1  1388 104 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE ON GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS ALREADY HEAVY AND STILL RISING. DIABETES MELLITUS BY ITSELF IS LINKED TO ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, AND THE PRESENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FURTHER AMPLIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. THE CULMINATION OF TRADITIONAL (MALE GENDER, SMOKING, ADVANCED AGE, OBESITY, ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA) AND NON-TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS (ANEMIA, INFLAMMATION, PROTEINURIA, VOLUME OVERLOAD, MINERAL METABOLISM ABNORMALITIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ETC.) CONTRIBUTES TO ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. TO DECREASE THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THESE PATIENTS DUE TO CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES, TIMELY AND EFFICIENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT CAN BE BASED ON LABORATORY PARAMETERS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ARTERIAL STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX AND 24 H BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. NEWER METHODS INCLUDE EPIGENETIC MARKERS, SOLUBLE ADHESION MOLECULES, CYTOKINES AND MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PRESENT SEVERAL NON-INVASIVE METHODS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  5175  20 PREDICTORS OF BIOLOGICAL AGE: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR WELLNESS AND AGING RESEARCH. AS HEALTHSPAN AND LIFESPAN RESEARCH BREAKTHROUGHS HAVE BECOME MORE COMMONPLACE, THE NEED FOR VALID, PRACTICAL MARKERS OF BIOLOGICAL AGE IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY PARAMOUNT. THE ACCESSIBILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF BIOLOGICAL AGE PREDICTORS THAT CAN REVEAL INFORMATION ABOUT MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RISK, AS WELL AS REMAINING YEARS OF LIFE, HAS PROFOUND CLINICAL AND RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXAMINE 5 GROUPS OF AGING BIOMARKERS CAPABLE OF PROVIDING ACCURATE BIOLOGICAL AGE ESTIMATIONS. THE UNIQUE CAPABILITIES OF THESE BIOMARKERS HAVE FAR REACHING IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TESTING OF BOTH PHARMACEUTICAL AND NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS DESIGNED TO SLOW OR REVERSE BIOLOGICAL AGING. ADDITIONALLY, THE ENHANCED VALIDITY AND AVAILABILITY OF THESE TOOLS MAY HAVE INCREASINGLY RELEVANT CLINICAL VALUE. THE AUTHORS OF THIS REVIEW EXPLORE THOSE IMPLICATIONS, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION RESEARCH, AND PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCE REGARDING 5 BIOLOGICAL AGE PREDICTOR CATEGORIES: TELOMERE LENGTH, COMPOSITE BIOMARKERS, DNA METHYLATION "EPIGENETIC CLOCKS," TRANSCRIPTIONAL PREDICTORS OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, AND FUNCTIONAL AGE PREDICTORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  2150  28 EPIGENETIC MEASURES OF AGEING PREDICT THE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH AND DISEASE BURDEN. BACKGROUND: INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME CHRONOLOGICAL AGE DISPLAY DIFFERENT RATES OF BIOLOGICAL AGEING. A NUMBER OF MEASURES OF BIOLOGICAL AGE HAVE BEEN PROPOSED WHICH HARNESS AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PROFILES. THESE MEASURES INCLUDE FIVE 'EPIGENETIC CLOCKS' WHICH PROVIDE AN INDEX OF HOW MUCH AN INDIVIDUAL'S BIOLOGICAL AGE DIFFERS FROM THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AT THE TIME OF MEASUREMENT. THE FIVE CLOCKS ENCOMPASS METHYLATION-BASED PREDICTORS OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE (HORVATHAGE, HANNUMAGE), ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY (DNAM PHENOAGE, DNAM GRIMAGE) AND TELOMERE LENGTH (DNAM TELOMERE LENGTH). A SIXTH EPIGENETIC MEASURE OF AGEING DIFFERS FROM THESE CLOCKS IN THAT IT ACTS AS A SPEEDOMETER PROVIDING A SINGLE TIME-POINT MEASUREMENT OF THE PACE OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S BIOLOGICAL AGEING. THIS MEASURE OF AGEING IS TERMED DUNEDINPOAM. IN THIS STUDY, WE TEST THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THESE SIX EPIGENETIC MEASURES OF AGEING AND THE PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DISEASE BURDEN AND MORTALITY IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES (N </= 9537, GENERATION SCOTLAND: SCOTTISH FAMILY HEALTH STUDY). RESULTS: DNAM GRIMAGE PREDICTED INCIDENCE OF CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), TYPE 2 DIABETES AND ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AFTER 13 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP (HAZARD RATIOS = 2.22, 1.52 AND 1.41, RESPECTIVELY). DUNEDINPOAM PREDICTED THE INCIDENCE OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER (HAZARD RATIOS = 2.02 AND 1.45, RESPECTIVELY). DNAM PHENOAGE PREDICTED INCIDENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES (HAZARD RATIO = 1.54). DNAM TELOMERE LENGTH ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCIDENCE OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (HAZARD RATIO = 0.80). DNAM GRIMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, THE PREVALENCE OF COPD AND SPIROMETRY MEASURES AT THE STUDY BASELINE. THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE PRESENT AFTER ADJUSTING FOR POSSIBLE CONFOUNDING RISK FACTORS INCLUDING ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, BODY MASS INDEX, DEPRIVATION, EDUCATION AND TOBACCO SMOKING AND SURPASSED STRINGENT BONFERRONI-CORRECTED SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC MEASURES OF AGEING MAY HAVE UTILITY IN CLINICAL SETTINGS TO COMPLEMENT GOLD-STANDARD METHODS FOR DISEASE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                       
4   739  20 CANCER TREATMENT-INDUCED ACCELERATED AGING IN CANCER SURVIVORS: BIOLOGY AND ASSESSMENT. RAPID IMPROVEMENTS IN CANCER SURVIVAL LED TO THE REALIZATION THAT MANY MODALITIES USED TO TREAT OR CONTROL CANCER MAY CAUSE ACCELERATED AGING IN CANCER SURVIVORS. CLINICALLY, "ACCELERATED AGING" PHENOTYPES IN CANCER SURVIVORS INCLUDE SECONDARY CANCERS, FRAILTY, CHRONIC ORGAN DYSFUNCTION, AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, ALL OF WHICH CAN IMPACT LONG-TERM HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CANCER SURVIVORS. THE TREATMENT-INDUCED ACCELERATED AGING IN CANCER SURVIVORS COULD BE EXPLAINED BY TELOMERE ATTRITION, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, DNA DAMAGE, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. SEVERAL AGING CLOCKS AND BIOMARKERS OF AGING HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO BE POTENTIALLY USEFUL IN ESTIMATING BIOLOGICAL AGE, WHICH CAN PROVIDE SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT HOW OLD AN INDIVIDUAL IS BIOLOGICALLY INDEPENDENT OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. MEASURING BIOLOGICAL AGE IN CANCER SURVIVORS MAY BE IMPORTANT FOR TWO REASONS. FIRST, IT CAN BETTER PREDICT THE RISK OF CANCER TREATMENT-RELATED COMORBIDITIES THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. SECOND, BIOLOGICAL AGE MAY PROVIDE ADDITIONAL VALUE IN EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF TREATMENTS AND PERSONALIZING CANCER THERAPIES TO MAXIMIZE EFFICACY OF TREATMENT. A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF TREATMENT-INDUCED ACCELERATED AGING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CANCER MAY LEAD TO NOVEL STRATEGIES THAT REDUCE THE ACCELERATED AGING AND IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN CANCER SURVIVORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5  1883  39 END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE, INFLAMMATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES. DESPITE MARKED IMPROVEMENTS IN RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY DURING THE LAST 30 YEARS, THE AGE-ADJUSTED MORTALITY RATE IN END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) PATIENTS IS STILL UNACCEPTABLY HIGH AND COMPARABLE TO THAT OF MANY MALIGNANCIES. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) REMAINS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN ESRD PATIENTS. HOWEVER, TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS CAN ONLY PARTIALLY EXPLAIN THE HIGH PREMATURE CARDIOVASCULAR BURDEN IN THIS POPULATION. NONTRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS, INCLUDING PERSISTENT LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, ARE CRITICAL IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, AND OTHER CAUSES OF CVD AND MAY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO PROTEIN-ENERGY WASTING AND OTHER COMPLICATIONS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) PATIENTS. INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS, SUCH AS HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND INTERLEUKIN-6, INDEPENDENTLY PREDICT MORTALITY IN THESE PATIENTS. THE CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION IN CKD ARE MULTIFACTORIAL AND INCLUDE IMBALANCE BETWEEN INCREASED PRODUCTION (DUE TO MULTIPLE SOURCES OF INFLAMMATORY STIMULI SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, ACIDOSIS, VOLUME OVERLOAD, CO-MORBIDITIES, ESPECIALLY INFECTIONS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES, AND THE DIALYSIS PROCEDURE) AND INADEQUATE REMOVAL (DUE TO DECREASED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE OR IN ESRD PATIENTS, INADEQUATE DIALYTIC CLEARANCE) OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. THOUGH THERE ARE CURRENTLY NO ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES FOR THE TREATMENT OF LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION IN ESRD PATIENTS, SEVERAL STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED, SUCH AS LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIALYSIS. FURTHER STUDIES ON PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES OF INFLAMMATION IN ESRD, AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY INTERVENTIONS TARGETING PRODUCTION OR REMOVAL OF CYTOKINES OR BOTH ON PREMATURE CVD AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THIS PATIENT GROUP ARE WARRANTED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6  5884  22 SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND BIOLOGICAL AGING IN THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY. CHRONIC, LOW-LEVEL SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH AGING, OR INFLAMMAGING, IS A RISK FACTOR FOR SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES AND MORTALITY. USING DATA FROM THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY, WE GENERATED A CONTINUOUS LATENT VARIABLE FOR SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION FROM SEVEN MEASURED INDICATORS OF INFLAMMATION AND EXAMINED ASSOCIATIONS WITH ANOTHER BIOMARKER OF BIOLOGICAL AGING, DNA METHYLATION AGE ACCELERATION MEASURED BY EPIGENETIC CLOCKS, AND 4-YEAR MORTALITY (N = 3,113). WE FOUND THAT GREATER SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION AGE ACCELERATION FOR 10 OF THE 13 EPIGENETIC CLOCKS, AFTER ADJUSTMENT FOR SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS. THE LATENT VARIABLE FOR SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 4-YEAR MORTALITY INDEPENDENT OF DNA METHYLATION AGE ACCELERATION AND WAS A BETTER PREDICTOR OF 4-YEAR MORTALITY THAN ANY OF THE EPIGENETIC CLOCKS EXAMINED, AS WELL AS MORTALITY RISK FACTORS, INCLUDING OBESITY AND MULTIMORBIDITY. INFLAMMAGING AND DNA METHYLATION AGE ACCELERATION MAY REPRESENT DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CONTRIBUTING TO MORTALITY RISK. LEVERAGING MULTIPLE MEASURED INFLAMMATION MARKERS TO CAPTURE INFLAMMAGING IS IMPORTANT FOR BIOLOGY OF AGING RESEARCH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7   264  20 ADVANCING ASTHMA CARE: THE GLASS IS ONLY HALF FULL! OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A CONCERTED EFFORT IN THE UNITED STATES TO REDUCE MORBIDITY RELATED TO CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING ASTHMA. ATTENTION WAS INITIALLY DIRECTED TOWARD ASTHMA IN RESPONSE TO THE RECOGNITION THAT ASTHMA MORTALITY WAS INCREASING AND THAT THE BURDEN OF DISEASE WAS SIGNIFICANT. THESE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ASTHMA MORTALITY LED TO MANY NEW INITIATIVES TO DEVELOP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES, IMPLEMENT THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE, CONDUCT RESEARCH TO FILL THE GAPS IN THE GUIDELINES, AND CONTINUOUSLY REVISE THE ASTHMA GUIDELINES AS MORE INFORMATION BECAME AVAILABLE. AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PROGRESS SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RELATION TO REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY, WE ARE NOW AT A CROSSROADS IN ASTHMA CARE. ALTHOUGH WE HAVE RECOGNIZED SOME REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REDUCING ASTHMA MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW TOOLS TO MONITOR DISEASE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING BIOMARKERS AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS, ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS TO MONITOR ASTHMA CONTROL HOLD SOME PROMISE IN IDENTIFYING GAPS IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THESE ADVANCES SHOULD PROMPT THE EVOLUTION OF NEW STRATEGIES AND NEW TREATMENTS TO FURTHER REDUCE DISEASE BURDEN. IT NOW BECOMES IMPERATIVE TO CONTINUE A FOCUS ON WAYS TO FURTHER REDUCE THE BURDEN OF ASTHMA AND PREVENT ITS ONSET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  1780  21 EDUCATION AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION CLOCKS IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS. DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) CLOCKS ARE IMPORTANT BIOMARKERS OF CELLULAR AGING AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY. EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES AND MULTIPLE DNAM CLOCKS CAN INCREASE THE UNDERSTANDING OF HOW RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO AGING AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL. THIS STUDY EXPLORED THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EDUCATION OR LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES AND THE ACCELERATION OF FOUR DNAM CLOCKS, INCLUDING INTRINSIC (IEAA) AND EXTRINSIC EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (EEAA), PHENOAGE ACCELERATION (PHENOAA), AND GRIMAGE ACCELERATION (GRIMAA) IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PARTICIPANTS OF THE GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY NETWORK OF ARTERIOPATHY. WE PERFORMED BOTH CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES. IN CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSES, GENDER, EDUCATION, BMI, SMOKING, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WERE ALL INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH GRIMAA, WHEREAS ONLY SOME OF THEM WERE ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CLOCKS. THE EFFECT OF SMOKING AND EDUCATION ON GRIMAA VARIED BY GENDER. LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES SUGGEST THAT AGE AND BMI CONTINUED TO INCREASE GRIMAA, AND THAT AGE AND CURRENT SMOKING CONTINUED TO INCREASE PHENOAA AFTER CONTROLLING DNAM CLOCKS AT BASELINE. IN CONCLUSION, EDUCATION AND COMMON LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE DNAM CLOCKS. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION WITH EACH RISK FACTOR VARIED BY CLOCK, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT DIFFERENT CLOCKS MAY CAPTURE ADVERSE EFFECTS FROM DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9   560  20 BACK TO THE FUTURE: EPIGENETIC CLOCK PLASTICITY TOWARDS HEALTHY AGING. AGING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR MAJOR HUMAN LIFESTYLE DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, NEUROLOGICAL AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISORDERS. DUE TO THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETICS, LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SOME INDIVIDUALS SEEM TO AGE FASTER THAN OTHERS, WHEREAS CENTENARIANS SEEM TO HAVE A SLOWER AGING PROCESS. THEREFORE, A BIOCHEMICAL BIOMARKER REFLECTING THE RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL AGE WOULD BE HELPFUL TO PREDICT AN INDIVIDUAL'S HEALTH STATUS AND AGING DISEASE RISK. ALTHOUGH IT IS ALREADY KNOWN FOR YEARS THAT CUMULATIVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES OCCUR UPON AGING, DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE ONLY RECENTLY USED TO CONSTRUCT AN EPIGENETIC CLOCK PREDICTOR FOR BIOLOGICAL AGE, WHICH IS A MEASURE OF HOW WELL YOUR BODY FUNCTIONS COMPARED TO YOUR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION CLOCK SIGNATURE IS INCREASINGLY APPLIED AS A BIOMARKER TO ESTIMATE AGING DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND MORTALITY RISK. FINALLY, THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK SIGNATURE COULD BE USED AS A LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT TOOL TO MONITOR HEALTHY AGING, TO EVALUATE PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS AGAINST CHRONIC AGING DISORDERS AND TO EXTEND HEALTHY LIFESPAN. DISSECTING THE MECHANISM OF THE EPIGENETIC AGING CLOCK WILL YIELD VALUABLE INSIGHTS INTO THE AGING PROCESS AND HOW IT CAN BE MANIPULATED TO IMPROVE HEALTH SPAN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  2485  19 EPIGENETIC-BASED AGE ACCELERATION IN A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF OLDER AMERICANS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH AGING-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. BIOMARKERS DEVELOPED FROM DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) DATA ARE OF GROWING INTEREST AS PREDICTORS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES AND MORTALITY IN OLDER POPULATIONS. HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN HOW EPIGENETIC AGING FITS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF KNOWN SOCIOECONOMIC AND BEHAVIORAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH AGING-RELATED HEALTH OUTCOMES IN A LARGE, POPULATION-BASED, AND DIVERSE SAMPLE. THIS STUDY USES DATA FROM A REPRESENTATIVE, PANEL STUDY OF US OLDER ADULTS TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNAM-BASED AGE ACCELERATION MEASURES IN THE PREDICTION OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL HEALTH OUTCOMES AND MORTALITY. WE EXAMINE WHETHER RECENT IMPROVEMENTS TO THESE SCORES, USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT (PC)-BASED MEASURES DESIGNED TO REMOVE SOME OF THE TECHNICAL NOISE AND UNRELIABILITY IN MEASUREMENT, IMPROVE THE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF THESE MEASURES. WE ALSO EXAMINE HOW WELL DNAM-BASED MEASURES PERFORM AGAINST WELL-KNOWN PREDICTORS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES SUCH AS DEMOGRAPHICS, SES, AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS. IN OUR SAMPLE, AGE ACCELERATION CALCULATED USING "SECOND AND THIRD GENERATION CLOCKS," PHENOAGE, GRIMAGE, AND DUNEDINPACE, IS CONSISTENTLY A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF HEALTH OUTCOMES INCLUDING CROSS-SECTIONAL COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION, FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS AND CHRONIC CONDITIONS ASSESSED 2 Y AFTER DNAM MEASUREMENT, AND 4-Y MORTALITY. PC-BASED EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION MEASURES DO NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGE THE RELATIONSHIP OF DNAM-BASED AGE ACCELERATION MEASURES TO HEALTH OUTCOMES OR MORTALITY COMPARED TO EARLIER VERSIONS OF THESE MEASURES. WHILE THE USEFULNESS OF DNAM-BASED AGE ACCELERATION AS A PREDICTOR OF LATER LIFE HEALTH OUTCOMES IS QUITE CLEAR, OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS DEMOGRAPHICS, SES, MENTAL HEALTH, AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS REMAIN EQUALLY, IF NOT MORE ROBUST, PREDICTORS OF LATER LIFE OUTCOMES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11   933  34 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAVE EVOLVED OVER TIME, BUT CURRENT INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES DEFINE THIS CONDITION AS DECREASED KIDNEY FUNCTION SHOWN BY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) OF LESS THAN 60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2), OR MARKERS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE, OR BOTH, OF AT LEAST 3 MONTHS DURATION, REGARDLESS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE. DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF CKD IN ALL HIGH-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND ALSO IN MANY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES. INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND PROGRESSION OF CKD ALSO VARY WITHIN COUNTRIES BY ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE. MANY PEOPLE ARE ASYMPTOMATIC OR HAVE NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS SUCH AS LETHARGY, ITCH, OR LOSS OF APPETITE. DIAGNOSIS IS COMMONLY MADE AFTER CHANCE FINDINGS FROM SCREENING TESTS (URINARY DIPSTICK OR BLOOD TESTS), OR WHEN SYMPTOMS BECOME SEVERE. THE BEST AVAILABLE INDICATOR OF OVERALL KIDNEY FUNCTION IS GFR, WHICH IS MEASURED EITHER VIA EXOGENOUS MARKERS (EG, DTPA, IOHEXOL), OR ESTIMATED USING EQUATIONS. PRESENCE OF PROTEINURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF PROGRESSION OF CKD AND DEATH. KIDNEY BIOPSY SAMPLES CAN SHOW DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE OF CKD, THROUGH COMMON CHANGES SUCH AS GLOMERULAR SCLEROSIS, TUBULAR ATROPHY, AND INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE ANAEMIA DUE TO REDUCED PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROPOIETIN BY THE KIDNEY; REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL SURVIVAL AND IRON DEFICIENCY; AND MINERAL BONE DISEASE CAUSED BY DISTURBED VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM. PEOPLE WITH CKD ARE FIVE TO TEN TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DIE PREMATURELY THAN THEY ARE TO PROGRESS TO END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. THIS INCREASED RISK OF DEATH RISES EXPONENTIALLY AS KIDNEY FUNCTION WORSENS AND IS LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEATH FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ALTHOUGH CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE ALSO INCREASED. HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IS SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER FOR PEOPLE WITH CKD THAN FOR THE GENERAL POPULATION, AND FALLS AS GFR DECLINES. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS, OR AIMED AT SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL OR LIFESTYLE CONSIDERATIONS, MAKE A POSITIVE DIFFERENCE TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH CKD. INEQUITY IN ACCESS TO SERVICES FOR THIS DISEASE DISPROPORTIONALLY AFFECTS DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS, AND HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION TO INCENTIVISE EARLY INTERVENTION OVER PROVISION OF CARE ONLY FOR ADVANCED CKD IS STILL EVOLVING IN MANY COUNTRIES.	2017	

12  5185  22 PREMATURE PHYSIOLOGIC AGING AS A PARADIGM FOR UNDERSTANDING INCREASED RISK OF ADVERSE HEALTH ACROSS THE LIFESPAN OF SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD CANCER. THE IMPROVEMENT IN SURVIVAL OF CHILDHOOD CANCER OBSERVED ACROSS THE PAST 50 YEARS HAS RESULTED IN A GROWING ACKNOWLEDGMENT THAT SIMPLY EXTENDING THE LIFESPAN OF SURVIVORS IS NOT ENOUGH. IT IS INCUMBENT ON BOTH THE CANCER RESEARCH AND THE CLINICAL CARE COMMUNITIES TO ALSO IMPROVE THE HEALTH SPAN OF SURVIVORS. IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT AGING ADULT SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD CANCER ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS, RELATIVE TO THE GENERAL POPULATION. HOWEVER, AS THE FIRST GENERATION OF SURVIVORS AGE INTO THEIR 50S AND 60S, IT HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT THIS POPULATION IS ALSO AT RISK OF EARLY ONSET OF PHYSIOLOGIC AGING. GERIATRIC MEASURES HAVE UNCOVERED EVIDENCE OF REDUCED STRENGTH AND SPEED AND INCREASED FATIGUE, ALL COMPONENTS OF FRAILTY, AMONG SURVIVORS WITH A MEDIAN AGE OF 33 YEARS, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO ADULTS OLDER THAN 65 YEARS OF AGE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. FURTHERMORE, FRAILTY IN SURVIVORS INDEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE RISK OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THERE HAS BEEN A PAUCITY OF RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS FOR ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGIC AGE IN SURVIVORS, RESULTS FROM GERIATRIC POPULATIONS SUGGEST FIVE BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE MECHANISMS THAT MAY BE POTENTIATED BY EXPOSURE TO CANCER THERAPIES: INCREASED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, REDUCED TELOMERE LENGTH, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, SOMATIC MUTATIONS, AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA INFIDELITY. THERE IS NOW A CRITICAL NEED FOR RESEARCH TO ELUCIDATE THE BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF PREMATURE AGING IN SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD CANCER. THIS RESEARCH COULD PAVE THE WAY FOR NEW FRONTIERS IN THE PREVENTION OF THESE LIFE-CHANGING OUTCOMES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  1642  29 DOES INFLAMMATION AFFECT OUTCOMES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS? CHRONIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION IS A COMMON COMORBID CONDITION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AND PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE CONSIDER THE QUESTION OF WHETHER INFLAMMATION AFFECTS OUTCOMES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS. LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, AS WELL AS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, ARE ELEVATED IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS. MULTIPLE FACTORS LIKELY CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION IN KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS INCLUDING THE UREMIC MILIEU, LIFESTYLE AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES, INFECTIOUS AND THROMBOTIC EVENTS, THE DIALYSIS PROCESS, AND DYSBIOSIS. INCREASED INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN BOTH CKD AND CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE CLINICAL OUTCOMES INCLUDING ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS, KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESSION, PROTEIN ENERGY WASTING AND DIMINISHED MOTOR FUNCTION, COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, AS WELL AS OTHER ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES INCLUDING CKD-MINERAL AND BONE DISORDER, ANEMIA, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. STRATEGIES THAT HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO REDUCE CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN CKD AND CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS INCLUDE BOTH PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NONPHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. HOWEVER, DESPITE EVIDENCE THAT SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY MARKERS CAN BE LOWERED IN KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS TREATED WITH VARIOUS STRATEGIES, EVIDENCE THAT THIS IMPROVES CLINICAL OUTCOMES IS LARGELY UNAVAILABLE AND REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION. OVERALL, THERE IS STRONG OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE THAT INFLAMMATION IS HIGH IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS AND THAT THIS IS INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH NUMEROUS ADVERSE CLINICAL OUTCOMES. TARGETING INFLAMMATION REPRESENTS A POTENTIALLY NOVEL AND ATTRACTIVE STRATEGY IF IT CAN INDEED IMPROVE ADVERSE OUTCOMES COMMON IN THIS POPULATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14   929  23 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: ACCELERATOR OF BIOLOGICAL AGING. BIOLOGICAL AGING IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION LEVEL. THIS CHRONIC PHENOMENON HAS BEEN NAMED "INFLAMM-AGING" AND IS A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THE OLDER PERSONS. THE MOST COMMON THEORIES OF INFLAMM-AGING INCLUDE REDOX STRESS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, GLYCATION, DEREGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, HORMONAL CHANGES, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, AND DYSFUNCTION TELOMERE ATTRITION. INFLAMM-AGING PLAYS A ROLE IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE II DIABETES, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, FRAILTY, SARCOPENIA, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND CANCER. THIS REVIEW WILL COVER THE IDENTIFICATION OF PATHWAYS THAT CONTROL AGE-RELATED INFLAMMATION ACROSS MULTIPLE SYSTEMS AND ITS POTENTIAL CAUSAL ROLE IN CONTRIBUTING TO ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  5959  24 TELOMERE LENGTH AS A MARKER OF BIOLOGICAL AGE: STATE-OF-THE-ART, OPEN ISSUES, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. TELOMERE SHORTENING IS A WELL-KNOWN HALLMARK OF BOTH CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND ORGANISMAL AGING. AN ACCELERATED RATE OF TELOMERE ATTRITION IS ALSO A COMMON FEATURE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THEREFORE, TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR A LONG TIME AS ONE OF THE BEST BIOMARKERS OF AGING. RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS, HOWEVER, INDICATE THAT TL PER SE CAN ONLY ALLOW A ROUGH ESTIMATE OF AGING RATE AND CAN HARDLY BE REGARDED AS A CLINICALLY IMPORTANT RISK MARKER FOR AGE-RELATED PATHOLOGIES AND MORTALITY. EVIDENCE IS OBTAINED THAT OTHER INDICATORS SUCH AS CERTAIN IMMUNE PARAMETERS, INDICES OF EPIGENETIC AGE, ETC., COULD BE STRONGER PREDICTORS OF THE HEALTH STATUS AND THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE. HOWEVER, DESPITE THESE ISSUES AND LIMITATIONS, TL REMAINS TO BE VERY INFORMATIVE MARKER IN ACCESSING THE BIOLOGICAL AGE WHEN USED ALONG WITH OTHER MARKERS SUCH AS INDICES OF HOMEOSTATIC DYSREGULATION, FRAILTY INDEX, EPIGENETIC CLOCK, ETC. THIS REVIEW ARTICLE IS AIMED AT DESCRIBING THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ART IN THE FIELD AND AT DISCUSSING RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DIVERGENT VIEWPOINTS REGARDING THE USEFULNESS OF LEUKOCYTE TL FOR ESTIMATING THE HUMAN BIOLOGICAL AGE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  3095  34 GENOMIC APPROACHES IN THE SEARCH FOR MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS RECOGNISED AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM, MORE PREVALENT IN OLDER PERSONS AND ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE CO-MORBIDITIES. DIABETES MELLITUS AND HYPERTENSION ARE COMMON AETIOLOGIES FOR CKD, BUT IGA GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, LUPUS NEPHRITIS AND AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE ARE ALSO COMMON CAUSES OF CKD. MAIN BODY: CONVENTIONAL BIOMARKERS FOR CKD INVOLVING THE USE OF ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (EGFR) DERIVED FROM FOUR VARIABLES (SERUM CREATININE, AGE, GENDER AND ETHNICITY) ARE RECOMMENDED BY CLINICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND STRATIFICATION OF CKD. HOWEVER, THESE CLINICAL BIOMARKERS PRESENT SOME LIMITATIONS, ESPECIALLY FOR EARLY STAGES OF CKD, ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS, EXTREME BODY MASS INDEX VALUES (SERUM CREATININE), OR ARE INFLUENCED BY INFLAMMATION, STEROID TREATMENT AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION (SERUM CYSTATIN C). THERE IS THEREFORE A NEED TO IDENTIFY ADDITIONAL NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS THAT ARE USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE TO HELP IMPROVE CKD DIAGNOSIS, INFORM PROGNOSIS AND GUIDE THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT. CONCLUSION: CKD IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE WITH ASSOCIATED GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. HENCE, MANY STUDIES HAVE EMPLOYED GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS FOR KIDNEY DISEASE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE SUMMARISED THE MOST IMPORTANT STUDIES IN HUMANS INVESTIGATING GENOMIC BIOMARKERS FOR CKD IN THE LAST DECADE. SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING UMOD, SHROOM3 AND ELMO1 HAVE BEEN STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL DISEASES, AND SOME OF THEIR TRAITS, SUCH AS EGFR AND SERUM CREATININE. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC BIOMARKERS IN CKD AND RELATED DISEASES IS STILL UNCLEAR. THE COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE BIOMARKERS INTO CLASSIFIERS, INCLUDING GENOMIC, AND/OR EPIGENOMIC, MAY GIVE A MORE COMPLETE PICTURE OF KIDNEY DISEASES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  4467  26 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VASCULAR HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM VASCULAR AGING AND CALCIFICATION. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY BEYOND THE AGE OF 65 YEARS, WITH THE VAST MAJORITY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND STROKE. VASCULAR PATHOLOGY STEMS FROM A COMBINATION OF GENETIC RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND THE BIOLOGIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING. THE PATHOGENESIS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR AGING, AND VASCULAR CALCIFICATION WITH AGING, IN PARTICULAR, IS STILL NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. ACCUMULATING DATA SUGGESTS THAT GENETIC RISK, LIKELY COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND THE PLASTICITY OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO ACQUIRE AN OSTEOGENIC PHENOTYPE ARE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING GENETIC AND MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN REGULATING AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR PATHOLOGY MAY INSPIRE STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTHY VASCULAR AGING. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF CONCEPTS AND MECHANISMS OF AGE-ASSOCIATED VASCULAR DISEASE, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  6652  33 UPDATE ON INFLAMMATION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: DESPITE RECENT ADVANCES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) MANAGEMENT, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THIS POPULATION REMAIN EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH. PERSISTENT, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF CKD, PLAYING A UNIQUE ROLE IN ITS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND BEING ACCOUNTABLE IN PART FOR CARDIOVASCULAR AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEIN-ENERGY WASTING. SUMMARY: THE VARIETY OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY STATUS IN CKD, INCLUDING INCREASED PRODUCTION AND DECREASED CLEARANCE OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ACIDOSIS, CHRONIC AND RECURRENT INFECTIONS, INCLUDING THOSE RELATED TO DIALYSIS ACCESS, ALTERED METABOLISM OF ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS. INFLAMMATION DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) IN CKD AND CULMINATES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS, WHERE EXTRACORPOREAL FACTORS, SUCH AS IMPURITIES IN DIALYSIS WATER, MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF THE DIALYSATE, AND BIOINCOMPATIBLE FACTORS IN THE DIALYSIS CIRCUIT PLAY AN ADDITIONAL ROLE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES CONTRIBUTING TO INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION IN CKD ARE CURRENTLY BEING INTENSIVELY INVESTIGATED. A NUMBER OF INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO TARGET INFLAMMATION IN CKD, INCLUDING LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS, AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIALYSIS. IMPORTANTLY, SOME OF THESE THERAPIES HAVE BEEN RECENTLY TESTED IN RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. KEY MESSAGES: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION SHOULD BE REGARDED AS A COMMON COMORBID CONDITION IN CKD AND ESPECIALLY IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS. A NUMBER OF INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN PROVEN TO BE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE IN WELL-DESIGNED CLINICAL STUDIES. THIS INCLUDES SUCH INEXPENSIVE APPROACHES AS MODIFICATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF THESE INTERVENTIONS ON HARD OUTCOMES, AS WELL AS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN SELECTED CKD POPULATIONS (E.G., IN CHILDREN).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19  1034  23 CKD IN ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS ONE COMPONENT OF A SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS. CKD IS MARKED BY ALBUMINURIA, WHICH PREDICTS RENAL FAILURE AND NONRENAL NATURAL DEATH. RATES VARY GREATLY BY COMMUNITY AND REGION AND ARE MUCH HIGHER IN REMOTE AREAS. THIS REFLECTS THE HETEROGENEOUS CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. CKD IS MULTIDETERMINANT, AND EARLY-LIFE INFLUENCES (NOTABLY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT), INFECTIONS (INCLUDING POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS), METABOLIC/HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, AND EPIGENETIC/GENETIC FACTORS PROBABLY CONTRIBUTE. CKD IS ASSOCIATED INTIMATELY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. ALBUMINURIA PROGRESSES OVER TIME, WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF NEW ONSET OF PATHOLOGIC LEVELS OF ALBUMINURIA IN ALL AGE GROUPS. ALL THE USUAL MORPHOLOGIC FINDINGS ARE FOUND IN RENAL BIOPSY SPECIMENS. HOWEVER, GLOMERULAR ENLARGEMENT IS NOTABLE IN INDIVIDUALS FROM REMOTE REGIONS, BUT NOT THOSE LIVING CLOSER TO POPULATION CENTERS. GLOMERULOMEGALY PROBABLY REPRESENTS COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY CAUSED BY LOW NEPHRON NUMBER, WHICH PROBABLY UNDERLIES THE ACCENTUATED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RENAL DISEASE. IN THE LAST DECADE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED TO ACCOMMODATE SYSTEMATIC CHRONIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT. AFTER A RELENTLESS INCREASE FOR 3 DECADES, RATES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE STARTING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY, AS WELL AS CHRONIC DISEASE DEATHS, APPEAR TO BE STABILIZING IN SOME REGIONS. OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT OF THESE SYSTEM CHANGES, PLUS ONGOING REDUCTIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND INFECTIONS, HOLD PROMISE FOR CONTINUED BETTER OUTCOMES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  1385  30 DIABETES IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS: EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. WITH ADVANCEMENTS IN CANCER TREATMENT AND SUPPORTIVE CARE, THERE IS A GROWING POPULATION OF CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS WHO EXPERIENCE A SUBSTANTIAL BURDEN OF COMORBIDITIES RELATED TO HAVING RECEIVED CANCER TREATMENT AT A YOUNG AGE. DESPITE AN OVERALL REDUCTION IN THE INCIDENCE OF MOST CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS OVER THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES, THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE OF CERTAIN LATE EFFECTS, IN PARTICULAR DIABETES MELLITUS (DM), HAS INCREASED. THE IMPLICATIONS ARE SIGNIFICANT, BECAUSE DM IS A KEY RISK FACTOR FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, A LEADING CAUSE OF PREMATURE DEATH IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS. THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DM IN CANCER SURVIVORS IS MULTIFACTORIAL. DM DEVELOPS AT YOUNGER AGES IN SURVIVORS COMPARED TO CONTROLS, WHICH MAY REFLECT AN "ACCELERATED AGING" PHENOTYPE IN THESE INDIVIDUALS. THE TREATMENT-RELATED EXPOSURES (I.E., CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIATION) THAT INCREASE RISK FOR DM IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS MAY BE MORE THAN ADDITIVE WITH ESTABLISHED DM RISK FACTORS (E.G., OLDER AGE, OBESITY, RACE, AND ETHNICITY). EMERGING RESEARCH ALSO POINTS TO PARALLELS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES IMPLICATED IN AGING- AND CANCER TREATMENT-RELATED DM. STILL, THERE REMAINS MARKED INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY REGARDING RISK OF DM THAT IS NOT EXPLAINED BY DEMOGRAPHIC AND THERAPEUTIC RISK FACTORS ALONE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE ROLE OF GERMLINE GENETIC RISK FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH RISK OF DM IN BOTH THE GENERAL AND ONCOLOGY POPULATIONS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF RECOGNIZED RISK FACTORS FOR DM IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS TO HELP INFORM TARGETED APPROACHES FOR DISEASE SCREENING, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT. FURTHERMORE, IT HIGHLIGHTS THE EXISTING SCIENTIFIC GAPS IN UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURES AND THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THEY EXERT THEIR EFFECTS THAT UNIQUELY PREDISPOSE THIS POPULATION TO DM FOLLOWING CANCER TREATMENT.	2023