1  3575 164 IMPACT OF MOLECULAR PROFILING ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELOFIBROSIS. MYELOFIBROSIS (MF) IS A CHRONIC MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN) CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS CLINICAL COURSE, WHICH CAN BE COMPLICATED BY SEVERE CONSTITUTIONAL SYMPTOMS, MASSIVE SPLENOMEGALY, PROGRESSIVE BONE MARROW FAILURE, CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA. CONSTITUTIVE SIGNALING THROUGH THE JAK-STAT PATHWAY PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN ITS PATHOGENESIS, GENERALLY DUE TO ACTIVATING MUTATIONS OF JAK2, CALR AND MPL GENES (I.E., THE MPN DRIVER MUTATIONS), PRESENT IN MOST MF PATIENTS. NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) PANEL TESTING HAS SHOWN THAT ADDITIONAL SOMATIC MUTATIONS CAN ALREADY BE DETECTED AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS IN MORE THAN HALF OF PATIENTS, AND THAT THEY ACCUMULATE ALONG THE DISEASE COURSE. THESE MUTATIONS, MOSTLY AFFECTING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS OR SPLICEOSOME COMPONENTS, MAY COOPERATE WITH MPN DRIVERS TO FAVOR CLONAL DOMINANCE OR INFLUENCE THE CLINICAL PHENOTYPE, AND SOME, SUCH AS HIGH MOLECULAR RISK MUTATIONS, CORRELATE WITH A MORE AGGRESSIVE CLINICAL COURSE WITH POOR TREATMENT RESPONSE. THE CURRENT MAIN ROLE OF MOLECULAR PROFILING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE IS PROGNOSTICATION, PRINCIPALLY FOR SELECTING HIGH-RISK PATIENTS WHO MAY BE CANDIDATES FOR TRANSPLANTATION, THE ONLY CURATIVE TREATMENT FOR MF TO DATE. TO THIS END, CONTEMPORARY PROGNOSTIC MODELS INCORPORATING MOLECULAR DATA ARE USEFUL TOOLS TO DISCRIMINATE DIFFERENT RISK CATEGORIES. ASIDE FROM CERTAIN CLINICAL SITUATIONS, DECISIONS REGARDING MEDICAL TREATMENT ARE NOT BASED ON PATIENT MOLECULAR PROFILING, YET THIS APPROACH MAY BECOME MORE RELEVANT IN NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES, SUCH AS THE USE OF VACCINES AGAINST THE MUTANT FORMS OF JAK2 OR CALR, OR DRUGS DIRECTED AGAINST ACTIONABLE MOLECULAR TARGETS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  4363  45 MIRNA AS MARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC SCREENING OF COLON CANCER. EARLY SCREENING FOR COLON CANCER (CC) ALLOWS FOR EARLY STAGE DIAGNOSIS OF THE MALIGNANCY AND POTENTIALLY REDUCES DISEASE MORTALITY AS THE CANCER IS MOST LIKELY CURABLE AT ITS EARLIEST STAGES. EARLY DETECTION WOULD BE DESIRABLE IF ACCURATE, PRACTICAL AND COST-EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES FOR THIS CANCER WERE AVAILABLE. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY FROM CC REPRESENT A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM INVOLVING A MALIGNANT DISEASE THAT IS THEORETICALLY PREVENTABLE THROUGH SCREENING. CURRENT SCREENING METHODS (E.G., THE CONVENIENT AND INEXPENSIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST, FOBTI, OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS' MEDICAL RECORDS) EITHER LACK SENSITIVITY AND REQUIRE DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH IMPEDES COMPLIANCE AND USE; ARE COSTLY (E.G., COLONOSCOPY), WHICH DECREASES COMPLIANCE; OR COULD RESULT IN MORTALITY. IN COMPARISON WITH THE FOBT TEST, A NON-INVASIVE SENSITIVE SCREEN FOR WHICH THERE IS NO REQUIREMENT FOR DIETARY RESTRICTION WOULD BE A MORE CONVENIENT TEST. COLORECTAL CANCER IS THE ONLY CANCER FOR WHICH COLONOSCOPY IS RECOMMENDED AS A SCREENING METHOD. ALTHOUGH COLONOSCOPY IS A RELIABLE SCREENING TOOL, THE INVASIVE NATURE, ABDOMINAL PAIN, POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS AND HIGH COST HAVE HAMPERED THE APPLICATION OF THIS PROCEDURE WORLDWIDE. A SCREENING APPROACH USING THE STABLE MIRNA MOLECULES, WHICH ARE RELATIVELY NON-DEGRADABLE WHEN EXTRACTED FROM NON-INVASIVE STOOL AND SEMI-INVASIVE BLOOD SAMPLES BY COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE KITS AND MANIPULATED THEREAFTER, WOULD BE PREFERABLE TO A TRANSCRIPTOMIC MRNA-, A MUTATION DNA-, AN EPIGENETIC- OR A PROTEOMIC-BASED TEST. THE APPROACH USES REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, MODIFIED REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR. ALTHOUGH EXOSOMAL RNA WOULD BE MISSED, USING A RESTRICTED EXTRACTION OF TOTAL RNA FROM STOOL OR BLOOD, A PARALLEL TEST COULD ALSO BE CARRIED OUT ON RNA OBTAINED FROM STOOL OR PLASMA SAMPLES, AND APPROPRIATE CORRECTIONS FOR EXSOSOMAL LOSS CAN BE MADE FOR ACCURATE AND QUANTITATIVE TEST RESULT. EVENTUALLY, A CHIP CAN BE DEVELOPED TO FACILITATE DIAGNOSIS, AS HAS BEEN DONE FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN FOODS. THE GOLD STANDARD TO WHICH THE MOLECULAR MIRNA TEST IS COMPARED IS COLONOSCOPY, WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS' MEDICAL RECORDS. IF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ARE MET, AS DETAILED HEREIN, A MIRNA TEST IN HUMAN STOOL OR BLOOD SAMPLES BASED ON HIGH-THROUGHPUT AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGIES AND QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSION MEASUREMENTS COMMONLY USED IN THE DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL LABORATORY SHOULD BE ADVANCED TO THE CLINICAL SETTING, WHICH WILL MAKE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON CC PREVENTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  2900  34 GENDER BIAS IN THERAPEUTIC EFFORT: FROM RESEARCH TO HEALTH CARE. THERE ARE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC EFFORT. TO ILLUSTRATE AND DISCUSS POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS RELATED TO MEDICINES, THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN WOMEN, THE PRESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO SEX, THE POTENTIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, AND RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL TRIALS, AS WELL AS THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE MARKETING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. THERE IS GREATER TENDENCY TO PRESCRIBE PAIN RELIEVERS, REGARDLESS OF PAIN, AND DRUGS FOR LOW INTENSITY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. THE OPPOSITE OCCURS IN THE PRESCRIPTION OF STATINS AND ADEQUATE DOSES, AND WITH THE GREATER PROBABILITY OF PRESCRIBING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DESPITE A SIMILAR DISEASE BURDEN. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ARE OBSERVED MORE FREQUENTLY IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN, WHERE DETERMINANTS SUCH AS BODY WEIGHT ARE HAVING LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THE DOSAGE. IT IS CURRENTLY SCARCELY CONSIDERED IN THE PRESCRIPTION THAT WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME CYPP450 ENZYMES, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE LIVER'S METABOLISM RATE. THERE ARE EVEN IMMUNOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (DUE TO HEREDITY AND UNEVEN GENE DOSING LOCATED IN THE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES) THAT CAN INFLUENCE THESE DIFFERENCES BY SEX. FINALLY, THROUGH CASES OF HORMONAL THERAPY CLINICAL TRIALS, A DRUG FOR WOMEN'S INHIBITED SEXUAL DESIRE AND A CONTRACEPTIVE FOR MEN, GENDER BIAS AND STEREOTYPES ARE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE A POTENTIAL GENERATION OF INEQUALITIES, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO THE DETRIMENT OF WOMEN. IN CONCLUSION, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY ATTRIBUTE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS TO WOMEN'S EMOTIONALITY, INFLUENCING THEIR GREATER PRESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMATIC DRUGS. WHETHER THE SAME REASON INFLUENCES THE LOWER PRESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN SHOULD BE ANALYZED. THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS TO CONSIDER DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE ON A GREATER PHARMACOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN WOMEN. CLINICAL TRIALS SHOULD IMPROVE ACCORDING TO THE GENDER RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  4062  36 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5  5025  41 PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (CVD), ALSO REFERRED TO AS PERSONALIZED OR PRECISION CARDIOLOGY IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, IS SELECTION OF THE BEST TREATMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT. IT INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS "OMICS" TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS AS WELL AS OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOMARKERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR LINKING DIAGNOSIS WITH THERAPY AND MONITORING THERAPY. BECAUSE CVD INVOLVE PERTURBATIONS OF LARGE COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS, A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO CVD RISK STRATIFICATION MAY BE USED FOR IMPROVING RISK-ESTIMATING ALGORITHMS, AND MODELING OF PERSONALIZED BENEFIT OF TREATMENT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR GUIDING THE CHOICE OF INTERVENTION. BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS ARE HELPFUL IN ANALYZING AND INTEGRATING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. PERSONALIZED THERAPY IS CONSIDERED DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING METHODS OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND CLINICAL TRIALS. INDIVIDUALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS CONSIDER MULTIPLE FACTORS - GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC - FOR PATIENTS' RISK OF HEART DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENT ARE THOSE OF CHRONIC MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, HEART FAILURE, AND HYPERTENSION. SIMILAR APPROACHES CAN BE USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, AS WELL AS THE USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS. PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT INCLUDES PHARMACOTHERAPY, SURGERY, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF. FURTHER PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOMECHANISM OF COMPLEX CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AT THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEVEL WILL PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED CARDIOLOGY. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WILL IMPROVE THE CARE OF THE PATIENTS WITH CVD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  5039  41 PHARMACOGENETICS OF CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT. OBJECTIVE: THE EXPERIENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST REASONS INDIVIDUALS SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION, MAKING THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN A MAJOR ISSUE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. DRUG METABOLISM AND RESPONSES ARE AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS, WITH GENETIC VARIATIONS OFFERING ONLY A PARTIAL EXPLANATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE. THERE IS A PAUCITY OF EVIDENCE FOR THE BENEFITS OF PHARMACOGENETIC TESTING IN THE CONTEXT OF PAIN MANAGEMENT. DESIGN AND METHODS: WE REVIEWED THE LITERATURE BETWEEN 2000 AND 2013, AND REFERENCES CITED THEREIN, USING VARIOUS KEYWORDS RELATED TO PAIN MANAGEMENT, PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOGENETICS. RESULTS: OPIOIDS CONTINUE TO BE THE MAINSTAY OF CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT. SEVERAL NON-OPIOID BASED THERAPIES, SUCH AS TREATMENT WITH CANNABINOIDS, GENE THERAPY AND EPIGENETIC-BASED APPROACHES ARE NOW AVAILABLE FOR THESE PATIENTS. ADJUVANT THERAPIES WITH ANTIDEPRESSANTS, BENZODIAZEPINES OR ANTICONVULSANTS CAN ALSO BE USEFUL IN MANAGING PAIN. CURRENTLY, LABORATORY MONITORING OF PAIN MANAGEMENT PATIENTS, IF PERFORMED, IS LARGELY THROUGH URINE DRUG MEASUREMENTS. CONCLUSIONS: DRUG HALF-LIFE CALCULATIONS CAN BE USED AS FUNCTIONAL MARKERS OF THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF PHARMACOGENETICS AND DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS. ASSESSMENT OF HALF-LIFE AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS MAY BE MORE USEFUL THAN GENETIC TESTING IN PREVENTING ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO PAIN MEDICATIONS, WHILE ENSURING EFFECTIVE ANALGESIA. DEFINITIVE, MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED METHODS, CAPABLE OF MEASURING PARENT DRUG AND METABOLITE LEVELS, ARE THE MOST USEFUL ASSAYS FOR THIS PURPOSE. URINE DRUG MEASUREMENTS DO NOT NECESSARILY CORRELATE WITH SERUM DRUG CONCENTRATIONS OR THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS. THEREFORE, THEY ARE LIMITED IN THEIR USE IN MONITORING EFFICACY AND TOXICITY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7  6159  43 THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. FATIGUE IS A COMMON SYMPTOM AND INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS. IT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SYNDROMES AND DISEASES, BUT IN MANY CASES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER COMORBID CONDITIONS. MOST HUMANS HAVE EXPERIENCED ACUTE FATIGUE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS. ACUTE FATIGUE TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE EFFECT OF THE TRIGGERING FACTOR IS REDUCED AND A NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE IS RESTORED. FATIGUE THAT PERSISTS FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE IS TERMED CHRONIC FATIGUE. CHRONIC FATIGUE (CF) IN COMBINATION WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 OF 8 SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSENCE OF DISEASES THAT COULD EXPLAIN THESE SYMPTOMS, CONSTITUTE THE CASE DEFINITION FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. IN SPITE OF ITS PREVALENCE, THE BIOLOGY OF FATIGUE IS RELATIVELY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH ON THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED IF FATIGUE WAS A MAJOR TOPIC AND THE TOPIC WAS COMBINED WITH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULT HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 40 PUBLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH ALTERED FUNCTIONING IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM, AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFECTIOUS AGENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF FATIGUE, EITHER IN THE CONTEXT OF CF OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) HAS BEEN RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE OR, IN THE CASE OF EPIGENETICS, NONEXISTENT. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES, BOTH HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND HYPOTHESIS-GENERATING, HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, THEY HAVE MOSTLY BEEN UNDERPOWERED, RESTRICTED BY THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, OR LIMITED BY AN UNSYSTEMATIC STUDY DESIGN. TO BE ABLE TO CONFIRM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RISK FOR, OR LEVELS OF, FATIGUE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF AN INDIVIDUAL, STUDIES NEED TO BE BASED ON LARGER SAMPLE SIZES WITH A MORE CLEARLY DEFINED PHENOTYPE. STUDIES NEED TO FOCUS NOT ONLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE ASPECT SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) OR DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ON DISEASE RISK OR STATE, BUT ALSO ON THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BEHIND THE DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND VALIDATION OF FINDINGS IN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  3035  39 GENETICS/GENOMICS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE--TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE? THE PROGRESSION RATE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) TO ITS TERMINAL STAGE, END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD), AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY OF VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS, ARE AT LEAST INDIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC--AND EPIGENETIC--FACTORS. FOR YEARS, SCIENTISTS HAVE HELD OUT HOPE THAT THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETICS COULD TRANSFORM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, MOVING BEYOND A TRIAL-AND-ERROR APPROACH TOWARDS "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE." INDEED, THERE ARE NOW SIGNS THAT THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND THE PURSUIT OF "PERSONALIZED MEDICINE" IN MEDICAL CARE WILL BE A PRIORITY FOR GOVERNMENTS DURING YEARS TO COME. BUT THE VISION OF INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT BASED ON A PATIENT'S GENETIC MAKEUP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAS YET TO MATERIALIZE IN THE FIELD OF CKD AND ESRD. AS THE TOXIC UREMIC ENVIRONMENT MAY RENDER CKD PATIENTS MORE SENSITIVE TO THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC VARIANTS, IT IS LIKELY THAT GENETIC FACTORS COULD BE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IN THIS HIGH-RISK POPULATION. THEREFORE, OUTCOME IN THE CKD POPULATION MAY BE IMPROVED BY ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC PROFILES, THUS ENABLING PHYSICIANS TO DESIGN AN INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE BASED ON A MORE INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPY COULD BE APPLIED IN, FOR EXAMPLE, PHARMACOTHERAPY (CYP GENES), DIALYSIS THERAPY, AND NUTRITIONAL AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  2816  37 FIBROMYALGIA: PATHOGENESIS, MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS UPDATE. FIBROMYALGIA IS A SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC AND WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY OTHER SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS FATIGUE, INTESTINAL DISORDERS AND ALTERATIONS IN SLEEP AND MOOD. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT TWO TO EIGHT PERCENT OF THE WORLD POPULATION IS AFFECTED BY FIBROMYALGIA. FROM A MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW, THIS PATHOLOGY STILL PRESENTS INEXPLICABLE ASPECTS. IT IS KNOWN THAT FIBROMYALGIA IS CAUSED BY A CENTRAL SENSITIZATION PHENOMENON CHARACTERIZED BY THE DYSFUNCTION OF NEURO-CIRCUITS, WHICH INVOLVES THE PERCEPTION, TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF AFFERENT NOCICEPTIVE STIMULI, WITH THE PREVALENT MANIFESTATION OF PAIN AT THE LEVEL OF THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. IN RECENT YEARS, THE PATHOGENESIS OF FIBROMYALGIA HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED TO OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY, IMMUNE, ENDOCRINE, GENETIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS. A RHEUMATOLOGIST TYPICALLY MAKES A DIAGNOSIS OF FIBROMYALGIA WHEN THE PATIENT DESCRIBES A HISTORY OF PAIN SPREADING IN ALL QUADRANTS OF THE BODY FOR AT LEAST THREE MONTHS AND WHEN PAIN IS CAUSED BY DIGITAL PRESSURE IN AT LEAST 11 OUT OF 18 ALLOGENIC POINTS, CALLED TENDER POINTS. FIBROMYALGIA DOES NOT INVOLVE ORGANIC DAMAGE, AND SEVERAL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS, INCLUDING THE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND SEROLOGICAL BIOMARKERS. SYMPTOMS OFTEN BEGIN AFTER PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL TRAUMA, BUT IN MANY CASES, THERE APPEARS TO BE NO OBVIOUS TRIGGER. WOMEN ARE MORE PRONE TO DEVELOPING THE DISEASE THAN MEN. UNFORTUNATELY, THE CONVENTIONAL MEDICAL THERAPIES THAT TARGET THIS PATHOLOGY PRODUCE LIMITED BENEFITS. THEY REMAIN LARGELY PHARMACOLOGICAL IN NATURE AND TEND TO TREAT THE SYMPTOMATIC ASPECTS OF VARIOUS DISORDERS REPORTED BY THE PATIENT. THE STATISTICS, HOWEVER, HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT 90% OF PEOPLE WITH FIBROMYALGIA ALSO TURN TO COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE TO MANAGE THEIR SYMPTOMS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  4915  31 PAIN, ANALGESIA AND GENETICS. OBJECTIVES: IN THE CLINICAL SETTING, THERE IS MARKED INTERSUBJECT VARIABILITY IN THE INTENSITY OF PAIN REPORTED BY PATIENTS WITH APPARENTLY SIMILAR PAIN STATES, AS WELL AS WIDELY DIFFERING ANALGESIC DOSING REQUIREMENTS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS TO PRODUCE SATISFACTORY PAIN RELIEF WITH TOLERABLE SIDE-EFFECTS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AS WELL AS THEIR INTERACTION ARE IMPLICATED, AND THESE ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW. KEY FINDINGS: PIONEERING WORK UNDERTAKEN IN MICE MORE THAN A DECADE AGO, SHOWED A STRONG GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO LEVELS OF NOCICEPTION/HYPERSENSITIVITY AS WELL AS LEVELS OF ANTINOCICEPTION PRODUCED BY COMMONLY AVAILABLE ANALGESIC AGENTS. TO DATE MORE THAN 300 CANDIDATE 'PAIN' GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTING TO HERITABLE DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY AND ANALGESIC RESPONSIVENESS IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS, WITH THIS INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN A PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DATABASE HTTP://WWW.JBLDESIGN.COM/JMOGIL/ENTER.HTML. SINCE THEN, MANY GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED IN HUMANS TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY THAT SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) IN AN INDIVIDUAL GENE MAY EXPLAIN DRUG INEFFICACY OR EXCESSIVE TOXICITY EXPERIENCED BY A SMALL SUBSET OF THE WHOLE POPULATION WHO HAVE THE RARE ALLELE FOR A PARTICULAR SNP. SUMMARY: DESPITE THE FACT THAT SNPS IN MORE THAN 20 GENES THAT AFFECT PAIN SENSITIVITY OR CONTRIBUTE TO INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN RESPONSES TO ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE HUMAN GENOME, MUCH OF THE DATA IS CONFLICTING. APART FROM DEFICIENCIES IN THE DESIGN AND CONDUCT OF HUMAN GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES, RECENT RESEARCH FROM OTHER FIELDS HAS IMPLICATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT FACILITATE DYNAMIC GENE-ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION, AS A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11   777  33 CELL-FREE CIRCULATING EPIGENOMIC SIGNATURES: NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKER FOR CARDIOVASCULAR AND OTHER AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES. THE BURDEN OF CARDIO-VASCULAR AND OTHER AGE-RELATED NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING WORLDWIDE. MAJORITY OF THESE CHRONIC AILMENTS ARE CURABLE, IF DIAGNOSED AT EARLY STAGES. CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS OF EARLY DETECTION ARE THEREFORE ESSENTIAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-RISK INDIVIDUALS, PROMPT AND ACCURATE DISEASE DIAGNOSIS, AND TO MONITOR THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE. THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS THAT RECAPITULATE SPECIFIC DISEASE PROFILES IS NOW WELL ESTABLISHED. BUT SUBTLE CHANGES IN DNA SEQUENCE MAY NOT SOLELY REFLECT THE DIFFERENTIATION OF GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OBSERVED IN DIVERSE SET OF DISEASES AS EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA PLAY A LARGER ROLE IN AETIOLOGY AND PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY. UNLIKE GENETIC MARKERS, KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DIAGNOSTIC UTILITY OF CIRCULATING EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES: METHYLATED DNA; MICRO RNA AND MODIFIED HISTONES ARE DEFICIENT. CHARACTERIZATION OF THESE NOVEL ENTITIES THROUGH OMICS-BASED MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES MIGHT PROMPT DEVELOPMENT OF A RANGE OF LABORATORY-BASED STRATEGIES, THEREBY ACCELERATING THEIR BROADER TRANSLATIONAL PURPOSE FOR EARLY DISEASE DIAGNOSIS, MONITORING THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE AND DRUG RESISTANCE. HOWEVER, LARGEST OPPORTUNITY FOR INNOVATION LIES IN DEVELOPING POINT-OF-CARE TESTS WITH ACCURATE DIAGNOSTIC AND HIGHER PROGNOSTIC SCORE THAT IS APPLICABLE FOR SCREENING OF HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12  3513  51 IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS: PATHOGENESIS AND MANAGEMENT. BACKGROUND: IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THE ABERRANT ACCUMULATION OF FIBROTIC TISSUE IN THE LUNGS PARENCHYMA, ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND POOR PROGNOSIS. THIS REVIEW WILL PRESENT THE SUBSTANTIAL ADVANCES ACHIEVED IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF IPF PATHOGENESIS AND IN THE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS THAT CAN BE OFFERED TO PATIENTS, AND WILL ADDRESS THE ISSUES REGARDING DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT THAT ARE STILL OPEN. MAIN BODY: OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES MUCH HAS BEEN CLARIFIED ABOUT THE PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THE LUNG SCARRING IN IPF. SUSTAINED ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL MICRO-INJURY AND ACTIVATION HAS BEEN RECOGNISED AS THE TRIGGER OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL EVENTS OF DISORDERED REPAIR OCCURRING IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE AGEING INDIVIDUALS. DESPITE MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM DISCUSSION HAS DEMONSTRATED TO INCREASE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY, PATIENTS CAN STILL REMAIN UNCLASSIFIED WHEN THE CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ARE STRICTLY APPLIED, REQUIRING THE IDENTIFICATION OF A USUAL INTERSTITIAL PATTERN EITHER ON HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN OR LUNG BIOPSY. OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THESE PATIENTS, AS NINTEDANIB AND PIRFENIDONE CONSISTENTLY PROVED TO REDUCE THE RATE OF PROGRESSION OF THE FIBROTIC PROCESS. HOWEVER, MANY UNCERTAINTIES STILL LIE IN THE CORRECT USE OF THESE DRUGS, RANGING FROM THE INITIAL CHOICE OF THE DRUG, THE APPROPRIATE TIMING FOR TREATMENT AND THE BENEFIT-RISK RATIO OF A COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMEN. SEVERAL NOVEL COMPOUNDS ARE BEING DEVELOPED IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF A MORE TARGETED THERAPEUTIC APPROACH; IN THE MEANTIME, THE SUPPORTIVE CARE OF THESE PATIENTS AND THEIR CARERS SHOULD BE APPROPRIATELY PRIORITIZED, AND GREATER EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE TOWARD THE PROMPT IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RELEVANT COMORBIDITIES. CONCLUSIONS: BUILDING ON THE ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF IPF PATHOBIOLOGY, THE FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF GENE VARIANTS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND OTHER MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS REFLECTING DISEASE ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOUR WILL HOPEFULLY ENABLE EARLIER AND MORE CONFIDENT DIAGNOSIS, IMPROVE DISEASE PHENOTYPING AND SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL AGENTS FOR PERSONALIZED TREATMENT OF IPF.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  5725  41 SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE: FROM A BIOCHEMICAL STANCE TO A CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT. WORLDWIDE, MORE THAN 1.9 BILLION ADULTS ARE OVERWEIGHT, AND AROUND 600 MILLION PEOPLE SUFFER FROM OBESITY. SIMILARLY, ~382 MILLION INDIVIDUALS LIVE WITH DIABETES, AND 40-50% OF THE GLOBAL POPULATION IS LABELED AT "HIGH RISK" (I.E., PREDIABETES). THE IMPACT OF THESE TWO CHRONIC CONDITIONS RELIES NOT ONLY ON THE BURDEN OF ILLNESSES PER SE (I.E., ASSOCIATED INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY), BUT ALSO ON THEIR INCREASED COST, BURDEN OF TREATMENT, AND DECREASED HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE. FOR THIS REVIEW A COMPREHENSIVE SEARCH IN SEVERAL DATABASES INCLUDING PUBMED (MEDLINE), OVID EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE, AND SCOPUS WAS CONDUCTED. IN BOTH DIABETES AND OBESITY, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OVERLAP AND ARE INCLUSIVE RATHER THAN EXCLUSIVE. DE FACTO, 70-80% OF THE PATIENTS WITH OBESITY AND VIRTUALLY EVERY PATIENT WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES HAVE INSULIN RESISTANCE. INSULIN RESISTANCE IS A WELL-KNOWN PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES, CHARACTERISTICALLY APPEARING YEARS BEFORE ITS DIAGNOSIS. THE GOLD STANDARD FOR INSULIN RESISTANCE DIAGNOSIS (THE EUGLYCEMIC INSULIN CLAMP) IS A COMPLEX, INVASIVE, COSTLY, AND HENCE UNFEASIBLE TEST TO IMPLEMENT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. LIKEWISE, LABORATORY MEASURES AND DERIVED INDEXES [E.G., HOMEOSTASIS MODEL ASSESSMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE (HOMA-IR-)] ARE INDIRECT, IMPRECISE, AND NOT HIGHLY ACCURATE AND REPRODUCIBLE TESTS. HOWEVER, SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE (E.G., ACROCHORDONS, ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS, ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA, ACNE, HIRSUTISM) OFFER A RELIABLE, STRAIGHTFORWARD, AND REAL-TIME WAY TO DETECT INSULIN RESISTANCE. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO AID CLINICIANS IN RECOGNIZING SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE. DIAGNOSING THESE SKIN MANIFESTATIONS ACCURATELY MAY CASCADE POSITIVELY IN THE PATIENT'S HEALTH BY TRIGGERING AN ADEQUATE METABOLIC EVALUATION, A TIMELY TREATMENT OR REFERRAL WITH THE ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE OF DECREASING DIABETES AND OBESITY BURDEN, AND IMPROVING THE HEALTH AND THE QUALITY OF CARE FOR THESE PATIENTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14   638  43 BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE IN MIGRAINE MANAGEMENT. OBJECTIVE: THE FOCUS OF THIS REVIEW IS TO REVIEW POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE. BACKGROUND: MIGRAINE HEADACHE IS A COMMON DISEASE THAT AFFECTS MILLIONS OF INDIVIDUALS WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH WELL-ACCEPTED DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA EXIST FOR MIGRAINE, IT IS STILL A COMPLEX DISORDER THAT REMAINS BOTH UNDERDIAGNOSED AND MISDIAGNOSED. THE CAUSES OF MIGRAINE ARE LIKELY A MIX OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT, TOGETHER WITH THE INDIVIDUAL'S LIFE HISTORY, TRANSLATE INTO THE OBSERVED CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY. INHERENT CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY IS AN OBSTACLE IN DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE LACK OF APPROPRIATE BIOMARKERS IS ALSO AN IMPEDIMENT TO DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC/PREVENTIVE APPROACHES. ULTIMATELY, BIOMARKERS MAY FACILITATE THE GOAL OF INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE BY ENABLING CLINICIANS TO MORE ACCURATELY DIAGNOSE AND TREAT MIGRAINE AND OTHER TYPES OF HEADACHE. METHODS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED OF PUBMED CITATIONS CONTAINING THE KEY WORD "MARKER" OR "BIOMARKER" COMBINED WITH "MIGRAINE" OR "HEADACHE." OTHER KEY WORDS INCLUDED "SERUM," "SALIVA," "CEREBROSPINAL FLUID," "GENES," "BLOOD," AND "INFLAMMATION." THE ONLY RESTRICTION WAS ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PUBLICATION. THE ABSTRACTS OF ALL ARTICLES MEETING THESE CRITERIA WERE REVIEWED, AND FULL TEXT WAS RETRIEVED AND EXAMINED FOR RELEVANT REFERENCES. RESULTS: DATA FROM HUMAN STUDIES HAVE BEGUN TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MUTATIONS/POLYMORPHISMS AND ALTERED LEVELS OF SPECIFIC PROINFLAMMATORY AND NEUROMODULATORY MOLECULES THAT STRONGLY CORRELATE WITH MIGRAINE AS WELL AS SYMPTOM SEVERITY. RESULTS FROM A SMALLER NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED PARAMETERS, SUCH AS THE NEUROPEPTIDE CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), WHICH ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR ACUTE MIGRAINE ATTACKS AND PROPHYLAXIS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIGRAINE, AND UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED GENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE MAY EVENTUALLY GUIDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPIES CAPABLE OF REVERSING THESE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN GENE FUNCTION. CONCLUSIONS: THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ETIOLOGY OF MIGRAINE IS INCOMPLETE. ALTHOUGH THE IDENTIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF BIOMARKERS HAS GREATLY ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC PRECISION AND MEASURES OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY IN OTHER DISEASES, THERE ARE NO CURRENTLY ACCEPTED BIOMARKERS FOR CHRONIC OR EPISODIC MIGRAINE. HOWEVER, THE CONTINUED INVESTIGATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS IS LIKELY TO FACILITATE THE GOAL OF INDIVIDUALIZING MEDICINE BY ENABLING CLINICIANS TO MORE ACCURATELY DIAGNOSE AND TREAT MIGRAINE AND OTHER HEADACHE DISORDERS.	2013	

15  1037  19 CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER PAIN. DESIGNING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND DEVELOPING DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IS DIFFICULT. AN APPRECIATION OF THE UTILITY AND APPLICABILITY OF THESE ENTITIES REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EACH, THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO, AND HOW THEY MAY BE OPTIMALLY OPERATIONALIZED FOR BOTH CLINICAL AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN LIGHT OF THEIR INHERENT ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. IN ADDITION, CONSIDERATION FOR ADOPTING NEWER APPROACHES, SUCH AS FOLLOWING ONTOLOGICAL AND PRECISION-BASED MEDICINE PRINCIPLES, ACCOUNTING FOR GENETICS/EPIGENETIC AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND THE INCLUSION OF BIOMARKERS WILL POTENTIALLY RESULT IN MORE THOROUGH AND COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16   250  36 ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES): BIOCHEMISTRY, SIGNALING, ANALYTICAL METHODS, AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. THE ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES) ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES FORMED IN ANY LIVING ORGANISMS WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES. THEY ARE CONSIDERED ORGANIC MARKERS OF THE GLYCATION PROCESS. DUE TO THEIR GREAT HETEROGENEITY, THERE IS NO SPECIFIC TEST FOR THEIR OPERATIONAL MEASUREMENT. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE UPDATED THE MOST COMMON CHROMATOGRAPHIC, COLORIMETRIC, SPECTROSCOPIC, MASS SPECTROMETRIC, AND SEROLOGICAL METHODS, TYPICALLY USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AGES IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES. WE HAVE DESCRIBED THEIR SIGNALING AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS AND CELL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. ALTHOUGH MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS IS NOT WIDESPREAD IN THE DETECTION OF AGES AT THE CLINICAL LEVEL, THIS TECHNIQUE IS HIGHLY PROMISING FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTICS OF DISEASES CAUSED BY AGES. PROTOCOLS ARE AVAILABLE FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY OF GLYCATED PROTEINS ALTHOUGH THEY ARE CHARACTERIZED BY COMPLEX MACHINE MANAGEMENT. SIMPLER PROCEDURES ARE AVAILABLE ALTHOUGH MUCH LESS PRECISE THAN MASS SPECTROMETRY. AMONG THEM, IMMUNOCHEMICAL TESTS ARE VERY COMMON SINCE THEY ARE ABLE TO DETECT AGES IN A SIMPLE AND IMMEDIATE WAY. IN THESE YEARS, NEW METHODOLOGIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED USING AN IN VIVO NOVEL AND NONINVASIVE SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS. THESE METHODS ARE BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF AGES. ANOTHER METHOD CONSISTS OF DETECTING AGES IN THE HUMAN SKIN TO DETECT CHRONIC EXPOSURE, WITHOUT THE INCONVENIENCE OF INVASIVE METHODS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO COMPARE THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF MEASURING AGES AT A CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE DUE TO THEIR STRICT ASSOCIATION WITH OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17   728  39 CAN WE IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH HIGH RISK OF OSTEOARTHRITIS PROGRESSION WHO WILL RESPOND TO TREATMENT? A FOCUS ON BIOMARKERS AND FRAILTY. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA), A DISEASE AFFECTING DIFFERENT PATIENT PHENOTYPES, APPEARS AS AN OPTIMAL CANDIDATE FOR PERSONALIZED HEALTHCARE. THE AIM OF THE DISCUSSIONS OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS (ESCEO) WORKING GROUP WAS TO EXPLORE THE VALUE OF MARKERS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES IN DEFINING DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PATIENTS WITH OA. THE ESCEO ORGANIZED A SERIES OF MEETINGS TO EXPLORE THE POSSIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WHO WOULD MOST BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT FOR OA, ON THE BASIS OF RECENT DATA AND EXPERT OPINION. IN THE FIRST MEETING, PATIENT PHENOTYPES WERE IDENTIFIED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF AFFECTED JOINTS, BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS, AND THE PRESENCE OF LESIONS IN THE SUBCHONDRAL BONE. IN THE SECOND MEETING, SUMMARIZED IN THE PRESENT ARTICLE, THE WORKING GROUP EXPLORED OTHER MARKERS INVOLVED IN OA. PROFILES OF PATIENTS MAY BE DEFINED ACCORDING TO THEIR LEVEL OF PAIN, FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION, AND PRESENCE OF COEXISTENT CHRONIC CONDITIONS INCLUDING FRAILTY STATUS. A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF DATA SUGGESTS THAT MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MAY ALSO ASSIST IN DELINEATING DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PATIENTS WITH OA. AMONG MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED, NONE IS SUFFICIENTLY VALIDATED AND RECOGNIZED TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WHO SHOULD BE TREATED. CONSIDERABLE EFFORTS ARE ALSO BEING MADE TO IDENTIFY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN OA, BUT RESULTS ARE STILL LIMITED. THE MANY POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS THAT COULD BE USED AS POTENTIAL STRATIFIERS ARE PROMISING, BUT MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO CHARACTERIZE AND QUALIFY THE EXISTING BIOMARKERS AND TO IDENTIFY NEW CANDIDATES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18  5787  35 SPUTUM ANALYSIS: NON-INVASIVE EARLY LUNG CANCER DETECTION. LUNG CANCER IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS OVER THE WORLD, CHARACTERIZED BY A VERY HIGH MORTALITY RATE. MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT TRIES TO FOCUS ON EARLY DETECTION OF CANCERS BY STUDYING MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE CANCER CELLS. WORLDWIDE LUNG CANCER RESEARCH HAS FOCUSED ON AN EVER-INCREASING NUMBER OF MOLECULAR ELEMENTS OF CARCINOGENESIS AT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND PROTEIN LEVELS. THE NON-INVASIVENESS IS THE CHARACTERISTIC THAT ALL CLINICAL TRIALS ON CANCER DETECTION SHOULD HAVE. ABNORMAL CHEST IMAGING AND/OR NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS ARE INITIAL SIGNALS OF LUNG CANCER THAT APPEAR IN AN ADVANCED STAGE OF DISEASE. THIS FACT REPRESENTS THE CAUSE OF THE LOW 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE: OVER 90% OF PATIENTS DYING WITHIN 5 YEARS OF DIAGNOSIS. SINCE SMOKERS HAVE HIGHER QUANTITY OF SPUTUM CONTAINING EXFOLIATED CELLS FROM THE BRONCHIAL TREE, AND THE SPUTUM REPRESENTS THE MOST EASILY ACCESSIBLE BIOLOGICAL FLUID AND ITS COLLECTION IS NON-INVASIVE, ANALYSIS OF THIS SAMPLE REPRESENTS A GOOD AREA OF RESEARCH IN EARLY LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSIS. CONTINUED CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE CAUSE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), WITH AN ESTIMATED ATTRIBUTABLE RISK FACTOR EXCEEDING 80% IN SMOKING AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. LUNG CANCER IS FOUND IN 40-70% OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, PARTICULARLY IN SEVERE DISEASE, AND IT IS A COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN THESE PATIENTS. A LARGE PROSPECTIVE TRIAL OF ALMOST HALF A MILLION NON-SMOKERS SHOWED AS LUNG CANCER IS ALSO COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH COPD WHO HAVE NEVER SMOKED. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES ISSUES RELATED TO EARLY LUNG CANCER SCREENING USING NON-INVASIVE METHODS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  5222  26 PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS: FAMILY STORIES. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS (PBC) IS A CHRONIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY WHICH AFFECTS MOSTLY WOMEN IN MIDDLE AGE. FAMILIAL PBC IS WHEN PBC AFFECTS MORE THAN ONE MEMBER OF THE SAME FAMILY, AND DATA SUGGEST THAT FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES OF PBC PATIENTS HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE. MOST OFTEN, THESE FAMILIAL CLUSTERS INVOLVE MOTHER-DAUGHTER PAIRS, WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH THE FEMALE PREPONDERANCE OF THE DISEASE. THESE CLUSTERS PROVIDE EVIDENCE TOWARDS A GENETIC BASIS UNDERLYING PBC. HOWEVER, CLUSTERS OF NONRELATED INDIVIDUALS HAVE ALSO BEEN REPORTED, GIVING STRENGTH TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT. TWIN STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED A HIGH CONCORDANCE FOR PBC IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS AND A LOW CONCORDANCE AMONG DIZYGOTIC TWINS. IN CONCLUSION, STUDIES OF PBC IN FAMILIES CLEARLY DEMONSTRATE THAT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  4594  49 NATURAL HISTORY AND LONG-TERM CLINICAL COURSE OF CROHN'S DISEASE. CROHN'S DISEASE IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE PROCESS INVOLVING DIFFERENT SITES IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. OCCASIONALLY, SO-CALLED METASTATIC DISEASE OCCURS IN EXTRA-INTESTINAL SITES. GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION MAY BE DETECTED IN ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSIES OR RESECTED TISSUES. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APPEAR TO PLAY A ROLE. MULTIPLE SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN BOTH FAMILIAL AND NON-FAMILIAL FORMS WHILE THE DISEASE IS PHENOTYPICALLY HETEROGENEOUS WITH A FEMALE PREDOMINANCE. THE DISORDER OCCURS OVER A BROAD AGE SPECTRUM, FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO LATE ADULTHOOD. MORE THAN 80% ARE DIAGNOSED BEFORE AGE 40 YEARS USUALLY WITH TERMINAL ILEAL AND COLONIC INVOLVEMENT. PEDIATRIC-ONSET DISEASE IS MORE SEVERE AND MORE EXTENSIVE, USUALLY WITH A HIGHER CHANCE OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISEASE, COMPARED TO ADULT-ONSET DISEASE. LONG-TERM STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE DISORDER MAY EVOLVE WITH TIME INTO MORE COMPLEX DISEASE WITH STRICTURE FORMATION AND PENETRATING DISEASE COMPLICATIONS (I.E., FISTULA, ABSCESS). ALTHOUGH PROLONGED REMISSION MAY OCCUR, DISCRETE PERIODS OF SYMPTOMATIC DISEASE MAY RE-APPEAR OVER MANY DECADES SUGGESTING RECURRENCE OR RE-ACTIVATION OF THIS INFLAMMATORY PROCESS. EVENTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF A CURE WILL LIKELY DEPEND ON IDENTIFICATION OF AN ETIOLOGIC CAUSE AND A FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF ITS PATHOGENESIS. UNTIL NOW, TREATMENT HAS FOCUSED ON REMOVING RISK FACTORS, PARTICULARLY CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND IMPROVING SYMPTOMS. IN CLINICAL TRIALS, CLINICAL REMISSION IS LARGELY DEFINED AS IMPROVED NUMERICAL AND ENDOSCOPIC INDICES FOR "MUCOSAL HEALING". "DEEP REMISSION" IS A CONCEPTUAL, MORE "EXTENDED" GOAL THAT MAY OR MAY NOT ALTER THE LONG-TERM NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE IN SELECTED PATIENTS, ALBEIT AT A SIGNIFICANT RISK FOR TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING SERIOUS AND UNUSUAL OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS.	2014