1  1633 146 DO EPIGENETIC EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A MAJOR COMORBIDITY IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY. INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON THE ELUCIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN ADVANCED COPD. WE ASSESSED WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE MAY BE ALTERED IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD, NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, AND MILDLY IMPAIRED MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF MILD COPD PATIENTS WITH WELL-PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION AND IN HEALTHY AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION, MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HTAS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, IN THE VL OF MILD COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY WERE MODERATELY REDUCED, DNA METHYLATION LEVELS DID NOT DIFFER, MIR-1 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE INCREASED AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH BOTH FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN ONE SECOND (FEV1) AND QUADRICEPS FORCE, HDAC4 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE INCREASED, AND MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES WERE NOT DIFFERENT. MODERATE SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A RELEVANT FEATURE IN PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD AND PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION. SEVERAL EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LIMB MUSCLES OF THESE PATIENTS, PROBABLY AS AN ATTEMPT TO COUNTERBALANCE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT ALTER MUSCLE FUNCTION AND MASS. THE STUDY OF PATIENTS AT EARLY STAGES OF THEIR DISEASE IS OF INTEREST AS THEY ARE A TARGET FOR TIMELY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY SLOW DOWN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND PREVENT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF MAJOR COMORBIDITIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2  5334  71 QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN ADVANCED COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND ATROPHY. WE ASSESSED WHETHER QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PROFILE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF SEDENTARY SEVERE COPD PATIENTS (N=41), WHO WERE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO THOSE WITH (N=25) AND WITHOUT (N=16) MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N=19), EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MIRNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING MARKERS, TOTAL PROTEIN AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, IN VL OF ALL COPD TOGETHER AND IN MUSCLE-WEAKNESS PATIENTS, EXPRESSION OF MIR-1, MIR-206 AND MIR-27A, LEVELS OF LYSINE-ACETYLATED PROTEINS AND HISTONES AND ACETYLATED HISTONE 3 WERE INCREASED, WHEREAS EXPRESSION OF HDAC3, HDAC4, SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT-1), IGF-1 (INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1) WERE DECREASED, AKT (V-AKT MURINE THYMOMA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOGUE 1) EXPRESSION DID NOT DIFFER, FOLLISTATIN EXPRESSION WAS GREATER, WHEREAS MYOSTATIN EXPRESSION WAS LOWER, SERUM REPONSE FACTOR (SRF) EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AND FIBRE SIZE OF FAST-TWITCH FIBRES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. IN VL OF SEVERE COPD PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION RATHER THAN PROLIFERATION AND MUSCLE GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING, PROBABLY AS FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PREVENT THOSE MUSCLES FROM UNDERGOING FURTHER ATROPHY. LYSINE-HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES MAY DRIVE ENHANCED PROTEIN CATABOLISM IN THOSE MUSCLES. THESE FINDINGS MAY HELP DESIGN NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES (ENHANCERS OF MIRNAS PROMOTING MYOGENESIS AND ACETYLATION INHIBITORS) TO SELECTIVELY TARGET MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY IN SEVERE COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3  4415  31 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT INDUCE ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION BY INDOXYL SULFATE AND P-CRESYL SULFATE. THE PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS, INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) AND P-CRESYL SULFATE (PCS), ARE CONSIDERED TO BE HARMFUL VASCULAR TOXINS. ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION, OR THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS IN THE ARTERIES, CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HYPERTENSION, AND IMPAIRED CORONARY PERFUSION IN THE ELDERLY AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND DIABETES. RECENTLY, WE REPORTED THAT BOTH IS AND PCS TRIGGER MODERATE TO SEVERE CALCIFICATION IN THE AORTA AND PERIPHERAL VESSELS OF CKD RATS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE UREMIC TOXINS INDUCE ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, COAGULATION, AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IS CRUCIAL IN IS/PCS-INDUCED ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE ARE LINKED TO THESE EVENTS, SUGGESTING THAT A GOOD BALANCE BETWEEN GLUCOSE AND LIPID LEVELS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT. ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL, EFFECTS ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, WHICH ACT AS THE PRIMARY SENSORS OF CIRCULATING PATHOLOGICAL TRIGGERS, MIGHT BE AS IMPORTANT AS THOSE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, PROVOKED BY IS AND PCS TRIGGERED OXIDATIVE STRESS, MAY BE CONSIDERED A KEY EVENT IN THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE ROLE OF MIRNA'S, PHENOTYPIC SWITCHING OF BOTH ENDOTHELIAL AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND NEW TYPES OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN ARTERIAL MEDIA CALCIFICATION RELATED TO PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXINS ARE PUT FORWARD AND DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  4974  30 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LEADING TO MUSCLE LOSS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. LOSS OF MUSCLE PROTEINS IS A DELETERIOUS CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) THAT CAUSES A DECREASE IN MUSCLE STRENGTH AND FUNCTION, AND CAN LEAD TO A REDUCTION IN QUALITY OF LIFE AND INCREASED RISK OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CURRENT TREATMENT STRATEGIES IN PREVENTING OR REVERSING MUSCLE PROTEIN LOSSES IS LIMITED. THE LIMITATIONS LARGELY STEM FROM THE SYSTEMIC NATURE OF DISEASES SUCH AS CKD, WHICH STIMULATE SKELETAL MUSCLE PROTEIN DEGRADATION PATHWAYS WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVATING MECHANISMS THAT IMPAIR MUSCLE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND REPAIR. STIMULI THAT INITIATE MUSCLE PROTEIN LOSS INCLUDE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, INSULIN AND IGF1 RESISTANCE, CHANGES IN HORMONES, CYTOKINES, INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND DECREASED APPETITE. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT SIGNALLING MOLECULES SECRETED FROM MUSCLE CAN ENTER THE CIRCULATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY INTERACT WITH RECIPIENT ORGANS, INCLUDING THE KIDNEYS, WHILE CONVERSELY, PATHOLOGICAL EVENTS IN THE KIDNEY CAN ADVERSELY INFLUENCE PROTEIN METABOLISM IN SKELETAL MUSCLE, DEMONSTRATING THE EXISTENCE OF CROSSTALK BETWEEN KIDNEY AND MUSCLE. TOGETHER, THESE SIGNALS, WHETHER DIRECT OR INDIRECT, INDUCE CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF REGULATORY AND EFFECTOR PROTEINS VIA ALTERATIONS IN MRNAS, MICRORNAS AND CHROMATIN EPIGENETIC RESPONSES. ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE SIGNALS AND PROCESSES THAT MEDIATE MUSCLE LOSS IN CKD AND OTHER MUSCLE WASTING CONDITIONS WILL SUPPORT THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MUSCLE LOSS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5   169  38 ABNORMALITIES OF AMPK ACTIVATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. BACKGROUND: POST EXERTIONAL MUSCLE FATIGUE IS A KEY FEATURE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS). ABNORMALITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN SOME BUT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CFS. TO TRY TO LIMIT POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THIS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL IN VITRO SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS COMPARISON OF AMP KINASE (AMPK) ACTIVATION AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM 10 SUBJECTS WITH CFS AND 7 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, SUBJECTED TO ELECTRICAL PULSE STIMULATION (EPS) FOR UP TO 24H AND EXAMINED FOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE. RESULTS: IN THE BASAL STATE, CFS CULTURES SHOWED INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED IL6 SECRETION DURING DIFFERENTIATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES. CONTROL CULTURES SUBJECTED TO 16 H EPS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN BOTH AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE COMPARED WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS. IN CONTRAST, CFS CULTURES SHOWED NO INCREASE IN AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLUCOSE UPTAKE AFTER 16 H EPS. HOWEVER, GLUCOSE UPTAKE REMAINED RESPONSIVE TO INSULIN IN THE CFS CELLS POINTING TO AN EXERCISE-RELATED DEFECT. IL6 SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO EPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN CFS COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES AT ALL TIME POINTS MEASURED. CONCLUSION: EPS IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR ELICITING MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND THE METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS. WE FOUND FOUR MAIN DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH CFS; INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION IN THE BASAL STATE, IMPAIRED ACTIVATION OF AMPK, IMPAIRED STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND DIMINISHED RELEASE OF IL6. THE RETENTION OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS SUBJECTS POINTS TO A GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND PROVIDES A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  4577  37 MYOSTATIN: BASIC BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL APPLICATION. MYOSTATIN IS A MEMBER OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA SUPERFAMILY. IT IS EXPRESSED BY ANIMAL AND HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WHERE IT LIMITS MUSCLE GROWTH AND PROMOTES PROTEIN BREAKDOWN. ITS EFFECTS ARE INFLUENCED BY COMPLEX MECHANISMS INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND MODULATION BY EXTRACELLULAR BINDING PROTEINS. DUE TO ITS ACTIONS IN PROMOTING MUSCLE ATROPHY AND CACHEXIA, MYOSTATIN HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO COUNTERACT MUSCLE MASS LOSS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS AND PATIENTS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT MUSCLE-WASTING CONDITIONS. MOREOVER, GROWING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT MYOSTATIN, BEYOND TO REGULATE SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH, MAY HAVE A ROLE IN MANY PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE REVIEW MYOSTATIN BIOLOGY, INCLUDING INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR REGULATORY PATHWAYS, AND THE ROLE OF MYOSTATIN IN MODULATING PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS MUSCLE GROWTH AND AGING. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS THE MOST RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE EXTRA-MUSCLE EFFECTS OF MYOSTATIN. FINALLY, WE CONSIDER THE MAIN STRATEGIES DEVELOPED AND TESTED TO INHIBIT MYOSTATIN IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND DISCUSS THE LIMITS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ON MYOSTATIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7  3633  32 INCREASE IN HDAC9 SUPPRESSES MYOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY IN HYPOXIA. EXTREMELY REDUCED OXYGEN (O(2)) LEVELS ARE DETRIMENTAL TO MYOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION AND MULTINUCLEATED MYOTUBE FORMATION, AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HIGH-ALTITUDE HYPOXIA HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SKELETAL MUSCLE ATROPHY. HOWEVER, HOW CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAUSES MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION REMAINS UNKNOWN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT SEVERE HYPOXIA (1% O(2)) SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED THE FUNCTION OF C2C12 CELLS (FROM A MYOBLAST CELL LINE). IMPORTANTLY, THE IMPAIRMENT WAS CONTINUOUSLY MANIFESTED EVEN DURING CULTURE UNDER NORMOXIC CONDITIONS FOR SEVERAL PASSAGES. MECHANISTICALLY, WE REVEALED THAT HISTONE DEACETYLASES 9 (HDAC9), A MEMBER OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE FAMILY, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN C2C12 CELLS UNDER HYPOXIC CONDITIONS, THEREBY INHIBITING INTRACELLULAR AUTOPHAGY LEVELS BY DIRECTLY BINDING TO THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ATG7, BECLIN1, AND LC3. THIS PHENOMENON RESULTED IN THE SEQUENTIAL DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF GSK3BETA AND INACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT PATHWAY, IMPAIRING THE FUNCTION OF THE C2C12 CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HYPOXIA-INDUCED MYOBLAST DYSFUNCTION IS DUE TO ABERRANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY, AND OUR EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE REVEALS THE POSSIBLE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOME MUSCLE DISEASES CAUSED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND SUGGESTS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  4047  42 MAIN PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND RECENT ADVANCES IN COPD PERIPHERAL SKELETAL MUSCLE WASTING. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A WORLDWIDE PREVALENT RESPIRATORY DISEASE MAINLY CAUSED BY TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE. COPD IS NOW CONSIDERED AS A SYSTEMIC DISEASE WITH SEVERAL COMORBIDITIES. AMONG THEM, SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AFFECTS AROUND 20% OF COPD PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS ARE WELL CHARACTERIZED, INCLUDING MYOFIBER ATROPHY, A DECREASED PROPORTION OF SLOW-TWITCH MYOFIBERS, AND A DECREASED CAPILLARIZATION AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION CAPACITY, THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR MUSCLE ATROPHY IS COMPLEX AND REMAINS PARTLY UNKNOWN. MAJOR DIFFICULTIES LIE IN PATIENT HETEROGENEITY, ACCESSING PATIENTS' SAMPLES, AND COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL PROCESS INCLUDING EXTRINSIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKE OR DISUSE, AND INTRINSIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPOXIA, OR SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. MUSCLE WASTING IS ALSO A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS WHOSE INVESTIGATION IS HAMPERED BY THE DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN REGULATION ACCORDING TO THE STAGE OF ATROPHY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE REPORT AND DISCUSS RECENT DATA REGARDING THE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN COPD LEADING TO IMPAIRED MUSCLE MASS, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, HYPOXIA AND HYPERCAPNIA, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, DIVERSE METABOLIC CHANGES SUCH AS OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ALL LEADING TO AN IMPAIRED ANABOLIC/CATABOLIC BALANCE IN THE MYOCYTE. WE RECAPITULATE DATA CONCERNING SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OBTAINED IN THE DIFFERENT RODENT MODELS OF COPD. FINALLY, WE PROPOSE SEVERAL PATHWAYS THAT SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED IN COPD SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN THE FUTURE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  4543  49 MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: UPDATE ON CAUSES AND BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS. RESPIRATORY AND/OR LIMB MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS, CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR DISEASE PROGNOSIS IRRESPECTIVE OF THE LUNG FUNCTION. MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS CAUSED BY THE INTERACTION OF LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS. THE KEY DELETERIOUS ETIOLOGIC FACTORS ARE PULMONARY HYPERINFLATION FOR THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES AND DECONDITIONING SECONDARY TO REDUCED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR LIMB MUSCLES. NONETHELESS, CIGARETTE SMOKE, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, NUTRITIONAL ABNORMALITIES, EXERCISE, EXACERBATIONS, ANABOLIC INSUFFICIENCY, DRUGS AND COMORBIDITIES ALSO SEEM TO PLAY A RELEVANT ROLE. ALL THESE FACTORS MODIFY THE PHENOTYPE OF THE MUSCLES, THROUGH THE INDUCTION OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. WHILE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES IMPROVE THEIR AEROBIC PHENOTYPE (PERCENTAGE OF OXIDATIVE FIBERS, CAPILLARIZATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITY, ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE AEROBIC PATHWAYS, ETC.), LIMB MUSCLES EXHIBIT THE OPPOSITE PHENOTYPE. IN ADDITION, BOTH MUSCLE GROUPS SHOW OXIDATIVE STRESS, SIGNS OF DAMAGE AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. HOWEVER, FIBER ATROPHY, INCREASED NUMBER OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, ALTERED REGENERATIVE CAPACITY; SIGNS OF APOPTOSIS AND AUTOPHAGY, AND AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN ARE RATHER CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE LIMB MUSCLES, MOSTLY IN PATIENTS WITH REDUCED BODY WEIGHT. DESPITE THAT SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS BEEN ACHIEVED IN THE LAST DECADES, FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE SPECIFIC ROLES OF THE TARGET BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS STILL REQUIRED. SUCH AN ACHIEVEMENT WILL BE CRUCIAL TO ADEQUATELY TACKLE WITH THIS RELEVANT CLINICAL PROBLEM OF COPD PATIENTS IN THE NEAR-FUTURE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  2786  26 EZH2 RESTRICTS THE SMOOTH MUSCLE LINEAGE DURING MOUSE LUNG MESOTHELIAL DEVELOPMENT. DURING DEVELOPMENT, THE LUNG MESODERM GENERATES A VARIETY OF CELL LINEAGES, INCLUDING AIRWAY AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ADULT LUNG MESODERMAL LINEAGES ARE THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS DISEASES SUCH AS IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ALTHOUGH THE FACTORS THAT REGULATE EARLY LUNG MESODERM DEVELOPMENT ARE UNKNOWN. WE SHOW IN MOUSE THAT THE PRC2 COMPONENT EZH2 IS REQUIRED TO RESTRICT SMOOTH MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE DEVELOPING LUNG MESOTHELIUM. MESODERMAL LOSS OF EZH2 LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF ECTOPIC SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THE SUBMESOTHELIAL REGION OF THE DEVELOPING LUNG MESODERM. LOSS OF EZH2 SPECIFICALLY IN THE DEVELOPING MESOTHELIUM REVEALS A MESOTHELIAL CELL-AUTONOMOUS ROLE FOR EZH2 IN REPRESSION OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM. LOSS OF EZH2 DEREPRESSES EXPRESSION OF MYOCARDIN AND TBX18, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION FROM THE MESOTHELIUM AND RELATED CELL LINEAGES. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS UNCOVER AN EZH2-DEPENDENT MECHANISM TO RESTRICT THE SMOOTH MUSCLE GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAM IN THE DEVELOPING MESOTHELIUM AND ALLOW APPROPRIATE CELL FATE DECISIONS TO OCCUR IN THIS MULTIPOTENT MESODERM LINEAGE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  2170  77 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SKELETAL (PERIPHERAL) MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF COPD PATIENTS. WHETHER EPIGENETIC EVENTS MAY ALSO REGULATE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE (DIAPHRAGM) OF PATIENTS WITH COPD OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE SPECIMENS (THORACOTOMY DUE TO LUNG LOCALIZED NEOPLASMS) OF SEDENTARY PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE AND SEVERE COPD, WITH PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION, AND SEDENTARY HEALTHY CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), TOTAL DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CLINICALLY EVALUATED: LUNG AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, PATIENTS EXHIBITED MODERATE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY, AND REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE AND TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC STRENGTH. MOREOVER, IN THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (MEF)2C PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER, AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN THE MAIN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE OF COPD PATIENTS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY AND NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MEF2C LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED. IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS ACT AS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO BETTER OVERCOME THE CONTINUOUS INSPIRATORY LOADS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN COPD. THESE FINDINGS MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  2378  24 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PHENOTYPE SWITCHING IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC ARTERY REMODELING: A MINI-REVIEW. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY EXTENSIVE REMODELING OF MEDIUM AND LARGE-SIZED ARTERIES. INWARD REMODELING (=LUMEN SHRINKAGE) OF THE VASCULAR WALLS IS THE UNDERLYING CAUSE FOR ISCHEMIA IN TARGET ORGANS. THEREFORE, INWARD REMODELING CAN BE CONSIDERED THE PREDOMINANT FEATURE OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PATHOLOGY. OUTWARD REMODELING (=LUMEN ENLARGEMENT) IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE COMPENSATING FOR LUMEN SHRINKAGE CAUSED BY NEOINTIMAL HYPERPLASIA, BUT AS A PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOW, OUTWARD REMODELING LEADS TO SUBSTANTIAL ARTERIAL WALL THINNING. THINNED VASCULAR WALLS ARE PRONE TO RUPTURE, AND SUBSEQUENT THROMBUS FORMATION ACCOUNTS FOR THE MAJORITY OF ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. PATHOLOGICAL REMODELING IS DRIVEN BY INFLAMMATORY CELLS WHICH INDUCE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO SWITCH FROM QUIESCENT TO A PROLIFERATIVE AND MIGRATORY PHENOTYPE. AFTER DECADES OF INTENSIVE RESEARCH, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ARTERIAL REMODELING ARE STARTING TO UNFOLD. IN THIS MINI-REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PHENOTYPE SWITCHING FROM THE CONTRACTILE TO THE SYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE INVOLVED IN ARTERIAL REMODELING AND DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13   364  33 AMELIORATION OF UREMIC TOXIN INDOXYL SULFATE-INDUCED OSTEOBLASTIC CALCIFICATION BY SET DOMAIN CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7/9 PROTEIN. BACKGROUND: VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS A VERY COMMON PHENOMENON IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT SOME HISTONE METHYLATION PLAY A ROLE IN VC AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) IS A PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXIN THAT HAS BEEN PROVEN AS ONE OF THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CKD. SET DOMAIN CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7/9 (SET7/9) IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES. OBJECTIVES: THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF IS ON THE EXPRESSION OF SET7/9 AND THE ROLE OF SET7/9 IN IS-INDUCED OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND CALCIFICATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VSMCS). METHODS: VSMCS WERE INCUBATED WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF IS FOR DIFFERENT DURATIONS TO ASSESS OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND EXPRESSION OF SET7/9. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS OF SET7/9 RESPECTIVELY. THE CALCIUM CONTENT WAS MEASURED TO EVALUATE CALCIFICATION. RESULTS: OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND CALCIFICATION OF VSMCS AND DOWNREGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF SET7/9 WERE OBSERVED AFTER IS TREATMENT. THE AUTOPHAGY WAS ACTIVATED AFTER TREATMENT WITH IS, WHEREAS THE INHIBITION OF THE AUTOPHAGY PARTIALLY ATTENUATED THE EFFECT OF IS ON BOTH THE STIMULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 AND CALCIUM DEPOSITION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT SET7/9 DOWNREGULATION AND AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATION MAY BE THE KEY MECHANISM OF IS-INDUCED VC IN CKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  4544  34 MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN HYPOXIA WITH INFLAMMATION IS CONTROLLED BY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS. SOME OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS ENGAGED IN EXERCISE-BASED MUSCLE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ARE UNRESPONSIVE. TO UNRAVEL THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION ON SOLEUS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHIC CAPACITIES, WE CHALLENGED MALE WISTAR RATS TO REPEATED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INSTILLATIONS, ASSOCIATED OR NOT WITH A CHRONIC HYPOXIA EXPOSURE. MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY WAS INITIATED BY BILATERAL ABLATION OF SOLEUS AGONISTS 1 WEEK BEFORE SACRIFICE. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE ALSO TREATED OUR ANIMALS WITH AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAINS AND EXTRA TERMINAL PROTEINS (I-BET) DURING THE WEEK AFTER SURGERY. PULMONARY INFLAMMATION TOTALLY INHIBITED THIS HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE UNDER BOTH NORMOXIC AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS (26% LOWER THAN CONTROL SURGERY, P < 0.05), CONSISTENT WITH THE S6K1 AND MYOGENIN MEASUREMENTS. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CLASS IIA HISTONE DEACETYLASES EXPRESSION, FOLLOWING PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTED A PUTATIVE ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION SIGNALING IN THE ALTERED HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE. THE I-BET DRUG RESTORED THE HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE SUGGESTING THAT THE NON-RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO A HYPERTROPHIC STIMULUS COULD BE MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE-ACETYLATION DEPENDANT PATHWAYS. DRUGS TARGETING SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO REHABILITATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15  2408  22 EPIGENETIC REWIRING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ENHANCERS AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING SUPPORTS A ROLE IN WHOLE-BODY FUNCTION AND HUMAN HEALTH. OBJECTIVES: REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE IMPROVES HEALTH BY REDUCING THE RISK OF A PLETHORA OF CHRONIC DISORDERS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ENDURANCE EXERCISE TRAINING REMODELS THE ACTIVITY OF GENE ENHANCERS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE AND THAT THIS REMODELING CONTRIBUTES TO THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON HUMAN HEALTH. METHODS AND RESULTS: BY STUDYING CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WE MAPPED THE GENOME-WIDE POSITIONS AND ACTIVITIES OF ENHANCERS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE BIOPSIES COLLECTED FROM YOUNG SEDENTARY MEN BEFORE AND AFTER 6 WEEKS OF ENDURANCE EXERCISE. WE IDENTIFIED EXTENSIVE REMODELING OF ENHANCER ACTIVITIES AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING, WITH A LARGE SUBSET OF THE REMODELED ENHANCERS LOCATED IN THE PROXIMITY OF GENES TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED AFTER EXERCISE. BY OVERLAPPING THE POSITION OF ENHANCERS WITH GENETIC VARIANTS, WE IDENTIFIED AN ENRICHMENT OF DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENETIC VARIANTS WITHIN THE EXERCISE-REMODELED ENHANCERS. CONCLUSION: OUR DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF A FUNCTIONAL LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC REWIRING OF ENHANCERS TO CONTROL THEIR ACTIVITY AFTER EXERCISE TRAINING AND THE MODULATION OF DISEASE RISK IN HUMANS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  2681  28 EVALUATION OF MUSCLE-SPECIFIC AND METABOLISM REGULATING MICRORNAS IN A CHRONIC SWIMMING RAT MODEL. MAKING BENEFIT FROM THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MAY RESULT IN A CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT IN THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC CIVILIZATION DISEASES. IN OUR CHRONIC SWIMMING RAT MODEL, THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SUCH MICRORNAS WERE CHARACTERIZED, THAT ARE INVOLVED IN SKELETAL MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION, HYPERTROPHY AND FINE-TUNING OF METABOLISM, WHICH PROCESSES ARE INFLUENCED BY CHRONIC ENDURANCE TRAINING, CONTRIBUTING TO THE METABOLIC ADAPTATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. AFTER CHRONIC SWIMMING, THE LEVEL OF MIR-128A INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN EDL MUSCLES, WHICH MAY INFLUENCE METABOLIC ADAPTATION AND STRESS RESPONSE AS WELL. IN SOL, THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MIR-15B AND MIR-451 DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AFTER CHRONIC SWIMMING, WHICH CHANGES ARE OPPOSITE TO THEIR PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED INCREMENT IN INSULIN RESISTANT SKELETAL MUSCLE. MIR-451 ALSO TARGETS PGC-1ALPHA MRNA, WHICHES EXPRESSION LEVEL SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN SOL MUSCLES, RESULTING IN ENHANCED BIOGENESIS AND OXIDATIVE CAPACITY OF MITOCHONDRIA. IN SUMMARY, THE MICRORNA EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT WERE OBSERVED DURING OUR EXPERIMENTS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC SWIM TRAINING CONTRIBUTES TO A BENEFICIAL METABOLIC PROFILE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17  2505  59 EPIGENETICS AND MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMMON, PREVENTABLE, AND TREATABLE DISEASE AND A MAJOR LEADING CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. IN COPD, COMORBIDITIES, ACUTE EXACERBATIONS, AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION REGARDLESS OF THE RESPIRATORY CONDITION. SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, HAS A TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON THEIR EXERCISE CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE. SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETICS (THE PROCESS WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HERITABLE MECHANISMS THAT DO NOT AFFECT DNA SEQUENCE) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IDENTIFIED SO FAR IN CELLS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION, AND NONCODING RNAS SUCH AS MICRORNAS. HEREIN, WE FIRST REVIEW THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SEVERAL MODELS. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EVENTS REPORTED SO FAR TO BE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND MASS LOSS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PROFILE OF SEVERAL MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS IN THE DIAPHRAGM AND VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLES OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO REVIEWED FROM RESULTS RECENTLY OBTAINED IN OUR GROUP. THE ROLE OF PROTEIN HYPERACETYLATION IN ENHANCED MUSCLE PROTEIN CATABOLISM OF LIMB MUSCLES IS ALSO DISCUSSED. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD FOCUS ON THE FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE TRIGGERS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR SPECIFIC DOWNSTREAM BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND WASTING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  3656  34 INDUCIBLE PRMT1 ABLATION IN ADULT VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE LEADS TO CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION AND AORTIC DISSECTION. VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VSMCS) HAVE REMARKABLE PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CUES. ALTHOUGH THESE CELLS ARE VERSATILE, CHRONIC STRESS CAN TRIGGER VSMC DYSFUNCTION, WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO VASCULAR DISEASES SUCH AS AORTIC ANEURYSM AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (PRMT1) IS A MAJOR ENZYME CATALYZING ASYMMETRIC ARGININE DIMETHYLATION OF PROTEINS THAT ARE SOURCES OF ASYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE (ADMA), AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. ALTHOUGH A POTENTIAL ROLE OF PRMT1 IN VASCULAR PATHOGENESIS HAS BEEN PROPOSED, ITS ROLE IN VASCULAR FUNCTION HAS YET TO BE CLARIFIED. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE AND UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF PRMT1 IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY AND FUNCTION. THE EXPRESSION OF PRMT1 AND CONTRACTILE-RELATED GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE AORTAS OF ELDERLY HUMANS AND PATIENTS WITH AORTIC ANEURYSMS. MICE WITH VSMC-SPECIFIC PRMT1 ABLATION (SMKO) EXHIBITED PARTIAL LETHALITY, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE AND AORTIC DILATION. THE PRMT1-ABLATED AORTAS SHOWED AORTIC DISSECTION WITH ELASTIC FIBER DEGENERATION AND CELL DEATH. EX VIVO AND IN VITRO ANALYSES INDICATED THAT PRMT1 ABLATION SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE CONTRACTILITY OF THE AORTA AND TRACTION FORCES OF VSMCS. PRMT1 ABLATION DOWNREGULATED THE EXPRESSION OF CONTRACTILE GENES SUCH AS MYOCARDIN WHILE UPREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF SYNTHETIC GENES, THUS CAUSING THE CONTRACTILE TO SYNTHETIC PHENOTYPIC SWITCH OF VSMCS. IN ADDITION, MECHANISTIC STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT PRMT1 DIRECTLY REGULATES MYOCARDIN GENE ACTIVATION BY MODULATING EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THE MYOCARDIN PROMOTER REGION. THUS, OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT VSMC PRMT1 IS ESSENTIAL FOR VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS AND THAT ITS ABLATION CAUSES AORTIC DILATION/DISSECTION THROUGH IMPAIRED MYOCARDIN EXPRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19   446  28 APABETALONE DOWNREGULATES FIBROTIC, INFLAMMATORY AND CALCIFIC PROCESSES IN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS AND PATIENTS WITH RENAL IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAMS DRIVING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). APABETALONE IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS, WHICH ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE PHASE 3 BETONMACE TRIAL, APABETALONE REDUCED RISK OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS (MACE) BY 50% IN THE CKD SUBPOPULATION, INDICATING FAVORABLE EFFECTS ALONG THE KIDNEY-HEART AXIS. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN RENAL MESANGIAL CELLS (HRMCS) TO A CONTRACTILE PHENOTYPE THAT OVERPRODUCES EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AND PROMOTES CALCIFICATION, FREQUENTLY ACCOMPANIES CKD TO DRIVE PATHOLOGY. HERE, WE SHOW APABETALONE DOWNREGULATED HRMC ACTIVATION WITH TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION BY SUPPRESSING TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA) EXPRESSION, ALPHA-SMA ASSEMBLY INTO STRESS FIBERS, ENHANCED CONTRACTION, COLLAGEN OVERPRODUCTION, AND EXPRESSION OF KEY DRIVERS OF FIBROSIS, INFLAMMATION, OR CALCIFICATION INCLUDING THROMBOSPONDIN, FIBRONECTIN, PERIOSTIN, SPARC, INTERLEUKIN 6, AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IL6, IL1B, AND PTGS2 WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED. TRANSCRIPTOMICS CONFIRMED APABETALONE AFFECTED GENE SETS OF ECM REMODELING AND INTEGRINS. CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF IN VITRO RESULTS WAS INDICATED IN CKD PATIENTS WHERE A SINGLE DOSE OF APABETALONE REDUCED PLASMA LEVELS OF KEY PRO-FIBROTIC AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, AND INDICATED INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING. WHILE PLASMA PROTEINS CANNOT BE TRACED TO THE KIDNEY ALONE, ANTI-FIBROTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF APABETALONE IDENTIFIED IN THIS STUDY ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE OBSERVED DECREASE IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CKD PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20   350  39 ALTERED DYNAMICS OF LIPID METABOLISM IN MUSCLE CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY IS AMELIORATED BY 6 MONTHS OF TRAINING. KEY POINTS: REGULAR EXERCISE IMPROVES MUSCLE FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY AND CLINICAL STATE OF PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY (IIM). IN OUR STUDY, WE USED AN IN VITRO MODEL OF HUMAN PRIMARY MUSCLE CELL CULTURES, DERIVED FROM IIM PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER A 6-MONTH INTENSIVE SUPERVISED TRAINING INTERVENTION TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF DISEASE AND EXERCISE ON LIPID METABOLISM DYNAMICS. WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT MUSCLE CELLS FROM IIM PATIENTS DISPLAY ALTERED DYNAMICS OF LIPID METABOLISM AND IMPAIRED ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO SATURATED FATTY ACID LOAD COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. A 6-MONTH INTENSIVE SUPERVISED EXERCISE TRAINING INTERVENTION IN PATIENTS WITH IIM MITIGATED DISEASE EFFECTS IN THEIR CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS, IMPROVING OR NORMALIZING THEIR CAPACITY TO HANDLE LIPIDS. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE PUTATIVE ROLE OF INTRINSIC METABOLIC DEFECTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IIM AND THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF EXERCISE, MAINTAINED IN VITRO BY YET UNKNOWN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ABSTRACT: EXERCISE IMPROVES SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION, CLINICAL STATE AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY (IIM). OUR AIM WAS TO IDENTIFY DISEASE-RELATED METABOLIC PERTURBATIONS AND THE IMPACT OF EXERCISE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS OF IIM PATIENTS. PATIENTS UNDERWENT A 6-MONTH INTENSIVE SUPERVISED TRAINING INTERVENTION. MUSCLE FUNCTION, ANTHROPOMETRIC AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS WERE EXAMINED AND MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED (M. VASTUS LATERALIS; BERGSTROM NEEDLE BIOPSY) BEFORE AND AFTER TRAINING FROM PATIENTS AND SEDENTARY AGE/SEX/BODY MASS INDEX-MATCHED CONTROLS. [(14) C]PALMITATE WAS USED TO DETERMINE FAT OXIDATION AND LIPID SYNTHESIS (THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY). CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO A CHRONIC (3 DAYS) AND ACUTE (3 H) METABOLIC CHALLENGE (THE SATURATED FATTY ACID PALMITATE, 100 MUM). REDUCED OXIDATIVE (INTERMEDIATE METABOLITES, -49%, P = 0.034) AND NON-OXIDATIVE (DIGLYCERIDES, -38%, P = 0.013) LIPID METABOLISM WAS IDENTIFIED IN PALMITATE-TREATED MUSCLE CELLS FROM IIM PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. THREE DAYS OF PALMITATE EXPOSURE ELICITED DISTINCT REGULATION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (OXPHOS) COMPLEX IV AND COMPLEX V/ATP SYNTHASE (P = 0.012/0.005) AND ADIPOSE TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE IN PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS (P = 0.045) (IMMUNOBLOTTING). IMPORTANTLY, 6 MONTHS OF TRAINING IN IIM PATIENTS IMPROVED LIPID METABOLISM (CO(2) , P = 0.010; INTERMEDIATE METABOLITES, P = 0.041) AND ACTIVATION OF AMP KINASE (P = 0.007), AND NEARLY NORMALIZED PALMITATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN OXPHOS PROTEINS IN MYOTUBES FROM IIM PATIENTS, IN PARALLEL WITH IMPROVEMENTS OF PATIENTS' CLINICAL STATE. MYOTUBES FROM IIM PATIENTS DISPLAYED ALTERED DYNAMICS OF LIPID METABOLISM AND IMPAIRED RESPONSE TO METABOLIC CHALLENGE WITH SATURATED FATTY ACID. OUR OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT METABOLIC DEFECTS INTRINSIC TO SKELETAL MUSCLE COULD REPRESENT NON-IMMUNE PATHOMECHANISMS, WHICH CAN CONTRIBUTE TO MUSCLE WEAKNESS IN IIM. A 6-MONTH TRAINING INTERVENTION MITIGATED DISEASE EFFECTS IN MUSCLE CELLS IN VITRO, INDICATING THE EXISTENCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS.	2021