1   355 86 ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL DNA METHYLATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER IN AN APP/PS1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AND MITOCHONDRIAL IMPAIRMENT IS A KEY FEATURE OF AD. THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS A RELATIVELY NEW FIELD COMPARED TO NUCLEAR DNA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MTDNA EPIGENETIC MECHANISM AND AD HASN'T BEEN ESTABLISHED. SO WE ANALYZED THE MTDNA METHYLATION IN D-LOOP REGION AND 12 S RRNA GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPI IN AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN/PRESENILIN 1 (APP/PS1) TRANSGENIC MICE BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE STUDIED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR). WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN THE DISPLACEMENT LOOP (D-LOOP) METHYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN 12 S RRNA GENE METHYLATION, WHILE BOTH THE MTDNA COPY NUMBER AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENE EXPRESSION WERE REDUCED IN APP/PS1 TRANSGENIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, THE PRESENT FINDING SUGGEST THAT MTDNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY A ROLE IN AD PATHOLOGY, WHICH WARRANTS LARGER FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  4378 26 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER AND EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER (MTDNACN) IS A BIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO MTDNA DAMAGE AND DYSFUNCTION, PREDICTIVE OF LUNG CANCER RISK. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) ARE ESTABLISHED LUNG CARCINOGENS AND MAY CAUSE MITOCHONDRIAL TOXICITY. WHETHER PAH EXPOSURE AND PAH-RELATED NUCLEAR DNA (NDNA) GENOTOXIC EFFECTS ARE LINKED WITH INCREASED MTDNACN HAS NEVER BEEN EVALUATED. METHODS: WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PAHS ON MTDNACN IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES (PBLS) OF 46 POLISH MALE NONCURRENT SMOKING COKE-OVEN WORKERS AND 44 MATCHED CONTROLS, WHO WERE PART OF A GROUP OF 94 STUDY INDIVIDUALS EXAMINED IN OUR PREVIOUS WORK. SUBJECTS' PAH EXPOSURE AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS WERE CHARACTERIZED THROUGH MEASURES OF INTERNAL DOSE (URINARY 1-PYRENOL), TARGET DOSE [ANTI-BENZO[A]PYRENE DIOLEPOXIDE (ANTI-BPDE)-DNA ADDUCT], GENETIC INSTABILITY (MICRONUCLEI AND TELOMERE LENGTH), AND DNA METHYLATION (P53 PROMOTER) IN PBLS. MTDNACN (MT/S) WAS MEASURED USING A VALIDATED REAL-TIME PCR METHOD. RESULTS: WORKERS WITH PAH EXPOSURE ABOVE THE MEDIAN VALUE (>3 MUMOL 1-PYRENOL/MOL CREATININE) SHOWED HIGHER MTDNACN [GEOMETRIC MEANS (GM) OF 1.06 (UNADJUSTED) AND 1.07 (AGE-ADJUSTED)] COMPARED WITH CONTROLS [GM 0.89 (UNADJUSTED); 0.89 (AGE-ADJUSTED); (P = 0.029 AND 0.016)], AS WELL AS HIGHER LEVELS OF GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL [I.E., ANTI-BPDE-DNA ADDUCTS (P < 0.001), MICRONUCLEI (P < 0.001), AND TELOMERE LENGTH (P = 0.053)] AND EPIGENETIC [I.E., P53 GENE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER METHYLATION (P < 0.001)] ALTERATIONS IN THE NDNA. IN THE WHOLE STUDY POPULATION, UNADJUSTED AND AGE-ADJUSTED MTDNACN WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH 1-PYRENOL (P = 0.043 AND 0.032) AND ANTI-BPDE-DNA ADDUCTS (P = 0.046 AND 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: PAH EXPOSURE AND PAH-RELATED NDNA GENOTOXICITY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MTDNACN. IMPACT: THE PRESENT STUDY IS SUGGESTIVE OF POTENTIAL ROLES OF MTDNACN IN PAH-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3  4383 25 MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: MAKING A CASE FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS. RECENT STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES, WHICH MAY BE PARTIALLY DUE TO MODIFICATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA). THERE IS ALSO MOUNTING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TO MTDNA MAY BE AN ADDITIONAL LAYER OF REGULATION THAT CONTROLS MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTION. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EG, SMOKING, AIR POLLUTION) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED MTDNA METHYLATION IN A HANDFUL OF MECHANISTIC STUDIES AND IN OBSERVATIONAL HUMAN STUDIES. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS THAT INDUCE MTDNA EPIGENETIC CHANGES. NUMEROUS ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS). BEYOND THEIR ACTIONS ON HORMONAL PATHWAYS, EDC EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH MAY OCCUR THROUGH OR RESULT IN MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION. ALTHOUGH ONLY A FEW STUDIES HAVE ASSESSED THE IMPACTS OF EDCS ON MTDNA METHYLATION, THE CURRENT REVIEW PROVIDES REASONS TO CONSIDER MTDNA EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION AS A MECHANISM OF ACTION OF EDCS AND REVIEWS POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS RELATED TO CURRENTLY AVAILABLE EVIDENCE. FIRST, THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE THAT EDCS (INCLUDING BISPHENOLS AND PHTHALATES) DIRECTLY TARGET MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, AND MORE DIRECT EVIDENCE IS NEEDED TO CONNECT THIS TO MTDNA METHYLATION. SECOND, THESE AND OTHER EDCS ARE POTENT MODULATORS OF NUCLEAR DNA EPIGENETICS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. FINALLY, EDCS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO DISRUPT SEVERAL MODULATORS OF MTDNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A/NUCLEAR RESPIRATORY FACTOR 1 PATHWAY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH EVALUATING MTDNA EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION BY EDCS AND TO DETAIL SPECIFIC MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR SUCH DISRUPTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  4384 26 MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS REGULATING INFLAMMATION IN CANCER AND AGING. INFLAMMATION IS A DEFINING FACTOR IN DISEASE PROGRESSION; EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THIS FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE PATHWAY CAN AFFECT MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, LIKE AGING AND TUMORIGENESIS. INFLAMMAGEING, ONE OF THE HALLMARKS OF AGING, REPRESENTS A CHRONIC, LOW KEY BUT A PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY STATE. OXIDATIVE STRESS, ALTERATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) COPY NUMBER AND MIS-LOCALIZED EXTRA-MITOCHONDRIAL MTDNA ARE SUGGESTED TO DIRECTLY INDUCE VARIOUS IMMUNE RESPONSE PATHWAYS. THIS COULD ULTIMATELY PERTURB CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS AND LEAD TO PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. EPIGENETIC REMODELLING OF MTDNA BY DNA METHYLATION, POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF MTDNA BINDING PROTEINS AND REGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL GENE EXPRESSION BY NUCLEAR DNA OR MTDNA ENCODED NON-CODING RNAS, ARE SUGGESTED TO DIRECTLY CORRELATE WITH THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCER. MITOCHONDRIA ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF REGULATING IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VARIOUS INFECTIONS AND TISSUE DAMAGE BY PRODUCING PRO- OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS. THIS OCCURS BY ALTERING THE LEVELS OF MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLITES AND REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) LEVELS. SINCE MITOCHONDRIA ARE KNOWN AS THE GUARDIANS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, IT IS PLAUSIBLE THAT MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS MIGHT PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN INFLAMMATION. HENCE, THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE INTRICATE DYNAMICS OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF INFLAMMATION, WITH EMPHASIS ON MITOCHONDRIA IN CANCER AND AGING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  1201 39 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTOR-1 MODULATES BIOMARKERS OF DNA OXIDATION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE MICE. INCREASED PRODUCTION OF HYDROXYL RADICAL IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN MAMMALIAN DNA THAT ACCUMULATES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) REACT WITH BOTH NUCLEAR DNA (NDNA) AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) TO GENERATE 8-HYDROXY-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OHDG), BOTH OF WHICH CAN BE MEASURED IN THE URINE. KNOWLEDGE OF THIS PATHWAY HAS POSITIONED MEASUREMENT OF URINE 8-OHDG AS A RELIABLE INDEX OF DNA OXIDATION AND A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER TARGET FOR TRACKING EARLY CELLULAR DYSFUNCTION IN AD. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC STUDIES DEMONSTRATE DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS (E.G. 5-METHYL-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, 5-MDC) IN AD TISSUES. MOREOVER, STRESS HORMONES CAN ACTIVATE NEURONAL OXIDATIVE STRESS WHICH WILL STIMULATE THE RELEASE OF ADDITIONAL STRESS HORMONES AND RESULT IN DAMAGES TO HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN THE AD BRAIN. OUR PREVIOUS WORK SUGGESTS THAT TREATING AD TRANSGENIC MICE THE TYPE-1 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTOR (CRFR1) ANTAGONIST, R121919, TO REDUCE STRESS SIGNALING, PREVENTED ONSET OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, SYNAPTIC/DENDRITIC LOSS AND ABETA PLAQUE ACCUMULATION. THEREFORE, TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER LEVELS OF DNA OXIDATION CAN BE IMPACTED BY THE SAME THERAPEUTIC APPROACH, URINE LEVELS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 8-OHDG, 5-MDC AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY (TAC) WERE ANALYZED USING AN AD TG MOUSE MODEL. WE FOUND THAT TG ANIMALS HAD AN 80% INCREASE IN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE LEVELS COMPARED TO WILD TYPE (WT) COUNTERPARTS, AN EFFECT THAT COULD BE DRAMATICALLY REVERSED BY THE CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION WITH R121919. A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE OF 8-OHDG LEVELS WAS OBSERVED IN TG MICE TREATED WITH CRFR1 ANTAGONIST. COLLECTIVELY OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF CRFR1 ANTAGONISM SEEN IN TG MICE MAY BE MECHANISTICALLY LINKED TO THE MODULATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS PATHWAYS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6  5683 24 SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. SHORTER TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES (PBLS) IS PREDICTIVE OF LUNG CANCER RISK. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) ARE ESTABLISHED LUNG CARCINOGENS THAT CAUSE CHROMOSOME INSTABILITY. WHETHER PAH EXPOSURE AND ITS MOLECULAR EFFECTS ARE LINKED WITH SHORTER TL HAS NEVER BEEN EVALUATED. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PAHS ON TL MEASURED IN PBLS OF POLISH MALE NON-CURRENT SMOKING COKEOVEN WORKERS AND MATCHED CONTROLS. PAH EXPOSURE AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS WERE CHARACTERIZED USING MEASURES OF INTERNAL DOSE (URINARY 1-PYRENOL), EFFECTIVE DOSE [ANTI-BENZO[A]PYRENE DIOLEPOXIDE (ANTI-BPDE)-DNA ADDUCT], GENETIC INSTABILITY (MICRONUCLEI, MN) AND DNA METHYLATION [P53 PROMOTER AND ALU AND LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT-1 (LINE-1) REPETITIVE ELEMENTS, AS SURROGATE MEASURES OF GLOBAL METHYLATION] IN PBLS. TL WAS MEASURED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. COKEOVEN WORKERS WERE HEAVILY EXPOSED TO PAHS (79% EXCEEDED THE URINARY 1-PYRENOL BIOLOGICAL EXPOSURE INDEX) AND EXHIBITED LOWER TL (P = 0.038) THAN CONTROLS, AS WELL AS HIGHER LEVELS OF GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS [I.E. ANTI-BPDE-DNA ADDUCT AND MN (P < 0.0001)] AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES [I.E. P53 GENE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER AND GLOBAL METHYLATION (P <OR= 0.001)]. TL DECREASED WITH LONGER DURATION OF WORK AS COKEOVEN WORKER (P = 0.039) AND IN ALL SUBJECTS WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF ANTI-BPDE-DNA ADDUCT (P = 0.042), P53 HYPOMETHYLATION (P = 0.005) AND MN (P = 0.009). IN MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS, YEARS OF WORK IN COKERY (P = 0.008) AND P53 HYPOMETHYLATION (P = 0.001) WERE THE PRINCIPAL DETERMINANTS OF SHORTER TL. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT SHORTER TL IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAH EXPOSURE. THE INTERRELATIONS WITH OTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SHORTER TL COULD BE A CENTRAL EVENT IN PAH CARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  5837 25 STRESSED MITOCHONDRIA: A TARGET TO INTRUDE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS THE INOPERABLE, INCAPACITATING, NEUROPSYCHIATRIC, AND DEGENERATIVE MANIFESTATION THAT DRASTICALLY AFFECTS HUMAN LIFE QUALITY. THE CURRENT MEDICATIONS TARGET EXTRA-NEURONAL SENILE PLAQUES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, NEUROINFLAMMATION, INTRANEURONAL NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES, CHOLINERGIC DEFICITS, AND EXCITOTOXICITY. AMONG NOVEL PATHWAYS AND TARGETS, BIOENERGETIC AND RESULTANT MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS ESSENTIAL FACTORS THAT DECIDE THE NEURONAL FATE AND CONSEQUENT NEURODEGENERATION IN AD. THE CRUCIAL ATTRIBUTES OF MITOCHONDRIA, INCLUDING BIOENERGESIS, SIGNALING, SENSING, INTEGRATING, AND TRANSMITTING BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS CONTRIBUTE TO OPTIMUM NETWORKING OF NEURONAL DYNAMICS AND MAKE THEM INDISPENSABLE FOR CELL SURVIVAL. IN AD, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND MITOPHAGY ARE A PRELIMINARY AND CRITICAL EVENT THAT AGGRAVATES THE PATHOLOGICAL CASCADE. STRESS IS KNOWN TO PROMOTE AND EXAGGERATE THE NEUROPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATION DURING NEURODEGENERATION AND METABOLIC IMPAIRMENTS, ESPECIALLY IN THE CORTICO-LIMBIC SYSTEM, BESIDES ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS. STRESS INVOLVES THE ALLOCATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES FOR NEURONAL SURVIVAL. CHRONIC AND AGGRAVATED STRESS RESPONSE LEADS TO EXCESSIVE RELEASE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS BY ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARYADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. BY ACTING THROUGH THEIR RECEPTORS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS INFLUENCE ADVERSE MITOCHONDRIAL CHANGES AND ALTER MTDNA TRANSCRIPTION, MTRNA EXPRESSION, HIPPOCAMPAL MITOCHONDRIAL NETWORK, AND ULTIMATELY MITOCHONDRIAL PHYSIOLOGY. CHRONIC STRESS ALSO AFFECTS MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS BY CHANGING METABOLIC AND NEURO-ENDOCRINAL SIGNALLING, AGGRAVATING OXIDATIVE STRESS, PROVOKING INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, ALTERING TROPIC FACTORS, INFLUENCING GENE EXPRESSION, AND MODIFYING EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. THUS, EXPLORING CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED GLUCOCORTICOID DYSREGULATION AND RESULTANT BIO-BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOSOMATIC MITOCHONDRIAL ALTERATIONS MAY BE A FEASIBLE NARRATIVE TO INVESTIGATE AND UNRAVEL THE MYSTERIOUS PATHOBIOLOGY OF AD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                    
8  1627 32 DNMT1 MODULATION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS AND HYPOTHETIC INFLUENCE ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA METHYLATION STATUS DURING LONG-TERM NUCLEO(T)SIDE ANALOGS THERAPY. INHIBITION OF VIRAL REPLICATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT GOAL IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS CHRONIC INFECTION (CHB). CURRENTLY, FIVE ORAL NUCLEO(T)SIDE ANALOGS (NAS), INCLUDING LAMIVUDINE, ADEFOVIR, TELBIVUDINE, ENTECAVIR, AND TENOFOVIR, HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR TREATMENT. THE WIDESPREAD USE OF NAS HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED WITH A PROGRESSIVE GROWTH OF UNLIKELY ANOMALY ATTRIBUTABLE TO MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTIONS, NOT PREVIOUSLY RECOGNIZED. HERE, WE EXPLORE THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NAS MAY CAUSE PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING PROLONGED NAS THERAPY IN CHB PATIENTS. WE OBTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES OF CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, 18 RECEIVING NAS AND 20 UNTREATED PATIENTS. ALL PATIENTS WERE CAUCASIAN AND ITALIANS. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED BY BISULPHITE SEQUENCING PCR TO SEARCH THE EXISTENCE OF METHYLATED CYTOSINE RESIDUES IN THE LIGHT (L)-STRANDS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA CONTROL REGION (D-LOOP). GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES 1 WAS PERFORMED BY A QUANTITATIVE RELATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR). DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY (P < 000001) HIGHER IN NA TREATED PATIENTS (4.09, IQR 3.52-5.15) WHEN COMPARED WITH HBV NAIVES (0.61, IQR 0.34-0.82). BESIDES, DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH NA THERAPY DURATION (SPEARMAN RHO = 0.67; P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, NA THERAPY DURATION WAS THE ONLY SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION AT MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (BETA = 0.95, P < 0.0000001). BISULPHITE PCR SEQUENCING SHOWED THAT METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE RESIDUES OCCURRED IN A HIGHER PERCENTAGE IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH NAS IN COMPARISON WITH UNTREATED PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. OUR DATA SHOWED A DNMT1 OVEREXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED TO NA THERAPY DURATION AND AN HIGHER REGIONAL MTDNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS MIGHT SUGGEST AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THAT COULD BE INVOLVED IN ONE OF THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF MITOCHONDRIAL GENE REGULATION DURING NAS THERAPY.	2017	
                                                                                                      
9  5193 23 PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANTS INDUCES MITOCHONDRIA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL PILOT STUDY. MITOCHONDRIA PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING CELLULAR AND METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS DURING VITAL DEVELOPMENT CYCLES OF FOETAL GROWTH. OPTIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO SUSTAIN ADEQUATE ENERGY PRODUCTION BUT ALSO FOR REGULATED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, THESE ORGANELLES ARE SUBTLE TARGETS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND ANY PERTURBANCE IN THE DEFINED MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY DURING THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE CAN LEAD TO THE RE-PROGRAMMING OF THE FOETAL EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. AS THESE MODIFICATIONS CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS, WE HEREIN PERFORMED A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO HAVE AN IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF THIS INTRICATE PHENOMENON. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH TWO ARMS: WHEREAS THE FIRST GROUP CONSISTED OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS AND THE SECOND GROUP INCLUDED CONTROLS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED HIGHER LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE MTDNA DAMAGE AND ASSOCIATED INTEGRATED STRESS RESPONSE AMONG THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. THESE DISTURBANCES WERE FOUND TO BE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED DISCREPANCIES IN MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS. THE EXPOSED GROUP SHOWED MTDNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND CHANGES IN ALLIED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONING. ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MITOMIRS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE TARGET GENES IN THE EXPOSED GROUP INDICATED THE POSSIBILITIES OF A DISTURBED MITOCHONDRIAL-NUCLEAR CROSS TALK. THIS WAS FURTHER CONFIRMED BY THE MODIFIED ACTIVITY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS REGULATORS AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AMONG THE EXPOSED GROUP. IMPORTANTLY, THE DISTURBED DNMT FUNCTIONING, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NUCLEAR DNA, AND HIGHER DEGREE OF POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ESTABLISHED THE EXISTENCE OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE FIRST MOLECULAR INSIGHTS OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSURE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL-EPIGENETIC AXIS. ALTHOUGH, OUR STUDY MIGHT NOT CEMENT AN EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP FOR ANY PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANT, BUT SUFFICE TO ESTABLISH A DOGMA OF MITO-EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT INTRAUTERINE MILIEU WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS, A HITHERTO UNREPORTED INTERACTION.	2022	

10   788 18 CELLULAR ALLOSTATIC LOAD IS LINKED TO INCREASED ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND ACCELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING. STRESS TRIGGERS ANTICIPATORY PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES THAT PROMOTE SURVIVAL, A PHENOMENON TERMED ALLOSTASIS. HOWEVER, THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF ENERGY-DEPENDENT ALLOSTATIC RESPONSES RESULTS IN ALLOSTATIC LOAD, A DYSREGULATED STATE THAT PREDICTS FUNCTIONAL DECLINE, ACCELERATES AGING, AND INCREASES MORTALITY IN HUMANS. THE ENERGETIC COST AND CELLULAR BASIS FOR THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINED. HERE, BY LONGITUDINALLY PROFILING THREE UNRELATED PRIMARY HUMAN FIBROBLAST LINES ACROSS THEIR LIFESPAN, WE FIND THAT CHRONIC GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE INCREASES CELLULAR ENERGY EXPENDITURE BY APPROXIMATELY 60%, ALONG WITH A METABOLIC SHIFT FROM GLYCOLYSIS TO MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (OXPHOS). THIS STATE OF STRESS-INDUCED HYPERMETABOLISM IS LINKED TO MTDNA INSTABILITY, NON-LINEARLY AFFECTS AGE-RELATED CYTOKINES SECRETION, AND ACCELERATES CELLULAR AGING BASED ON DNA METHYLATION CLOCKS, TELOMERE SHORTENING RATE, AND REDUCED LIFESPAN. PHARMACOLOGICALLY NORMALIZING OXPHOS ACTIVITY WHILE FURTHER INCREASING ENERGY EXPENDITURE EXACERBATES THE ACCELERATED AGING PHENOTYPE, POINTING TO TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE AS A POTENTIAL DRIVER OF AGING DYNAMICS. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS DEFINE BIOENERGETIC AND MULTI-OMIC RECALIBRATIONS OF STRESS ADAPTATION, UNDERSCORING INCREASED ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND ACCELERATED CELLULAR AGING AS INTERRELATED FEATURES OF CELLULAR ALLOSTATIC LOAD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11   331 34 ALTERATION IN MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS PROMOTES THE PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF MICROGLIA AND IS INVOLVED IN CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION OF YOUNG AND AGED MICE FOLLOWING LPS EXPOSURE. CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION IS IMPLICATED IN IMPAIRED MOTOR COORDINATION AND BALANCE, THUS DISTURBING THE DYNAMICS OF SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION. NEUROINFLAMMATION AND AGING COULD BE PROMINENT CONTRIBUTORS TO CEREBELLAR ABERRATION. ADDITIONALLY, CHANGES IN MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS MAY PRECEDE MICROGLIA ACTIVATION IN SEVERAL CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE USING LPS (1 MG/KG I.P. FOR FOUR CONSECUTIVE DAYS) STIMULATION IN BOTH YOUNG (3 MONTHS OLD) AND AGED (12 MONTHS OLD) MICE, FOLLOWED BY MOLECULAR ANALYSIS ON THE 21ST DAY, WE HAVE EXPLORED THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AGING AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMIC ALTERATION IN THE BACKDROP OF CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION. FOLLOWING LPS STIMULATION, WE OBSERVED MICROGLIA ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENT ELEVATION IN PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (M1; TNF-ALPHA, IFN-GAMMA) WITH NLRP3 ACTIVATION AND A CONCOMITANT REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS (M2; YM1, TGF-BETA1) IN THE CEREBELLAR TISSUE OF AGED MICE COMPARED WITH THE YOUNG LPS AND AGED CONTROLS. REMARKABLY, SENESCENCE (P21, P27, P53) AND EPIGENETIC (HDAC2) MARKERS WERE FOUND UPREGULATED IN THE CEREBELLUM TISSUE OF THE AGED LPS GROUP, SUGGESTING THEIR CRUCIAL ROLE IN LPS-INDUCED CEREBELLAR DEFICIT. FURTHER, WE DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION IN THE ANTAGONISTIC FORCES OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION AND FISSION WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL FISSION-RELATED GENE [FIS1] AND DECREASED FUSION-RELATED GENES [MFN1 AND MFN2]. WE NOTED INCREASED MTDNA COPY NUMBER, MICROGLIA ACTIVATION, AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF IL1-BETA AND IFN-GAMMA POST-CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION IN AGED LPS GROUP. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS AND ALTERED MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION PARADIGM IN CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS MAY BE THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE CEREBELLAR MOLECULAR MECHANISM.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  3558 23 IMPACT OF CHRONIC BENZENE POISONING ON ABERRANT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA METHYLATION: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. BENZENE IS USED AS AN INDUSTRIAL SOLVENT, WHICH MAY RESULT IN CHRONIC BENZENE POISONING (CBP). SEVERAL STUDIES SUGGESTED THAT CBP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL RELATION BETWEEN CBP AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) METHYLATION. THIS PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ENROLLED CBP PATIENTS ADMITTED TO SHENZHEN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT CENTER FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES HOSPITAL AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS BETWEEN 2018 AND 2021. THE WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC), RED BLOOD CELL (RBC), HEMOGLOBIN (HB), AND PLATELET (PLT) COUNTS AND MTDNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE MEASURED USING BLOOD FLOW CYTOMETRY AND TARGETED BISULFITE SEQUENCING, RESPECTIVELY. A TOTAL OF 90 PARTICIPANTS WERE RECRUITED, INCLUDING 30 CASES OF CBP (20 FEMALES, MEAN AGE 43.0 +/- 8.0 YEARS) AND 60 HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS (42 FEMALES, MEAN AGE 43.5 +/- 11.5 YEARS). THIS STUDY DETECTED 168 MITOCHONDRIAL METHYLATION SITES >0 IN ALL STUDY SUBJECTS. THE MTDNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE CBP CASES WERE LOWER THAN THE HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS [MEDIAN +/- INTERQUARTILE-RANGE (IQR), 25TH PERCENTILE, 75TH PERCENTILE: (1.140 +/- 0.570, 0.965, 1.535)% VS. MEDIAN +/- IQR, 25TH PERCENTILE, 75TH PERCENTILE: (1.705 +/- 0.205,1.240,2.445)%, P < 0.05]. ADDITIONALLY, THE SPEARMAN CORRELATION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE MTDNA METHYLATION LEVELS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE COUNTS OF CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES [WBC (R = 0.048, P = 0.036)] AND PLATELETS [PLT (R = 0.129, P < 0.01)]. WE PROVIDED SOLID EVIDENCE OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CBP AND ABERRANT MTDNA METHYLATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13  5942 19 TARGETING OF CELLULAR REDOX METABOLISM FOR MITIGATION OF RADIATION INJURY. ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION IS A SERIOUS CONCERN TO HUMAN LIFE. STUDIES ON THE MITIGATION OF SIDE EFFECTS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO ACCIDENTAL RADIATION EVENTS ARE ONGOING. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT RADIATION CAN ACTIVATE SEVERAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS, LEADING TO CHANGES IN THE METABOLISM OF FREE RADICALS INCLUDING REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) AND NITRIC OXIDE (NO). CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS SHOW THAT RADIATION CAN CAUSE DISRUPTION OF NORMAL REDUCTION/OXIDATION (REDOX) SYSTEM. MITOCHONDRIA MALFUNCTION FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO RADIATION AND MUTATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIA DNA (MTDNA) HAVE A KEY ROLE IN CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS. FURTHERMORE, EXPOSURE TO RADIATION LEADS TO INFILTRATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS SUCH AS MACROPHAGES, LYMPHOCYTES AND MAST CELLS, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT SOURCES OF ROS AND NO. THESE CELLS GENERATE FREE RADICALS VIA UPREGULATION OF SOME PRO-OXIDANT ENZYMES SUCH AS NADPH OXIDASES, INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) AND CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2). EPIGENETIC CHANGES ALSO HAVE A KEY ROLE IN A SIMILAR WAY. OTHER MEDIATORS SUCH AS MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR (PPAR), WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN THE NORMAL METABOLISM OF CELLS HAVE ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO REGULATE CELL DEATH FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO RADIATION. THESE MECHANISMS ARE TISSUE SPECIFIC. INHIBITION OR ACTIVATION OF EACH OF THESE TARGETS CAN BE SUGGESTED FOR MITIGATION OF RADIATION INJURY IN A SPECIFIC TISSUE. IN THE CURRENT PAPER, WE REVIEW THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CHANGES IN THE METABOLISM OF CELLS AND ROS/NO FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO RADIATION. FURTHERMORE, THE POSSIBLE STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATION OF RADIATION INJURY THROUGH MODULATION OF CELLULAR METABOLISM IN IRRADIATED ORGANS WILL BE DISCUSSED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14   259 24 ADVANCES IN PCOS PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION-MITOCHONDRIAL MUTATIONS AND DYSFUNCTION. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS A COMMON FEMALE ENDOCRINE DISORDER, WHICH STILL REMAINS LARGELY UNSOLVED IN TERMS OF ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS DESPITE IMPORTANT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ITS GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR IMPLICATIONS. IT IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE, FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PROBABLY ACCOMPANIED WITH SUBCLINICAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND SOME MALIGNANT LESIONS AS WELL, SUCH AS ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. DISCREPANCIES IN THE CLINICAL PHENOTYPE AND PROGRESSION OF PCOS EXIST BETWEEN DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS, WHICH NUCLEAR GENETIC STUDIES HAVE SO FAR FAILED TO EXPLAIN. OVER THE LAST YEARS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO AN ARRAY OF DISEASES. BECAUSE MITOCHONDRIA ARE UNDER THE DUAL GENETIC CONTROL OF BOTH THE MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR GENOMES, MUTATIONS WITHIN EITHER DNA MOLECULE MAY RESULT IN DEFICIENCY IN RESPIRATORY CHAIN FUNCTION THAT LEADS TO A REDUCED ABILITY TO PRODUCE CELLULAR ADENOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE AND TO AN EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VARIANTS IN MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, AND PCOS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED TO A LESSER EXTENT. MAY MUTATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) BECOME AN ADDITIONAL TARGET OF INVESTIGATIONS ON THE MISSING PCOS HERITABILITY? ARE MUTATIONS IN MTDNA IMPLICATED IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF PCOS COMPLICATIONS, E.G., CVDS, DIABETES MELLITUS, CANCERS?	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  6166 22 THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM: A NEW DRUG TARGET IN NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS. GLUTATHIONE (GSH) HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN CELLULAR SIGNALING AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES EITHER BY REACTING DIRECTLY WITH REACTIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN SPECIES OR BY ACTING AS AN ESSENTIAL COFACTOR FOR GSH S-TRANSFERASES AND GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASES. GSH ACTING IN CONCERT WITH ITS DEPENDENT ENZYMES, KNOWN AS THE GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES (ROS/RNS) AND ELECTROPHILES PRODUCED BY XENOBIOTICS. ADEQUATE LEVELS OF GSH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN GENERAL AND T CELL ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN PARTICULAR. GSH IS A UBIQUITOUS REGULATOR OF THE CELL CYCLE PER SE. GSH ALSO HAS CRUCIAL FUNCTIONS IN THE BRAIN AS AN ANTIOXIDANT, NEUROMODULATOR, NEUROTRANSMITTER, AND ENABLER OF NEURON SURVIVAL. DEPLETION OF GSH LEADS TO EXACERBATION OF DAMAGE BY OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS; HYPERNITROSYLATION; INCREASED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL; DYSFUNCTIONS OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING NETWORKS, E.G., P53, NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB, AND JANUS KINASES; DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION AND DNA SYNTHESIS; INACTIVATION OF COMPLEX I OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN; ACTIVATION OF CYTOCHROME C AND THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY; BLOCKADE OF THE METHIONINE CYCLE; AND COMPROMISED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. AS SUCH, GSH DEPLETION HAS MARKED CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, OXIDATIVE AND NITROSATIVE STRESS (O&NS) PATHWAYS, REGULATION OF ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL SURVIVAL AS WELL. GSH DEPLETION AND CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN O&NS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTIONS PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIVERSE NEUROIMMUNE DISORDERS, INCLUDING DEPRESSION, MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS/CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE, SUGGESTING THAT DEPLETED GSH IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE DISEASES. THERAPEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS THAT AIM TO INCREASE GSH CONCENTRATIONS IN VIVO INCLUDE N-ACETYL CYSTEINE; NRF-2 ACTIVATION VIA HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY; DIMETHYL FUMARATE; PHYTOCHEMICALS, INCLUDING CURCUMIN, RESVERATROL, AND CINNAMON; AND FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION.	2014	
                                                                     
16   293 22 AGING HALLMARKS AND THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. AGING IS A COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL PROCESS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN THE PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF THE ORGANISM AND AN INCREASED RISK OF AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CANCER, AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. STUDIES HAVE ESTABLISHED THAT THERE EXIST NINE HALLMARKS OF THE AGING PROCESS, INCLUDING (I) TELOMERE SHORTENING, (II) GENOMIC INSTABILITY, (III) EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, (IV) MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, (V) LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, (VI) DYSREGULATED NUTRIENT SENSING, (VII) STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, (VIII) CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND (IX) ALTERED CELLULAR COMMUNICATION. ALL THESE ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN LINKED TO SUSTAINED SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, AND THESE MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE AGING PROCESS IN TIMING NOT CLEARLY DETERMINED YET. NEVERTHELESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE AGING PROCESS. MITOCHONDRIA IS THE PRIMARY ENDOGENOUS SOURCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS). DURING THE AGING PROCESS, THERE IS A DECLINE IN ATP PRODUCTION AND ELEVATED ROS PRODUCTION TOGETHER WITH A DECLINE IN THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE. ELEVATED ROS LEVELS CAN CAUSE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE CELL, ORGANELLE MEMBRANES, DNA, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS. THIS DAMAGE CONTRIBUTES TO THE AGING PHENOTYPE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MECHANISMS OF AGING WITH AN EMPHASIS ON MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND ROS PRODUCTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  3837 20 IONIZING RADIATION-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY: THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA. PURPOSE: TO REVIEW THE DATA CONCERNING THE ROLE OF ENDOGENOUSLY GENERATED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) IN THE NON-TARGETED IONIZING RADIATION (IR) EFFECTS AND IN DETERMINATION OF THE CELL POPULATION'S FATE, BOTH EARLY AFTER EXPOSURE AND AFTER MANY GENERATIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE SHORT-TERM AS WELL AS CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSES MAINLY ARE PRODUCED DUE TO ROS GENERATION BY THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) OF THE MITOCHONDRIA AND BY THE CYTOPLASMIC NADPH OXIDASES. WHETHER THE INDUCTION OF THE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES OCCUR OR ARE HAMPERED IN A SINGLE CELL LARGELY DEPENDS ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELLULAR POPULATION OF SEVERAL HUNDRED OR THOUSANDS OF MITOCHONDRIA THAT ARE GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS. HIGH INTRA-MITOCHONDRIAL ROS LEVEL IS DAMAGING THE MITOCHONDRIAL (MT) DNA AND ITS MUTATIONS AFFECT THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL MECHANISMS OF THE NUCLEAR (N) DNA, BY DECREASING THE ACTIVITY OF METHYLTRANSFERASES AND THUS, CAUSING GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION. THESE CHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE PROGENY OF THE IRRADIATED CELLS. THE CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE LATE POST-RADIATION EFFECTS, INCLUDING CANCER, AND THIS MAKES IT AN IMPORTANT ADVERSE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO IR AND A TARGET FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  5381 21 RECONSIDERING THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN AGING. BACKGROUND: MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS LONG BEEN CONSIDERED A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO AGING AND AGE-RELATED DISEASES. HARMAN'S MITOCHONDRIAL FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING POSTULATED THAT SOMATIC MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MUTATIONS THAT ACCUMULATE OVER THE LIFE SPAN CAUSE EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES THAT DAMAGE MACROMOLECULES AND IMPAIR CELL AND TISSUE FUNCTION. INDEED, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT MAXIMAL OXIDATIVE CAPACITY DECLINES WITH AGE WHILE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION INCREASES. HARMAN'S HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY CHALLENGED BY RECENT STUDIES SHOWING THAT REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES EVOKE METABOLIC HEALTH AND LONGEVITY, PERHAPS THROUGH HORMETIC MECHANISMS THAT INCLUDE AUTOPHAGY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO SCAN THE EVER-GROWING LITERATURE ON MITOCHONDRIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF AGING RESEARCH AND TRY TO IDENTIFY PRIORITY QUESTIONS THAT SHOULD BE ADDRESSED IN FUTURE RESEARCH. METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH OF PEER-REVIEWED STUDIES WAS PERFORMED USING PUBMED. SEARCH TERMS INCLUDED (I) MITOCHONDRIA OR MITOCHONDRIAL; (II) AGING, AGEING, OLDER ADULTS OR ELDERLY; AND (III) REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, MITOCHONDRIA DYNAMICS, MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEOSTASIS, CYTOSOL, MITOCHONDRIAL-ASSOCIATED MEMBRANES, REDOX HOMEOSTASIS, ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN, ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN EFFICIENCY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, DNA HETEROPLASMY. RESULTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL BIOLOGY AS A TRAIT D'UNION BETWEEN THE BASIC BIOLOGY OF AGING AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES IS STRONGER THAN EVER, ALTHOUGH THE EMPHASIS HAS MOVED FROM REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION TO OTHER ASPECTS OF MITOCHONDRIAL PHYSIOLOGY, INCLUDING MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND TURNOVER, ENERGY SENSING, APOPTOSIS, SENESCENCE, AND CALCIUM DYNAMICS. CONCLUSIONS: MITOCHONDRIA COULD PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AGING OR IN THE EARLIER STAGES OF SOME EVENTS THAT LEAD TO THE AGING PHENOTYPE. THEREFORE, MITOCHONDRIA WILL INCREASINGLY BE TARGETED TO PREVENT AND TREAT CHRONIC DISEASES AND TO PROMOTE HEALTHY AGING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  1250 19 CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN MIGRAINE. MITOCHONDRIA ARE AN AUTONOMOUS ORGANELLE THAT PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE METABOLIC ASPECTS OF A CELL. CORTICAL SPREADING DEPRESSION (CSD) AND FLUCTUATIONS IN THE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW HAVE FOR LONG BEEN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MIGRAINE. IT IS A NEUROVASCULAR DISORDER WITH A UNILATERAL MANIFESTATION OF DISTURBING, THROBBING AND PULSATING HEAD PAIN. MIGRAINE AFFECTS 2.6% AND 21.7% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION AND IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF PARTIAL DISABILITY IN THE AGE GROUP 15-49. HIGHER MUTATION RATES, IMBALANCE IN CONCENTRATION OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT MOLECULES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS HAVE BEEN THE MAIN THEMES OF DISCUSSION IN DETERMINING THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DISABILITY IN MIGRAINE. THE CORRELATION OF MIGRAINE WITH OTHER DISORDERS LIKE HEMIPLEGIC MIGRAINE; MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY, ENCEPHALOPATHY, LACTIC ACIDOSIS AND STROKE-LIKE EPISODES [MELAS]; TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE (TTH); CYCLIC VOMITING SYNDROME (CVS), ISCHAEMIC STROKE; AND HYPERTENSION HAS HELPED IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOGENETIC BASIS OF MIGRAINE. HERE, WE HAVE REVIEWED THE DIFFERENT NUANCES OF MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND MIGRAINE. THE DIFFERENT MTDNA POLYMORPHISMS THAT CAN AFFECT THE GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE HAS BEEN HIGHLIGHTED AND SUPPORTED WITH RESEARCH FINDINGS. IN ADDITION TO THIS, THE GENETIC BASIS OF MIGRAINE PATHOGENESIS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF MUTATIONS IN NUCLEAR DNA THAT CAN, IN TURN, AFFECT THE SYNTHESIS OF DEFECTIVE MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS IS DISCUSSED ALONG WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC PROFILE. THIS REVIEW GIVES AN OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MIGRAINE AND EXPLORES MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AS A POTENTIAL UNDERLYING MECHANISM. ALSO, THERAPEUTIC SUPPLEMENTS FOR MANAGING MIGRAINE HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED AT DIFFERENT JUNCTURES IN THIS PAPER.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20   375 13 AN ENERGETIC VIEW OF STRESS: FOCUS ON MITOCHONDRIA. ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO SUSTAIN LIFE AND ENABLE STRESS ADAPTATION. AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL, ENERGY IS LARGELY DERIVED FROM MITOCHONDRIA - UNIQUE MULTIFUNCTIONAL ORGANELLES WITH THEIR OWN GENOME. FOUR MAIN ELEMENTS CONNECT MITOCHONDRIA TO STRESS: (1) ENERGY IS REQUIRED AT THE MOLECULAR, (EPI)GENETIC, CELLULAR, ORGANELLAR, AND SYSTEMIC LEVELS TO SUSTAIN COMPONENTS OF STRESS RESPONSES; (2) GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND OTHER STEROID HORMONES ARE PRODUCED AND METABOLIZED BY MITOCHONDRIA; (3) RECIPROCALLY, MITOCHONDRIA RESPOND TO NEUROENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC STRESS MEDIATORS; AND (4) EXPERIMENTALLY MANIPULATING MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS ALTERS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. THUS, MITOCHONDRIA ARE ENDOCRINE ORGANELLES THAT PROVIDE BOTH THE ENERGY AND SIGNALS THAT ENABLE AND DIRECT STRESS ADAPTATION. NEURAL CIRCUITS REGULATING SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - AS WELL AS PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES - ARE ALSO INFLUENCED BY MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGETICS. AN INTEGRATIVE VIEW OF STRESS AS AN ENERGY-DRIVEN PROCESS OPENS NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO STUDY MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION AND REGULATION ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.	2018