1  5572 84 ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: FROM MECHANISM TO INTERVENTION. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IS A CHRONIC AND IRREVERSIBLE HEART COMPLICATION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS, AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC EVENTS INCLUDING EARLY DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, VENTRICULAR DILATION AND SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, EVENTUALLY RESULTING IN HEART FAILURE. DESPITE THESE CHARACTERISTICS, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS LEADING TO DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ARE STILL ELUSIVE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED MICRORNA, A SMALL AND HIGHLY CONSERVED NON-CODING RNA MOLECULE, IN THE ETIOLOGY OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTING A POTENTIALLY NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS BRIEF REVIEW AIMS AT CAPTURING RECENT STUDIES RELATED TO THE ROLE OF MICRORNA IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HEART FAILURE - EDITED BY JUN REN & MEGAN YINGMEI ZHANG.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2   246 33 ADULT STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CARDIAC REPAIR IN PATIENTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION LEADING TO ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE: AN OVERVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM THE RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. BACKGROUND: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) STILL REPRESENT THE LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY WORLDWIDE, DESPITE THE REMARKABLE ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, CARDIAC SURGERY, AND MODERN PHARMACOTHERAPY, PARTICULARLY IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (AMI), CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART FAILURE (HF), CARDIOMYOPATHY (CM), AND THE ASSOCIATED LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) DYSFUNCTION. A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF CARDIOMYOCYTES THAT UNDERLIES ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS WAS PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED IRREVERSIBLE. HOWEVER, CURRENT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE HUMAN HEART HAS SOME POTENTIAL FOR REPAIR, AND OVER THE PAST DECADE, MANY RESEARCH STUDIES HAVE BEEN EXPLORING THE USE OF STEM CELLS (SCS) TO FACILITATE RESTORATION OF MYOCARDIUM. CONSEQUENTLY, THE SAFETY, FEASIBILITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SC THERAPY HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MANY RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS (RCTS), USING DIFFERENT LINEAGES OF ADULT SCS. NEVERTHELESS, THE CLINICAL BENEFITS OF SC THERAPY ARE NOT YET WELL ESTABLISHED. IN THE NEAR FUTURE, UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SCS, PARACRINE FACTORS, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, AND MYOCARDIAL MICROENVIRONMENT, IN THE CONTEXT OF AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT, WILL BE CRUCIAL FOR TRANSLATION OF THIS KNOWLEDGE INTO PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL, LONG-TERM REGENERATIVE SC THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS, IN A GROWING POPULATION OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM PREVIOUS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) LEADING TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONCLUSION: THIS OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ADULT SCS IN TERMS OF THEIR POSSIBLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI, AND/OR SUBSEQUENT HF (DUE TO CHRONIC ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY). THIS REVIEW WAS BASED UPON PUBMED DATABASE SEARCH FOR TRIALS ON SC THERAPY, IN PATIENTS WITH AMI AND HF, AND THE MAIN TIMEFRAME WAS SET FROM 2006 TO 2016.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  4573 16 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT, A LONG NONCODING RNA, IS OVEREXPRESSED DURING DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY DUE TO CHRONIC CHAGAS DISEASE. LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION AT THE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVELS. DYSREGULATION OF THE LNCRNA KNOWN AS MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPT (MIAT) HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. CHAGAS DISEASE CAUSES A SEVERE INFLAMMATORY DILATED CHRONIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (CCC). WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF MIAT IN CCC. A WHOLE-TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF HEART BIOPSY SPECIMENS AND FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED SAMPLES REVEALED THAT MIAT WAS OVEREXPRESSED IN PATIENTS WITH CCC, COMPARED WITH SUBJECTS WITH NONINFLAMMATORY DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY AND CONTROLS. THESE RESULTS WERE CONFIRMED IN A MOUSE MODEL. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MIAT IS A SPECIFIC BIOMARKER OF CCC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  4191 30 METABOLIC LANDSCAPE IN CARDIAC AGING: INSIGHTS INTO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS. CARDIAC AGING IS EVIDENT BY A REDUCTION IN FUNCTION WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY CONTRIBUTES TO HEART FAILURE. THE METABOLIC MICROENVIRONMENT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A HALLMARK OF MALIGNANCY, BUT RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHED LIGHT ON ITS ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS). VARIOUS METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN CARDIOMYOCYTES AND NONCARDIOMYOCYTES DETERMINE CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN THE AGING HEART. METABOLIC ALTERATION IS A COMMON PROCESS THROUGHOUT CARDIAC DEGENERATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE INVOLVEMENT OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN CARDIAC INJURIES, INCLUDING HEART FAILURE AND MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION, HAS BEEN REPORTED. HOWEVER, METABOLIC COMPLEXITY AMONG HUMAN AGING HEARTS HINDERS THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES THAT TARGETS METABOLIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. ADVANCES OVER THE PAST DECADE HAVE LINKED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND FUNCTION WITH THEIR METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING PATHWAY IN CARDIAC AGING, INCLUDING AUTOPHAGY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND MYOCYTE SYSTOLIC PHENOTYPE REGULATION. IN ADDITION, METABOLIC STATUS IS INVOLVED IN CRUCIAL ASPECTS OF MYOCARDIAL BIOLOGY, FROM FIBROSIS TO HYPERTROPHY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, FURTHER ELUCIDATION OF THE METABOLISM INVOLVEMENT IN CARDIAC DEGENERATION IS STILL NEEDED. THUS, DECIPHERING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IMPACTS CARDIAC AGING IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE NOVEL INTERVENTIONS TO PROTECT OR EVEN RESTORE CARDIAC FUNCTION IN AGING HEARTS. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE EMERGING CONCEPTS ABOUT METABOLIC LANDSCAPES OF CARDIAC AGING, WITH SPECIFIC FOCUSES ON WHY METABOLIC PROFILE ALTERS DURING CARDIAC DEGENERATION AND HOW WE COULD UTILIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC AGING.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5  2554 29 EPIGENETICS IN REACTIVE AND REPARATIVE CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS: THE PROMISE OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WIDE SPECTRUM OF HUMAN DISEASES INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CANCER, DIABETES, AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS IS A COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS SEEN DURING CHRONIC AND STRESS-INDUCED ACCELERATED CARDIAC AGING. WHILE ADEQUATE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) PROTEINS IS NECESSARY FOR POST-INJURY WOUND HEALING, EXCESSIVE SYNTHESIS AND ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEIN IN THE STRESSED OR INJURED HEARTS CAUSES DECREASED OR LOSS OF LUSITROPY THAT LEADS TO CARDIAC FAILURE. THIS SELF-PERPETUATING DEPOSITION OF COLLAGEN AND OTHER MATRIX PROTEINS EVENTUALLY ALTER CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS; IMPAIR TISSUE ELASTICITY AND LEADS TO MULTI-ORGAN FAILURE, AS SEEN DURING PATHOGENESIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES, CIRRHOSIS, IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS, AND SCLERODERMA. IN THE LAST 25 YEARS, MULTIPLE STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF ORGAN FIBROSIS AND HIGHLIGHTED ITS MULTI-FACTORIAL GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION. IN THIS MINIREVIEW, WE FOCUS ON FIVE MAJOR EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND DISCUSS THEIR CENTRAL ROLE IN CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HYPERTENSION-INDUCED REACTIVE FIBROGENESIS AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-INDUCED REPARATIVE OR REPLACEMENT CARDIAC FIBROGENESIS. AS MICRORNAS-ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC REGULATORS-CIRCULATE IN PLASMA, WE ALSO ADVOCATE THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC ROLE IN CARDIAC FIBROSIS. LASTLY, WE DISCUSS THE EVOLUTION OF NOVEL EPIGENETIC-REGULATING DRUGS AND PREDICT THEIR CLINICAL ROLE IN THE SUPPRESSION OF PATHOLOGICAL CARDIAC REMODELING, CARDIAC AGING, AND HEART FAILURE. J. CELL. PHYSIOL. 232: 1941-1956, 2017. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  5576 35 ROLE OF MICRORNAS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. THE MORBIDITY OF DIABETES MELLITUS HAS BEEN INCREASING ANNUALLY. AS A PROGRESSIVE METABOLIC DISORDER, CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OCCUR IN THE LATE STAGE OF DIABETES. IN ADDITION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ACCOUNT FOR THE MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG THE DIABETIC POPULATION WORLDWIDE. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM) IS A TYPE OF DIABETIC HEART DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH DCM SHOW SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF HEART FAILURE WHILE NO SPECIFIC CAUSE, SUCH AS CORONARY DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OR OTHER STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASES HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED. THE PATHOGENESIS OF DCM IS COMPLEX AND HAS NOT BEEN WELL UNDERSTOOD UNTIL RECENTLY. MICRORNAS (MIRS) BELONG TO A NOVEL FAMILY OF HIGHLY CONSERVED, SHORT, NON-CODING, SINGLE-STRANDED RNA MOLECULES THAT REGULATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MIRS AND DCM. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, THE ROLE OF MIRS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DCM IS SUMMARIZED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT MIRS CONTRIBUTE TO THE REGULATION OF CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS, CARDIOMYOCYTE APOPTOSIS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, MYOCARDIAL ELECTRICAL REMODELING, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND VARIOUS OTHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF DCM. THESE STUDIES MAY PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO TARGETS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  6413 16 THE STATE OF ART OF REGENERATIVE THERAPY IN CARDIOVASCULAR ISCHEMIC DISEASE: BIOLOGY, SIGNALING PATHWAYS, AND EPIGENETICS OF ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE IS CURRENTLY A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY WORLDWIDE. NEVERTHELESS, THE ACTUAL THERAPEUTIC SCENARIO DOES NOT TARGET MYOCARDIAL CELL REGENERATION AND CONSEQUENTLY, THE PROGRESSION TOWARD THE LATE STAGE OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE IS COMMON. ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EPCS) ARE BONE MARROW-DERIVED STEM CELLS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE HOMEOSTASIS OF THE ENDOTHELIAL WALL IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC ISCHEMIC DISEASE. CALCIUM MODULATION AND OTHER MOLECULAR PATHWAYS (NOTCH, VEGFR, AND CXCR4) CONTRIBUTE TO EPC PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. THE PRESENT REVIEW PROVIDES A SUMMARY OF EPC BIOLOGY WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON THE REGULATORY PATHWAYS OF EPCS AND DESCRIBES PROMISING APPLICATIONS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR CELL THERAPY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8  6374 31 THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTICS. MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE IS THE MOST SERIOUS PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND AN IMPORTANT REASON FOR THEIR HIGH MORTALITY. IN RECENT YEARS, BECAUSE OF THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF SYSTEMIC ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS (E.G., OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME), COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY THESE DISORDERS HAVE ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD ATTENTION. ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS ARE INDEPENDENT OF TRADITIONAL INJURY-RELATED RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS ISCHEMIA, HYPOXIA, TRAUMA, AND INFECTION. AN IMBALANCE OF MYOCARDIAL METABOLIC FLEXIBILITY AND MYOCARDIAL ENERGY DEPLETION ARE USUALLY THE INITIAL CHANGES OF MYOCARDIAL INJURY CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS, AND ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL DESTRUCTION OF THE MITOCHONDRIA ARE THEIR IMPORTANT FEATURES. SPECIFICALLY, MITOCHONDRIA ARE THE CENTERS OF ENERGY METABOLISM, AND RECENT EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT DECREASED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, CAUSED BY AN IMBALANCE IN MITOCHONDRIAL QUALITY CONTROL, MAY PLAY A KEY ROLE IN MYOCARDIAL INJURY CAUSED BY ENERGY METABOLISM DISORDERS. UNDER CHRONIC ENERGY STRESS, MITOCHONDRIA UNDERGO PATHOLOGICAL FISSION, WHILE MITOPHAGY, MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION, AND BIOGENESIS ARE INHIBITED, AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN BALANCE AND TRANSFER ARE DISTURBED, RESULTING IN THE ACCUMULATION OF NONFUNCTIONAL AND DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA. CONSEQUENTLY, DAMAGED MITOCHONDRIA LEAD TO MYOCARDIAL ENERGY DEPLETION AND THE ACCUMULATION OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, FURTHER AGGRAVATING THE IMBALANCE IN MITOCHONDRIAL QUALITY CONTROL AND FORMING A VICIOUS CYCLE. IN ADDITION, IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIA COORDINATE CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IMBALANCE, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE. THESE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCE RAPID PROGRESSION OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO HEART FAILURE OR SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH. TO INTERVENE MORE SPECIFICALLY IN THE MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY METABOLIC DISORDERS, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN THIS CONTEXT IN DETAIL. ACCORDINGLY, PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED. WE ALSO SUMMARIZE THE EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PROVIDE A REFERENCE FOR CLINICAL TREATMENT AND DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  4467 23 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VASCULAR HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM VASCULAR AGING AND CALCIFICATION. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY BEYOND THE AGE OF 65 YEARS, WITH THE VAST MAJORITY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY STEMS FROM A COMBINATION OF GENETIC RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THE BIOLOGIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING. THE PATHOGENESIS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR AGING, AND VASCULAR CALCIFICATION WITH AGING, IN PARTICULAR, IS STILL NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. ACCUMULATING DATA SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC RISK, LIKELY COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND THE PLASTICITY OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO ACQUIRE AN OSTEOGENIC PHENOTYPE ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN REGULATING AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR PATHOLOGY MAY INSPIRE STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTHY VASCULAR AGING. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF CONCEPTS AND MECHANISMS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR DISEASE, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10  6357 31 THE ROLE OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A METABOLIC DISORDER WITH A CHRONIC HYPERGLYCAEMIC STATE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE EXISTENCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, A CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION WITH IMPAIRED CARDIAC CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY AND/OR VALVULAR COMPLICATIONS. DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY CAN LEAD TO HEART FAILURE. SEVERAL PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE AIMED TO DECIPHER THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY. AMONG ALL THE CO-FACTORS, HYPERGLYCAEMIA SEEMS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THIS PATHOLOGY. HYPERGLYCAEMIA HAS BEEN SHOWN TO ALTER CARDIAC METABOLISM AND FUNCTION THROUGH SEVERAL DELETERIOUS MECHANISMS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, ACCUMULATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATED END-PRODUCTS AND UPREGULATION OF THE HEXOSAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY. THESE MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIVATION OF HYPERTROPHIC PATHWAYS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELL APOPTOSIS, FIBROSIS AND CALCIUM MISHANDLING, LEADING TO CARDIAC STIFFNESS, AS WELL AS CONTRACTILE AND RELAXATION DYSFUNCTION. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO DESCRIBE THE HYPERGLYCAEMIC-INDUCED ALTERATIONS THAT PARTICIPATE IN DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE AND PATIENT MORTALITY, AND TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC OUTCOMES OF GLUCOSE-LOWERING THERAPY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11  3344 19 HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS: A MECHANISTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW. ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS), THE MOST COMMON UNDERLYING PATHOLOGY FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY, PROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN LARGE- AND MEDIUM-SIZED ARTERIES. THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM IS IMPORTANT FOR MAINTAINING VASCULAR HEALTH. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IS A CRITICAL EARLY EVENT LEADING TO AS, WHICH IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR STROKE AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THE CRITICAL ROLES OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN REGULATING VASCULAR CELL HOMEOSTASIS AND AS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PRESENT AN UPDATED VIEW ON THE ROLES OF HDACS (CLASS I, CLASS II, CLASS IV) AND HDAC INHIBITORS IN VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND AS. WE ALSO ELABORATE ON THE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND AGENTS IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12  1716 25 DYSREGULATED CD4+ T CELLS AND MICRORNAS IN MYOCARDITIS. MYOCARDITIS IS A POLYMORPHIC DISEASE COMPLICATED WITH INDETERMINATE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, AND REPRESENTS ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING CLINICAL PROBLEMS LACKING SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS AND EFFECTIVE THERAPY. IT IS CAUSED BY A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS, AND CAUSAL LINKS BETWEEN DYSREGULATED MICRORIBONUCLEIC ACIDS (MIRNAS) AND MYOCARDITIS HAVE ALSO BEEN SUPPORTED BY RECENT EPIGENETIC RESEARCHES. BOTH DYSREGULATED CD4+ T CELLS AND MIRNAS PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYOCARDITIS, AND THE CLASSIC TRIPHASIC MODEL OF ITS PATHOGENESIS CONSISTS OF THE ACUTE INFECTIOUS, SUBACUTE IMMUNE, AND RECOVERY/CHRONIC MYOPATHIC PHASE. CD4+ T CELLS ARE KEY PATHOGENIC FACTORS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MYOCARDITIS, AND THE EFFECTOR AND REGULATORY SUBSETS, RESPECTIVELY, PROMOTE AND INHIBIT AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSES. FURTHERMORE, THE RECIPROCAL INTERPLAY OF THESE SUBSETS INFLUENCES THE PATHOGENESIS AS WELL. DYSREGULATED MIRNAS ALONG WITH THEIR MRNA AND PROTEIN TARGETS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN HEART BIOPSIES (INTRACELLULAR MIRNAS) AND BODY FLUIDS (CIRCULATING MIRNAS) DURING MYOCARDITIS. THESE MIRNAS SHOW PHASE-DEPENDENT CHANGES, AND CORRELATE WITH VIRAL INFECTION, IMMUNE STATUS, FIBROSIS, DESTRUCTION OF CARDIOMYOCYTES, ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC FUNCTIONS, AND OUTCOMES. THUS, MIRNAS ARE PROMISING DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN MYOCARDITIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE REVIEW MYOCARDITIS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON ITS PATHOGENESIS, AND PRESENT A SUMMARY OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF DYSREGULATED CD4+ T CELLS AND MIRNAS IN MYOCARDITIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  1785 21 EFFECT OF APABETALONE ON CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN DIABETES, CKD, AND RECENT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: RESULTS FROM THE BETONMACE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CKD AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS INTERACT TO INCREASE THE RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (I.E., CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH, NONFATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR STROKE) AND CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. A MALADAPTIVE EPIGENETIC RESPONSE MAY BE A CARDIOVASCULAR RISK DRIVER AND AMENABLE TO MODIFICATION WITH APABETALONE, A SELECTIVE MODULATOR OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEM. WE EXAMINED THIS QUESTION IN A PRESPECIFIED ANALYSIS OF BETONMACE, A PHASE 3 TRIAL. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: BETONMACE WAS AN EVENT-DRIVEN, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL COMPARING EFFECTS OF APABETALONE VERSUS PLACEBO ON MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AND HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 2425 PARTICIPANTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND A RECENT ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME, INCLUDING 288 PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD WITH EGFR <60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2) AT BASELINE. THE PRIMARY END POINT IN BETONMACE WAS THE TIME TO THE FIRST MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENT, WITH A SECONDARY END POINT OF TIME TO HOSPITALIZATION FOR HEART FAILURE. RESULTS: MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP WAS 27 MONTHS (INTERQUARTILE RANGE, 20-32 MONTHS). IN PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD, APABETALONE COMPARED WITH PLACEBO WAS ASSOCIATED WITH FEWER MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS (13 EVENTS IN 124 PATIENTS [11%] VERSUS 35 EVENTS IN 164 PATIENTS [21%]; HAZARD RATIO, 0.50; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.26 TO 0.96) AND FEWER HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATIONS (THREE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 124 PATIENTS [3%] VERSUS 14 HOSPITALIZATIONS IN 164 PATIENTS [9%]; HAZARD RATIO, 0.48; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.26 TO 0.86). IN THE NON-CKD GROUP, THE CORRESPONDING HAZARD RATIO VALUES WERE 0.96 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.74 TO 1.24) FOR MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND 0.76 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL, 0.46 TO 1.27) FOR HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATION. INTERACTION OF CKD ON TREATMENT EFFECT WAS P=0.03 FOR MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND P=0.12 FOR HEART FAILURE-RELATED HOSPITALIZATION. PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD SHOWED SIMILAR NUMBERS OF ADVERSE EVENTS, REGARDLESS OF RANDOMIZATION TO APABETALONE OR PLACEBO (119 [73%] VERSUS 88 [71%] PATIENTS), AND THERE WERE FEWER SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS (29% VERSUS 43%; P=0.02) IN THE APABETALONE GROUP. CONCLUSIONS: APABETALONE MAY REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CKD AND TYPE 2 DIABETES WHO HAVE A HIGH BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.	2021	

14  2343 23 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS) ARE THE LEADING CAUSE OF HOSPITALIZATION AND DEATH WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THE INCREASED PREVALENCE RATE AND MORTALITY DUE TO CVDS, DESPITE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL APPROACHES FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT, ARE ALARMING TRENDS IN GLOBAL HEALTH. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND MACROPHAGE INFILTRATION ARE KEY REGULATORS OF THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF CVDS. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, POSTTRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND RNA MODIFICATIONS, REGULATE CELL DEVELOPMENT, DNA DAMAGE REPAIR, APOPTOSIS, IMMUNITY, CALCIUM SIGNALING, AND AGING IN CARDIOMYOCYTES; AND ARE INVOLVED IN MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIAC DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. CARDIAC MACROPHAGES NOT ONLY TRIGGER DAMAGING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FORMATION, MYOCARDIAL INJURY, AND HEART FAILURE BUT ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN TISSUE REPAIR, REMODELING, AND REGENERATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE KEY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT INFLUENCE MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CVDS, AND HIGHLIGHT THEIR POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED EPIGENETIC THERAPIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  1712 35 DYSFUNCTIONAL VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM AS A DRIVER OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS: EMERGING INSIGHTS INTO PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT. ATHEROSCLEROSIS, THE CHRONIC ACCUMULATION OF CHOLESTEROL-RICH PLAQUE WITHIN ARTERIES, IS ASSOCIATED WITH A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES INCLUDING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AORTIC ANEURYSM, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, AND STROKE. ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE REMAINS A LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES AND RECENT YEARS HAVE WITNESSED A NOTABLE INCREASE IN PREVALENCE WITHIN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME REGIONS OF THE WORLD. CONSIDERING THIS PROMINENT AND EVOLVING GLOBAL BURDEN, THERE IS A NEED TO IDENTIFY THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS TO DISCOVER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PREVENTING OR MITIGATING ITS CLINICAL SEQUELAE. DESPITE DECADES OF RESEARCH, WE STILL DO NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND THE COMPLEX CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS THAT DRIVE ATHEROSCLEROSIS, BUT NEW INVESTIGATIVE APPROACHES ARE RAPIDLY SHEDDING LIGHT ON THESE ESSENTIAL MECHANISMS. THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM RESIDES AT THE INTERFACE OF SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION AND THE UNDERLYING VESSEL WALL AND PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN GOVERNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES DURING ATHEROGENESIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT EMERGING EVIDENCE THAT IMPLICATES THE ACTIVATED ENDOTHELIUM AS A DRIVER OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY DIRECTING SITE-SPECIFICITY OF PLAQUE FORMATION AND BY PROMOTING PLAQUE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTRACELLULAR PROCESSES, WHICH REGULATE ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION AND TURNOVER, METABOLISM, PERMEABILITY, AND PLASTICITY. MOREOVER, WE HIGHLIGHT NOVEL MECHANISMS OF INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION BY WHICH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS MODULATE THE ACTIVITY OF KEY VASCULAR CELL POPULATIONS INVOLVED IN ATHEROGENESIS, AND DISCUSS HOW ENDOTHELIAL CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO RESOLUTION BIOLOGY - A PROCESS THAT IS DYSREGULATED IN ADVANCED PLAQUES. FINALLY, WE DESCRIBE IMPORTANT FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PRECLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC AND TARGETED THERAPIES, TO LIMIT THE PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN AT-RISK OR AFFECTED PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  4415 29 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION BY INDOXYL SULFATE AND P-CRESYL SULFATE. THE PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS, INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) AND P-CRESYL SULFATE (PCS), ARE CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL VASCULAR TOXINS. ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION, OR THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS IN THE ARTERIES, CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HYPERTENSION, AND IMPAIRED CORONARY PERFUSION IN THE ELDERLY AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND DIABETES. RECENTLY, WE REPORTED THAT BOTH IS AND PCS TRIGGER MODERATE TO SEVERE CALCIFICATION IN THE AORTA AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS OF CKD RATS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE UREMIC TOXINS INDUCE ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, COAGULATION, AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IS CRUCIAL IN IS/PCS-INDUCED ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE ARE LINKED TO THESE EVENTS, SUGGESTING THAT A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE AND LIPID LEVELS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT. ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL, EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH ACT AS THE PRIMARY SENSORS OF CIRCULATING PATHOLOGICAL TRIGGERS, MIGHT BE AS IMPORTANT AS THOSE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROVOKED BY IS AND PCS TRIGGERED OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAY BE CONSIDERED A KEY EVENT IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE ROLE OF MIRNA'S, PHENOTYPIC SWITCHING OF BOTH ENDOTHELIAL AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND NEW TYPES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION RELATED TO PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS ARE PUT FORWARD AND DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17  1157 22 CONTAMINANT METALS AS CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS: A SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IS LINKED TO INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. BEYOND THE EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THAT EXPOSURE TO NONESSENTIAL METALS SUCH AS LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC IS A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WORLDWIDE. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO METALS THROUGH AIR, WATER, SOIL, AND FOOD AND EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC USE. CONTAMINANT METALS INTERFERE WITH CRITICAL INTRACELLULAR REACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS LEADING TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION THAT RESULT IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, HYPERTENSION, EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND CHANGES IN MYOCARDIAL EXCITATION AND CONTRACTILE FUNCTION. LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC HAVE BEEN LINKED TO SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY ARTERY STENOSIS, AND CALCIFICATION AS WELL AS TO INCREASED RISK OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND STROKE, LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE, AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT EXPOSURE TO LEAD, CADMIUM, OR ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DEATH MOSTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES REDUCING METAL EXPOSURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEATH. POPULATIONS OF COLOR AND LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEANS ARE MORE COMMONLY EXPOSED TO METALS AND THEREFORE AT GREATER RISK OF METAL-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. TOGETHER WITH STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES TO PREVENT METAL EXPOSURES, DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SENSITIVE AND SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT MODALITIES, CLINICAL MONITORING OF METAL EXPOSURES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF METAL CHELATION THERAPIES COULD FURTHER DIMINISH THE BURDEN OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ATTRIBUTABLE TO METAL EXPOSURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  1388 19 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  2735 26 EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS THROUGH RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY. CARDIOMYOPATHIES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROTIC REMODELING OF THE HEART, WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF COLLAGEN TYPE I (COL I) DUE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND SUSPECTED EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES. DESPITE THE SEVERITY AND HIGH MORTALITY RATE OF CARDIAC FIBROSIS, CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS ARE OFTEN INADEQUATE, UNDERSCORING THE IMPORTANCE OF GAINING A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE'S UNDERLYING MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS. IN THIS STUDY, THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND NUCLEI IN FIBROTIC AREAS OF DIFFERENT CARDIOMYOPATHIES WERE MOLECULARLY CHARACTERIZED BY RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY AND IMAGING AND COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL MYOCARDIUM. PATIENT SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM HEART TISSUE AFFECTED BY ISCHEMIA, HYPERTROPHY, AND DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY AND ANALYZED FOR FIBROSIS THROUGH CONVENTIONAL HISTOLOGY AND MARKER-INDEPENDENT RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY (RMS). PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTROL MYOCARDIUM AND CARDIOMYOPATHIES WERE REVEALED BY SPECTRAL DECONVOLUTION OF COL I RAMAN SPECTRA. STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE AMIDE I REGION OF SPECTRAL SUBPEAK AT 1,608 CM(-1), WHICH IS A REPRESENTATIVE ENDOGENOUS MARKER FOR ALTERATIONS IN THE STRUCTURAL CONFORMATION OF COL I FIBERS. MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC 5MC DNA MODIFICATION WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN CELL NUCLEI BY MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS. A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN SIGNAL INTENSITIES OF SPECTRAL FEATURES INDICATIVE OF DNA METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN CARDIOMYOPATHIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE 5MC STAINING. OVERALL, RMS IS A VERSATILE TECHNOLOGY IN THE DISCRIMINATION OF CARDIOMYOPATHIES BASED ON MOLECULAR EVALUATION OF COL I AND NUCLEI WHILE PROVIDING INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASES.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CARDIOMYOPATHIES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE FIBROTIC REMODELING OF THE HEART, WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF COLLAGEN TYPE I (COL I). IN THIS STUDY, WE USED MARKER-INDEPENDENT RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY (RMS) TO GAIN A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE'S UNDERLYING MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20   465 35 ARE TARGETED THERAPIES FOR DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY ON THE HORIZON? DIABETES INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART FAILURE APPROXIMATELY 2.5-FOLD, INDEPENDENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND OTHER COMORBIDITIES. THIS PROCESS, TERMED DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, IS CHARACTERIZED BY INITIAL IMPAIRMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) RELAXATION FOLLOWED BY LV CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION REVEALS THAT HUMAN DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LV DAMAGE, INCLUDING CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY, APOPTOSIS AND FIBROSIS, WITH IMPAIRED CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD, ALTHOUGH MULTIPLE FACTORS INCLUDING ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ARE IMPLICATED. DESPITE A RECENT RISE IN RESEARCH INTERROGATING THESE MECHANISMS AND AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, THERE REMAINS A LACK OF SPECIFIC TREATMENT STRATEGIES. HOW THE CHRONIC METABOLIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED IN DIABETES LEAD TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES REMAINS A PERTINENT QUESTION, AND IT IS HOPED THAT RECENT ADVANCES, PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA OF EPIGENETICS, AMONG OTHERS, MAY PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. THIS REVIEW HENCE EXPLORES THE TEMPORAL ONSET OF THE PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND THEIR RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESULTANT DISEASE PHENOTYPE, AS WELL AS BOTH CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE EMERGENCE OF GLUCOSE-OPTIMIZING AGENTS, NAMELY GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS AND SODIUM/GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER (SGLT)2 INHIBITORS THAT CONFER BENEFITS ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, TOGETHER WITH NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES, HIGHLIGHT A NEW AND EXCITING ERA IN DIABETES RESEARCH, WHICH IS LIKELY TO RESULT IN MAJOR CLINICAL IMPACT.	2017