1  4862 167 ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND DIFFERENTIAL GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION. BACKGROUND: ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP) ARE WIDELY USED INSECTICIDES THAT ACUTELY INHIBIT ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ENZYME ACTIVITY. THERE IS GREAT INTEREST IN IMPROVING THE UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RELATED TO CHRONIC OP EXPOSURE INDUCED TOXICITY. WE AIM TO ELUCIDATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH OP EXPOSURE, USING UNTARGETED ANALYSIS OF GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION DATA. METHODS: IN A POPULATION-BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD), WE ASSESSED AMBIENT OP EXPOSURE VIA RESIDENTIAL AND WORKPLACE PROXIMITY TO COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS. WE INVESTIGATED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN OP EXPOSURE AND GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION (ILLUMINA 450 K) IN 580 BLOOD SAMPLES (342 PD PATIENTS, 238 CONTROLS) AND 259 SALIVA SAMPLES (128 PATIENTS, 131 CONTROLS). TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION RELATED TO OP EXPOSURE, WE CONTROLLED FOR AGE, SEX, EUROPEAN ANCESTRY, AND PD STATUS; IN ADDITION, WE STRATIFIED BY DISEASE STATUS. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED 70 GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT CPGS, INCLUDING CG01600516 IN ALOX12 (COR = 0.27, P = 1.73E-11) AND TWO CPGS IN HLA GENES, CG01655658 (COR = -0.24, P = 2.80E-09) IN HLA-L (PSEUDOGENE) AND CG15680603 (COR = 0.20, P = 7.94E-07) IN HLA-DPA1. AMONG THE 70 CPGS LOCATED IN 41 GENES, 14 WERE ALSO DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN SALIVA SAMPLES. THE MOST OVERREPRESENTED PATHWAY WAS THE NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY (FOLD ENRICHMENT = 15.63, P = 1.01E-03, FDR = 1.64E-01). EXPANDING TO A LARGER NUMBER OF GENES (CPG P < 5E-04, FDR < 2.25E-01; 1077 CPGS, 662 GENES), THE MOST ENRICHED PATHWAY SHIFTED TO THE MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR 1 AND 3 SIGNALING PATHWAY (P-VALUE = 5.36E-04, FDR = 4.73E-02). WHEN WE STRATIFIED BY PD STATUS, RESULTS WERE SIMILAR. OF THE 70 SIGNIFICANT CPGS, 63 WERE DETECTED AMONG BOTH PATIENTS AND CONTROLS AND 7 WERE ONLY ASSOCIATED WITH OP EXPOSURE AMONG PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY FINDS CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL OP EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION IN BLOOD AND SALIVA, BOTH IN ELDERLY POPULATION CONTROLS AND PD PATIENTS. OUR STUDY RESULTS SUGGEST THAT LONG-TERM SUB-ACUTE OP EXPOSURE INFLUENCES METHYLATION IN GENES ENRICHED FOR MUSCARINIC AND NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR PATHWAYS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  5354  25 RE1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CONTROLS THE ACUTE-TO-CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN TRANSITION AND CHRM2 RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS, BUT THE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE THESE CHANGES REMAIN UNCLEAR. THE MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS (MACHRS), PARTICULARLY THE M2 SUBTYPE (ENCODED BY THE CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR MUSCARINIC 2 (CHRM2) GENE), ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF SPINAL NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW CHRM2 EXPRESSION IS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED. HERE WE SHOW THAT NERVE INJURY PERSISTENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF RE1-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST, ALSO KNOWN AS NEURON-RESTRICTIVE SILENCING FACTOR [NRSF]), A GENE-SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). REMARKABLY, NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC BUT NOT ACUTE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ATTENUATED IN MICE WITH REST KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS. ALSO, SIRNA-MEDIATED REST KNOCKDOWN REVERSED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. NERVE INJURY PERSISTENTLY REDUCED CHRM2 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND DIMINISHED THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF MUSCARINE. THE RE1 BINDING SITE ON THE CHRM2 PROMOTER IS REQUIRED FOR REST-MEDIATED CHRM2 REPRESSION, AND NERVE INJURY INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF REST IN THE CHRM2 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. FURTHERMORE, REST KNOCKDOWN OR GENETIC ABLATION IN DRG NEURONS NORMALIZED CHRM2 EXPRESSION AND AUGMENTED MUSCARINE'S ANALGESIC EFFECT ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND FULLY REVERSED THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION IN THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF MUSCARINE ON GLUTAMATERGIC INPUT TO SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REST UP-REGULATION IN DRG NEURONS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ACUTE-TO-CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF CHRM2 IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  2885  15 G9A PARTICIPATES IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED KCNA2 DOWNREGULATION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KCNA2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) IS CRITICAL FOR DRG NEURONAL EXCITABILITY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW NERVE INJURY CAUSES THIS DOWNREGULATION IS STILL ELUSIVE. EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2, ALSO KNOWN AS G9A, METHYLATES HISTONE H3 ON LYSINE RESIDUE 9 TO PREDOMINANTLY PRODUCE A DYNAMIC HISTONE DIMETHYLATION, RESULTING IN CONDENSED CHROMATIN AND GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. WE SHOWED HERE THAT BLOCKING NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN G9A RESCUED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE DECREASED KCNA2 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION, REDUCED KV CURRENT, AND INCREASED EXCITABILITY IN THE DRG NEURONS AND LED TO SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. G9A MRNA IS CO-LOCALIZED WITH KCNA2 MRNA IN THE DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF KCNA2 IN THE AXOTOMIZED DRG.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  2407  24 EPIGENETIC RESTORATION OF VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL KV1.2 ALLEVIATES NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS (KV) ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF NEURONAL EXCITABILITY FOR ITS ROLE OF REGULATING RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND REPOLARIZATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOW THAT KV CHANNELS PARTICIPATE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THE DETAILED UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE FAR FROM BEING CLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED SIRNA, MIR-137 AGOMIR, AND ANTAGOMIR TO REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN SPINAL CORD AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) OF NAIVE AND CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) RATS. KV CURRENTS AND NEURON EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS WERE EXAMINED BY PATCH-CLAMP WHOLE-CELL RECORDING TO VERIFY THE CHANGE IN KV1.2 FUNCTION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT KV1.2 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN (SDH) BY CCI. KNOCKDOWN OF KV1.2 BY INTRATHECALLY INJECTING KCNA2 SIRNA INDUCED SIGNIFICANT MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE RATS. CONCOMITANT WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF KV1.2 WAS AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE MIR-137. THE TARGETING AND REGULATING OF MIR-137 ON KCNA2 WAS VERIFIED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER SYSTEM AND INTRATHECAL INJECTING MIR-137 AGOMIR. FURTHERMORE, RESCUING THE EXPRESSION OF KV1.2 IN CCI RATS, ACHIEVED THROUGH INHIBITING MIR-137, RESTORED THE ABNORMAL KV CURRENTS AND EXCITABILITY IN DRG NEURONS, AND ALLEVIATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE MIR-137-MEDIATED KV1.2 IMPAIRMENT IS A CRUCIAL ETIOPATHOGENESIS FOR THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND CAN BE A NOVEL POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  4615  25 NERVE INJURY DIMINISHES OPIOID ANALGESIA THROUGH LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. THE MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR, ENCODED BY OPRM1) AGONISTS ARE THE MAINSTAY ANALGESICS FOR TREATING MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN. NERVE INJURY CAUSES DOWN-REGULATION OF MORS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AND DIMINISHES THE OPIOID EFFECT ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION CAUSED BY NERVE INJURY ARE NOT CLEAR. G9A (ENCODED BY EHMT2), A HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 METHYLTRANSFERASE, IS A KEY CHROMATIN REGULATOR RESPONSIBLE FOR GENE SILENCING. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE ROLE OF G9A IN DIMINISHED MOR EXPRESSION AND OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY IN RATS INDUCED A LONG-LASTING REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS IN THE DRG BUT NOT IN THE SPINAL CORD. NERVE INJURY CONSISTENTLY INCREASED THE ENRICHMENT OF THE G9A PRODUCT HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 9 DIMETHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF OPRM1 IN THE DRG. G9A INHIBITION OR SIRNA KNOCKDOWN FULLY REVERSED MOR EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED DRG AND POTENTIATED THE MORPHINE EFFECT ON PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. IN MICE LACKING EHMT2 IN DRG NEURONS, NERVE INJURY FAILED TO REDUCE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MORS AND THE MORPHINE EFFECT. IN ADDITION, G9A INHIBITION OR EHMT2 KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS NORMALIZED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED REDUCTION IN THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF THE OPIOID ON SYNAPTIC GLUTAMATE RELEASE FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT G9A CONTRIBUTES CRITICALLY TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MORS IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. G9A INHIBITORS MAY BE USED TO ENHANCE THE OPIOID ANALGESIC EFFECT IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  5574  19 ROLE OF MICRORNA-143 IN NERVE INJURY-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) MRNA AND ITS ENCODING DNMT3A PROTEIN IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG). THIS INCREASE IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENDOGENOUS INSTIGATOR IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS THROUGH EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES (SUCH AS OPRM1) IN INJURED DRG. HOWEVER, HOW DRG DNMT3A IS INCREASED FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS STILL ELUSIVE. WE REPORTED HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY CAUSED BY THE FIFTH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) DOWNREGULATED MICRORNA (MIR)-143 EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG. THIS DOWNREGULATION WAS REQUIRED FOR SNL-INDUCED DRG DNMT3A INCREASE AS RESCUING MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH MICROINJECTION OF MIR-143 MIMICS INTO INJURED DRG BLOCKED THE SNL-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNMT3A AND RESTORED THE SNL-INDUCED DECREASES IN OPRM1 MRNA AND ITS ENCODING MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN INJURED DRG, IMPAIRED SPINAL CORD CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, AND IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING SNL. MIMICKING SNL-INDUCED DRG MIR-143 DOWNREGULATION THROUGH DRG MICROINJECTION OF MIR143 INHIBITORS IN NAIVE RATS INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3A AND REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 MRNA AND MOR IN INJECTED DRG AND PRODUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT MIR-143 IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR IN DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN THE DRG UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  2884  24 G9A IS ESSENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF K(+) CHANNEL GENES IN ACUTE-TO-CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS A DEBILITATING CLINICAL PROBLEM AND DIFFICULT TO TREAT. NERVE INJURY CAUSES A LONG-LASTING REDUCTION IN K(+) CHANNEL EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED. WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY INCREASED DIMETHYLATION OF LYS9 ON HISTONE H3 (H3K9ME2) AT KCNA4, KCND2, KCNQ2 AND KCNMA1 PROMOTERS BUT DID NOT AFFECT LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION ON THESE GENES IN DRGS. NERVE INJURY INCREASED ACTIVITY OF EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE-2 (G9A), HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG-2 (EZH2), BUT ONLY G9A INHIBITION CONSISTENTLY RESTORED K(+) CHANNEL EXPRESSION. SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF THE GENE ENCODING G9A IN DRG NEURONS COMPLETELY BLOCKED K(+) CHANNEL SILENCING AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER NERVE INJURY. REMARKABLY, RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT G9A INHIBITION NOT ONLY REACTIVATED 40 OF 42 SILENCED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH K(+) CHANNELS BUT ALSO NORMALIZED 638 GENES DOWN- OR UPREGULATED BY NERVE INJURY. THUS G9A HAS A DOMINANT FUNCTION IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF K(+) CHANNELS AND IN ACUTE-TO-CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION AFTER NERVE INJURY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  4616  22 NERVE INJURY INCREASES BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR LEVELS TO SUPPRESS BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS. ABNORMAL HYPEREXCITABILITY OF PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER NERVE INJURY. NERVE INJURY PROFOUNDLY REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF BIG CONDUCTANCE CA(2+) -ACTIVATED K(+) (BK) CHANNELS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW NERVE INJURY AFFECTS BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE CHANGES IN BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) TO REDUCED BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY. THE BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY WAS PRESENT PREDOMINANTLY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM DRG NEURONS, AND LIGATION OF L5 AND L6 SPINAL NERVES PROFOUNDLY DECREASED THE BK CURRENT DENSITY IN THESE NEURONS. BLOCKING BK CHANNELS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED NEURONAL EXCITABILITY IN SHAM CONTROL, BUT NOT IN NERVE-INJURED, RATS. THE BDNF CONCENTRATION IN THE DRG WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN NERVE-INJURED RATS THAN IN CONTROL RATS. BDNF TREATMENT LARGELY REDUCED BK CURRENTS IN DRG NEURONS IN CONTROL RATS, WHICH WAS BLOCKED BY EITHER ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY OR K252A, A TRK RECEPTOR INHIBITOR. FURTHERMORE, EITHER ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY OR K252A REVERSED REDUCTION IN BK CURRENTS IN INJURED DRG NEURONS. BDNF TREATMENT REDUCED THE MRNA LEVELS OF BKALPHA1 SUBUNIT IN DRG NEURONS, AND ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY ATTENUATED THE REDUCTION IN THE BKALPHA1 MRNA LEVEL IN INJURED DRG NEURONS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY PRIMARILY DIMINISHES THE BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM DRG NEURONS. INCREASED BDNF LEVELS CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCED BK CHANNEL ACTIVITY IN DRG NEURONS THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  6767  20 ZNF382 CONTROLS MOUSE NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA SILENCER-BASED EPIGENETIC INHIBITION OF CXCL13 IN DRG NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) ARE CRITICAL FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW THESE CHANGES OCCUR REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE WE REPORT THE DOWN-REGULATION OF ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 382 (ZNF382) IN INJURED DRG NEURONS AFTER NERVE INJURY. RESCUING THIS DOWN-REGULATION ATTENUATES NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THIS DOWN-REGULATION PRODUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN SYMPTOMS, WHICH ARE ALLEVIATED BY C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 13 (CXCL13) KNOCKDOWN OR ITS RECEPTOR CXCR5 KNOCKOUT. MECHANISTICALLY, AN IDENTIFIED CIS-ACTING SILENCER AT DISTAL UPSTREAM OF THE CXCL13 PROMOTER SUPPRESSES CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTION VIA BINDING TO ZNF382. BLOCKING THIS BINDING OR GENETICALLY DELETING THIS SILENCER ABOLISHES THE ZNF382 SUPPRESSION ON CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTION AND IMPAIRS ZNF382-INDUCED ANTINOCICEPTION. MOREOVER, ZNF382 DOWN-REGULATION DISRUPTS THE REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC COMPLEX CONTAINING HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 AND SET DOMAIN BIFURCATED 1 AT THE SILENCER-PROMOTER LOOP, RESULTING IN CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. THUS, ZNF382 DOWN-REGULATION IS REQUIRED FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN LIKELY THROUGH SILENCER-BASED EPIGENETIC DISINHIBITION OF CXCL13, A KEY NEUROPATHIC PAIN PLAYER, IN DRG NEURONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10   742  29 CANNABINOID CB2 RECEPTORS ARE UPREGULATED VIA BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CONTROL PRIMARY AFFERENT INPUT TO THE SPINAL CORD IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TYPE-2 CANNABINOID RECEPTORS (CB2, ENCODED BY THE CNR2 GENE) ARE MAINLY EXPRESSED IN IMMUNE CELLS, AND CB2 AGONISTS NORMALLY HAVE NO ANALGESIC EFFECT. HOWEVER, NERVE INJURY UPREGULATES CB2 IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), FOLLOWING WHICH CB2 STIMULATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IT IS UNCLEAR HOW NERVE INJURY INCREASES CB2 EXPRESSION OR HOW CB2 ACTIVITY IS TRANSFORMED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. IN THIS STUDY, IMMUNOBLOTTING SHOWED THAT SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) INDUCED A DELAYED AND SUSTAINED INCREASE IN CB2 EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND DORSAL SPINAL CORD SYNAPTOSOMES. RNASCOPE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION ALSO SHOWED THAT SNL SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED CB2 MRNA LEVELS, MOSTLY IN MEDIUM AND LARGE DRG NEURONS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT THE SPECIFIC CB2 AGONIST JWH-133 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITS THE AMPLITUDE OF DORSAL ROOT-EVOKED GLUTAMATERGIC EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC CURRENTS IN SPINAL DORSAL HORN NEURONS IN SNL RATS, BUT NOT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS; INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF JWH-133 REVERSED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SNL RATS, BUT HAD NO EFFECT IN SHAM CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QPCR ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT SNL INCREASED ENRICHMENT OF TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS (H3K4ME3 AND H3K9AC) AND DIMINISHED OCCUPANCY OF TWO REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARKS (H3K9ME2 AND H3K27ME3) AT THE CNR2 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. IN CONTRAST, SNL HAD NO EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AROUND THE CNR2 PROMOTER. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY PROMOTES CB2 EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS VIA EPIGENETIC BIVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND THAT CB2 ACTIVATION REDUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY ATTENUATING NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION FROM PRIMARY AFFERENT NERVES TO THE SPINAL CORD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  3201  27 HDAC2 IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS CONSTITUTIVELY RESTRAINS CHRONIC PAIN BY REPRESSING ALPHA2DELTA-1 EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY. ALPHA2DELTA-1 (ENCODED BY THE CACNA2D1 GENE) IS A NEWLY DISCOVERED NMDA RECEPTOR-INTERACTING PROTEIN AND IS THE THERAPEUTIC TARGET OF GABAPENTINOIDS (E.G., GABAPENTIN AND PREGABALIN) FREQUENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NERVE INJURY CAUSES SUSTAINED ALPHA2DELTA-1 UPREGULATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG), WHICH PROMOTES NMDA RECEPTOR SYNAPTIC TRAFFICKING AND ACTIVATION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, A HALLMARK OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW NERVE INJURY INITIATES AND MAINTAINS THE HIGH EXPRESSION LEVEL OF ALPHA2DELTA-1 TO SUSTAIN CHRONIC PAIN. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NERVE INJURY CAUSED HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND DIMINISHED ENRICHMENT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 (HDAC2), BUT NOT HDAC3, AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER IN THE DRG. STRIKINGLY, HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN OR CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT IN DRG NEURONS IN MALE AND FEMALE MICE CONSISTENTLY INDUCED LONG-LASTING MECHANICAL PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHICH WAS READILY REVERSED BY BLOCKING NMDA RECEPTORS, INHIBITING ALPHA2DELTA-1 WITH GABAPENTIN OR DISRUPTING THE ALPHA2DELTA-1-NMDA RECEPTOR INTERACTION AT THE SPINAL CORD LEVEL. HDAC2 DELETION IN DRG NEURONS INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER, UPREGULATED ALPHA2DELTA-1 IN THE DRG, AND POTENTIATED ALPHA2DELTA-1-DEPENDENT NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AT PRIMARY AFFERENT CENTRAL TERMINALS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. CORRESPONDINGLY, HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS BLUNTED IN CACNA2D1 KNOCKOUT MICE. THUS, OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT HDAC2 FUNCTIONS AS A PIVOTAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA CONSTITUTIVELY SUPPRESSING ALPHA2DELTA-1 EXPRESSION AND ENSUING PRESYNAPTIC NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD. HDAC2 ENRICHMENT LEVELS AT THE CACNA2D1 PROMOTER IN DRG NEURONS CONSTITUTE A UNIQUE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GOVERNS ACUTE-TO-CHRONIC PAIN TRANSITION.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT EXCESS ALPHA2DELTA-1 PROTEINS PRODUCED AFTER NERVE INJURY DIRECTLY INTERACT WITH GLUTAMATE NMDA RECEPTORS TO POTENTIATE SYNAPTIC NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD, A PROMINENT MECHANISM OF NERVE PAIN. BECAUSE ALPHA2DELTA-1 UPREGULATION AFTER NERVE INJURY IS LONG LASTING, GABAPENTINOIDS RELIEVE PAIN SYMPTOMS ONLY TEMPORARILY. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME THE UNEXPECTED ROLE OF INTRINSIC HDAC2 ACTIVITY AT THE ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE PROMOTER IN LIMITING ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE TRANSCRIPTION, NMDA RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, AND CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT AFTER NERVE INJURY. THESE FINDINGS CHALLENGE THE PREVAILING VIEW ABOUT THE ROLE OF GENERAL HDAC ACTIVITY IN PROMOTING CHRONIC PAIN. RESTORING THE REPRESSIVE HDAC2 FUNCTION AND/OR REDUCING HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE ALPHA2DELTA-1 GENE PROMOTER IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS COULD LEAD TO LONG-LASTING RELIEF OF NERVE PAIN.	2022	

12  1166  22 CONTRIBUTION OF DNMT1 TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS PARTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETICALLY REPRESSING KCNA2 IN PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS. EXPRESSIONAL CHANGES OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS OF DRG ARE CRITICAL FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-TRIGGERED DNA METHYLATION SILENCES GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW HERE THAT DNMT1, A CANONICAL MAINTENANCE METHYLTRANSFERASE, ACTS AS THE DE NOVO DNMT AND IS REQUIRED FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS LIKELY THROUGH REPRESSING AT LEAST DRG KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION IN MALE MICE. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY UPREGULATED DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED DRG THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN-TRIGGERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF DNMT1 GENE. BLOCKING THIS UPREGULATION PREVENTED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF KCNA2 GENE, RESCUED KCNA2 EXPRESSION AND TOTAL KV CURRENT, ATTENUATED HYPEREXCITABILITY IN THE INJURED DRG NEURONS, AND ALLEVIATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES. GIVEN THAT KCNA2 IS A KEY PLAYER IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DRG DNMT1 MAY BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE REPORTED THAT DNMT1, A CANONICAL DNA MAINTENANCE METHYLTRANSFERASE, IS UPREGULATED VIA THE ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CREB IN THE INJURED DRG AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. THIS UPREGULATION WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE KCNA2 GENE, REDUCTIONS IN KCNA2 EXPRESSION AND KV CURRENT AND INCREASES IN NEURONAL EXCITABILITY IN THE INJURED DRG. SINCE PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OR GENETIC KNOCKDOWN OF DRG DNMT1 ALLEVIATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES, DRG DNMT1 CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS PARTIALLY THROUGH REPRESSION OF DRG KCNA2 GENE EXPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13  4618  24 NERVE INJURY-INDUCED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPIOID RECEPTORS CONTROLLED BY DNMT3A IN PRIMARY AFFERENT NEURONS. OPIOIDS ARE THE GOLD STANDARD FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THEIR ANALGESIC EFFECTS ARE UNSATISFACTORY IN PART DUE TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF OPIOID RECEPTORS IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. HOW NERVE INJURY DRIVES SUCH DOWNREGULATION REMAINS ELUSIVE. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-TRIGGERED DNA METHYLATION REPRESSES GENE EXPRESSION. WE SHOW HERE THAT BLOCKING THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DRG DNMT3A (A DE NOVO DNMT) RESCUED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE ENCODING MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) AND KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR (KOR) PROTEINS IN THE INJURED DRG. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE ALSO PREVENTED THE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER AND 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE OPRM1 GENE IN THE INJURED DRG, RESTORED MORPHINE OR LOPERAMIDE (A PERIPHERAL ACTING MOR PREFERRING AGONIST) ANALGESIC EFFECTS, AND ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR ANALGESIC TOLERANCE UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MIMICKING THIS INCREASE REDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF OPRM1 AND OPRK1 MRNAS AND THEIR CODING MOR AND KOR IN DRG AND AUGMENTED MOR-GATED NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE FROM THE PRIMARY AFFERENTS. MECHANISTICALLY, DNMT3A REGULATION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION REQUIRED THE METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 1, MBD1, AS MBD1 KNOCKOUT RESULTED IN THE DECREASED BINDING OF DNMT3A TO THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER AND BLOCKED THE DNMT3A-TRIGGERED REPRESSION OF OPRM1 GENE EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT DNMT3A IS REQUIRED FOR NERVE INJURY-INDUCED AND MBD1-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE MOR AND KOR IN THE INJURED DRG. DNMT3A INHIBITION MAY SERVE AS A PROMISING ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR OPIOID USE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  4160  24 MECP2 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF OPRM1 GENE IN PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITIONS. OPIOIDS ARE THE LAST OPTION FOR THE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, BUT THEIR ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS ARE LIMITED. DECREASED MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) EXPRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THIS. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT NERVE INJURY INDUCED HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER AND AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IN INJURED DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). THE DOWNREGULATION OF MOR IN THE DRG IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE AUGMENTATION OF MECP2, AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, WHICH COULD RECRUIT HDAC1 AND BIND TO THE METHYLATED REGIONS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER. MECP2 KNOCKDOWN RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF MOR IN INJURED DRG AND ENHANCED THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF MORPHINE, WHILE THE MIMICKING OF THIS INCREASE VIA THE INTRATHECAL INFUSION OF VIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED MECP2 WAS SUFFICIENT TO REDUCE MOR IN THE DRG. MOREOVER, HDAC1 INHIBITION WITH SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID, AN HDAC INHIBITOR, ALSO PREVENTED MOR REDUCTION IN THE DRG OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE, CONTRIBUTING TO THE AUGMENTATION OF MORPHINE ANALGESIA EFFECTS. MECHANISTICALLY, UPREGULATED MECP2 PROMOTES THE BINDING OF A HIGH LEVEL OF HDCA1 TO HYPERMETHYLATED REGIONS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER, REDUCES THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 (ACH3) LEVELS OF THE OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER, AND ATTENUATES OPRM1 TRANSCRIPTION IN INJURED DRG. THUS, UPREGULATED MECP2 AND HDAC1 IN OPRM1 GENE PROMOTER SITES, NEGATIVELY REGULATES MOR EXPRESSION IN INJURED DRG, MITIGATING THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF THE OPIOIDS. TARGETING MECP2/HDAC1 MAY THUS PROVIDE A NEW SOLUTION FOR IMPROVING THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF OPIOIDS IN A CLINICAL SETTING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  6424  23 THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C/EBPBETA IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CONTRIBUTES TO PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA-INDUCED NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER NERVE TRAUMA CONTRIBUTE TO THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE REPORT THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE TRAUMA CAUSED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) INCREASED THE ABUNDANCE OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR C/EBPBETA (CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN BETA) IN THE DRG. BLOCKING THIS INCREASE MITIGATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF CCI-INDUCED MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND COLD PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES WITHOUT AFFECTING BASAL RESPONSES TO ACUTE PAIN AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THIS INCREASE PRODUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL, THERMAL, OR COLD PAIN. IN THE IPSILATERAL DRG, C/EBPBETA PROMOTED A DECREASE IN THE ABUNDANCE OF THE VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL SUBUNIT KV1.2 AND MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) AT THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS, WHICH WOULD BE PREDICTED TO INCREASE EXCITABILITY IN THE IPSILATERAL DRG NEURONS AND REDUCE THE EFFICACY OF MORPHINE ANALGESIA. THESE EFFECTS REQUIRED C/EPBBETA-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF EHMT2 (EUCHROMATIC HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 2), WHICH ENCODES G9A, AN EPIGENETIC SILENCER OF THE GENES ENCODING KV1.2 AND MOR. BLOCKING THE INCREASE IN C/EBPBETA IN THE DRG IMPROVED MORPHINE ANALGESIA AFTER CCI. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT C/EBPBETA IS AN ENDOGENOUS INITIATOR OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF THIS DISORDER.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  1631  36 DNMT3A METHYLATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGIES OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE REPORTED THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY DOWNREGULATES MOR EXPRESSION, BUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REMAIN UNKNOWN. OBJECTIVE: THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE3A (DNMT3A) EXPRESSION OR METHYLATION CHANGES WITHIN MOR PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD IN A NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MOUSE MODEL AND FURTHER DETERMINED WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. METHODS: A CCI MOUSE MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED AND TISSUE SPECIMENS OF LUMBAR SPINAL CORDS WERE COLLECTED. THE NOCICEPTION THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED BY A MODEL HEATED 400 BASE. DNMT3A AND MOR MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION OF DNMT3A GENE WAS MEASURED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: OUR DATA SHOWED THAT CHRONIC NERVE INJURY LED TO A SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED METHYLATION OF MOR GENE PROMOTER AND DECREASED MOR PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD. INHIBITION OF DNMT3A CATALYTIC ACTIVITY WITH DNMT INHIBITOR RG108 SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED THE INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF THE MOR PROMOTER, AND THEN UPREGULATED MOR EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT AN INCREASE OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION AND MOR METHYLATION EPIGENETICALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TARGETING DNMT3A TO THE PROMOTER OF MOR GENE BY DNMT INHIBITOR MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  2751  26 EXPRESSION OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AND ACETYL-HISTONE H4 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RAT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. AIMS: HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION ARE TWO HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE USUALLY CONTROLLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). ALTHOUGH HATS OR HDACS INHIBITORS COULD RELIEVE PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN ANIMAL MODELS, IT IS NOT CLEAR ON THE EXPRESSION OF GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) OR SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. MAIN METHODS: A SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL)-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL AND A COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA)-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL IN RATS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE EXPRESSION OF TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H3 (ACH3) AND TOTAL ACETYL-HISTONE H4 (ACH4) BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OR WESTERN BLOT. KEY FINDINGS: ACH3 AND ACH4 NOT ONLY LOCALIZED IN NEURONAL NUCLEI, BUT ALSO IN NUCLEI OF GLIAL CELLS IN THE DRG. UNILATERAL SNL INDUCED THE INCREASE OF ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE INJURED LUMBAR 5 (L5) DRG, BUT NOT IN THE UNINJURED L5 DRG OR THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN, WHILE UNILATERAL INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA INCREASED ACH3 AND ACH4 EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL L4/5 SPINAL DORSAL HORN, BUT NOT IN THE L4/5 DRG. SIGNIFICANCE: THESE RESULTS PROVIDE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL CORD AND INDICATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION IN THE DRG AND SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC PAIN MODELS. MORE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION ON THE TARGET GENES NEED TO BE REVEALED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  1654  22 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA COACTIVATOR-ASSOCIATED ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 CONTRIBUTES TO PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITIES. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES WITHIN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, WHICH INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. COACTIVATOR-ASSOCIATED ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (CARM1), AN EPIGENETIC ACTIVATOR, REGULATES GENE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY BY PROTEIN POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. HOWEVER, WHETHER CARM1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS UNKNOWN. WE REPORT HERE THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INDUCED THE UPREGULATION OF THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF CARM1 IN THE INJURED DRG, AND BLOCKING ITS EXPRESSION THROUGH SMALL INTERFERING RNA (SIRNA) IN THE INJURED DRG ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. FURTHERMORE, PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF CARM1 MITIGATED PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA. GIVEN THAT CARM1 INHIBITION OR KNOCKDOWN ATTENUATED THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CARM1 MAY SERVE AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN TREATMENT IN CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  2272  24 EPIGENETIC REDUCTION OF MIR-214-3P UPREGULATES ASTROCYTIC COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-1 AND CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THAT COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-1 (CSF1) MODULATES NEUROINFLAMMATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WHILE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE, WE IDENTIFIED THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CSF1 DERIVED FROM ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN IN RATS WITH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL). SUPPRESSION OF CSF1 EXPRESSION ALLEVIATED NEUROINFLAMMATION, NEURONAL HYPEREXCITABILITY, AND GLUTAMATERGIC RECEPTOR SUBUNIT UPREGULATION IN THE DORSAL HORN AND IMPROVED SNL-INDUCED PAIN BEHAVIOR. WE ALSO FOUND REDUCED MIR-214-3P EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN FOLLOWING AN SNL PROCEDURE; MIR-214-3P DIRECTLY BOUND TO THE 3'-UTR OF CSF1 MRNA AND NEGATIVELY REGULATED CSF1 EXPRESSION. INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF MIR-214-3P MIMIC REVERSED THE ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF CSF1 AND ASTROCYTE OVERACTIVITY AND ALLEVIATED THE IL-6 UPREGULATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY SNL. MOREOVER, SUPPRESSION OF SPINAL MIR-214-3P INCREASED ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY, PROMOTED CSF1 AND IL-6 PRODUCTION, AND INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE ANIMALS. FURTHERMORE, SNL INDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MIR-214-3P PROMOTER, LEADING TO REDUCED MIR-214-3P EXPRESSION IN THE MODEL RODENTS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNMT INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CYTOSINE METHYLATION IN THE MIR-214-3P PROMOTER; THIS REDUCED METHYLATION CONSEQUENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-214-3P AND DECREASED THE CONTENT OF CSF1 IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN AND, FURTHER, ATTENUATED IL-6 PRODUCTION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR IN RATS WITH SNL. TOGETHER, OUR DATA INDICATE THAT THE DNMT3A-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF MIR-214-3P ENHANCED CSF1 PRODUCTION IN ASTROCYTES, WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY INDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR IN SNL MODEL RATS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20  4579  18 N(6)-METHYLADENOSINE METHYLASE METTL3 CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. WE AIMED AT EXPLORING THE ROLE AND MECHANISM OF METTL3-MEDIATED M(6)A MODIFICATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: SHAM OPERATION GROUP (SHAM GROUP), CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE MODEL GROUP (NPP GROUP), INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF VIRUS DOWN-REGULATED METTL3 + CCI MODEL GROUP (M3 + NPP GROUP) AND INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF NEGATIVE CONTROL VIRUS + CCI MODEL GROUP (SCR + NPP GROUP). THE M3 + NPP GROUP AND THE SCR + NPP GROUP WERE INTRATHECALLY INJECTED WITH VIRUS NINETEEN DAYS BEFORE OPERATION. THE PAW WITHDRAWAL MECHANICAL THRESHOLDS AND PAW WITHDRAWAL LATENCY WERE RESPECTIVELY RECORDED ONE DAY BEFORE OPERATION, THREE DAYS, FIVE DAYS AND SEVEN DAYS AFTER OPERATION. THE RATS WERE SACRIFICED ON THE SEVENTH DAY AFTER OPERATION, AND THEIR SPINAL CORD TISSUES WERE TAKEN. THE FROZEN SECTIONS OF RATS WERE PERFORMED TO OBSERVE THE EXPRESSION OF GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN OF THE VIRUS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RNA, THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF M(6)A-RELATED ENZYME (METTL3) AND MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) IN SPINAL CORD TISSUES OF THE FOUR GROUPS WERE MEASURED. DOWNREGULATION OF METTL3 HAD NO EFFECT ON THE OVERALL METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE SPINAL CORD, BUT IT COULD REGULATE THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF THE OPRM1 GENE RNA ENCODING MOR, PARTIALLY RESTORE THE EXPRESSION OF MOR, AND RELIEVE PAIN IN RATS. IN THE PROCESS OF NPP, METTL3 MAY INHIBIT THE EXPRESSION OF MOR BY REGULATING THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF OPRM1 GENE RNA ENCODING MOR, AND ULTIMATELY PROMOTE THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NPP.	2023