1  2300 118 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  3372  42 HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF THE CRHR1 GENE IN A RAT MODEL OF DEPRESSION FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND CHANGES IN HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA)-AXIS HORMONE DYNAMICS, INCLUDING ALTERED REGULATION OF THE CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) AND ITS MAIN RECEPTOR, CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE RECEPTOR 1 (CRHR1). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DEPRESSION REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE EMPLOYED A MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN RATS BY SUBJECTING ANIMALS TO 21 DAYS OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS). REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOTTING WERE USED TO STUDY THE MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CRHR1 IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS. IN ADDITION, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS WERE USED TO DETECT HISTONE METHYLATION AT THE CRHR1 GENE PROMOTER; THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 TRIMETHYLATION AT LYSINES 4 (H3K4) AND 9 (H3K9) REFLECT ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION, RESPECTIVELY. RATS EXPOSED TO CUMS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN LOCOMOTION AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE. THESE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CRHR1 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF RATS IN THE CUMS GROUP. WE ALSO FOUND THAT THE LEVELS OF H3K9 TRIMETHYLATION AT THE CRHR1 GENE PROMOTER IN THE CUMS GROUP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE IN THE CONTROL GROUP, WHEREAS H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION LEVELS WERE THE SAME FOR BOTH GROUPS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE INCREASE IN CRHR1 EXPRESSION IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF STRESSED RATS CORRELATES WITH A DECREASE IN THE REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN STATE CAUSED BY REDUCED H3K9 TRIMETHYLATION LEVELS. THESE DATA ARE THE FIRST IN VIVO EVIDENCE OF A ROLE FOR CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN THE REGULATION OF CRHR1 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS, AND MAY PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHT INTO THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO TREAT DEPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3  6175  32 THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ALLEVIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING CAN CAUSE DEPRESSION, LEADING TO AN INABILITY TO FUNCTION IN DAILY LIFE AND AN INCREASED RISK FOR RELAPSE TO HARMFUL DRINKING. UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-RELATED DEPRESSION MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO BOTH DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). SPECIFICALLY, ACETYLATION OF THE N-TERMINAL TAILS OF HISTONE PROTEINS THAT PACKAGE DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES IS ALTERED IN STRESS-INDUCED MODELS OF DEPRESSION AND DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION CRITICAL FOR MOOD REGULATION AND DEPRESSION. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL LIQUID DIET FOR 15 DAYS AND THEN UNDERWENT WITHDRAWAL. RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), DURING WITHDRAWAL AND WERE TESTED FOR DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IN A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS ANALYZED FOR MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RATS UNDERGOING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL EXHIBITED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HAD INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED H3K9AC LEVELS IN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH SAHA DURING WITHDRAWAL AMELIORATED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZED CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC2 AND H3K9AC LEVELS. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL CAUSES AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH AN HDAC INHIBITOR CAN CORRECT THIS STATE AND ALLEVIATE DEPRESSION-LIKE SYMPTOMS DEVELOPED DURING WITHDRAWAL. TARGETING HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A NOVEL STRATEGY TO REDUCE ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4   219  37 ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOLLOWING CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING REDUCES FEAR MEMORY: TIMING IS ESSENTIAL. BACKGROUND: HISTONE ACETYLATION IS REGULATED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO DETERIORATE COGNITION, WHEREAS ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER ACUTE STRESS FACILITATES MEMORY FORMATION WHEN IT IS APPLIED AFTER FEAR STIMULATION IS NOT YET KNOWN. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STRESS APPLIED AFTER FEAR TRAINING ON MEMORY FORMATION, MRNA EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION, AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN MICE IN VIVO. METHODS: MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 OR 90 MIN AFTER CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING, AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 3 AT LYSINE 14 (H3K14) AND LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE WERE MEASURED USING WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. A FREEZING BEHAVIOR TEST WAS PERFORMED 24 H AFTER TRAINING, AND MRNA EXPRESSION OF BDNF WAS MEASURED USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS. DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MICE WERE USED FOR EACH TEST. RESULTS: FREEZING BEHAVIOR SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED WITH THE DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION CAUSED BY ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING OWING TO THE REDUCTION OF H3K14 ACETYLATION. HOWEVER, BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION WERE NOT REDUCED IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 90 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. FURTHER, THE CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGH IN MICE SUBJECTED TO IMMOBILIZATION STRESS AT 60 MIN AFTER THE TRAINING. CONCLUSION: ACUTE IMMOBILIZATION STRESS FOR 30 MIN AT 60 MIN AFTER FEAR CONDITIONING TRAINING IMPAIRED MEMORY FORMATION AND REDUCED BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION AND H3K14 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF MICE OWING TO THE HIGH LEVEL OF CORTICOSTERONE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5   917  35 CHRONIC HIGH-FAT DIET DRIVES POSTNATAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR IN THE BRAIN. OPIOID SYSTEM DYSREGULATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN BOTH GENETIC AND HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD)-INDUCED MODELS OF OBESITY. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, PARTICULARLY WITHIN AN IN VIVO CONTEXT, IS LACKING. USING A DIET-INDUCED MODEL OF OBESITY (DIO), MICE WERE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET (60% CALORIES FROM FAT) FROM WEANING TO >18 WEEKS OF AGE. COMPARED WITH MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET, DIO MICE HAD A DECREASED PREFERENCE FOR SUCROSE. MOR MRNA EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN REWARD-RELATED CIRCUITRY (VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC)) BUT NOT THE HYPOTHALAMUS, IMPORTANT IN THE HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF FEEDING. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT LINKS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. WE FOUND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOR PROMOTER REGION WITHIN THE REWARD-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS. METHYL CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) CAN BIND METHYLATED DNA AND REPRESS TRANSCRIPTION, AND DIO MICE SHOWED INCREASED BINDING OF MECP2 TO THE MOR PROMOTER IN REWARD-RELATED REGIONS OF THE BRAIN. FINALLY, USING CHIP ASSAYS WE EXAMINED H3K9 METHYLATION (INACTIVE CHROMATIN) AND H3 ACETYLATION (ACTIVE CHROMATIN) WITHIN THE MOR PROMOTER REGION AND FOUND INCREASED H3K9 METHYLATION AND DECREASED H3 ACETYLATION. THESE DATA ARE THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY DNA METHYLATION, MECP2 RECRUITMENT, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING AS MECHANISMS LEADING TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MOR IN THE BRAINS OF MICE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6  1800  26 EFFECT OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY IS OBSERVED FOLLOWING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL, AND ATTEMPTS TO ALLEVIATE THIS HYPERALGESIA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CYCLE OF ADDICTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE IF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA WAS OBSERVED IN A CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE MODEL AND IF THIS PAIN WAS AFFECTED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, THUS REVEALING AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. METHODS: ADULT MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS RECEIVED LIEBER-DECARLI LIQUID CONTROL OR ETHANOL (9% V/V) DIET FOR 15 DAYS. MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY HAIR STIMULATION OF THE HINDPAW DURING ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND 24- AND 72-HOUR WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL PRODUCED SEVERE AND SUSTAINED MECHANICAL HYPERALGESIA, AN EFFECT NOT OBSERVED IN THE CONTROL OR ETHANOL-MAINTAINED GROUPS. FURTHERMORE, THIS HYPERALGESIA WAS ATTENUATED BY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HEIGHTENED PAIN SENSITIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS COULD BE NOVEL TREATMENTS FOR THIS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7  1831  43 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8  2756  40 EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN ADULT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IS CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND UP REGULATED IN A RODENT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPEREXCITABILITY AND INTRINSIC FIRING OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. THESE PHENOTYPICAL CHANGES CAN BE LONG LASTING, POTENTIALLY SPANNING THE ENTIRE LIFE OF ANIMAL MODELS, AND DEPEND ON ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS, INCLUDING MANY ION CHANNELS. YET, HOW DRGS MAINTAIN LONG-TERM CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN NEUROPATHIC CONDITIONS REMAINS UNCLEAR. DNA METHYLATION IS A WELL-KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION AND IS ACHIEVED BY THE ACTION OF THREE ENZYMES: DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1, 3A, AND 3B, WHICH HAVE BEEN STUDIED PRIMARILY DURING DEVELOPMENT. WE FIRST PERFORMED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS TO ASSESS WHETHER THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPRESSED IN ADULT RAT DRGS (L4-5) AND FOUND THAT DNMT1 IS EXPRESSED IN BOTH GLIA AND NEURONS, DNMT3A IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN GLIA AND DNMT3B IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN NEURONS. A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN WAS THEN USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER NERVE INJURY MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DRGS AT MULTIPLE TIME POINTS AFTER PAIN ONSET. REAL-TIME RT PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED ROBUST AND TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN DNMT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION IN IPSILATERAL DRGS FROM SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) BUT NOT SHAM RATS. INTERESTINGLY, DNMT3B TRANSCRIPT SHOWED A ROBUST UPREGULATION THAT APPEARED ALREADY 1 WEEK AFTER SURGERY AND PERSISTED AT 4 WEEKS (OUR ENDPOINT); IN CONTRAST, DNMT1 AND DNMT3A TRANSCRIPTS SHOWED ONLY MODERATE UPREGULATION THAT WAS TRANSIENT AND DID NOT APPEAR UNTIL THE SECOND WEEK. WE SUGGEST THAT DNMT REGULATION IN ADULT DRGS MAY BE A CONTRIBUTOR TO THE PAIN PHENOTYPE AND MERITS FURTHER STUDY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  4173  35 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10   531  44 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	

11  2156  39 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. BACKGROUND: REPEATED ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IS KNOWN TO INCREASE SUBSEQUENT ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. ONE POSTULATED MECHANISM INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION OF RELEVANT GENES SUCH AS NR2B OR BDNF. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, AN ESTABLISHED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL EXPOSURE REINFORCED ETHANOL DRINKING MOUSE MODEL WITH VAPOR INHALATION OVER TWO 9-DAY TREATMENT REGIMENS WAS USED. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZACYTIDINE OR THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, TRICHOSTATIN A WAS ADMINISTERED (INTRAPERITONEALLY) TO C57BL/6 MICE 30 MIN BEFORE DAILY EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL. CHANGES IN ETHANOL CONSUMPTION WERE MEASURED USING THE 2-BOTTLE CHOICE TEST. RESULTS: THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF TRICHOSTATIN A (2.5 MICROG/G) FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING, BUT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (2 MICROG/G) DID NOT CAUSE THE SAME EFFECT. HOWEVER, WHEN 5-AZACYTIDINE WAS ADMINISTERED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION, IT FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASED DRINKING CAUSED BY CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL WAS PREVENTED BY INJECTION OF A METHYL DONOR, S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE. TO PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL- OR TRICHOSTATIN A-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF THE NR2B PROMOTER MAY UNDERLIE THE ALTERED ETHANOL CONSUMPTION, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND NR2B EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF THESE MICE. CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL OR TRICHOSTATIN A DECREASED DNA METHYLATION AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE PROMOTER, AS WELL AS MRNA LEVELS OF NR2B IN THESE MICE. CONCLUSIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN REGULATING ETHANOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, PARTIALLY THROUGH ALTERING NR2B EXPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12  1003  36 CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH FLUOXETINE INDUCES SEX-DEPENDENT ANALGESIC EFFECTS AND MODULATES HDAC2 AND MGLU2 EXPRESSION IN FEMALE MICE. GENDER AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN PAIN RECOGNITION AND DRUG RESPONSES HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF PAIN. AMONG ANTIDEPRESSANTS, CONTRADICTORY RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS). THIS STUDY EVALUATED SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO THE SSRI FLUOXETINE AFTER CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE MOUSE FORMALIN TEST. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE CD1 MICE WERE INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG) FOR 21 DAYS AND SUBJECTED TO PAIN ASSESSMENT. FLUOXETINE TREATMENT REDUCED THE SECOND PHASE OF THE FORMALIN TEST ONLY IN FEMALE MICE WITHOUT PRODUCING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN MALES. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT FLUOXETINE WAS ABLE TO SPECIFICALLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR TYPE-2 (MGLU2) IN FEMALES. ALSO A REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYME, HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2), IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) AND DORSAL HORN (DH) TOGETHER WITH AN INCREASE HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION (H3) LEVEL WAS OBSERVED IN FEMALES BUT NOT IN MALES. WITH THIS STUDY WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT FLUOXETINE INDUCES SEX SPECIFIC CHANGES IN HDAC2 AND MGLU2 EXPRESSION IN THE DH OF THE SPINAL CORD AND IN DRGS AND SUGGESTS A MOLECULAR EXPLANATION FOR THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN FEMALE MICE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  3082  45 GENOME-WIDE REDISTRIBUTION OF MECP2 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. BACKGROUND: METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2), A PROTEIN WITH AFFINITY FOR METHYLATED CYTOSINES, IS CRUCIAL FOR NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. MECP2 REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH ACTIVATION, REPRESSION AND CHROMATIN REMODELING. MUTATIONS IN MECP2 CAUSE RETT SYNDROME, AND THESE PATIENTS DISPLAY IMPAIRED NOCICEPTION. WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN MECP2 EXPRESSION IN MOUSE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. THE FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATION OF INCREASED MECP2 IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. TO IDENTIFY REGIONS OF THE GENOME BOUND BY MECP2 IN THE DRG AND THE CHANGES INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY, A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION OF MECP2 FOLLOWED BY SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) WAS PERFORMED 4 WEEKS AFTER SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI). RESULTS: WHILE THE NUMBER OF BINDING SITES ACROSS THE GENOME REMAINED SIMILAR IN THE SNI MODEL AND SHAM CONTROL, SNI INDUCED THE REDISTRIBUTION OF MECP2 TO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY RELEVANT REGIONS. TO DETERMINE HOW DIFFERENTIAL BINDING OF MECP2 CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG, WE INVESTIGATED MMU-MIR-126, A MICRORNA LOCUS THAT HAD ENRICHED MECP2 BINDING IN THE SNI MODEL. ENRICHED MECP2 BINDING TO MIR-126 LOCUS AFTER NERVE INJURY REPRESSED MIR-126 EXPRESSION, AND THIS WAS NOT MEDIATED BY ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION PATTERN AT THE MIR-126 LOCUS. DOWNREGULATION OF MIR-126 RESULTED IN THE UPREGULATION OF ITS TWO TARGET GENES DNMT1 AND VEGFA IN NEURO 2A CELLS AND IN SNI MODEL COMPARED TO CONTROL. THESE TARGET GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN MECP2-NULL MICE COMPARED TO WILD-TYPE LITTERMATES, INDICATING A REGULATORY ROLE FOR MECP2 IN ACTIVATING DNMT1 AND VEGFA EXPRESSION. INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF MIR-126 WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO REVERSE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, BUT DECREASED DNMT1 AND VEGFA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SHOWS A REGULATORY ROLE FOR MECP2 IN THAT CHANGES IN GLOBAL REDISTRIBUTION CAN RESULT IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG. ALTERATIONS IN GENOME-WIDE BINDING OF MECP2 THEREFORE PROVIDE A MOLECULAR BASIS FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION-INDUCED MOLECULAR CHANGES UNDERLYING NERVE INJURY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  5345  42 RAPID CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF CLASS I AND IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES DURING EPILEPTOGENESIS IN MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. A PROMINENT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MANIFESTATION OF EPILEPSY HAS BEEN PROPOSED. THUS ALTERED HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE). WE NOW INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE CLASS I AND CLASS IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) IN TWO COMPLEMENTARY MOUSE TLE MODELS. UNILATERAL INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS LASTING 6 TO 24H, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS LIMBIC SEIZURES (2 TO 3 DAYS AFTER KA INJECTION) AND CHRONIC EPILEPSY, AS REVEALED BY TELEMETRIC RECORDINGS OF THE EEGS. MICE WERE KILLED AT DIFFERENT INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION AND EXPRESSION OF HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED BY IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION. WE OBSERVED MARKED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDACS 1, 2 AND 11 (BY UP TO 75%) IN THE GRANULE CELL AND PYRAMIDAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS (2 TO 6H AFTER KA INJECTION). THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDAC MRNAS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER 12 TO 48 H. IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, 14 AND 28 DAYS AFTER KA, ONLY MODEST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC1 MRNA WERE OBSERVED IN GRANULE AND PYRAMIDAL CELLS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY USING AN ANTIBODY DETECTING HDAC2 REVEALED RESULTS CONSISTENT WITH THE MRNA DATA AND INDICATES ALSO EXPRESSION IN GLIAL CELLS ON THE INJECTION SIDE. SIMILAR CHANGES AS SEEN IN THE KA MODEL WERE OBSERVED AFTER A PILOCARPINE-INDUCED STATUS EPILEPTICUS EXCEPT THAT DECREASES IN HDACS 2, 3 AND 8 WERE ALSO SEEN AT THE CHRONIC 28 DAY INTERVAL. THE PROMINENT DECREASES IN HDAC EXPRESSION DURING STATUS EPILEPTICUS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS AND WITH THE AUGMENTED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT RESPECTIVE PUTATIVE GENE PRODUCTS COULD FACILITATE PROCONVULSIVE AS WELL AS ANTICONVULSIVE MECHANISMS. THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDACS DURING THE "SILENT PHASE", ON THE OTHER HAND, MAY BE RELATED TO DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, WHICH COULD CAUSE A DECREASE IN EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN PROTEINS, A MECHANISM THAT COULD ALSO PROMOTE EPILEPTOGENESIS. THUS, ADDRESSING HDAC EXPRESSION MAY HAVE A THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN INTERFERING WITH A STATUS EPILEPTICUS AND WITH THE MANIFESTATION OF TLE.	2015	
                                                                              
15  1999  23 EPIGENETIC AND NEURONAL ACTIVITY MARKERS SUGGEST THE RECRUITMENT OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE THREE-HIT MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN MALE PACAP HETEROZYGOUS MICE. DEPRESSION AND ITS INCREASING PREVALENCE CHALLENGE PATIENTS, THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, AND THE ECONOMY. WE RECENTLY CREATED A MOUSE MODEL BASED ON THE THREE-HIT CONCEPT OF DEPRESSION. AS GENETIC PREDISPOSITION (FIRST HIT), WE APPLIED PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE HETEROZYGOUS MICE ON CD1 BACKGROUND. MATERNAL DEPRIVATION MODELED THE EPIGENETIC FACTOR (SECOND HIT), AND THE CHRONIC VARIABLE MILD STRESS WAS THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR (THIRD HIT). FLUOXETINE TREATMENT WAS APPLIED TO TEST THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF OUR MODEL. WE AIMED TO EXAMINE THE DYNAMICS OF THE EPIGENETIC MARKER ACETYL-LYSINE 9 H3 HISTONE (H3K9AC) AND THE NEURONAL ACTIVITY MARKER FOSB IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) AND HIPPOCAMPUS. FLUOXETINE DECREASED H3K9AC IN PFC IN NON-DEPRIVED ANIMALS, BUT A HISTORY OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION ABOLISHED THE EFFECT OF STRESS AND SSRI TREATMENT ON H3K9AC IMMUNOREACTIVITY. IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, STRESS DECREASED, WHILE SSRI INCREASED H3K9AC IMMUNOSIGNAL, UNLIKE IN THE DEPRIVED MICE, WHERE THE OPPOSITE EFFECT WAS DETECTED. FOSB IN STRESS WAS STIMULATED BY FLUOXETINE IN THE PFC, WHILE IT WAS INHIBITED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. THE FOSB IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS ALMOST COMPLETELY ABOLISHED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF THE DEPRIVED MICE. THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT FOSB AND H3K9AC WERE MODULATED IN A TERRITORY-SPECIFIC MANNER BY EARLY LIFE ADVERSITIES AND LATER LIFE STRESS INTERACTING WITH THE EFFECT OF FLUOXETINE THERAPY SUPPORTING THE RELIABILITY OF OUR MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  1238  32 CURCUMIN BLOCKS CHRONIC MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR UPREGULATION. THIS STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MAY COUNTERBALANCE THE ACTION OF MORPHINE IN THE BRAIN. MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AFTER DAILY ADMINISTRATIONS FOR SIX DAYS WAS BLOCKED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ANTI-BDNF IGG ON DAY 5, BUT NOT BY ADMINISTRATIONS ON DAYS 1-4. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF EXON I AND IV BDNF TRANSCRIPTS, INDICATING DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION. DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF THE CREB-BINDING PROTEIN INHIBITOR CURCUMIN ABOLISHED THE UPREGULATION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CURCUMIN MIGHT BE A PROMISING ADJUVANT TO REDUCE MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, AND THAT EPIGENETIC CONTROL COULD BE A NEW STRATEGY USEFUL FOR THE CONTROL OF THIS PROBLEM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17   894  25 CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING ALTERS HEPATOCYTE MEMORY WHICH IS NOT ALTERED BY ACUTE FEEDING. BACKGROUND: GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING MAY DIFFER FROM THE CHANGES SEEN IN CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING IN THE RAT. THE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING MAY SENSITIZE THE LIVER TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE, WHICH IS NOT SEEN AFTER ACUTE BINGE DRINKING. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, GENE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED ON THE LIVERS OF RATS (N = 3) FED AN ACUTE BINGE DOSE OF ETHANOL (6 G/KG BODY WT) AND KILLED AT 3 AND 12 HOURS AFTER ETHANOL BY GAVAGE. THE GENE MICROARRAYS WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE MADE ON THE LIVER OF RATS FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, IN WHICH THE RATS WERE FED ETHANOL BY INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FOR 1 MONTH (36% OF CALORIES DERIVED FROM ETHANOL). RESULTS: MICROARRAY ANALYSIS DATA VARIED BETWEEN THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT RESPECTS. GROWTH FACTORS INCREASED MAINLY IN THE CHRONIC ALCOHOL FED RAT. CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE STRESS WERE NOTED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. GENE EXPRESSION OF FAT METABOLISM WAS INCREASED ONLY WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. MOST IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC RELATED ENZYMES AND ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES CHANGED ONLY AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUPPORT THE CONCEPT THAT CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION INDUCES ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHERE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES WERE ALTERED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  2353  48 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA, DEPENDENCE, AND TOLERANCE IN MICE. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOIDS SUCH AS MORPHINE INDUCES PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL CHANGES INCLUDING OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH), TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. IN THE CURRENT WORK WE EXPLORED HOW THE BALANCE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) VERSUS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MIGHT REGULATE THESE MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES. NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS, ANALGESIA, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE WERE ASSESSED DURING AND FOR A PERIOD OF SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TO PROBE THE ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, THE HAT INHIBITOR CURCUMIN OR A SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) WAS ADMINISTERED DAILY TO GROUPS OF ANIMALS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SPINAL CORD WAS ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF CURCUMIN WITH MORPHINE FOR 4 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. CONVERSELY, THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA ENHANCED THESE RESPONSES. INTERESTINGLY, SAHA TREATMENT AFTER THE TERMINATION OF OPIOID ADMINISTRATION SUSTAINED THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS. HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WAS INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT, BUT H4 ACETYLATION WAS UNCHANGED. MOREOVER, WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF MORPHINE-TREATED MICE WHILE OVERALL HAT ACTIVITY WAS UNCHANGED, SUGGESTING A SHIFT TOWARD A STATE OF ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. PERSPECTIVE: THE CURRENT STUDY INDICATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN OPIOID-INDUCED LONG-LASTING NEUROPLASTICITY. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW SIGHT INTO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF OPIOID-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO LIMIT OPIOID ABUSE POTENTIAL AND INCREASE THE VALUE OF THESE DRUGS AS ANALGESICS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19   920  27 CHRONIC HYPOXIA FACILITATES ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE THROUGH DEMETHYLATION OF GAMMA-SECRETASE BY DOWNREGULATING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B. INTRODUCTION: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). WE PREVIOUSLY DOCUMENTED THAT PRENATAL HYPOXIA AGGRAVATED THE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND NEUROPATHOLOGY IN OFFSPRING MICE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE CHRONIC HYPOXIA-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN AD. METHODS: THE 3-MONTH-OLD APP(SWE)/PS1(DE9) MICE WERE EXPOSED TO HYPOXIC ENVIRONMENT 6 HOUR/DAY FOR 30 DAYS, FOLLOWED BY LEARNING AND MEMORY TESTS AND BIOCHEMICAL AND NEUROPATHOLOGY MEASUREMENT AT THE AGE OF 4, 6, AND 9 MONTHS. RESULTS: WE FOUND HYPOXIA EXAGGERATED THE NEUROPATHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN AD MICE. CHRONIC HYPOXIA INDUCED DEMETHYLATION ON GENOMIC DNA AND DECREASED THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B (DNMT3B) IN VIVO. WE FURTHER FOUND THAT DNMTS INHIBITION ELEVATED THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN, BETA- AND GAMMA-SECRETASES, WHEREAS OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3B SUPPRESSED THE LEVELS OF THEM IN VITRO. DISCUSSION: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS CHRONIC HYPOXIA CAN AGGRAVATE AD PROGRESSION THROUGH DEMETHYLATION OF GENES ENCODING GAMMA-SECRETASE COMPONENTS BY DOWNREGULATION OF DNMT3B.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  1698  28 DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF EARLY ADOLESCENT STRESS ON DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES AND JMJD3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS. AIMS: EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION. JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3), WHICH IS A HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) DEMETHYLASE AND CAN REGULATE MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, HAS BEEN REGARDED AS A CRUCIAL ELEMENT IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HIGHLIGHTED THE FACT THAT LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES INDUCE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HIGHER JMJD3 EXPRESSION AND LOWER H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, WHETHER THE PROCESS OF JMJD3 MEDIATING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES WAS INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION DUE TO EARLY-LIFE STRESS REMAINED ELUSIVE. METHODS: RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IN ADOLESCENCE WERE USED IN ORDER TO DETECT DYNAMIC ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, JMJD3, AND H3K27ME3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. MOREOVER, MINOCYCLINE, AN INHIBITOR OF MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, WAS EMPLOYED TO OBSERVE THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS DURING THE ADOLESCENT PERIOD INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, OVER-EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, AND INCREASED JMJD3 AND DECREASED H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF BOTH ADOLESCENT AND ADULT RATS. HOWEVER, MINOCYCLINE RELIEVED ALL THE ALTERATIONS. CONCLUSION: THE STUDY REVEALED THAT JMJD3 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS BY MODULATING H3K27ME3 AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS THAT HAD BEEN STRESSED DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE.	2018