1  1863 129 EMERGENCE OF MUC1 IN MAMMALS FOR ADAPTATION OF BARRIER EPITHELIA. THE MUCIN 1 (MUC1) GENE WAS DISCOVERED BASED ON ITS OVEREXPRESSION IN HUMAN BREAST CANCERS. SUBSEQUENT WORK DEMONSTRATED THAT MUC1 IS ABERRANTLY EXPRESSED IN CANCERS ORIGINATING FROM OTHER DIVERSE ORGANS, INCLUDING SKIN AND IMMUNE CELLS. THESE FINDINGS SUPPORTED A ROLE FOR MUC1 IN THE ADAPTATION OF BARRIER TISSUES TO INFECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE FOR THIS EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION WAS INCLUSION OF A SEA DOMAIN, WHICH CATALYZES AUTOPROTEOLYSIS OF THE MUC1 PROTEIN AND FORMATION OF A NON-COVALENT HETERODIMERIC COMPLEX. THE RESULTING MUC1 HETERODIMER IS POISED AT THE APICAL CELL MEMBRANE TO RESPOND TO LOSS OF HOMEOSTASIS. DISRUPTION OF THE COMPLEX RELEASES THE MUC1 N-TERMINAL (MUC1-N) SUBUNIT INTO A PROTECTIVE MUCOUS GEL. CONVERSELY, THE TRANSMEMBRANE C-TERMINAL (MUC1-C) SUBUNIT ACTIVATES A PROGRAM OF LINEAGE PLASTICITY, EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND REPAIR. THIS MUC1-C-ACTIVATED PROGRAM APPARENTLY EVOLVED FOR BARRIER TISSUES TO MOUNT SELF-REGULATING PROLIFERATIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND REMODELING RESPONSES ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND HEALING. EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT MUC1-C UNDERPINS INFLAMMATORY ADAPTATION OF TISSUE STEM CELLS AND IMMUNE CELLS IN THE BARRIER NICHE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON HOW PROLONGED ACTIVATION OF MUC1-C BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THESE NICHES PROMOTES THE CANCER STEM CELL (CSC) STATE BY ESTABLISHING AUTO-INDUCTIVE NODES THAT DRIVE SELF-RENEWAL AND TUMORIGENICITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  5411  30 REGULATION OF AIRWAY MUCIN GENE EXPRESSION. MUCINS ARE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS THAT EXERT A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS IN CELL-CELL INTERACTION, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR SIGNALING, AND AIRWAYS PROTECTION. IN THE CONDUCTING AIRWAYS OF THE LUNGS, MUCINS ARE THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTY OF MUCOUS SECRETION, WHICH IS THE MAJOR BARRIER TO TRAPPING INHALED MICROBIAL ORGANISM, PARTICULATES, AND OXIDATIVE POLLUTANTS. THE HOMEOSTASIS OF MUCIN PRODUCTION IS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE IN CONDUCTING AIRWAYS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF MUCOCILIARY FUNCTION. ABERRANT MUCIN SECRETION AND ACCUMULATION IN AIRWAY LUMEN ARE CLINICAL HALLMARKS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS LUNG DISEASES, SUCH AS ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, CYSTIC FIBROSIS, EMPHYSEMA, AND LUNG CANCER. AMONG 20 KNOWN MUCIN GENES IDENTIFIED, 11 OF THEM HAVE BEEN VERIFIED AT EITHER THE MRNA AND/OR PROTEIN LEVEL IN AIRWAYS. THE REGULATION OF MUCIN GENES IS COMPLICATED, AS ARE THE MEDIATORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT VIEW ON THE MEDIATORS, THE SIGNALING PATHWAYS, AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL UNITS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF AIRWAY MUCIN GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, WE ALSO POINT OUT ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR THE REGULATION OF THESE GENES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  4116  32 MECHANISMS OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR IN ASTHMA AND COPD. THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM COMPRISES OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES AND ACTS AS A PHYSICAL BARRIER PREVENTING PATHOGENS, INCLUDING INHALED PARTICLES AND MICROBES, FROM ENTERING THE LUNGS. GOBLET CELLS AND SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS PRODUCE MUCUS THAT TRAPS PATHOGENS, WHICH ARE EXPELLED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT BY CILIATED CELLS. BASAL CELLS ACT AS PROGENITOR CELLS, DIFFERENTIATING INTO DIFFERENT EPITHELIAL CELL TYPES, TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS FOLLOWING INJURY. ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTIONS BETWEEN CELLS MAINTAIN THE EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION AND REGULATE THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES ACROSS IT. IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS HOW ABNORMAL EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, CAUSED BY CHRONIC INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR, DRIVES AIRWAY DISEASE AND SPECIFICALLY ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). IN BOTH DISEASES, INHALED ALLERGENS, POLLUTANTS AND MICROBES DISRUPT JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES AND PROMOTE CELL DEATH, IMPAIRING THE BARRIER FUNCTION AND LEADING TO INCREASED PENETRATION OF PATHOGENS AND A CONSTANT AIRWAY IMMUNE RESPONSE. IN ASTHMA, THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE PRECIPITATES THE EPITHELIAL INJURY AND DRIVES ABNORMAL BASAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION. THIS LEADS TO REDUCED CILIATED CELLS, GOBLET CELL HYPERPLASIA AND INCREASED EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO IMPAIRED MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE AND AIRWAY REMODELLING. IN COPD, CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION TRIGGER PREMATURE EPITHELIAL CELL SENESCENCE, WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO LOSS OF EPITHELIAL INTEGRITY AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND REMODELLING. INCREASED NUMBERS OF BASAL CELLS SHOWING DEREGULATED DIFFERENTIATION, CONTRIBUTES TO CILIARY DYSFUNCTION AND MUCOUS HYPERPRODUCTION IN COPD AIRWAYS. DEFECTIVE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIVIRAL AND DAMAGE REPAIR MECHANISMS, POSSIBLY DUE TO GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC FACTORS, MAY CONFER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AIRWAY EPITHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THESE DISEASES. THE CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A CONSTANT CYCLE OF INJURY AND ABNORMAL REPAIR OF THE EPITHELIUM DRIVES CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND REMODELLING IN ASTHMA AND COPD. MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF INJURY SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DAMAGE RESPONSE MAY LEAD TO IMPROVED THERAPIES FOR THESE DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4   866  57 CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF MUC1-C IN WOUND REPAIR PROMOTES PROGRESSION TO CANCER STEM CELLS. THE MUCIN 1 (MUC1) GENE EMERGED IN MAMMALS TO AFFORD PROTECTION OF BARRIER EPITHELIAL TISSUES FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. MUC1 ENCODES A TRANSMEMBRANE C-TERMINAL (MUC1-C) SUBUNIT THAT IS ACTIVATED BY LOSS OF HOMEOSTASIS AND INDUCES INFLAMMATORY, PROLIFERATIVE, AND REMODELING PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND REPAIR. AS A CONSEQUENCE, CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF MUC1-C PROMOTES LINEAGE PLASTICITY, EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, AND CARCINOGENESIS. IN DRIVING CANCER PROGRESSION, MUC1-C IS IMPORTED INTO THE NUCLEUS, WHERE IT INDUCES NF-KAPPAB INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING AND THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). MUC1-C REPRESSES GENE EXPRESSION BY ACTIVATING (I) DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) AND DNMT3B, (II) POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 (PRC1) AND PRC2, AND (III) THE NUCLEOSOME REMODELING AND DEACETYLASE (NURD) COMPLEX. PRC1/2-MEDIATED GENE REPRESSION IS COUNTERACTED BY THE SWI/SNF CHROMATIN REMODELING COMPLEXES. MUC1-C ACTIVATES THE SWI/SNF BAF AND PBAF COMPLEXES IN CANCER STEM CELL (CSC) MODELS WITH THE INDUCTION OF GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE REGIONS AND EXPRESSED GENES. MUC1-C REGULATES CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY OF ENHANCER-LIKE SIGNATURES IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE INDUCTION OF THE YAMANAKA PLURIPOTENCY FACTORS AND RECRUITMENT OF JUN AND BAF, WHICH PROMOTE INCREASES IN HISTONE ACTIVATION MARKS AND OPENING OF CHROMATIN. THESE AND OTHER FINDINGS DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW HAVE UNCOVERED A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR MUC1-C IN INTEGRATING LINEAGE PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, WHICH ARE TRANSIENT IN WOUND REPAIR AND SUSTAINED IN PROMOTING CSC PROGRESSION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5   234  46 ADDICTION OF CANCER STEM CELLS TO MUC1-C IN TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER PROGRESSION. TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER (TNBC) IS AN AGGRESSIVE MALIGNANCY WITH LIMITED TREATMENT OPTIONS. TNBC PROGRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPANSION OF CANCER STEM CELLS (CSCS). FEW INSIGHTS ARE AVAILABLE REGARDING DRUGGABLE TARGETS THAT DRIVE THE TNBC CSC STATE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE LITERATURE ON TNBC CSCS AND THE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT THEY ARE ADDICTED TO THE MUC1-C TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN. IN NORMAL EPITHELIA, MUC1-C IS ACTIVATED BY LOSS OF HOMEOSTASIS AND INDUCES REVERSIBLE WOUND-HEALING RESPONSES OF INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR. HOWEVER, IN SETTINGS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MUC1-C PROMOTES CARCINOGENESIS. MUC1-C INDUCES EMT, EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND CHROMATIN REMODELING IN TNBC CSCS, WHICH ARE DEPENDENT ON MUC1-C FOR SELF-RENEWAL AND TUMORIGENICITY. MUC1-C-INDUCED LINEAGE PLASTICITY IN TNBC CSCS CONFERS DNA DAMAGE RESISTANCE AND IMMUNE EVASION BY CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS AND GLOBAL CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE. OF THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE, AN ANTIBODY GENERATED AGAINST THE MUC1-C EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN HAS BEEN ADVANCED IN A CLINICAL TRIAL OF ANTI-MUC1-C CAR T CELLS AND IN IND-ENABLING STUDIES FOR DEVELOPMENT AS AN ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATE (ADC). AGENTS TARGETING THE MUC1-C CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN HAVE ALSO ENTERED THE CLINIC AND ARE UNDERGOING FURTHER DEVELOPMENT AS CANDIDATES FOR ADVANCING TNBC TREATMENT. ELIMINATING TNBC CSCS WILL BE NECESSARY FOR CURING THIS RECALCITRANT CANCER AND MUC1-C REPRESENTS A PROMISING DRUGGABLE TARGET FOR ACHIEVING THAT GOAL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  4512  36 MUC1-C IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CARCINOGENESIS; EMERGENCE AS A TARGET FOR CANCER TREATMENT. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT CONSEQUENCE OF CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER. THE BASIS FOR THIS CRITICAL ASSOCIATION HAS LARGELY REMAINED UNCLEAR. THE MUC1 GENE EVOLVED IN MAMMALS TO PROTECT EPITHELIA FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. THE MUC1-C SUBUNIT PROMOTES RESPONSES FOUND IN WOUND HEALING AND CANCER. MUC1-C INDUCES EMT, EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, DEDIFFERENTIATION AND PLURIPOTENCY FACTOR EXPRESSION, WHICH WHEN PROLONGED IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION PROMOTE CANCER PROGRESSION. AS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW, MUC1-C ALSO DRIVES DRUG RESISTANCE AND IMMUNE EVASION, AND IS AN IMPORTANT TARGET FOR CANCER THERAPEUTICS NOW UNDER DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  6579  29 TREFOIL FACTORS AND HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER (REVIEW). TFF1/PS2, TFF2/SP AND TFF3/ITF ARE SOLUBLE PEPTIDES WITH TREFOIL DOMAIN(S) AND C-TERMINAL DIMERIZATION DOMAIN, WHICH ARE CONSERVED AMONG HUMAN, COW, MOUSE AND RAT. TFF1 MRNA IS EXPRESSED IN STOMACH (MUCOUS CELLS IN FUNDUS AND ANTRUM), TFF2 MRNA IN STOMACH (MUCOUS NECK CELLS IN FUNDUS AND BASAL CELLS IN ANTRAL AND PYLORIC GLANDS) AND DUODENUM (BRUNNER'S GLAND), TFF3 MRNA IN SMALL INTESTINE AND LARGE INTESTINE (GOBLET CELLS). EXPRESSION OF TFF1, TFF2 AND TFF3 MRNAS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED BY FGF2/BFGF, FGF7/KGF, ESTROGEN, ASPIRIN, ARACHIDONIC ACID, X-RAY IRRADIATION, AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. GASTRIC CANCER IS CLASSIFIED INTO THE INTESTINAL TYPE AND THE DIFFUSE TYPE. TFF MRNAS ARE PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN DIFFUSE-TYPE GASTRIC CANCER CELLS. CUSTOM-MADE MICROARRAY (TFF MRNAS) AND ELISA (TFF PROTEINS) MIGHT BE APPLICABLE FOR SCREENING METHODS OF PERITONEAL AND BONE MARROW DISSEMINATION FROM DIFFUSE-TYPE GASTRIC CANCER. TFF1 AND TFF2 MRNAS ARE FREQUENTLY DOWN-REGULATED IN INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC CANCER. TFF1 GENE, INACTIVATED BY DELETION, MISSENSE MUTATION AND PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE IMPLICATED IN GASTRIC CANCER. TFF2 IS A CANDIDATE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; HOWEVER, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF TFF2 GENE IN HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER REMAIN UNCLEAR. TFF1, TFF2 AND TFF3 PLAY KEY ROLES IN MUCOSAL PROTECTION THROUGH MUCOUS-BARRIER FORMATION, AND ALSO IN MUCOSAL REPAIR THROUGH PROMOTION OF RESTITUTION AFTER INJURY. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS AND THOSE WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS ARE AT RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER AND COLORECTAL CANCER, RESPECTIVELY. TFF1, TFF2 AND TFF3 PROTEINS MIGHT BE APPLICABLE FOR CHEMOPREVENTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  1431  17 DIFFERENTIAL FREQUENCIES OF P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, P53 MUTATION, AND K-RAS MUTATION IN EXFOLIATIVE MATERIAL MARK THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER IN SYMPTOMATIC CHRONIC SMOKERS. PURPOSE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE FREQUENCY OF THREE (EPI)GENETIC ALTERATIONS (P53 AND K-RAS MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION) IN SYMPTOMATIC CHRONIC SMOKERS COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER AND TO EVALUATE THE USE OF EXFOLIATIVE MATERIAL FOR SUCH ANALYSES. PATIENTS AND METHODS: FIFTY-ONE PATIENTS WITH HISTOLOGICALLY CONFIRMED LUNG CANCER AND 25 CHRONIC SMOKERS (> 20 PACK-YEARS) WERE INVESTIGATED FOR MUTATIONS IN THE K-RAS (CODON 12) AND P53 (CODONS 248, 249, AND 273) GENES AND FOR ALLELIC HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE P16(INK4A) GENE. DNA WAS ISOLATED FROM SPUTUM AND BILATERAL BRONCHIAL LAVAGE, AND BRUSHINGS WERE TAKEN AT BRONCHOSCOPY. RESULTS: FORTY-ONE GENETIC LESIONS WERE DETECTED WITHIN EXFOLIATIVE MATERIAL FROM THE GROUP OF 51 PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER AND 10 LESIONS IN THE CHRONIC SMOKER GROUP. K-RAS MUTATIONS OCCURRED EXCLUSIVELY IN THE LUNG CANCER GROUP, WHEREAS P53 MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WERE ALSO FOUND IN CHRONIC SMOKERS. THREE OF EIGHT CHRONIC SMOKERS WHO HARBORED AN (EPI)GENETIC ALTERATION WERE SUBSEQUENTLY DIAGNOSED WITH LUNG CANCER. ANALYSIS OF SPUTUM YIELDED INFORMATION EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF SAMPLES OBTAINED DURING BRONCHOSCOPY. CONCLUSION: P16(INK4A) PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND P53 MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR IN CHRONIC SMOKERS BEFORE ANY CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF NEOPLASIA AND MAY BE INDICATIVE OF AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING LUNG CANCER OR OF EARLY DISEASE. K-RAS MUTATIONS OCCUR EXCLUSIVELY IN THE PRESENCE OF CLINICALLY DETECTABLE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF SPUTUM FOR SUCH MARKERS MAY PROVIDE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SCREENING CHRONIC SMOKERS TO ENABLE EARLIER DETECTION AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION OF LUNG CANCER.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9  1830  19 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ASPIRIN USE ON MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN PRECANCEROUS GASTRIC MUCOSA IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER. THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER (GC) REMAINS EVEN AFTER H. PYLORI ERADICATION; THUS, OTHER COMBINATION TREATMENTS, SUCH AS CHEMOPREVENTIVE DRUGS, ARE NEEDED. WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF ASPIRIN ON GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS, I.E., ATROPHIC MUCOSA (AM) AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (IM), IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GASTRITIS WHO HAD TAKEN ASPIRIN FOR MORE THAN 3 YEARS. A TOTAL OF 221 BIOPSY SPECIMENS FROM 74 PATIENTS, INCLUDING ATROPHIC GASTRITIS (AG) CASES WITHOUT ASPIRIN USE (CONTROL), AG CASES WITH ASPIRIN USE (AG GROUP), AND GC CASES WITH ASPIRIN USE (GC GROUP), WERE ANALYZED. ASPIRIN USE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OF CDH1 METHYLATION IN AM (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06-0.41, P = 0.0002), BUT WAS LESS EFFECTIVE IN REVERSING THE METHYLATION THAT OCCURRED IN IM. FREQUENT HYPERMETHYLATION INCLUDING THAT OF CDH1 IN AM INCREASED IN THE GC GROUP COMPARED TO THE AG GROUP, AND CDH1 METHYLATION WAS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTIVE MARKER OF GC (OR: 8.50, 95% CI: 2.64-25.33, P = 0.0003). IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-TERM ASPIRIN USE, THE CHANGES OF MOLECULAR EVENTS IN AM BUT NOT IM MAY BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE REDUCTION OF CANCER INCIDENCE. IN ADDITION, METHYLATION OF THE CDH1 GENE IN AM MAY BE A SURROGATE OF GC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  3873  15 K-RAS AND P16(INK4A)ALTERATIONS IN SPUTUM OF NSCLC PATIENTS AND IN HEAVY ASYMPTOMATIC CHRONIC SMOKERS. NSCLC RATES AMONG THE MOST FREQUENT AND LETHAL NEOPLASM WORLD-WIDE AND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RELIES ONLY UPON EFFECTIVE EARLY DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES. WE INVESTIGATED K-RAS MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION IN TUMOR TISSUE AND SPUTUM OF 50 PATIENTS WITH NSCLC AND CORRELATED THEM WITH SPUTUM CYTOLOGY AND WITH TUMOR STAGING, GRADING AND LOCATION, TO ASCERTAIN, IN SPUTUM, THEIR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC IMPACT. THE SAME GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES AND CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES WERE ALSO EVALUATED IN SPUTUM FROM 100 CHRONIC HEAVY SMOKERS. GENETIC ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN 64% TUMORS (14/50 K-RAS MUTATIONS AND 24/50 P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION) AND IN 48% SPUTUM (11/50 K-RAS MUTATIONS AND 16/50 P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION). IN TUMORS K-RAS MUTATIONS AND P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION WERE MOSTLY MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, BEING FOUND IN THE SAME PATIENTS IN 3 CASES ONLY. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN SPUTUM WERE DETECTED ONLY IN MOLECULAR ABNORMAL TUMORS. MOLECULAR CHANGES IN SPUTUM HAD RATES OF DETECTION SIMILAR TO CYTOLOGY (42%) BUT THE CYTO-MOLECULAR COMBINATION INCREASED THE DIAGNOSTIC YIELD UP TO 60%. INTERESTINGLY, THE RATE OF DETECTION OF GENETIC CHANGES IN SPUTUM OF TUMORS AT EARLY STAGE (T1) WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF TUMORS AT MORE ADVANCED STAGE (T2-T4). IN FACT K-RAS POINT MUTATIONS WERE FREQUENTLY RECOGNISED IN TUMORS AT EARLY STAGE WHILE P16(INK4A) INACTIVATION PREVAILED IN TUMORS AT ADVANCED STAGE ( P=0.0063). AS EXPECTED, DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGICAL FINDINGS WERE MORE FREQUENTLY FOUND IN TUMORS AT ADVANCED STAGE (P=0.004). NO CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN TUMOR GRADING AND LOCATION (CENTRAL VERSUS PERIPHERAL) AND MOLECULAR CHANGES. P16(INK4A) HYPERMETHYLATION, BUT NOT K-RAS MUTATIONS, WAS DOCUMENTED IN SPORADIC CASES OF ASYMPTOMATIC HEAVY SMOKERS (4%) WHERE IT WAS UNCOUPLED FROM CYTOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES. IN CONCLUSION THE CYTO-MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY ADOPTED IN THIS STUDY WAS ABLE TO DETECT THE MAJORITY OF TUMORS BUT IN ORDER TO BE PROPOSED AS EFFECTIVE AND EARLY DIAGNOSTIC TOOL, THIS MOLECULAR PANEL NEEDS TO BE TESTED IN PROSPECTIVE STUDIES WITH ADEQUATE FOLLOW-UP.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  6871  17 [PATHOGENETIC IMPORTANCE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION]. H. PYLORI ARE ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF HUMAN ACUTE AND CHRONIC GASTRITIS. DEPENDING ON PATHOGENIC FACTORS OF MICROORGANISM AND POLYMORPHISM OF HUMAN GENES, CHRONIC GASTRITIS CAN BE A CAUSE FOR ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS OF THE DUODENUM OR STOMACH, GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND MALT-LYMPHOMA DEVELOPMENT. WE REVEALED GENETIC FEATURES OF BACTERIA, DETERMINED THE INTENSITY OF INFLAMMATION, SUCH AS PATHOGENIC FACTORS--CAG, PLASTIC REGION OF THE GENOME AND ADHESIN CODING GENES. EPIGENETIC CHANGES, FOR EXAMPLE THE METHYLATION OF E-CADHERIN GENE ASSOCIATED WITH H PYLORI, ARE CRUCIAL FOR CARCINOGENESIS. THEREBY, PREDISPOSITION OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI TO ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS OF THE DUODENUM, ULCERATIVE STOMACH DISEASE OR GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA DEPENDS ON TOPOGRAPHY, THE INTENSITY OF INFLAMMATION AND CHANGES OF ACID PRODUCTION IN THE STOMACH.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  5435  23 RELATIVE ROLE OF METHYLATOR AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PATHWAYS IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLON CANCER. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED COLORECTAL CANCER RISK WHICH MAY BE SECONDARY TO REPETITIVE MUCOSAL INJURY. BOTH EPIGENETIC METHYLATION AND THE CLASSIC ADENOMA-TO-CARCINOMA SEQUENCE HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THIS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, BUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAIN POORLY DEFINED. THIS STUDY COMPARES THE MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED AND COMMON COLORECTAL CANCERS. METHODS: NINETEEN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS ARISING WITHIN UC WERE MATCHED FOR AGE AND CANCER SITE WITH 54 PATIENTS WITH SPORADIC ADENOCARCINOMAS. TUMOR TISSUE WAS EXAMINED FOR BRAF MUTATIONS, CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE (CIMP), AND MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. MUTATIONS OF KRAS AND P53 WERE ASSESSED BY SEQUENCING. RESULTS: PATIENT DEMOGRAPHICS WERE SIMILAR FOR THE TWO GROUPS. CIMP WAS OBSERVED IN 22% OF SPORADIC COLORECTAL CANCERS AND IN 5% OF UC CANCERS (P = 0.162). RATES OF BRAF MUTATION (4% VS 5%, P = 1.0), MLH1 METHYLATION (9% VERSUS 5%, P = 0.682), AND KRAS MUTATIONS (24% VERSUS 32%, P = 0.552) WERE SIMILAR BETWEEN THE GROUPS. HOWEVER, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCERS WERE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE A P53 MUTATION COMPARED TO SPORADIC ADENOCARCINOMAS (95% VERSUS 53%, P = 0.001). THE DOMINANT MUTATION FOR COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS WAS A MUTATION IN CODON 4, REPRESENTING HALF OF THE MUTATIONS. FURTHERMORE, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS HAD A HIGHER RATE OF MUTATION IN CODON 8 (48% VERSUS 6%, P < 0.001) THAN SPORADIC COUNTERPARTS. CONCLUSIONS: UNLIKE OTHER INFLAMMATORY GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS, COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCERS DO NOT PREFERENTIALLY ARISE VIA A METHYLATOR PATHWAY WHEN COMPARED TO SPORADIC COLORECTAL CANCERS. CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY REMAINS AN IMPORTANT ETIOLOGY, BUT WITH A UNIQUE P53 FREQUENCY AND MUTATION PATTERN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  5180  22 PREMALIGNANT CONDITIONS OF GASTRIC CANCER. PREMALIGNANT LESIONS OF GASTRIC CANCER ENCOMPASS A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND DYSPLASIA, IN WHICH ELEVATED RISK OF DEVELOPING GASTRIC CANCER HAVE BEEN DOCUMENTED. AMONG THEM, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN OUR DAILY ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION, YET ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IS OFTEN UNDERESTIMATED DESPITE OF A NUMBER OF REPORTS DEMONSTRATING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE INTESTINAL METAPLASTIC MUCOSA. IN THIS REVIEW, I WILL DESCRIBE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PHENOTYPIC CHANGES FROM GASTRIC MUCOSA TO INTESTINAL METAPLASIA BASED ON OUR ANALYSIS OF MOUSE MODEL OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GENERATED BY ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF CDX2 IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE STUDIES WITH HUMAN INTESTINAL METAPLASIA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14    11  29 15Q12 VARIANTS, SPUTUM GENE PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND LUNG CANCER RISK: A GWAS IN SMOKERS. BACKGROUND: LUNG CANCER IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. DETECTION OF PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN EXFOLIATED CELLS FROM THE LUNG PROVIDES AN ASSESSMENT OF FIELD CANCERIZATION THAT IN TURN PREDICTS LUNG CANCER. THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC DETERMINANTS FOR THIS VALIDATED CANCER BIOMARKER SHOULD PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING DURING LUNG CARCINOGENESIS. METHODS: A GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY USING GENERALIZED ESTIMATING EQUATIONS AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS WAS CONDUCTED IN TWO GEOGRAPHICALLY INDEPENDENT SMOKER COHORTS TO IDENTIFY LOCI AFFECTING THE PROPENSITY FOR CANCER-RELATED GENE METHYLATION THAT WAS ASSESSED BY A 12-GENE PANEL INTERROGATED IN SPUTUM. ALL STATISTICAL TESTS WERE TWO-SIDED. RESULTS: TWO SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) AT 15Q12 (RS73371737 AND RS7179575) THAT DROVE GENE METHYLATION WERE DISCOVERED AND REPLICATED WITH RS73371737 REACHING GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANCE (P = 3.3X10(-8)). A HAPLOTYPE CARRYING RISK ALLELES FROM THE TWO 15Q12 SNPS CONFERRED 57% INCREASED RISK FOR GENE METHYLATION (P = 2.5X10(-9)). RS73371737 REDUCED GABRB3 EXPRESSION IN LUNG CELLS AND INCREASED RISK FOR SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC MUCOUS HYPERSECRETION. FURTHERMORE, SUBJECTS WITH VARIANT HOMOZYGOTE OF RS73371737 HAD A TWO-FOLD INCREASE IN RISK FOR LUNG CANCER (P = .0043). PATHWAY ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK REPAIR BY HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION (DSBR-HR) AS A MAJOR PATHWAY AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR GENE METHYLATION THAT WAS VALIDATED BY MEASURING CHROMATID BREAKS IN LYMPHOCYTES CHALLENGED BY BLEOMYCIN. CONCLUSIONS: A FUNCTIONAL 15Q12 VARIANT WAS IDENTIFIED AS A RISK FACTOR FOR GENE METHYLATION AND LUNG CANCER. THE ASSOCIATIONS COULD BE MEDIATED BY GABAERGIC SIGNALING THAT DRIVES THE SMOKING-INDUCED MUCOUS CELL METAPLASIA. OUR FINDINGS ALSO SUBSTANTIATE DSBR-HR AS A CRITICAL PATHWAY DRIVING EPIGENETIC GENE SILENCING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  3232  17 HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED SIGNALING PATHWAYS CONTRIBUTE TO INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. HELICOBACTER PYLORI (H. PYLORI) INDUCES CHRONIC GASTRIC INFLAMMATION, ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, AND CANCER. ALTHOUGH THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER INCREASES EXPONENTIALLY WITH THE EXTENT OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, THE PRECISE MECHANISMS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. H. PYLORI INDUCES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS THROUGH ACTIVATING INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN A CAGPAI-DEPENDENT MANNER. H. PYLORI EVENTUALLY INDUCES GASTRIC CANCER WITH CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY (CIN) OR MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI), WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS TWO MAJOR SUBTYPES OF GASTRIC CANCER. ELUCIDATION OF THE PRECISE MECHANISMS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS WILL ALSO BE IMPORTANT FOR CANCER THERAPY.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16   401  25 ANALYSIS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION ON PROMOTER SEQUENCES OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TOTAL DNA IN SPUTUM SAMPLES: A PROMISING TOOL FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER IN SMOKERS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A DISORDER ASSOCIATED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND LUNG CANCER (LC). SINCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) ARE CLEARLY IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LC. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT TOBACCO SMOKERS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE FOR METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TSGS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS WHEN COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKER SUBJECTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE USEFULNESS OF DETECTION OF GENES PROMOTER METHYLATION IN SPUTUM SPECIMENS, AS A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL TO IDENTIFY LC BIOMARKERS AMONG SMOKERS WITH EARLY COPD. METHODS: WE DETERMINED THE AMOUNT OF DNA IN INDUCED SPUTUM FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD (N = 23), LC (N = 26), AS WELL AS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS (CTR) (N = 33), USING A COMMERCIAL KIT FOR DNA PURIFICATION, FOLLOWED BY ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENT AT 260 NM. THE FREQUENCY OF CDKN2A, CDH1 AND MGMT PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE SAME GROUPS WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP). THE FISHER'S EXACT TEST WAS EMPLOYED TO COMPARE FREQUENCY OF RESULTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT GROUPS. RESULTS: DNA CONCENTRATION WAS 7.4 AND 5.8 TIMES HIGHER IN LC AND COPD COMPARED TO THE (CTR) (P < 0.0001), RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION STATUS OF CDKN2A AND MGMT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN COPD AND LC PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CTR GROUP (P < 0.0001). FREQUENCY OF CDH1 METHYLATION ONLY SHOWED A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LC PATIENTS AND CTR GROUP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TSGS IN SAMPLES OF INDUCED SPUTUM IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR EARLY DIAGNOSTIC OF LUNG DISEASES (LC AND COPD) IN SMOKER SUBJECTS. VIRTUAL SLIDES: THE ABSTRACT MUST FINISH WITH THE FOLLOWING TEXT: VIRTUAL SLIDES THE VIRTUAL SLIDE(S) FOR THIS ARTICLE CAN BE FOUND HERE: HTTP://WWW.DIAGNOSTICPATHOLOGY.DIAGNOMX.EU/VS/1127865005664160.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  2439  20 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE MLH1 PROMOTER IN RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER AND ITS USE AS A BIOMARKER FOR PATIENTS WITH MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. BACKGROUND/AIMS: HUMAN MUTL HOMOLOG 1 (MLH1) PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS REPORTED IN GASTRIC CANCER (GC). THIS STUDY DETERMINED THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL, PROGNOSTIC, AND DIAGNOSTIC EFFECTS OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN GC. METHODS: THE COMBINED ODDS RATIO (OR) OR HAZARD RATIO (HR) AND THEIR CORRESPONDING 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS (95% CI) WERE CALCULATED. THE POOLED SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 4654 GC PATIENTS AND 3669 NON-MALIGNANT CONTROLS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THIS SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN GC SAMPLES THAN IN GASTRIC ADENOMAS, CHRONIC GASTRITIS, ADJACENT TISSUES, NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, AND NORMAL HEALTHY BLOOD SAMPLES, BUT IT EXHIBITED A SIMILAR FREQUENCY IN GC VS. INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND DYSPLASIA SAMPLES. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH AGE AND MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI), BUT IT WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH GENDER, H. PYLORI INFECTION, SMOKING, DRINKING BEHAVIORS, PATHOLOGICAL HISTOLOGY, TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION, CLINICAL STAGE, LYMPH NODE STATUS, DISTANT METASTASIS, OR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF GC. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION EXHIBITED A POOR SENSITIVITY VALUE (< 0.5) IN PATIENTS WITH GC COMPARED WITH ADJACENT TISSUES, GASTRIC ADENOMAS, CHRONIC GASTRITIS, NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, AND NORMAL HEALTHY BLOOD SAMPLES. THE POOLED SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND AUC OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN GC WITH MSI VS. GC WITH MICROSATELLITE STABILITY (MSS) SAMPLES WERE 0.64, 0.96, AND 0.90, RESPECTIVELY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE DETECTION OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR GC PATIENTS WITH MSI.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18  3413  20 HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKER OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. AIM: TO INVESTIGATE THE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B IN GASTRIC MUCOSAL SAMPLES AND THEIR VALUES AS GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS BIOMARKERS. METHODS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA WERE ANALYSED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B EXPRESSION PROFILES IN THE GROUPED SAMPLES WAS EVALUATED BY ANOVA AND STUDENT'S T-TEST TESTS. THE RESULTS WERE ADJUSTED FOR MULTIPLE TESTING BY USING BONFERRONI'S CORRECTION. P VALUES </= 0.05 WERE CONSIDERED STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. TO EVALUATE HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B EXPRESSIONS AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS, WE PERFORMED A RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ANALYSIS AND THE DERIVED AREA UNDER THE CURVE, AND A CATEGORICAL PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS. IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENETIC TARGETS OF HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B WAS PERFORMED USING DIFFERENT PREDICTION TOOLS, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE GENES INVOLVED IN GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HSA-MIR-29C WERE HIGHER IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSAL SAMPLES, AND DECREASED PROGRESSIVELY IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA SAMPLES AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA SAMPLES. THE EXPRESSION OF HSA-MIR-29C IN THE GASTRIC LESIONS SHOWED THAT NON-ATROPHIC GASTRITIS HAVE AN INTERMEDIATE PROFILE TO GASTRIC NORMAL MUCOSA AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA, AND THAT INTESTINAL METAPLASIA SAMPLES PRESENTED AN EXPRESSION PATTERN SIMILAR TO THAT IN INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA. THIS MICRORNA (MIRNA) HAS A GOOD DISCRIMINATORY ACCURACY BETWEEN NORMAL GASTRIC SAMPLES AND (1) INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA; AND (2) INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, AND REGULATES THE DMNT3A ONCOGENE. HSA-MIR-135B IS UP-REGULATED IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA SAMPLES AND DOWN-REGULATED IN NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA AND INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA SAMPLES. NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA SAMPLES. HSA-MIR-135B EXPRESSION PRESENTED A GREATER DISCRIMINATORY ACCURACY BETWEEN NORMAL SAMPLES AND GASTRIC LESIONS. THIS MIRNA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI PRESENCE IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES AND REGULATES THE APC AND KLF4 TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NON-ATROPHIC CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND SUGGEST THAT HSA-MIR-29C AND HSA-MIR-135B ARE PROMISING BIOMARKERS OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS.	2016	

19   137  30 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 IN AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PATIENTS WITH COPD. BACKGROUND: GOBLET CELL METAPLASIA, A COMMON FEATURE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), IS ASSOCIATED WITH MUCUS HYPERSECRETION WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG PATIENTS. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SAM-POINTED DOMAIN-CONTAINING ETS-LIKE FACTOR (SPDEF) AND FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN A2 (FOXA2) REGULATE GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO (1) INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND (2) COMPARE THIS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CONTROLS DURING MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION, PRIMARY AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS, ISOLATED FROM TRACHEA (NON-COPD CONTROLS) AND BRONCHIAL TISSUE (PATIENTS WITH COPD), WERE DIFFERENTIATED BY CULTURE AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE (ALI) IN THE PRESENCE OF CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN (IL)-13 TO PROMOTE GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT SPDEF EXPRESSION WAS INDUCED DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION, WHILE FOXA2 EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED. IMPORTANTLY, CPG NUMBER 8 IN THE SPDEF PROMOTER WAS HYPERMETHYLATED UPON DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS DNA METHYLATION OF FOXA2 PROMOTER WAS NOT CHANGED. IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-13, COPD-DERIVED ALI-CULTURED CELLS DISPLAYED HIGHER SPDEF EXPRESSION THAN CONTROL-DERIVED ALI CULTURES, WHEREAS NO DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND FOR FOXA2 EXPRESSION. THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED WITH HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG NUMBER 6 IN THE SPDEF PROMOTER AND ALSO HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG NUMBERS 10 AND 11 IN THE FOXA2 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 IS ONE OF THE FACTORS UNDERLYING MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN COPD, OPENING NEW AVENUES FOR EPIGENETIC-BASED INHIBITION OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  3976  25 LONG-TERM DEFECTS OF NASAL EPITHELIUM BARRIER FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA POST CHEMO-RADIOTHERAPY. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CHRONIC AND RECURRENT UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION IS COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (NPC) POST CHEMO-RADIOTHERAPY (CRT). WHETHER IT IS DUE TO INTRINSIC (E.G., HOST-DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE EPITHELIUM), EPIGENETIC OR EXTRINSIC FACTORS IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TISSUE BIOPSIES OF THE MIDDLE TURBINATE (MT) AND INFERIOR TURBINATE (IT) FROM NPC PATIENTS AFTER CRT (MEAN OF 3 YEARS, N = 39) WERE COMPARED WITH THE IT BIOPSIES FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS (N = 44). THE EPITHELIAL ULTRASTRUCTURE WAS EXAMINED BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM). MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS OF EPITHELIAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS MARKERS, AS WELL MARKERS OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION MARKERS WAS ANALYZED. RESULTS: ABNORMAL EPITHELIAL ARCHITECTURE WAS OBSERVED IN ALL TISSUE SAMPLES OF NPC PATIENTS. SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS FOR P63 (BASAL CELLS), KI67 (CELL PROLIFERATION), P63(+)/KRT5(+) (EPITHELIAL STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS), MUC5AC AND MUC5B (SECRETARY PROTEINS FROM GOBLET CELLS), ALPHA-TUBULIN, BETA-TUBULIN AND TAP73 (CILIATED CELLS), DNAH5 AND DNAI1 AND RSPH4A (MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLIES OF MOTILE CILIA), FOXJ1 AND CP110 (CILIOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED MARKERS) WERE EVIDENT IN MT AND IT BIOPSIES FROM NPC PATIENTS WHEN COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. CONCLUSION: CRT CAUSES LONG-TERM DEFECTS OF EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTIONS AND INCREASES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THESE PATIENTS TO UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION.	2020