1  4256 127 METHYLOMIC MARKERS OF PERSISTENT CHILDHOOD ASTHMA: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF ASTHMA-DISCORDANT MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER IN CHILDREN. THE AETIOLOGY OF ASTHMA PATHOLOGY IS COMPLEX AND HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS, INVOLVING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS THAT IS HYPOTHESIZED TO INVOLVE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. OUR AIM WAS TO EXPLORE WHETHER METHYLOMIC VARIATION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISCORDANCE FOR ASTHMA SYMPTOMS WITHIN MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWIN PAIRS RECRUITED FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK (E-RISK) LONGITUDINAL TWIN STUDY. WE ALSO AIMED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA THAT DEVELOPS IN CHILDHOOD AND PERSISTS INTO EARLY ADULTHOOD AS THESE MAY REPRESENT USEFUL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. RESULTS: WE EXAMINED GENOME-WIDE PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION IN BUCCAL CELL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM 37 MZ TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT FOR ASTHMA AT AGE 10. DNA METHYLATION AT INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT VARIABILITY WITHIN DISCORDANT MZ TWIN PAIRS WITH THE TOP-RANKED NOMINALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITION (DMP) LOCATED IN THE HGSNAT GENE. WE STRATIFIED OUR ANALYSIS BY ASSESSING DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES IN A SUB-GROUP OF MZ TWIN PAIRS WHO REMAINED PERSISTENTLY DISCORDANT FOR ASTHMA AT AGE 18. THE TOP-RANKED NOMINALLY SIGNIFICANT DMP ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTING ASTHMA IS LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF THE HLX GENE, WHICH HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY IMPLICATED IN CHILDHOOD ASTHMA. CONCLUSIONS: WE IDENTIFIED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IN PERIPHERAL DNA SAMPLES FROM DISCORDANT MZ TWIN PAIRS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD ASTHMA WHICH PERSISTS INTO EARLY ADULTHOOD ARE DISTINCT FROM THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA WHICH REMITS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  5222  34 PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS: FAMILY STORIES. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS (PBC) IS A CHRONIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY WHICH AFFECTS MOSTLY WOMEN IN MIDDLE AGE. FAMILIAL PBC IS WHEN PBC AFFECTS MORE THAN ONE MEMBER OF THE SAME FAMILY, AND DATA SUGGEST THAT FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES OF PBC PATIENTS HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE. MOST OFTEN, THESE FAMILIAL CLUSTERS INVOLVE MOTHER-DAUGHTER PAIRS, WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH THE FEMALE PREPONDERANCE OF THE DISEASE. THESE CLUSTERS PROVIDE EVIDENCE TOWARDS A GENETIC BASIS UNDERLYING PBC. HOWEVER, CLUSTERS OF NONRELATED INDIVIDUALS HAVE ALSO BEEN REPORTED, GIVING STRENGTH TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT. TWIN STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED A HIGH CONCORDANCE FOR PBC IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS AND A LOW CONCORDANCE AMONG DIZYGOTIC TWINS. IN CONCLUSION, STUDIES OF PBC IN FAMILIES CLEARLY DEMONSTRATE THAT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  6742  44 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4  6743  45 WHITHER THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS (AND SCOLIOGENY) OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS? INCORPORATING PRESENTATIONS ON SCOLIOGENY AT THE 2012 IRSSD AND SRS MEETINGS. THIS PAPER AIMS TO INTEGRATE INTO CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF AIS CAUSATION, ETIOPATHOGENETIC INFORMATION PRESENTED AT TWO MEETINGS DURING 2012 NAMELY, THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY OF SPINAL DEFORMITIES (IRSSD) AND THE SCOLIOSIS RESEARCH SOCIETY (SRS). THE ULTIMATE HOPE IS TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OR PROGRESSION OF THE SPINAL DEFORMITY OF AIS WITH NON-INVASIVE TREATMENT, POSSIBLY MEDICAL. THIS MIGHT BE ATTAINED BY PERSONALISED POLYMECHANISTIC PREVENTIVE THERAPY TARGETING THE APPROPRIATE ETIOLOGY AND/OR ETIOPATHOGENETIC PATHWAYS, TO AVOID FUSION AND MAINTAIN SPINAL MOBILITY. ALTHOUGH CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE PAST TWO DECADES IN UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), IT STILL LACKS AN AGREED THEORY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS. ONE PROBLEM MAY BE THAT AIS RESULTS NOT FROM ONE CAUSE, BUT SEVERAL THAT INTERACT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSING FACTORS. THERE IS A VIEW THERE ARE TWO OTHER PATHOGENIC PROCESSES FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS NAMELY, INITIATING (OR INDUCING), AND THOSE THAT CAUSE CURVE PROGRESSION. TWIN STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS OF FAMILY AGGREGATION HAVE REVEALED SIGNIFICANT GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS, THAT PLACE AIS AMONG OTHER COMMON DISEASE OR COMPLEX TRAITS WITH A HIGH HERITABILITY INTERPRETED BY THE GENETIC VARIANT HYPOTHESIS OF DISEASE. WE SUMMARIZE ETIOPATHOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE OF AIS AS THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS INCLUDING RECENT MULTIPLE CONCEPTS, AND BLOOD TESTS FOR AIS BASED ON PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC VARIANTS THAT SIGNIFY DISEASE RISK. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER FOR AIS, RESEARCH WHICH HOLDS PROMISE. LIKE BRAIN RESEARCH, MOST AIS WORKERS FOCUS ON THEIR OWN CORNER AND THERE IS A NEED FOR GREATER INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH EFFORT. EPIGENETICS, A RELATIVELY RECENT FIELD, EVALUATES FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT, DISEASE, NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) INCLUDING ADIPOSITY, AFTER A SLOW START, HAS EXPLODED IN THE LAST DECADE. NOT SO FOR AIS RESEARCH AND THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE, EXCEPT FOR MONOZYGOTIC TWIN STUDIES, THERE ARE ONLY SPORADIC REPORTS TO SUGGEST THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE AT WORK IN ETIOLOGY. HERE, WE EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS AS THEY MAY RELATE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NORMAL LIFE HISTORY PHASES AND AIS PATHOGENESIS. ALTHOUGH AIS IS NOT REGARDED AS AN NCD, LIKE THEM, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHOLE ORGANISM METABOLIC PHENOMENA, INCLUDING LOWER BODY MASS INDEX, LOWER CIRCULATING LEPTIN LEVELS AND OTHER SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. SOME EPIGENETIC RESEARCH APPLIED TO SILVER-RUSSELL SYNDROME AND ADIPOSITY IS EXAMINED, FROM WHICH SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR CONSIDERATION OF AIS EPIGENETIC RESEARCH, CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL. THE WORD SCOLIOGENY IS SUGGESTED TO INCLUDE ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOMECHANISM.	2013	

5  1169  36 CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC DIFFERENCES TO TWIN DISCORDANCE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. EVALUATION OF: BARANZINI SE, MUDGE J, VAN VELKINBURGH JC ET AL. GENOME, EPIGENOME AND RNA SEQUENCES OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DISCORDANT FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. NATURE 464, 1351-1356 (2010). MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE CNS. GENETICALLY IDENTICAL (MONOZYGOTIC) TWINS HAVE A CONCORDANCE RATE FOR MS OF APPROXIMATELY 30%, LENDING SUPPORT TO THE NOTION THAT THE DISEASE HAS A COMPLEX ETIOLOGY, DEVELOPING AS A RESULT OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS. HOWEVER, RECENT STUDIES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE FACT THAT MONOZYGOTIC TWINS MIGHT NOT ACTUALLY BE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL. IN AN EFFORT TO SEE IF THIS CAN EXPLAIN MS TWIN DISCORDANCE, BARANZINI AND COLLEAGUES SEQUENCED THE GENOME FROM A PAIR OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DISCORDANT FOR MS, AND ALSO EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ACROSS THE GENOME IN THIS TWIN PAIR AND AN ADDITIONAL TWO MORE TWIN PAIRS. NO CONSISTENT DIFFERENCES IN DNA SEQUENCE, DNA METHYLATION OR GENE EXPRESSION WERE FOUND. HERE WE PUT THESE FINDINGS INTO CONTEXT AND DISCUSS THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6  2192  36 EPIGENETIC METHODS AND TWIN STUDIES. GENOMIC PREDISPOSITION FAILS TO FULLY EXPLAIN THE ONSET OF COMPLEX DISEASES, WHICH IS WELL ILLUSTRATED BY THE LARGELY INCOMPLETE CONCORDANCE AMONG MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN REMODELING, AND NON-CODING RNA, ARE THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI AND DISEASE ONSET ON A PERMISSIVE GENETIC BACKGROUND IN AUTOIMMUNE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES NOW INCLUDE ALMOST 100 CONDITIONS AND ARE ESTIMATED TO CUMULATIVELY AFFECT UP TO 5% OF THE WORLD POPULATION WITH A HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE SUPERIOR TO CANCER WORLDWIDE. MANY ADVANCES IN MEDICINE HAVE BEEN MADE TO TREAT THESE CONDITIONS BUT THERE ARE STILL GAPS, AND AN INNOVATIVE AND EFFICIENT THERAPY IS NEEDED. SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INCLUDE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS, SJOGREN SYNDROME, POLYMYOSITIS, AND DERMATOMYOSITIS. MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DISCORDANT FOR ANY DISEASE OFFER AN IDEAL STUDY DESIGN AS THEY ARE MATCHED FOR MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING GENETIC VARIATION AND THIS IS A REAL ADVANTAGE FOR EPIGENETICS STUDY. WE WILL HEREIN DISCUSS THE AVAILABLE DATA IN THE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES LEADING TO DISEASE DISCORDANCE IN MZ TWINS FOR SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, AND SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7   404  43 ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC AGE PREDICTORS IN PAIN-RELATED CONDITIONS. CHRONIC PAIN PREVALENCE IS HIGH WORLDWIDE AND INCREASES AT OLDER AGES. SIGNS OF PREMATURE AGING HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN, BUT FEW STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED AGING BIOMARKERS IN PAIN-RELATED CONDITIONS. A SET OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM)-BASED ESTIMATES OF AGE, CALLED "EPIGENETIC CLOCKS," HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS BIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF AGE-RELATED ADVERSE PROCESSES, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO ASSESS IF DIFFERENT PAIN-RELATED PHENOTYPES SHOW ALTERATIONS IN DNAM AGE. IN OUR ANALYSIS, WE CONSIDERED THREE COHORTS FOR WHICH WHOLE-BLOOD DNAM DATA WERE AVAILABLE: HEAT PAIN SENSITIVITY (HPS), INCLUDING 20 MONOZYGOTIC TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT FOR HEAT PAIN TEMPERATURE THRESHOLD; FIBROMYALGIA (FM), INCLUDING 24 CASES AND 20 CONTROLS; AND HEADACHE, INCLUDING 22 CHRONIC MIGRAINE AND MEDICATION OVERUSE HEADACHE PATIENTS (MOH), 18 EPISODIC MIGRAINEURS (EM), AND 13 HEALTHY SUBJECTS. WE USED THE HORVATH'S EPIGENETIC AGE CALCULATOR TO OBTAIN DNAM-BASED ESTIMATES OF EPIGENETIC AGE, TELOMERE LENGTH, LEVELS OF 7 PROTEINS IN PLASMA, NUMBER OF SMOKED PACKS OF CIGARETTES PER YEAR, AND BLOOD CELL COUNTS. WE DID NOT FIND DIFFERENCES IN EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION, CALCULATED USING FIVE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC CLOCKS, BETWEEN SUBJECTS DISCORDANT FOR PAIN-RELATED PHENOTYPES. TWINS WITH HIGH HPS HAD INCREASED CD8+ T CELL COUNTS (NOMINAL P = 0.028). HPS THRESHOLDS WERE NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH ESTIMATED LEVELS OF GDF15 (NOMINAL P = 0.008). FM PATIENTS SHOWED DECREASED NAIVE CD4+ T CELL COUNTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS (NOMINAL P = 0.015). THE SEVERITY OF FM MANIFESTATIONS EXPRESSED THROUGH VARIOUS EVALUATION TESTS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED LEVELS OF LEPTIN, SHORTER LENGTH OF TELOMERES, AND REDUCED CD8+ T AND NATURAL KILLER CELL COUNTS (NOMINAL P < 0.05), WHILE THE DURATION OF PAINFUL SYMPTOMS WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH TELOMERE LENGTH (NOMINAL P = 0.034). NO DIFFERENCES IN DNAM-BASED ESTIMATES WERE DETECTED FOR MOH OR EM COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. IN SUMMARY, OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT HPS, FM, AND MOH/EM DO NOT SHOW SIGNS OF EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION IN WHOLE BLOOD, WHILE HPS AND FM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNAM-BASED ESTIMATES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, PLASMA PROTEINS, AND TELOMERE LENGTH. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD EXTEND THESE OBSERVATIONS IN LARGER COHORTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8   244  43 ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS), ENVIRONMENT, EXPOSOME AND EPIGENETICS: A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE OF POSTNATAL NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF AIS WITH CONSIDERATION OF A NETWORK APPROACH AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICAL THERAPY. GENETIC FACTORS ARE BELIEVED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS (AIS). DISCORDANT FINDINGS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS WITH AIS SHOW THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INCLUDING DIFFERENT INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN ETIOLOGY, BUT WHAT THESE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE IS UNKNOWN. RECENT EVIDENCE FOR COMMON CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUGGESTS EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES MAY UNDERLIE MZ TWIN DISCORDANCE, AND BE THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OPERATING AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN GENOME AND ENVIRONMENT TO REGULATE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY WITH A COMPLEX REGULATION ACROSS THE GENOME DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF LIFE. THE WORD EXPOSOME REFERS TO THE TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES FROM CONCEPTION ONWARDS, COMPRISING FACTORS IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS. THE WORD EXPOSOME IS USED HERE ALSO IN RELATION TO PHYSIOLOGIC AND ETIOPATHOGENETIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT NORMAL SPINAL GROWTH AND MAY INDUCE THE DEFORMITY OF AIS. IN NORMAL POSTNATAL SPINAL GROWTH WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT, PHYSIOLOGIC GROWTH-PLATE EXPOSOME FOR THE NORMAL PROCESSES PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT MAY HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE. IN AIS, WE PROPOSE A NEW TERM AND CONCEPT PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC SCOLIOGENIC EXPOSOME FOR THE ABNORMAL PROCESSES IN MOLECULAR PATHWAYS PARTICULARLY OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CURRENTLY EXPRESSED AS ETIOPATHOGENETIC HYPOTHESES; THESE ARE SUGGESTED TO HAVE DEFORMING EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH PLATES OF VERTEBRAE AT CELL, TISSUE, STRUCTURE AND/OR ORGAN LEVELS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE EPIGENETIC. NEW RESEARCH IS REQUIRED FOR CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION IN AIS SUBJECTS AND VERTEBRAL GROWTH PLATES EXCISED AT SURGERY. IN ADDITION, CONSIDERATION IS NEEDED FOR A POSSIBLE NETWORK APPROACH TO ETIOPATHOGENESIS BY CONSTRUCTING AIS DISEASOMES. THESE APPROACHES MAY LEAD THROUGH SCREENING, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL, METABOLIC PHENOTYPES AND PHARMACOGENOMIC RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS AT RISK AND MODULATE ABNORMAL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF AIS. THE POTENTIAL OF EPIGENETIC-BASED MEDICAL THERAPY FOR AIS CANNOT BE ASSESSED AT PRESENT, AND MUST AWAIT NEW RESEARCH DERIVED FROM THE EVALUATION OF EPIGENETIC CONCEPTS OF SPINAL GROWTH IN HEALTH AND DEFORMITY. THE TENETS OUTLINED HERE FOR AIS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL GROWTH DISORDERS INCLUDING INFANTILE AND JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9  2142  52 EPIGENETIC INVESTIGATION OF VARIABLY X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATED GENES IN MONOZYGOTIC FEMALE TWINS DISCORDANT FOR PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS (PBC) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE CHRONIC CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE WITH A STRONG GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY DUE TO THE HIGH CONCORDANCE IN MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS AND A STRIKING FEMALE PREDOMINANCE. WOMEN WITH PBC MANIFEST AN ENHANCED X MONOSOMY RATE IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES AND WE THUS HYPOTHESIZED AN X CHROMOSOME EPIGENETIC COMPONENT TO EXPLAIN PBC FEMALE PREVALENCE. WHILE MOST GENES ON THE FEMALE INACTIVE X CHROMOSOME ARE SILENCED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION FOLLOWING X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION (XCI), APPROXIMATELY 10% OF X- LINKED GENES EXHIBIT VARIABLE ESCAPE FROM XCI IN HEALTHY FEMALES. THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PBC IS MODIFIED BY ONE OR MORE X-LINKED GENE WITH VARIABLE XCI STATUS. PERIPHERAL BLOOD MRNA AND DNA SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM A UNIQUE COHORT OF MZ TWIN SETS DISCORDANT AND CONCORDANT FOR PBC. TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF THE 125 VARIABLE XCI STATUS GENES WAS DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR ANALYSIS AND TWO GENES (CLIC2 AND PIN4) WERE IDENTIFIED AS CONSISTENTLY DOWNREGULATED IN THE AFFECTED TWIN OF DISCORDANT PAIRS. BOTH CLIC2 AND PIN4 DEMONSTRATED PARTIAL AND VARIABLE METHYLATION OF CPG SITES WITHIN 300 BP OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START SITE THAT DID NOT PREDICT THE XCI STATUS. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF CLIC2 MANIFESTED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAMPLES AND NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WITH TRANSCRIPT LEVELS. PIN4 METHYLATION SHOWED A POSITIVE TREND WITH TRANSCRIPTION IN ALL SAMPLES BUT NO DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN DISCORDANT TWINS. A GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AFFECTING THE NUMBER OF CPG SITES IN THE PIN4 PROMOTER DID NOT IMPACT METHYLATION OR TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN A HETEROZYGOUS TWIN PAIR AND SHOWED A SIMILAR FREQUENCY IN INDEPENDENT SERIES OF UNRELATED PBC CASES AND CONTROLS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING PBC ONSET ARE MORE COMPLEX THAN METHYLATION DIFFERENCES AT X-LINKED PROMOTERS AND VARIABLY 3 INACTIVATED X-LINKED GENES MAY BE CHARACTERIZED BY PARTIAL PROMOTER METHYLATION AND BIALLELIC TRANSCRIPTION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  4775  49 NUCLEIC ACID-SENSING AND INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE PATHWAYS SHOW DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN MZ TWINS DISCORDANT FOR LUPUS AND OVEREXPRESSION IN INDEPENDENT LUPUS SAMPLES: IMPLICATIONS FOR PATHOGENIC MECHANISM AND DRUG TARGETING. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM, AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY DISEASE WITH GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO RISK. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO SLE RISK AND MAY BE INFORMATIVE FOR IDENTIFYING PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS WHILE CONTROLLING FOR GENETIC BACKGROUND, WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENOMIC DNA FROM WHOLE BLOOD IN THREE PAIRS OF FEMALE MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY, DISCORDANT FOR SLE. RESULTS WERE REPLICATED ON THE SAME ARRAY IN FOUR CELL TYPES FROM A SET OF FOUR DANISH FEMALE MZ TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT FOR SLE. GENES IMPLICATED BY THE EPIGENETIC ANALYSES WERE THEN EVALUATED IN 10 INDEPENDENT SLE GENE EXPRESSION DATASETS FROM THE GENE EXPRESSION OMNIBUS (GEO). THERE WERE 59 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED LOCI BETWEEN UNAFFECTED AND AFFECTED MZ TWINS IN WHOLE BLOOD, INCLUDING 11 NOVEL LOCI. ALL BUT TWO OF THESE LOCI WERE HYPOMETHYLATED IN THE SLE TWINS RELATIVE TO THE UNAFFECTED TWINS. THE GENES HARBORING THESE HYPOMETHYLATED LOCI EXHIBITED INCREASED EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT DATASETS OF SLE PATIENTS. THIS PATTERN WAS LARGELY CONSISTENT REGARDLESS OF DISEASE ACTIVITY, CELL TYPE, OR RENAL TISSUE TYPE. THE GENES PROXIMAL TO CPGS EXHIBITING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION (DM) IN THE SLE-DISCORDANT MZ TWINS AND EXHIBITING DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION (DE) IN INDEPENDENT SLE GEO COHORTS (DM-DE GENES) CLUSTERED INTO TWO PATHWAYS: THE NUCLEIC ACID-SENSING PATHWAY AND THE TYPE I INTERFERON PATHWAY. THE DM-DE GENES WERE ALSO INFORMATICALLY QUERIED FOR POTENTIAL GENE-DRUG INTERACTIONS, YIELDING A LIST OF 41 DRUGS INCLUDING A KNOWN SLE THERAPY. THE DM-DE GENES DELINEATE TWO IMPORTANT BIOLOGIC PATHWAYS THAT ARE NOT ONLY REFLECTIVE OF THE HETEROGENEITY OF SLE BUT MAY ALSO CORRELATE WITH DISTINCT IFN RESPONSES THAT DEPEND ON THE SOURCE, TYPE, AND LOCATION OF NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND THE ACTIVATED RECEPTORS IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. CELL- AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC ANALYSES WILL BE CRITICAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF GENETIC FACTORS DYSREGULATING THE NUCLEIC ACID-SENSING AND IFN PATHWAYS AND WHETHER THESE FACTORS COULD BE APPROPRIATE TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  2075  39 EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN INFLAMMATION GENES OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS ARE RELATED TO PARENT-CHILD EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AND HEALTH. THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS AN IMMUNE DEFENSE ENGAGED IMMEDIATELY AFTER INJURY OR INFECTION. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN BE DELETERIOUS FOR VARIOUS HEALTH OUTCOMES AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS SUCH AS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6), AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA). A LARGE BODY OF RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THESE INFLAMMATORY MARKERS ARE RESPONSIVE TO STRESS AND QUALITY OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. FOR EXAMPLE, THE QUALITY OF THE EARLY PARENTAL BOND PREDICTS VARIOUS HEALTH OUTCOMES AND MAY BE DRIVEN BY CHANGES IN IMMUNE FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, MAY BE ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH EARLY SOCIAL EXPERIENCES SHAPE IMMUNE FUNCTIONING. THE PRESENT STUDY USED A MONOZYGOTIC TWIN DIFFERENCE DESIGN TO ASSESS IF MOTHER-REPORTED EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AT 1 YEAR AND 2.5 YEARS PREDICTED IMMUNE GENE METHYLATION AT 8 YEARS OF AGE. FURTHER, WE ASSESSED IF INFLAMMATION GENE METHYLATION WAS RELATED TO GENERAL HEALTH PROBLEMS (E.G. INFECTIONS, ALLERGIES, ETC.). WE FOUND THAT MOTHER-REPORTED EMOTIONAL AVAILABILITY AT 1 YEAR, BUT NOT 2.5 YEARS, WAS RELATED TO METHYLATION OF VARIOUS IMMUNE GENES IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. FURTHERMORE, TWIN PAIRS DISCORDANT IN HEALTH PROBLEMS HAVE MORE DIFFERENCE IN IMMUNE GENE METHYLATION COMPARED TO TWIN PAIRS CONCORDANT FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, SUGGESTING THAT METHYLATION OF IMMUNE GENES MAY HAVE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES FOR GENERAL HEALTH. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EMOTIONAL COMPONENT OF ATTACHMENT QUALITY DURING INFANCY CONTRIBUTES TO IMMUNE EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN CHILDHOOD, WHICH MAY INFLUENCE GENERAL HEALTH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12   561  51 BARIATRIC SURGERY-INDUCED WEIGHT LOSS AND ASSOCIATED GENOME-WIDE DNA-METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS. BACKGROUND: OBESITY IS A MULTIFACTORIAL AND CHRONIC CONDITION OF GROWING UNIVERSAL CONCERN. IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN REPORTED THAT BARIATRIC SURGERY IS A MORE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT FOR SEVERE OBESITY THAN OTHER NONINVASIVE INTERVENTIONS, RESULTING IN RAPID SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT LOSS AND ASSOCIATED CHRONIC DISEASE REMISSION. THE IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCT EPIGENETIC PATTERNS IN PATIENTS WHO ARE OBESE OR HAVE METABOLIC IMBALANCES HAS SUGGESTED A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CAUSAL OR MEDIATING PATHWAYS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY-RELATED PATHOLOGIES. SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE EPIGENOME (DNA METHYLOME), ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DISORDERS, CAN BE DETECTED IN THE BLOOD. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE AFTER WEIGHT LOSS USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLOME ANALYSIS OF BLOOD SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH SEVERE OBESITY (MEAN BMI ~ 45) UNDERGOING BARIATRIC SURGERY. RESULTS: OUR ANALYSIS REVEALED 41 SIGNIFICANT (BONFERRONI P < 0.05) AND 1169 (FALSE DISCOVERY RATE P < 0.05) SUGGESTIVE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) ASSOCIATED WITH WEIGHT LOSS DUE TO BARIATRIC SURGERY. AMONG THE 41 SIGNIFICANT DMPS, 5 CPGS WERE REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF BMI-DISCORDANT MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (THE HEAVIER TWIN UNDERWENT DIET-INDUCED WEIGHT LOSS). THE EFFECT SIZES OF THESE 5 CPGS WERE CONSISTENT ACROSS DISCOVERY AND REPLICATION SETS (P < 0.05). WE ALSO IDENTIFIED 192 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) AMONG WHICH SMAD6 AND PFKFB3 GENES WERE THE TOP HYPERMETHYLATED AND HYPOMETHYLATED REGIONS, RESPECTIVELY. PATHWAY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS OF THE DMR-ASSOCIATED GENES SHOWED THAT FUNCTIONAL PATHWAYS RELATED TO IMMUNE FUNCTION AND TYPE 1 DIABETES WERE SIGNIFICANT. WEIGHT LOSS DUE TO BARIATRIC SURGERY ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY DECELERATED EPIGENETIC AGE 12 MONTHS AFTER THE INTERVENTION (MEAN = - 4.29; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: WE IDENTIFIED WEIGHT LOSS-ASSOCIATED DNA-METHYLATION ALTERATIONS TARGETING IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY GENE PATHWAYS IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM BARIATRIC-SURGERY PATIENTS. THE TOP HITS WERE REPLICATED IN SAMPLES FROM AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF BMI-DISCORDANT MONOZYGOTIC TWINS FOLLOWING A HYPOCALORIC DIET. ENERGY RESTRICTION AND BARIATRIC SURGERY THUS SHARE CPGS THAT MAY REPRESENT EARLY INDICATORS OF RESPONSE TO THE METABOLIC EFFECTS OF WEIGHT LOSS. THE ANALYSIS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY-ASSOCIATED DMRS SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN ENDOTHELIAL AND ADIPOSE TISSUE FUNCTION IS KEY IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  3056  42 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IMPLICATES ENRICHMENT OF INTERFERON PATHWAY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND EUROPEAN AMERICANS WITH LUPUS NEPHRITIS. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS A CHRONIC, MULTISYSTEM, INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTS WOMEN. TRENDS IN SLE PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL COURSE DIFFER BY ANCESTRY, WITH THOSE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN ANCESTRY PRESENTING WITH MORE ACTIVE, SEVERE AND RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE DISEASE THAN EUROPEAN AMERICANS. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ESTABLISHED ALTERED EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES IN SLE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. HOWEVER, THE CONTRIBUTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) TO THE RISK OF SLE BY ANCESTRY AND DIFFERENCES AMONG PATIENTS WITH SLE-ASSOCIATED LUPUS NEPHRITIS (LN) HAS NOT BEEN WELL DESCRIBED. WE EVALUATED THE DNA METHYLOMES OF 87 INDIVIDUALS INCLUDING 41 SLE PATIENTS, WITH AND WITHOUT LN, AND 46 CONTROLS ENROLLED IN AN ANCESTRY DIVERSE, WELL-CHARACTERIZED COHORT STUDY OF ESTABLISHED SLE (41 SLE PATIENTS [20 SLE-LN+, 21 SLE-LN-] AND 46 SEX-, RACE- AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS; 55% AFRICAN AMERICAN, 45% EUROPEAN AMERICAN). PARTICIPANTS WERE GENOTYPED USING THE INFINIUM GLOBAL DIVERSITY ARRAY (GDA), AND GENETIC ANCESTRY WAS ESTIMATED USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION WAS INITIALLY MEASURED USING THE ILLUMINA METHYLATIONEPIC 850K BEADCHIP ARRAY FOLLOWED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC QPCR TO VALIDATE THE METHYLATION STATUS AT PUTATIVE LOCI. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMP) WERE IDENTIFIED USING A CASE-CONTROL APPROACH ADJUSTED FOR ANCESTRY. WE IDENTIFIED A TOTAL OF 51 DMPS IN CPGS AMONG SLE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. GENES PROXIMAL TO THESE CPGS WERE HIGHLY ENRICHED FOR INVOLVEMENT IN TYPE I INTERFERON SIGNALING. DMPS AMONG EUROPEAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS WITH LN WERE SIMILAR TO AFRICAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT LN. OUR FINDINGS WERE VALIDATED USING AN ORTHOGONAL, METHYL-SPECIFIC PCR FOR THREE SLE-ASSOCIATED DMPS NEAR OR PROXIMAL TO MX1, USP18, AND IFITM1. OUR STUDY CONFIRMS PREVIOUS REPORTS THAT DMPS IN CPGS ASSOCIATED WITH SLE ARE ENRICHED IN TYPE I INTERFERON GENES. HOWEVER, WE SHOW THAT EUROPEAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS WITH LN HAVE SIMILAR DNAM PATTERNS TO AFRICAN AMERICAN SLE PATIENTS IRRESPECTIVE OF LN, SUGGESTING THAT ABERRANT DNAM ALTERS ACTIVITY OF TYPE I INTERFERON PATHWAY LEADING TO MORE SEVERE DISEASE INDEPENDENT OF ANCESTRY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14   463  45 ARE EPIGENETIC FACTORS IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN? BACKGROUND: CHRONIC WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN (CWP) IS THE CARDINAL SYMPTOM OF FIBROMYALGIA AND AFFECTS ABOUT 12% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION. FAMILIAL AGGREGATION OF CWP HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY DEMONSTRATED WITH ESTIMATED HERITABILITIES OF AROUND 50%, INDICATING A GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE GENOME-WIDE DISEASE-DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED POSITIONS (DMPS) FOR CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN (CWP) IN A SAMPLE OF UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS AND A SUBSAMPLE OF DISCORDANT MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: A TOTAL OF N = 281 TWIN INDIVIDUALS FROM THE TWINSUK REGISTRY, INCLUDING N = 33 MZ TWINS DISCORDANT FOR SELF-REPORTED CWP, WERE PART OF THE DISCOVERY SAMPLE. THE REPLICATION SAMPLE INCLUDED 729 MEN AND 756 WOMEN FROM A SUBSAMPLE OF THE KORA S4 SURVEY-AN INDEPENDENT POPULATION-BASED COHORT FROM SOUTHERN GERMANY. EPIGENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION WAS CONDUCTED USING THE ILLUMINA INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION 450 DNA BEADCHIP IN BOTH THE DISCOVERY AND REPLICATION SAMPLE. OF OUR 40 MAIN LOCI THAT WERE CARRIED FORWARD FOR REPLICATION, THREE CPGS REACHED SIGNIFICANT P-VALUES IN THE REPLICATION SAMPLE, INCLUDING MALATE DEHYDROGENASE 2 (MDH2; P-VALUE 0.017), TETRANECTIN (CLEC3B; P-VALUE 0.039), AND HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN BETA-6 (HSPB6; P-VALUE 0.016). THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE COLLAGEN TYPE I, ALPHA 2 CHAIN (COL1A2) AND MONOAMINE OXIDASE B (MAOB) OBSERVED IN THE DISCOVERY SAMPLE-BOTH OF WHICH HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED TO BE BIOLOGICAL CANDIDATES FOR PAIN-COULD NOT BE REPLICATED. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: OUR RESULTS MAY SERVE AS A STARTING POINT TO ENCOURAGE FURTHER INVESTIGATION IN LARGE AND INDEPENDENT POPULATION-BASED COHORTS OF DNA METHYLATION AND OTHER EPIGENETIC CHANGES AS POSSIBLE DISEASE MECHANISMS IN CWP. ULTIMATELY, UNDERSTANDING THE KEY MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CWP MAY LEAD TO NEW TREATMENTS AND INFORM CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  2643  39 EPIGENOMIC ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES SMOKING-RELATED DNA METHYLATION SITES IN AFRICAN AMERICANS. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, AND DISEASE RISK CAN OFTEN BE MANAGED BY SMOKING CONTROL. SMOKING CAN INDUCE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CHANGES, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, BUT THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAUSED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING AT THE GENE LEVEL HAVE NOT BEEN WELL UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED SMOKING-RELATED DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) SITES IN CAUCASIANS. TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE SAME DNAM SITES ASSOCIATE WITH SMOKING IN AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND TO IDENTIFY NOVEL SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES, WE CONDUCTED A METHYLOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CIGARETTE SMOKING USING A DISCOVERY SAMPLE OF 972 AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND A REPLICATION SAMPLE OF 239 AFRICAN AMERICANS WITH TWO ARRAY-BASED METHODS. AMONG 15 DNAM SITES SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING AFTER CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE TESTING IN OUR DISCOVERY SAMPLE, 5 DNAM SITES ARE REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT, AND 14 SITES IN THE REPLICATION SAMPLE HAVE EFFECTS IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS IN THE DISCOVERY SAMPLE. THE TOP TWO SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES IN F2RL3 (FACTOR II RECEPTOR-LIKE 3) AND GPR15 (G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR 15) OBSERVED IN AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS FINDINGS IN CAUCASIANS. THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE REPLICATED DNAM SITES AND SMOKING REMAIN SIGNIFICANT AFTER ADJUSTING FOR GENETIC BACKGROUND. DESPITE THE DISTINCT GENETIC BACKGROUND BETWEEN AFRICAN AMERICANS AND CAUCASIANS, THE DNAM FROM THE TWO ETHNIC GROUPS SHARES COMMON ASSOCIATIONS WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING, WHICH SUGGESTS A COMMON MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16   381  45 AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF EARLY-ONSET MAJOR DEPRESSION IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS. MAJOR DEPRESSION (MD) IS A DEBILITATING MENTAL HEALTH CONDITION WITH PEAK PREVALENCE OCCURRING EARLY IN LIFE. GENOME-WIDE EXAMINATION OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) OFFERS AN ATTRACTIVE COMPLEMENT TO STUDIES OF ALLELIC RISK GIVEN IT CAN REFLECT THE COMBINED INFLUENCE OF GENES AND ENVIRONMENT. THE CURRENT STUDY USED MONOZYGOTIC TWINS TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY AND VARIABLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF THE GENOME THAT DISTINGUISH TWINS WITH AND WITHOUT A LIFETIME HISTORY OF EARLY-ONSET MD. THE SAMPLE INCLUDED 150 CAUCASIAN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS BETWEEN THE AGES OF 15 AND 20 (73% FEMALE; MAGE = 17.52 SD = 1.28) WHO WERE ASSESSED DURING A DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE CHARACTERIZED BY RELATIVELY DISTINCT NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES. ALL TWINS WERE GENERALLY HEALTHY AND CURRENTLY FREE OF MEDICATIONS WITH PSYCHOTROPIC EFFECTS. DNAM WAS MEASURED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS USING THE INFINIUM HUMAN BEADCHIP 450 K ARRAY. MD ASSOCIATIONS WITH EARLY-ONSET MD WERE DETECTED AT 760 DIFFERENTIALLY AND VARIABLY METHYLATED PROBES/REGIONS THAT MAPPED TO 428 GENES. GENES AND GENOMIC REGIONS INVOLVED NEURAL CIRCUITRY FORMATION, PROJECTION, FUNCTIONING, AND PLASTICITY. GENE ENRICHMENT ANALYSES IMPLICATED GENES RELATED TO NEURON STRUCTURES AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES INCLUDING CELL-CELL ADHESION GENES (E.G., PCDHA GENES). GENES PREVIOUSLY IMPLICATED IN MOOD AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AS WELL AS CHRONIC STRESS (E.G., NRG3) ALSO WERE IDENTIFIED. DNAM REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY-ONSET MD WERE FOUND TO OVERLAP GENETIC LOCI IDENTIFIED IN THE LATEST PSYCHIATRIC GENOMICS CONSORTIUM META-ANALYSIS OF DEPRESSION. UNDERSTANDING THE TIME COURSE OF EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES DURING EMERGING ADULTHOOD MAY CLARIFY DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES WHERE CHANGES IN THE DNA METHYLOME MAY MODULATE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MD RISK.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  2512  40 EPIGENETICS AND PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR AUTOIMMUNITY. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS (PBC) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT DEVELOPS BASED UPON THE INTERACTION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. RECENT GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED DOZENS OF PREDISPOSING VARIANTS INCLUDING HLA, IL12A, AND CTLA4 BUT HAVE BEEN DISAPPOINTED IN IDENTIFYING A "SMOKING GUN." THESE DISCOVERIES HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GENETIC BACKGROUND INVOLVED IN IMMUNOLOGICAL DYSREGULATION. ALTHOUGH CONCORDANCE RATE OF PBC IN MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) TWINS IS AMONG THE HIGHEST REPORTED IN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS, INCOMPLETE DISEASE CONCORDANCE IN TWINS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS CONTRIBUTE TO THE DISEASE AND WHY MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE. AS A RESULT, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, WHICH CONVERT SIGNALS INDICATING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES INTO DYNAMIC AND HERITABLE ALTERATIONS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL POTENTIAL, ARE GETTING INCREASED ATTENTION BY RESEARCHERS IN BOTH BASIC AND CLINICAL STUDIES. AMONG EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THE INSTABILITY AND SKEWED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE X CHROMOSOME MAY ACCOUNT FOR THE FEMALE PREPONDERANCE IN PBC. IN ADDITION, TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF HISTONE MODIFICATION AND DNA METHYLATION UNDERSCORES POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNIQUES ARE BEING USED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE ATTEMPT TO OUTLINE RECENT PROGRESS REGARDING EPIGENETICS IN PBC AND OTHER AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  3557  36 IMPACT OF BMI AND WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE ON EPIGENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS IN BLOOD: AN EWAS IN MULTI-ETHNIC ASIAN INDIVIDUALS. BACKGROUND: THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AND ITS RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES HAVE BEEN INCREASING ESPECIALLY IN ASIAN COUNTRIES. OBESITY-RELATED GENETIC VARIANTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, BUT THESE EXPLAIN LITTLE OF THE VARIATION IN BMI. RECENT STUDIES REPORTED ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND OBESITY, MOSTLY IN NON-ASIAN POPULATIONS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (EWAS) ON GENERAL ADIPOSITY (BODY MASS INDEX, BMI) AND ABDOMINAL ADIPOSITY (WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE, WC) IN 409 MULTI-ETHNIC ASIAN INDIVIDUALS AND REPLICATED BMI AND WAIST-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION CPGS IDENTIFIED IN OTHER POPULATIONS. THE CROSS-LAGGED PANEL MODEL AND MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION WERE USED TO ASSESS THE TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METHYLATION AND BMI. THE TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IDENTIFIED CPGS AND INFLAMMATION AND METABOLIC MARKERS WAS ALSO EXAMINED. RESULTS: EWAS IDENTIFIED 116 DNA METHYLATION CPGS INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND EIGHT INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH WC AT FALSE DISCOVERY RATE P(FDR) < 0.05 IN 409 ASIAN SAMPLES. WE REPLICATED 110 BMI-ASSOCIATED CPGS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED IN EUROPEANS AND IDENTIFIED SIX NOVEL BMI-ASSOCIATED CPGS AND TWO NOVEL WC-ASSOCIATED CPGS. WE OBSERVED HIGH CONSISTENCY IN ASSOCIATION DIRECTION OF EFFECT COMPARED TO STUDIES IN OTHER POPULATIONS. CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSES INDICATED THAT BMI WAS MORE LIKELY TO BE THE CAUSE OF DNA METHYLATION ALTERATION, RATHER THAN THE CONSEQUENCE. THE CAUSAL ANALYSES USING BMI-ASSOCIATED METHYLATION RISK SCORE ALSO SUGGESTED THAT HIGHER LEVELS OF THE INFLAMMATION MARKER IL-6 WERE LIKELY THE CONSEQUENCE OF METHYLATION CHANGE. CONCLUSION: OUR STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OBESITY AND DNA METHYLATION IN MULTI-ETHNIC ASIANS AND SUGGESTS THAT OBESITY CAN DRIVE METHYLATION CHANGE. THE RESULTS ALSO SUGGESTED POSSIBLE CAUSAL INFLUENCE THAT OBESITY-RELATED METHYLATION CHANGES MIGHT HAVE ON INFLAMMATION AND LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19  6761  36 X CHROMOSOME-WIDE ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES DNA METHYLATION SITES INFLUENCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKING. BACKGROUND: TOBACCO SMOKING IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CHRONIC DISEASE WORLDWIDE. SMOKING MAY INDUCE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR CHANGES INCLUDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WITH BOTH SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MODIFICATION PATTERNS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF DISEASES. RECENT EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (EWAS) HAVE IDENTIFIED DOZENS OF SMOKING-RELATED DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) SITES. HOWEVER, THE X CHROMOSOMAL DNAM SITES HAVE BEEN LARGELY OVERLOOKED DUE TO A LACK OF AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEALING WITH THE SEX-DIMORPHIC DISTRIBUTION. TO IDENTIFY NOVEL SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES ON THE X CHROMOSOME, WE EXAMINED THE MODALITY OF EACH X CHROMOSOMAL DNAM SITE AND CONDUCTED A SEX-SPECIFIC ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CIGARETTE SMOKING. RESULTS: WE USED A DISCOVERY SAMPLE OF 139 MIDDLE-AGE TWINS, AND THREE REPLICATION SAMPLES OF 78 TWINS, 464 AND 333 UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS INCLUDING 47, 17, 22, AND 89 CURRENT SMOKERS, RESPECTIVELY. AFTER CORRECTION FOR MULTIPLE TESTING, THE TOP SMOKING-RELATED DNAM SITES IN BCOR AND TSC22D3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED AND HYPOMETHYLATED, RESPECTIVELY, AMONG CURRENT SMOKERS. THESE SMOKING-ASSOCIATED SITES WERE REPLICATED WITH META-ANALYSIS P-VALUES OF 9.17 X 10(-12) AND 1.61 X 10(-9). FOR BOTH SITES, THE SMOKING EFFECTS ON METHYLATION LEVELS WERE LARGER IN MALES THAN THAT IN FEMALES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF INVESTIGATING X CHROMOSOME METHYLATION PATTERNS AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND DISEASE PHENOTYPES AND DEMONSTRATE A ROBUST STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR SUCH STUDY. EXISTING EWAS OF HUMAN DISEASES SHOULD INCORPORATE THE X CHROMOSOMAL SITES TO COMPLETE A COMPREHENSIVE EPIGENOME-WIDE SCAN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  2951  27 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN. THE ETIOLOGY UNDERLYING CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN (CWP) REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. AN INTEGRATIVE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL SEEMS TO YIELD THE MOST PROMISING EXPLANATIONS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE CONDITION, WITH GENETIC FACTORS ALSO CONTRIBUTING TO DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE. HERE, WE CONDUCTED A SEARCH OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CWP THROUGH ELECTRONIC DATABASES INCLUDING WEB OF SCIENCE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR. COMBINATIONS OF KEYWORDS INCLUDING CWP, CHRONIC PAIN, MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, GENE, TWINS, SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM, GENOTYPE, AND ALLELES WERE USED. IN THE END, A TOTAL OF 15 PUBLICATIONS WERE CONSIDERED RELEVANT TO BE INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW: EIGHT WERE TWIN STUDIES ON CWP, SIX WERE MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES ON CWP, AND ONE WAS AN EPIGENETIC STUDY ON CWP. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST GENETIC AND UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO CONTRIBUTE TO CWP. VARIOUS CANDIDATES SUCH AS SEROTONIN-RELATED PATHWAY GENES WERE FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH CWP AND SOMATOFORM SYMPTOMS. HOWEVER, STUDIES SHOW SOME LIMITATIONS AND NEED REPLICATION. THE PRESENTED RESULTS FOR CWP COULD SERVE AS A TEMPLATE FOR GENETIC STUDIES ON OTHER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. ULTIMATELY, A MORE IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF DISEASE MECHANISMS WILL HELP WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT, INFORM NOSOLOGY, AND REDUCE THE STIGMA STILL LINGERING ON THIS DIAGNOSIS.	2017