DECREASES IN OPRM1 MRNA AND ITS ENCODING MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN INJURED DRG, IMPAIRED SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, AND IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING SNL. MIMICKING SNL-INDUCED DRG MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH DRG MICROINJECTION OF MIR143 INHIBITORS IN NAIVE RATS INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 MRNA AND MOR IN INJECTED DRG AND PRODUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT MIR-143 IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR IN DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN THE DRG UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10  4618  25 NERVE INJURY-INDUCED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPIOID RECEPTORS CONTROLLED BY DNMT3A IN PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS. OPIOIDS ARE THE GOLD STANDARD FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THEIR ANALGESIC EFFECTS ARE UNSATISFACTORY IN PART DUE TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF OPIOID RECEPTORS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. HOW NERVE INJURY DRIVES SUCH DOWNREGULATION REMAINS ELUSIVE. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-TRIGGERED DNA METHYLATION REPRESSES GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW HERE THAT BLOCKING THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DRG DNMT3A (A DE NOVO DNMT) RESCUED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE ENCODING MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (KOR) PROTEINS IN THE INJURED DRG. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE ALSO PREVENTED THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE OPRM1 GENE IN THE INJURED DRG, RESTORED MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE (A PERIPHERAL ACTING MOR PREFERRING AGONIST) ANALGESIC EFFECTS, AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR ANALGESIC TOLERANCE UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR CODING MOR AND KOR IN DRG AND AUGMENTED MOR-GATED NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE FROM THE PRIMARY AFFERENTS. MECHANISTICALLY, DNMT3A REGULATION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION REQUIRED THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 1, MBD1, AS MBD1 KNOCKOUT RESULTED IN THE DECREASED BINDING OF DNMT3A TO THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER AND BLOCKED THE DNMT3A-TRIGGERED REPRESSION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT DNMT3A IS REQUIRED FOR NERVE INJURY-INDUCED AND MBD1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE MOR AND KOR IN THE INJURED DRG. DNMT3A INHIBITION MAY SERVE AS A PROMISING ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR OPIOID USE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11  2365  34 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING IN INCISIONAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MICE. BACKGROUND: THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAYS CONTRIBUTES TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF PAIN SENSITIZATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CONTROLLING CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND GENE EXPRESSION. CHEMOKINE CC MOTIF RECEPTOR 2 (CXCR2) IS A PROINFLAMMATORY RECEPTOR IMPLICATED IN NEUROPATHIC AND INFLAMMATORY PAIN AND IS KNOWN TO BE REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SOME SETTINGS. THE AUTHORS SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING AFTER INCISION. METHODS: GROUPS OF 5-8 MICE UNDERWENT HIND PAW INCISION. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID AND ANACARDIC ACID WERE USED TO INHIBIT HISTONE DEACETYLASE AND HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, RESPECTIVELY. BEHAVIORAL MEASURES OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION AS WELL AS HYPERALGESIC PRIMING WERE USED. BOTH MESSAGE RNA QUANTIFICATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS WERE USED TO STUDY THE REGULATION OF CXCR2 AND LIGAND EXPRESSION. FINALLY, THE SELECTIVE CXCR2 ANTAGONIST SB225002 WAS ADMINISTERED INTRATHECALLY TO REVEAL THE FUNCTION OF SPINAL CXCR2 RECEPTORS AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. RESULTS: SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION. CONVERSELY, ANACARDIC ACID REDUCED INCISIONAL SENSITIZATION AND ALSO ATTENUATED INCISION-INDUCED HYPERALGESIC PRIMING. OVERALL, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 WAS INCREASED IN SPINAL CORD TISSUES AFTER INCISION, AND ENHANCED ASSOCIATION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 WITH THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF CXCR2 AND KERATINOCYTE-DERIVED CHEMOKINE (CXCL1) WAS OBSERVED AS WELL. BLOCKING CXCR2 REVERSED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE MODIFICATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM REGULATING INCISION-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION. THE SPINAL CXCR2 SIGNALING PATHWAY IS ONE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED PATHWAY CONTROLLING EARLY AND LATENT SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  5780  26 SPINAL RNF20-MEDIATED HISTONE H2B MONOUBIQUITYLATION REGULATES MGLUR5 TRANSCRIPTION FOR NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA. TO DATE, HISTONE H2B MONOUBIQUITINATION (H2BUB), A MARK ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION AND ONGOING TRANSCRIPTION, HAS NOT BEEN LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OR MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN STATES. HERE, USING MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS, WE DEMONSTRATED SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ALLODYNIA AND PROVOKED RING FINGER PROTEIN 20 (RNF20)-DEPENDENT H2BUB IN DORSAL HORN. MOREOVER, SNL PROVOKED RNF20-MEDIATED H2BUB PHOSPHORYLATED RNA POLYMERASE II (RNAPII) IN THE PROMOTER FRAGMENTS OF MGLUR5, THEREBY ENHANCING MGLUR5 TRANSCRIPTION/EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN. CONVERSELY, FOCAL KNOCKDOWN OF SPINAL RNF20 EXPRESSION REVERSED NOT ONLY SNL-INDUCED ALLODYNIA BUT ALSO RNF20/H2BUB/RNAPII PHOSPHORYLATION-ASSOCIATED SPINAL MGLUR5 TRANSCRIPTION/EXPRESSION. NOTABLY, TNF-ALPHA INJECTION INTO NAIVE RATS AND SPECIFIC NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY INJECTION INTO SNL-INDUCED ALLODYNIA RATS REVEALED THAT TNF-ALPHA-ASSOCIATED ALLODYNIA INVOLVES THE RNF20/H2BUB/RNAPII TRANSCRIPTIONAL AXIS TO UPREGULATE MGLUR5 EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN. COLLECTIVELY, OUR FINDINGS INDICATED TNF-ALPHA INDUCES RNF20-DRIVED H2B MONOUBIQUITINATION, WHICH FACILITATES PHOSPHORYLATED RNAPII-DEPENDENT MGLUR5 TRANSCRIPTION IN THE DORSAL HORN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HISTONE H2B MONOUBIQUITINATION (H2BUB), AN EPIGENETIC POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION, POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION. HERE, TNF-ALPHA PARTICIPATED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT BY ENHANCING RNF20-MEDIATED H2BUB, WHICH FACILITATES PHOSPHORYLATED RNAPII-DEPENDENT MGLUR5 TRANSCRIPTION IN DORSAL HORN. OUR FINDING POTENTIALLY IDENTIFIED NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERPINNING ABNORMAL NOCICEPTION PROCESSING AND OPENS A NEW AVENUE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ANALGESICS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13  1167  26 CONTRIBUTION OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLION OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS IS RELATED TO GENE ALTERATIONS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (OCT1), A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, CONTRIBUTED TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN CAUSED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE. CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY PRODUCED A TIME-DEPENDENT INCREASE IN THE LEVEL OF OCT1 PROTEIN IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 DRG, BUT NOT IN THE SPINAL CORD. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF OCT1 SIRNA INTO THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 DRG ATTENUATED THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CCI-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, HEAT HYPERALGESIA, AND COLD ALLODYNIA AND IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIA AFTER CCI, WITHOUT AFFECTING BASAL RESPONSES TO ACUTE MECHANICAL, HEAT, AND COLD STIMULI AS WELL AS LOCOMOTOR FUNCTIONS. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS 5 HARBORING FULL-LENGTH OCT1 INTO THE UNILATERAL L4/5 DRG LED TO MARKED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, HEAT HYPERALGESIA, AND COLD ALLODYNIA IN NAIVE RATS. MECHANISTICALLY, OCT1 PARTICIPATED IN CCI-INDUCED INCREASES IN DNMT3A MRNA AND ITS PROTEIN AND DNMT3A-MEDIATED DECREASES IN OPRM1 AND KCNA2 MRNAS AND THEIR PROTEINS IN THE INJURED DRG. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT OCT1 MAY PARTICIPATE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN AT LEAST IN PART BY TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVATING DNMT3A AND SUBSEQUENTLY EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPRM1 AND KCAN2 IN THE DRG. OCT1 MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS AGAINST NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14  4851  35 OPIOIDS ENHANCE CXCL1 EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION AFTER INCISION IN MICE. CHRONIC OPIOID CONSUMPTION INCREASES POSTOPERATIVE PAIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO CHRONIC OPIOID USE AND SURGICAL INCISION MAY BE PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS ENHANCEMENT. THE CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING PATHWAY, IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL PAIN MODELS, IS KNOWN TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED VIA HISTONE ACETYLATION. THE CURRENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING IN OPIOID-ENHANCED INCISIONAL SENSITIZATION AND TO ELUCIDATE THE POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING CXCL1/CXCR2 PATHWAY-MEDIATED REGULATION OF NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION IN MICE. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT GENERATED MECHANICAL AND THERMAL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AND ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY EXACERBATED INCISION-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA. PERIPHERAL BUT NOT CENTRAL MESSENGER RNA LEVELS OF CXCL1 AND CXCR2 WERE INCREASED AFTER INCISION. THE SOURCE OF PERIPHERAL CXCL1 APPEARED TO BE WOUND AREA NEUTROPHILS. HISTONE H3 SUBUNIT ACETYLATED AT THE LYSINE 9 POSITION (ACH3K9) WAS INCREASED IN INFILTRATING DERMAL NEUTROPHILS AFTER INCISION AND WAS FURTHER INCREASED IN MICE WITH CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT. THE ASSOCIATION OF ACH3K9 WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF CXCL1 WAS ENHANCED IN MICE AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT. THE INCREASE IN CXCL1 NEAR WOUNDS CAUSED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE PRETREATMENT WAS MIMICKED BY PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION. FINALLY, LOCAL INJECTION OF CXCL1 INDUCED MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY IN NAIVE MICE, WHEREAS BLOCKING CXCR2 REVERSED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AFTER HIND PAW INCISION. PERSPECTIVE: PERIPHERAL CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING HELPS TO CONTROL NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION AFTER INCISION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CXCL1 EXPRESSION EXPLAINS IN PART OPIOID-ENHANCED INCISIONAL ALLODYNIA IN MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TARGETING CXCL1/CXCR2 SIGNALING MAY BE USEFUL IN TREATING NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIZATION, PARTICULARLY FOR POSTOPERATIVE PAIN IN CHRONIC OPIOID-CONSUMING PATIENTS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
15  2407  36 EPIGENETIC RESTORATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL KV1.2 ALLEVIATES NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS (KV) ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF NEURONAL EXCITABILITY FOR ITS ROLE OF REGULATING RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND REPOLARIZATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT KV CHANNELS PARTICIPATE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THE DETAILED UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE FAR FROM BEING CLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED SIRNA, MIR-137 AGOMIR, AND ANTAGOMIR TO REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN SPINAL CORD AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) OF NAIVE AND CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) RATS. KV CURRENTS AND NEURON EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS WERE EXAMINED BY PATCH-CLAMP WHOLE-CELL RECORDING TO VERIFY THE CHANGE IN KV1.2 FUNCTION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT KV1.2 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN (SDH) BY CCI. KNOCKDOWN OF KV1.2 BY INTRATHECALLY INJECTING KCNA2 SIRNA INDUCED SIGNIFICANT MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE RATS. CONCOMITANT WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF KV1.2 WAS AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE MIR-137. THE TARGETING AND REGULATING OF MIR-137 ON KCNA2 WAS VERIFIED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER SYSTEM AND INTRATHECAL INJECTING MIR-137 AGOMIR. FURTHERMORE, RESCUING THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN CCI RATS, ACHIEVED THROUGH INHIBITING MIR-137, RESTORED THE ABNORMAL KV CURRENTS AND EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS, AND ALLEVIATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE MIR-137-MEDIATED KV1.2 IMPAIRMENT IS A CRUCIAL ETIOPATHOGENESIS FOR THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND CAN BE A NOVEL POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  5062  36 PHOSPHATE NIMA-RELATED KINASE 2-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS MEDIATES PACLITAXEL-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: THE MICROTUBULE-STABILIZING DRUG PACLITAXEL (PTX) IS AN IMPORTANT CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND CAUSES PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY AS A COMMON SIDE EFFECT THAT SUBSTANTIALLY IMPACTS THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS. THE MECHANISTIC ROLE FOR NIMA-RELATED KINASE 2 (NEK2) IN THE PROGRESSION OF PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS INTRAPERITONEALLY RECEIVED PTX TO INDUCE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OF ANIMALS WERE MEASURED BY BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES. NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIORS WERE EVALUATED BY VON FREY TESTS AND HOT PLATE TESTS. RESULTS: PTX INCREASED PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE IMPORTANT MICROTUBULE DYNAMICS REGULATOR NEK2 IN DRG NEURONS AND INDUCED PROFOUND NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA. PTX-ACTIVATED PHOSPHORYLATED NEK2 (PNEK2) INCREASED JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3) PROTEIN, A HISTONE DEMETHYLASE PROTEIN, TO SPECIFICALLY CATALYZE THE DEMETHYLATION OF THE REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARK H3 LYSINE 27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3) AT THE TRPV1 GENE, THEREBY ENHANCING TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL VANILLOID SUBTYPE-1 (TRPV1) EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS. MOREOVER, THE PNEK2-DEPENDENT PTX RESPONSE PROGRAM IS REGULATED BY ENHANCING P90 RIBOSOMAL S6 KINASE 2 (RSK2) PHOSPHORYLATION. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL INJECTIONS OF KAEMPFEROL (A SELECTIVE RSK2 ACTIVATION ANTAGONIST), NCL 00017509 (A SELECTIVE NEK2 INHIBITOR), NEK2-TARGETED SIRNA, GSK-J4 (A SELECTIVE JMJD3 INHIBITOR), OR CAPSAZEPINE (AN ANTAGONIST OF TRPV1 RECEPTOR) INTO PTX-TREATED RATS REVERSED NEUROPATHIC ALLODYNIA AND RESTORED SILENCING OF THE TRPV1 GENE, SUGGESTING THE HIERARCHY AND INTERACTION AMONG PHOSPHORYLATED RSK2 (PRSK2), PNEK2, JMJD3, H3K27ME3, AND TRPV1 IN THE DRG NEURONS IN PTX-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. CONCLUSIONS: PRSK2/JMJD3/H3K27ME3/TRPV1 SIGNALING IN THE DRG NEURONS PLAYS AS A KEY REGULATOR FOR PTX THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  2883  19 G9A INHIBITS CREB-TRIGGERED EXPRESSION OF MU OPIOID RECEPTOR IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. NEUROPATHIC PAIN, A DISTRESSING AND DEBILITATING DISORDER, IS STILL POORLY MANAGED IN CLINIC. OPIOIDS, LIKE MORPHINE, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF THIS DISORDER, BUT THEIR ANALGESIC EFFECTS ARE HIGHLY UNSATISFACTORY IN PART DUE TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION OF OPIOID RECEPTORS IN THE FIRST-ORDER SENSORY NEURONS OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. G9A IS A REPRESSOR OF GENE EXPRESSION. WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASES IN G9A AND ITS CATALYZED REPRESSIVE MARKER H3K9M2 ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPRM1, OPRK1, AND OPRD1 GENES IN THE INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. BLOCKING THESE INCREASES RESCUED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA OPRM1, OPRK1, AND OPRD1 GENE EXPRESSION AND MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE ANALGESIA AND PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE-INDUCED ANALGESIC TOLERANCE UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THESE INCREASES REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF THREE OPIOID RECEPTORS AND PROMOTED THE MU OPIOID RECEPTOR-GATED RELEASE OF PRIMARY AFFERENT NEUROTRANSMITTERS. MECHANISTICALLY, NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASES IN THE BINDING ACTIVITY OF G9A AND H3K9ME2 TO THE OPRM1 GENE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCED BINDING OF CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN TO THE OPRM1 GENE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT G9A PARTICIPATES IN THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION OF THE OPRM1 GENE LIKELY THROUGH G9A-TRIGGERED BLOCKAGE IN THE ACCESS OF CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN TO THIS GENE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18    69  26 A MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX-NUCLEUS ACUMENS CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR CIRCUITRY FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN-INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OPIOID REWARD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PERSISTENT PAIN FACILITATES THE RESPONSE TO MORPHINE REWARD. HOWEVER, THE CIRCUIT MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS PROCESS REMAINS AMBIGUOUS. IN THIS STUDY, USING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN MICE, WE FOUND THAT PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN REDUCED THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF MORPHINE CONDITIONING SESSIONS REQUIRED TO INDUCE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE (CPP) BEHAVIOR. THIS DOSE OF MORPHINE HAD NO EFFECT ON THE PAIN THRESHOLD. IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC), WHICH IS INVOLVED IN BOTH PAIN AND EMOTION PROCESSING, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) EXPRESSING NEURONAL ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED IN CCI MICE. CHEMOGENETIC INHIBITION OF MPFC CRF NEURONS REVERSED CCI-INDUCED MORPHINE CPP FACILITATION. FURTHERMORE, THE NUCLEUS ACUMENS (NAC) RECEIVED MPFC CRF FUNCTIONAL PROJECTIONS THAT EXERTED EXCITATORY EFFECTS ON NAC NEURONS. OPTOGENETIC INHIBITION OF MPCF NEURONAL TERMINALS OR LOCAL INFUSION OF THE CRF RECEPTOR 1 (CRFR1) ANTAGONIST IN THE NAC RESTORED THE EFFECTS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN ON MORPHINE-INDUCED CPP BEHAVIOR, BUT NOT IN NORMAL MICE. ON A MOLECULAR LEVEL, IN CCI MICE, CRFR1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN THE NAC BY A HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. LOCAL G9A KNOCKDOWN INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF CRFR1 AND MIMICKED CCI-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO ACQUIRING MORPHINE CPP. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE A PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN AND SPECIFIC MPFC CRF ENGAGEMENT OF NAC NEURONAL CIRCUITS, THE SENSITIZATION OF WHICH FACILITATES BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO MORPHINE REWARD IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN STATES VIA CRFR1S.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  3332  32 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED EMERGENCE OF SYNAPTIC DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTORS AND BEHAVIORAL ANTINOCICEPTION IN PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE EFFICACY OF OPIOIDS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. ALTHOUGH ACTIVATION OF DELTA-OPIOID RECEPTORS (DORS) IN THE BRAINSTEM REDUCES INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PERSISTENT HYPERALGESIA, IT IS NOT EFFECTIVE UNDER PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND THESE CLINICAL PROBLEMS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, BY USING A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN RATS, WE FOUND THAT IN THE BRAINSTEM NUCLEUS RAPHE MAGNUS (NRM), DORS EMERGED ON THE SURFACE MEMBRANE OF CENTRAL SYNAPTIC TERMINALS ON DAY 3 AFTER CCI SURGERY AND DISAPPEARED ON DAY 14. HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS MICROINJECTED INTO THE NRM IN VIVO INCREASED THE LEVEL OF SYNAPTOSOMAL DOR PROTEIN AND NRM INFUSION OF DOR AGONISTS PRODUCING AN ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT IN A NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) SIGNALING-DEPENDENT MANNER. IN VITRO, IN CCI RAT SLICES INCUBATED WITH HDAC INHIBITORS, DOR AGONISTS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED EPSCS. THIS EFFECT WAS BLOCKED BY TYROSINE RECEPTOR KINASE A ANTAGONISTS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT NRM INFUSION OF HDAC INHIBITORS IN CCI RATS INCREASED THE LEVEL OF HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION AT NGF GENE PROMOTER REGIONS. NGF WAS INFUSED INTO THE NRM OR INCUBATED CCI RAT SLICES DROVE DORS TO THE SURFACE MEMBRANE OF SYNAPTIC TERMINALS. TAKEN TOGETHER, EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF NGF ACTIVITY BY HDAC INHIBITORS IN THE NRM PROMOTES THE TRAFFICKING OF DORS TO PAIN-MODULATING NEURONAL SYNAPSES UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS, LEADING TO DELTA-OPIOID ANALGESIA. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT THERAPEUTIC USE OF DOR AGONISTS COMBINED WITH HDAC INHIBITORS MIGHT BE EFFECTIVE IN CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  4160  31 MECP2 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPRM1 GENE IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. OPIOIDS ARE THE LAST OPTION FOR THE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THEIR ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS ARE LIMITED. DECREASED MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) EXPRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THIS. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT NERVE INJURY INDUCED HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER AND AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). THE DOWNREGULATION OF MOR IN THE DRG IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE AUGMENTATION OF MECP2, AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, WHICH COULD RECRUIT HDAC1 AND BIND TO THE METHYLATED REGIONS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER. MECP2 KNOCKDOWN RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF MOR IN INJURED DRG AND ENHANCED THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF MORPHINE, WHILE THE MIMICKING OF THIS INCREASE VIA THE INTRATHECAL INFUSION OF VIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED MECP2 WAS SUFFICIENT TO REDUCE MOR IN THE DRG. MOREOVER, HDAC1 INHIBITION WITH SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID, AN HDAC INHIBITOR, ALSO PREVENTED MOR REDUCTION IN THE DRG OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE, CONTRIBUTING TO THE AUGMENTATION OF MORPHINE ANALGESIA EFFECTS. MECHANISTICALLY, UPREGULATED MECP2 PROMOTES THE BINDING OF A HIGH LEVEL OF HDCA1 TO HYPERMETHYLATED REGIONS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER, REDUCES THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 (ACH3) LEVELS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER, AND ATTENUATES OPRM1 TRANSCRIPTION IN INJURED DRG. THUS, UPREGULATED MECP2 AND HDAC1 IN OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER SITES, NEGATIVELY REGULATES MOR EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG, MITIGATING THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF THE OPIOIDS. TARGETING MECP2/HDAC1 MAY THUS PROVIDE A NEW SOLUTION FOR IMPROVING THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF OPIOIDS IN A CLINICAL SETTING.	2021