1  1442 166 DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF HUMAN HEPATOCYTE CHROMATIN TO HDAC INHIBITORS AS A FUNCTION OF MICROENVIRONMENTAL GLUCOSE LEVEL. DIABETES IS A COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA DUE TO IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETION. RECENT OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT THE COMPLEXITY OF THE DISEASE CANNOT BE ENTIRELY ACCOUNTED FOR GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND A COMPELLING ARGUMENT FOR AN EPIGENETIC COMPONENT IS RAPIDLY EMERGING. THE USE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI) IN CLINICAL SETTING IS AN EMERGING AREA OF INVESTIGATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE AIMED TO UNDERSTAND AND COMPARE THE RESPONSE OF HEPATOCYTE CHROMATIN TO VALPROIC ACID (VPA) AND TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENTS UNDER NORMOGLYCEMIC OR HYPERGLYCEMIC CONDITIONS TO EXPAND OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF HDACI TREATMENT IN A DIABETES CELL MODEL. UNDER NORMOGLYCEMIC CONDITIONS, THESE TREATMENTS PROMOTED CHROMATIN REMODELING, AS ASSESSED BY IMAGE ANALYSIS AND H3K9AC AND H3K9ME2 ABUNDANCE. SIMULTANEOUSLY, H3K9AC MARKS SHIFTED TO THE NUCLEAR PERIPHERY ACCOMPANIED BY HP1 DISSOCIATION FROM THE HETEROCHROMATIN AND A G1 CELL CYCLE ARREST. MORE STRIKING CHANGES IN THE CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION AND MITOTIC RATIOS REQUIRED DRASTIC TREATMENT. UNDER HYPERGLYCEMIC CONDITIONS, HIGH GLUCOSE PER SE PROMOTED CHROMATIN CHANGES SIMILAR TO THOSE PROMOTED BY VPA AND TSA. NONETHELESS, THESE RESULTS WERE NOT INTENSIFIED IN CELLS TREATED WITH HDACIS UNDER HYPERGLYCEMIC CONDITIONS. DESPITE THE ABSENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES BEING PROMOTED, HDACI TREATMENT SEEMS TO CONFER A PHYSIOLOGICAL MEANING, AMELIORATING THE CELLULAR HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE THROUGH REDUCTION OF GLUCOSE PRODUCTION. THESE OBSERVATIONS ALLOW US TO CONCLUDE THAT THE GLUCOSE LEVEL TO WHICH THE HEPATOCYTES ARE SUBJECTED AFFECTS HOW CHROMATIN RESPONDS TO HDACI AND THEIR ACTION UNDER HIGH-GLUCOSE ENVIRONMENT MIGHT NOT REFLECT ON CHROMATIN REMODELING. J. CELL. PHYSIOL. 231: 2257-2265, 2016. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  1122  33 COMPARISON OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN CHROMATE TRANSFORMED BEAS-2B CELLS. BACKGROUND: HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM [CR(VI)] IS A POTENT HUMAN CARCINOGEN. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF RESPIRATORY CANCER. MULTIPLE MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO CR(VI) INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS, INCLUDING DNA DAMAGE, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION, HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM AND DOWNSTREAM GENES MEDIATING CHROMIUM'S CARCINOGENICITY REMAIN TO BE ELUCIDATED. METHODS/RESULTS: WE ESTABLISHED CHROMATE TRANSFORMED CELL LINES BY CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF NORMAL HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL BEAS-2B CELLS TO LOW DOSES OF CR(VI) FOLLOWED BY ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT GROWTH. THESE TRANSFORMED CELL LINES NOT ONLY EXHIBITED CONSISTENT MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES BUT ALSO ACQUIRED ALTERED AND DISTINCT GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS COMPARED WITH NORMAL BEAS-2B CELLS AND CONTROL CELL LINES (UNTREATED) THAT AROSE SPONTANEOUSLY IN SOFT AGAR. INTERESTINGLY, THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF SIX CR(VI) TRANSFORMED CELL LINES WERE REMARKABLY SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER YET DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY FROM THAT OF EITHER CONTROL CELL LINES OR NORMAL BEAS-2B CELLS. A TOTAL OF 409 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES WERE IDENTIFIED IN CR(VI) TRANSFORMED CELLS COMPARED TO CONTROL CELLS. GENES RELATED TO CELL-TO-CELL JUNCTION WERE UPREGULATED IN ALL CR(VI) TRANSFORMED CELLS, WHILE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CELLS AND THEIR EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES WERE DOWN-REGULATED. ADDITIONALLY, EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN CELL PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS WERE ALSO CHANGED. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO REPORT GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF CR(VI) TRANSFORMED CELLS. THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES ACROSS INDIVIDUAL CHROMATE EXPOSED CLONES WERE REMARKABLY SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER BUT DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY FROM THE GENE EXPRESSION FOUND IN ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT CLONES THAT AROSE SPONTANEOUSLY. OUR ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED MANY NOVEL GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CHROMATE INDUCED CELL TRANSFORMATION, AND COLLECTIVELY THIS TYPE OF INFORMATION WILL PROVIDE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING CHROMATE CARCINOGENICITY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3  5426  38 REGULATION OF SIRTUIN EXPRESSION IN AUTOIMMUNE NEUROINFLAMMATION: INDUCTION OF SIRT1 IN OLIGODENDROCYTE PROGENITOR CELLS. IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) REGENERATION OF OLIGODENDROCYTES FOLLOWING INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATION IS LIMITED BY THE COMPROMISED ABILITY OF PROGENITORS TO REPOPULATE LESIONED AREAS AND TRANSITION TO FUNCTIONALLY COMPETENT OLIGODENDROCYTES. REGARDING UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES HAS BEEN SUGGESTED, E.G. THE CONTRIBUTION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) KNOWN TO REGULATE OLIGODENDROCYTE PROGENITOR CELL (OPC) DIFFERENTIATION. HOWEVER, THEIR PRECISE EXPRESSION PATTERNS, PARTICULAR OF REDOX-SENSITIVE NAD(+) HDACS, REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF SIRTUINS, MEMBERS OF THE HDAC CLASS III FAMILY WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON SIRT1, PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH NEURODEGENERATIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS). BY INVESTIGATING MOUSE EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE), A MODEL FOR MS, WE FOUND THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF SIRT1, SIRT2 AND SIRT6 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE CNS DURING CHRONIC DISEASE STAGES. WE CONFIRMED THIS FINDING FOR SIRT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND WERE ABLE TO LOCALIZE UPREGULATED SIRT1 IN NUCLEI OF NG2(+) OR PDGFRALPHA(+) OPCS IN DEMYELINATED BRAIN LESIONS. IN CULTURED MOUSE A2B5(+) OPCS BLOCKADE OF SIRT1 ACTIVITY BY THE SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND EX527 ENHANCED MITOTIC ACTIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT THE CAPACITY TO DIFFERENTIATE. A SIMILAR PATTERN WAS DETECTABLE IN OPCS DERIVED FROM SIRT1-DEFICIENT ANIMALS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 INHIBITION MAY HELP TO EXPAND THE ENDOGENOUS POOL OF OPCS WITHOUT AFFECTING THEIR DIFFERENTIATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4  3934  46 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5  5557  32 ROLE OF GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN ARSENIC-INDUCED CARCINOGENICITY. A REVIEW. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC ARSENIC TOXICITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER. ALTHOUGH UNSTABLE GENOME IS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF CANCER CELLS, THE MECHANISMS LEADING TO GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN ARSENIC-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WHILE THERE ARE EXCELLENT REVIEWS RELATING TO GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN GENERAL, THERE IS NO COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW PRESENTING THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ARSENIC-INDUCED GENOMIC INSTABILITY. THIS REVIEW WAS UNDERTAKEN TO PRESENT THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH IN THIS AREA AND TO HIGHLIGHT THE MAJOR MECHANISMS THAT MAY INVOLVED IN ARSENIC-INDUCED GENOMIC INSTABILITY LEADING TO CANCER. GENOMIC INSTABILITY IS BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY (CIN), PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH MITOTIC ERRORS; AND MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MIN), ASSOCIATED WITH DNA LEVEL INSTABILITY. ARSENIC-INDUCED GENOMIC INSTABILITY IS ESSENTIALLY MULTI-FACTORIAL IN NATURE AND INVOLVES MOLECULAR CROSS-TALK ACROSS SEVERAL CELLULAR PATHWAYS, AND IS MODULATED BY A NUMBER OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS. ARSENIC AND ITS METABOLITES GENERATE OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH IN TURN INDUCES GENOMIC INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA DAMAGE, IRREVERSIBLE DNA REPAIR, TELOMERE DYSFUNCTION, MITOTIC ARREST AND APOPTOSIS. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATION; EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH PROMOTER METHYLATION AND MIRNA EXPRESSION ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING LEADING TO GENOME MORE VULNERABLE AND UNSTABLE TOWARDS CANCER RISK. MOREOVER, MUTATIONS OR SILENCING OF PRO-APOPTOTIC GENES CAN LEAD TO GENOMIC INSTABILITY BY ALLOWING SURVIVAL OF DAMAGED CELLS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE DIE. ALTHOUGH A LARGE BODY OF INFORMATION IS NOW GENERATED REGARDING ARSENIC-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS; FURTHER STUDIES EXPLORING GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, ROLE OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIET ARE NEEDED FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ARSENIC-INDUCED GENOMIC INSTABILITY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6   930  40 CHRONIC IRRADIATION OF HUMAN CELLS REDUCES HISTONE LEVELS AND DEREGULATES GENE EXPRESSION. OVER THE PAST DECADES, THERE HAVE BEEN HUGE ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING CELLULAR RESPONSES TO IONISING RADIATION (IR) AND DNA DAMAGE. THESE STUDIES, HOWEVER, WERE MOSTLY EXECUTED WITH CELL LINES AND MICE USING SINGLE OR MULTIPLE ACUTE DOSES OF RADIATION. HENCE, RELATIVELY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSE IONISING RADIATION AFFECTS NORMAL CELLS AND ORGANISMS, EVEN THOUGH OUR CELLS ARE CONSTANTLY EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS OF RADIATION. WE ADDRESSED THIS ISSUE BY EXAMINING THE CONSEQUENCES OF EXPOSING HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS TO CONTINUOUS IONISING GAMMA-RADIATION DELIVERED AT 6-20 MGY/H. ALTHOUGH THESE DOSE RATES ARE ESTIMATED TO INFLICT FEWER THAN A SINGLE DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK (DSB) PER HOUR PER CELL, THEY STILL CAUSED DOSE-DEPENDENT REDUCTIONS IN CELL PROLIFERATION AND INCREASED CELLULAR SENESCENCE. WE CONCOMITANTLY OBSERVED HISTONE PROTEIN LEVELS TO REDUCE BY UP TO 40%, WHICH IN CONTRAST TO PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS, WAS NOT MAINLY DUE TO PROTEIN DEGRADATION BUT INSTEAD CORRELATED WITH REDUCED HISTONE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE REDUCTIONS WERE ACCOMPANIED BY ENLARGED NUCLEAR SIZE PARALLELED BY AN INCREASE IN GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTION, INCLUDING THAT OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES. THUS, CHRONIC IRRADIATION, EVEN AT LOW DOSE-RATES, CAN INDUCE CELL SENESCENCE AND ALTER GENE EXPRESSION VIA A HITHERTO UNCHARACTERISED EPIGENETIC ROUTE. THESE FEATURES OF CHRONIC RADIATION REPRESENT A NEW ASPECT OF RADIATION BIOLOGY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  4484  31 MOLECULAR SIGNATURE OF CAID SYNDROME: NONCANONICAL ROLES OF SGO1 IN REGULATION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING AND EPIGENOMICS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: A GENERALIZED HUMAN PACEMAKING SYNDROME, CHRONIC ATRIAL AND INTESTINAL DYSRHYTHMIA (CAID) (OMIM 616201), IS CAUSED BY A HOMOZYGOUS SGO1 MUTATION (K23E), LEADING TO CHRONIC INTESTINAL PSEUDO-OBSTRUCTION AND ARRHYTHMIAS. BECAUSE CAID PATIENTS DO NOT SHOW PHENOTYPES CONSISTENT WITH PERTURBATION OF KNOWN ROLES OF SGO1, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT NONCANONICAL ROLES OF SGO1 DRIVE THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OBSERVED. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY A MOLECULAR SIGNATURE FOR CAID SYNDROME, WE ACHIEVED UNBIASED SCREENS IN CELL LINES AND GUT TISSUES FROM CAID PATIENTS VS WILD-TYPE CONTROLS. WE PERFORMED RNA SEQUENCING ALONG WITH STABLE ISOTOPE LABELING WITH AMINO ACIDS IN CELL CULTURE. IN ADDITION, WE DETERMINED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY SIGNATURES USING REDUCED REPRESENTATIVE BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE-ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. FUNCTIONAL STUDIES INCLUDED PATCH-CLAMP, QUANTITATION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA) SIGNALING, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IN CAID PATIENT GUT BIOPSY SPECIMENS. RESULTS: PROTEOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME STUDIES CONVERGE ON CELL-CYCLE REGULATION, CARDIAC CONDUCTION, AND SMOOTH MUSCLE REGULATION AS DRIVERS OF CAID SYNDROME. SPECIFICALLY, THE INWARD RECTIFIER CURRENT, AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF CELLULAR FUNCTION, WAS DISRUPTED. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY CONFIRMED OVEREXPRESSION OF BUDDING UNINHIBITED BY BENZIMIDAZOLES 1 (BUB1) IN PATIENTS, IMPLICATING THE TGF-BETA PATHWAY IN CAID PATHOGENESIS. CANONICAL TGF-BETA SIGNALING WAS UP-REGULATED AND UNCOUPLED FROM NONCANONICAL SIGNALING IN CAID PATIENTS. REDUCED REPRESENTATIVE BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE-ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING EXPERIMENTS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF CHROMATIN STATES IN CAID, POINTING TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION AS A POSSIBLE PATHOLOGIC MECHANISM. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS POINT TO IMPAIRED INWARD RECTIFIER POTASSIUM CURRENT, DYSREGULATION OF CANONICAL TGF-BETA SIGNALING, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AS POTENTIAL DRIVERS OF INTESTINAL AND CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS OF CAID SYNDROME. TRANSCRIPT PROFILING AND GENOMICS DATA ARE AS FOLLOWS: REPOSITORY URL: HTTPS://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/GEO; SUPERSERIES GSE110612 WAS COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSERIES: GSE110309, GSE110576, AND GSE110601.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  5057  22 PHENOBARBITAL MECHANISTIC DATA AND RISK ASSESSMENT: ENZYME INDUCTION, ENHANCED CELL PROLIFERATION, AND TUMOR PROMOTION. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HIGH DOSES OF PHENOBARBITAL (PB) CAUSES HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMAS IN BOTH MICE AND RATS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS IN SOME STRAINS OF MICE. LONG-TERM PB THERAPY HAS NOT BEEN FOUND TO CAUSE HUMAN TUMORS. PB IS NOT DNA REACTIVE, AND MOST GENOTOXICITY TESTS HAVE YIELDED NEGATIVE RESULTS. PB HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED AS AN EPIGENETIC, RODENT LIVER TUMOR PROMOTER. AT EXPOSURES CAUSING RODENT LIVER TUMORS, PB HAS MEASURABLE EFFECTS ON HEPATOCYTES: PB INHIBITS CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION; PB INDUCES ENZYMES, INCLUDING P450 CYTOCHROMES; PB STIMULATES PROLIFERATION AND INHIBITS APOPTOSIS OF HEPATOCYTES IN NEOPLASTIC FOCI. THRESHOLD EXPOSURES FOR SOME OF THESE ENDPOINTS COINCIDE WITH THE THRESHOLD EXPOSURE FOR TUMORIGENESIS.	1996	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  4387  34 MITOTIC DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH AGING HALLMARKS. AGING IS A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS CHARACTERIZED BY THE PROGRESSIVE DETERIORATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS KNOWN TO BE THE MAIN RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC DISEASES AND DECLINING HEALTH. THERE HAS BEEN AN EMERGING CONNECTION BETWEEN AGING AND ANEUPLOIDY, AN ABERRANT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES, EVEN THOUGH THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND AGE-ASSOCIATED ANEUPLOIDY REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN RECENT YEARS, SEVERAL GENETIC PATHWAYS AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES CONTROLLING THE RATE OF AGING HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND PROPOSED AS AGING HALLMARKS. PRIMARY HALLMARKS THAT CAUSE THE ACCUMULATION OF CELLULAR DAMAGE INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS (LOPEZ-OTIN ET AL., CELL 153:1194-1217, 2013). HERE WE REVIEW THE PROVOCATIVE LINK BETWEEN THESE AGING HALLMARKS AND THE LOSS OF CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION FIDELITY DURING CELL DIVISION, WHICH COULD SUPPORT THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AGING AND ANEUPLOIDY SEEN OVER THE PAST DECADES. SECONDLY, WE REVIEW THE SYSTEMIC IMPACTS OF ANEUPLOIDY IN CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND EMPHASIZE HOW THESE INCLUDE SOME OF THE PRIMARY HALLMARKS OF AGING. BASED ON THE EVIDENCE, WE PROPOSE A MUTUAL CAUSALITY BETWEEN AGING AND ANEUPLOIDY, AND SUGGEST MODULATION OF MITOTIC FIDELITY AS A POTENTIAL MEANS TO AMELIORATE HEALTHY LIFESPAN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10   521  34 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, DNA METHYLATION, AND NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT IDENTIFIED BY INVESTIGATING METHYLATION AT INDIVIDUAL, REGIONAL, AND GENOME LEVELS. STRESS IS KNOWN TO AFFECT HEALTH THROUGHOUT LIFE AND INTO FUTURE GENERATIONS, BUT THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE UNKNOWN. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MATERNAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), WHICH IN TURN IMPACTS NEWBORN HEALTH OUTCOMES. SPECIFICALLY, WE ANALYZED DNAM AT INDIVIDUAL, REGIONAL, AND GENOME-WIDE LEVELS TO TEST FOR ASSOCIATIONS WITH MATERNAL STRESS AND NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT. MATERNAL VENOUS BLOOD AND NEWBORN CORD BLOOD (N = 24 AND 22, RESPECTIVELY) WERE ASSAYED FOR METHYLATION AT APPROXIMATELY 450,000 CPG SITES. METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED BY EXAMINING CPG SITES INDIVIDUALLY IN AN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (EWAS), AS REGIONAL GROUPS USING VARIABLY METHYLATED REGION (VMR) ANALYSIS IN MATERNAL BLOOD ONLY, AND THROUGH THE EPIGENOME-WIDE MEASURES USING GENOME-WIDE MEAN METHYLATION (GMM), HORVATH'S EPIGENETIC CLOCK, AND MITOTIC AGE. THESE METHYLATION MEASURES WERE TESTED FOR ASSOCIATION WITH THREE MEASURES OF MATERNAL STRESS (MATERNAL WAR TRAUMA, CHRONIC STRESS, AND EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE) AND ONE HEALTH OUTCOME (NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT). WE OBSERVED THAT MATERNAL EXPERIENCES OF WAR TRAUMA, CHRONIC STRESS, AND SEXUAL ASSAULT WERE EACH ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT (P < 1.95 X 10(-7) IN ALL CASES). TESTING INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES USING EWAS, WE OBSERVED NO ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNAM AND ANY MEASURE OF MATERNAL STRESS OR NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT IN EITHER MATERNAL OR CORD BLOOD, AFTER BONFERRONI MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION. HOWEVER, THE TOP-RANKED CPG SITE IN MATERNAL BLOOD THAT ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL CHRONIC STRESS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE BEFORE MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION IS LOCATED NEAR THE SPON1 GENE. TESTING AT A REGIONAL LEVEL, WE FOUND INCREASED METHYLATION OF A VMR IN MATERNAL BLOOD NEAR SPON1 THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE AFTER BONFERRONI MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION (P = 1.95 X 10(-7) AND 8.3 X 10(-6), RESPECTIVELY). AT THE EPIGENOMIC LEVEL, CORD BLOOD GMM WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS OF WAR TRAUMA (P = 0.025) AND WAS SUGGESTIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH SEXUAL VIOLENCE (P = 0.053). THE OTHER TWO EPIGENOME-WIDE MEASURES WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL STRESS OR NEWBORN BIRTH WEIGHT IN EITHER TISSUE TYPE. DESPITE OUR SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, WE IDENTIFIED ASSOCIATIONS EVEN AFTER CONSERVATIVE MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTION. SPECIFICALLY, WE FOUND ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DNAM AND THE THREE MEASURES OF MATERNAL STRESS ACROSS BOTH TISSUES; SPECIFICALLY, A VMR IN MATERNAL BLOOD AND GMM IN CORD BLOOD WERE BOTH ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT MEASURES OF MATERNAL STRESS. THE ASSOCIATION OF CORD BLOOD GMM, BUT NOT MATERNAL BLOOD GMM, WITH MATERNAL STRESS MAY SUGGEST DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO STRESS IN MOTHER AND NEWBORN. IT IS NOTEWORTHY THAT WE FOUND ASSOCIATIONS ONLY WHEN CPG SITES WERE ANALYZED IN AGGREGATE, EITHER AS VMRS OR AS A BROAD SUMMARY MEASURE OF GMM.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11   835  32 CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TESTING METHODOLOGY. CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS ARE OF TWO DISTINCT TYPES, DNA-REACTIVE AND EPIGENETIC. TESTING METHODOLOGY CAN BE DIRECTED TOWARD DETECTING EFFECTS OF BOTH TYPES OF CARCINOGEN. CARCINOGENS OF THE DNA-REACTIVE TYPE ARE DEFINED BY THE FORMATION OF COVALENTLY BOUND DNA ADDUCTS. THESE CHEMICALS HAVE STRUCTURES THAT YIELD ELECTROPHILIC REACTANTS EITHER DIRECTLY OR AFTER BIOACTIVATION. THESE AGENTS CAUSE GENOMIC ALTERATION IN THE STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF DNA IN THE TARGET CELL. IN ADDITION, THESE COMPOUNDS CAN EXERT OTHER CELLULAR AND TISSUE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, SUCH AS CELL PROLIFERATION AND GROWTH PROMOTION. CARCINOGENS OF THE EPIGENETIC (PARAGENETIC) TYPE, IN CONTRAST, DO NOT REACT WITH DNA, BUT RATHER DISPLAY CELLULAR EFFECTS SUCH AS NEOPLASM GROWTH PROMOTION, CYTOTOXICITY, INHIBITION OF TISSUE GROWTH REGULATION, PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION, ENDOCRINE MODIFICATION, IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND/OR SUSTAINED TISSUE ISCHEMIA THAT CAN BE THE BASIS FOR INCREASES IN NEOPLASIA. THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE IS SUCH THAT THEY DO NOT GIVE RISE TO A REACTIVE ELECTROPHILE. THE TESTING METHODOLOGIES TO IDENTIFY EITHER TYPE FOLLOW A DECISION POINT APPROACH DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY AND YIELD MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON THE PRODUCTION OF EFFECTS THAT UNDERLIE CARCINOGENICITY. IT HAS 5 STAGES FOCUSING ON THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, DNA-REACTIVITY, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS, LIMITED BIOASSAYS AND FINALLY THE APPLICATION OF THE ACCELERATED BIOASSAY (ABA). ABA REQUIRES 40 WEEKS AND APPLIES THE USE OF SENSITIVE MARKERS FOR INDUCTION OF NEOPLASIA IN COMPARISON TO POSITIVE CONTROL COMPOUNDS FOR IMPORTANT ORGANS IN HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS. IT ENABLES DATA ACQUISITION OF THE ENTIRE CARCINOGENIC PROCESS DIRECTED TOWARD DEVELOPING MECHANISTIC INFORMATION. THE ABA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO REPLACE THE CHRONIC BIOASSAY IN RODENTS IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES AND CAN SERVE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO A CHRONIC BIOASSAY IN A SECOND SPECIES.	1996	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  6540  36 TRANSCRIPTIONAL, EPIGENETIC, AND FUNCTIONAL REPROGRAMMING OF MONOCYTES FROM NON-HUMAN PRIMATES FOLLOWING CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING. CHRONIC HEAVY DRINKING (CHD) OF ALCOHOL IS A KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTION AS WELL AS IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THESE DEFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY A DYSREGULATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ORIGINATING FROM MYELOID CELLS, NOTABLY MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES, BUT THE MECHANISMS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. OUR ABILITY TO STUDY CHD IS IMPACTED BY THE COMPLEXITIES OF HUMAN DRINKING PATTERNS AND BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS COMORBIDITIES AND CONFOUNDING RISK FACTORS FOR PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS. TO OVERCOME THESE CHALLENGES, WE UTILIZED A TRANSLATIONAL RHESUS MACAQUE MODEL OF VOLUNTARY ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION THAT CLOSELY RECAPITULATES HUMAN DRINKING PATTERNS AND CHRONICITY. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF CHD ON BLOOD MONOCYTES IN CONTROL AND CHD FEMALE MACAQUES AFTER 12 MONTHS OF DAILY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. WHILE MONOCYTES FROM CHD FEMALE MACAQUES GENERATED A HYPER-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO EX VIVO LPS STIMULATION, THEIR RESPONSE TO E. COLI WAS DAMPENED. IN DEPTH SCRNA-SEQ ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED MONOCYTES REVEALED SIGNIFICANT SHIFTS IN CLASSICAL MONOCYTE SUBSETS WITH ACCUMULATION OF CELLS EXPRESSING MARKERS OF HYPOXIA (HIF1A) AND INFLAMMATION (NFKB SIGNALING PATHWAY) IN CHD MACAQUES. THE INCREASED PRESENCE OF MONOCYTE SUBSETS SKEWED TOWARDS INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES WAS COMPLEMENTED BY EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS, WHICH REVEALED HIGHER ACCESSIBILITY OF PROMOTER REGIONS THAT REGULATE GENES INVOLVED IN CYTOKINE SIGNALING PATHWAYS. COLLECTIVELY, DATA PRESENTED IN THIS MANUSCRIPT DEMONSTRATE THAT CHD SHIFTS CLASSICAL MONOCYTE SUBSET COMPOSITION AND PRIMES THE MONOCYTES TOWARDS A MORE HYPER-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO LPS, BUT COMPROMISED PATHOGEN RESPONSE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  3623  41 IN VIVO COMET ASSAY ON ISOLATED KIDNEY CELLS TO DISTINGUISH GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS FROM EPIGENETIC CARCINOGENS OR CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE ABILITY OF THE ALKALINE IN VIVO COMET ASSAY (PH>13) TO DISTINGUISH GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS FROM EPIGENETIC CARCINOGENS WHEN PERFORMED ON FRESHLY ISOLATED KIDNEY CELLS AND TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE OF CYTOTOXICITY BY ASSESSING DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY RENAL GENOTOXIC, EPIGENETIC OR TOXIC COMPOUNDS AFTER ENZYMATIC ISOLATION OF KIDNEY CELLS FROM OFA SPRAGUE-DAWLEY MALE RATS. THE ABILITY OF THE COMET ASSAY TO DISTINGUISH (1) GENOTOXICITY VERSUS CYTOTOXICITY AND (2) GENOTOXIC VERSUS NON-GENOTOXIC (EPIGENETIC) CARCINOGENS, WAS THUS INVESTIGATED BY STUDYING FIVE KNOWN GENOTOXIC RENAL CARCINOGENS ACTING THROUGH DIVERSE MECHANISMS OF ACTION, I.E. STREPTOZOTOCIN, ARISTOLOCHIC ACIDS, 2-NITROANISOLE, POTASSIUM BROMATE AND CISPLATIN, TWO RODENT RENAL EPIGENETIC CARCINOGENS: D-LIMONENE AND CICLOSPORINE AND TWO NEPHROTOXIC COMPOUNDS: STREPTOMYCIN AND INDOMETHACIN. ANIMALS WERE TREATED ONCE WITH THE TEST COMPOUND BY THE APPROPRIATE ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS WERE MEASURED AT THE TWO SAMPLING TIMES OF 3-6 AND 22-26H AFTER TREATMENT. REGARDING THE TISSUE PROCESSING, THE LIMITED BACKGROUND LEVEL OF DNA MIGRATION OBSERVED IN THE NEGATIVE CONTROL GROUPS THROUGHOUT ALL EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE ENZYMATIC ISOLATION METHOD IMPLEMENTED IN THE CURRENT STUDY IS APPROPRIATE. ON THE OTHER HAND, STREPTOZOTOCIN, 20MG/KG, USED AS POSITIVE REFERENCE CONTROL CONCURRENTLY TO EACH ASSAY, CAUSED A CLEAR INCREASE IN THE MEAN OLIVE TAIL MOMENT MEDIAN VALUE, WHICH ALLOWS VALIDATING THE CURRENT METHODOLOGY. UNDER THESE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, THE IN VIVO RODENT COMET ASSAY DEMONSTRATED GOOD SENSITIVITY AND GOOD SPECIFICITY: ALL THE FIVE RENAL GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS WERE CLEARLY DETECTED IN AT LEAST ONE EXPRESSION PERIOD EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, AS IN THE CASE OF CISPLATIN: FOR THIS CROSS-LINKING AGENT, THE SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN DNA MIGRATION OBSERVED UNDER STANDARD ELECTROPHORESIS CONDITIONS WAS CLEARLY AMPLIFIED WHEN THE DURATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS WAS INCREASED UP TO 40MIN. IN CONTRAST, EPIGENETIC AND NEPHROTOXIC COMPOUNDS FAILED TO INDUCE ANY SIGNIFCANT INCREASE IN DNA MIGRATION. IN CONCLUSION, THE IN VIVO RODENT COMET ASSAY PERFORMED ON ISOLATED KIDNEY CELLS COULD BE USED AS A TOOL TO INVESTIGATE THE GENOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF A TEST COMPOUND IF NEOPLASIC/PRENEOPLASIC CHANGES OCCUR AFTER SUBCHRONIC OR CHRONIC TREATMENTS, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF GENOTOXICITY IN TUMOR INDUCTION. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC CARCINOGENS AND CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS DISPLAYED CLEARLY NEGATIVE RESPONSES IN THIS STUDY. THESE RESULTS ALLOW EXCLUDING A DNA DIRECT-ACTING MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CAN THUS SUGGEST THAT A THRESHOLD EXISTS. THEREFORE, THE CURRENT IN VIVO RODENT COMET ASSAY COULD CONTRIBUTE TO ELUCIDATE AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM AND THUS, TO UNDERTAKE A RISK ASSESSMENT ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN USE, DEPENDING ON THE EXPOSURE LEVEL.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14  6523  27 TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS AFFECTING HTLV-1 PROVIRUS. HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) IS A RETROVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN DISEASES, SUCH AS ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA (ATL) AND HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY/TROPIC SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP). AS A RETROVIRUS, ITS LIFE CYCLE INCLUDES A STEP WHERE HTLV-1 IS INTEGRATED INTO THE HOST GENOMIC DNA AND FORMS PROVIRAL DNA. IN THE CHRONIC PHASE OF THE INFECTION, HTLV?1 IS KNOWN TO PROLIFERATE AS A PROVIRUS VIA THE MITOTIC DIVISION OF THE INFECTED HOST CELLS. THERE ARE GENERALLY TENS OF THOUSANDS OF INFECTED CLONES WITHIN AN INFECTED INDIVIDUAL. THEY EXIST NOT ONLY IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, BUT ALSO IN VARIOUS LYMPHOID ORGANS. VIRAL PROTEINS ENCODED IN HTLV-1 GENOME PLAY A ROLE IN THE PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL OF THE INFECTED CELLS. AS IS THE CASE WITH OTHER CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS, HTLV-1 GENE EXPRESSION INDUCES THE ACTIVATION OF THE HOST IMMUNITY AGAINST THE VIRUS. THUS, THE TRANSCRIPTION FROM HTLV-1 PROVIRUS NEEDS TO BE CONTROLLED IN ORDER TO EVADE THE HOST IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE. THERE SHOULD BE A DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX REGULATION IN VIVO, WHERE AN EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN VIRAL ANTIGEN EXPRESSION AND HOST IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE IS ACHIEVED. THE MECHANISMS REGULATING VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION FROM THE PROVIRUS ARE A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE PERSISTENT/LATENT INFECTION WITH HTLV-1 AND ITS PATHOGENESIS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WOULD LIKE TO REVIEW OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING ON THIS TOPIC.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15   788  30 CELLULAR ALLOSTATIC LOAD IS LINKED TO INCREASED ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND ACCELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING. STRESS TRIGGERS ANTICIPATORY PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES THAT PROMOTE SURVIVAL, A PHENOMENON TERMED ALLOSTASIS. HOWEVER, THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF ENERGY-DEPENDENT ALLOSTATIC RESPONSES RESULTS IN ALLOSTATIC LOAD, A DYSREGULATED STATE THAT PREDICTS FUNCTIONAL DECLINE, ACCELERATES AGING, AND INCREASES MORTALITY IN HUMANS. THE ENERGETIC COST AND CELLULAR BASIS FOR THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF ALLOSTATIC LOAD HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINED. HERE, BY LONGITUDINALLY PROFILING THREE UNRELATED PRIMARY HUMAN FIBROBLAST LINES ACROSS THEIR LIFESPAN, WE FIND THAT CHRONIC GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE INCREASES CELLULAR ENERGY EXPENDITURE BY APPROXIMATELY 60%, ALONG WITH A METABOLIC SHIFT FROM GLYCOLYSIS TO MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (OXPHOS). THIS STATE OF STRESS-INDUCED HYPERMETABOLISM IS LINKED TO MTDNA INSTABILITY, NON-LINEARLY AFFECTS AGE-RELATED CYTOKINES SECRETION, AND ACCELERATES CELLULAR AGING BASED ON DNA METHYLATION CLOCKS, TELOMERE SHORTENING RATE, AND REDUCED LIFESPAN. PHARMACOLOGICALLY NORMALIZING OXPHOS ACTIVITY WHILE FURTHER INCREASING ENERGY EXPENDITURE EXACERBATES THE ACCELERATED AGING PHENOTYPE, POINTING TO TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE AS A POTENTIAL DRIVER OF AGING DYNAMICS. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS DEFINE BIOENERGETIC AND MULTI-OMIC RECALIBRATIONS OF STRESS ADAPTATION, UNDERSCORING INCREASED ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND ACCELERATED CELLULAR AGING AS INTERRELATED FEATURES OF CELLULAR ALLOSTATIC LOAD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16   837  41 CHEMICALLY INDUCED RENAL TUBULE TUMORS IN THE LABORATORY RAT AND MOUSE: REVIEW OF THE NCI/NTP DATABASE AND CATEGORIZATION OF RENAL CARCINOGENS BASED ON MECHANISTIC INFORMATION. THE INCIDENCE OF RENAL TUBULE CARCINOGENESIS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS OR MICE WITH 69 CHEMICALS FROM THE 513 BIOASSAYS CONDUCTED TO DATE BY THE NCI/NTP HAS BEEN COLLATED, THE CHEMICALS CATEGORIZED, AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARCINOGENESIS AND RENAL TUBULE HYPERPLASIA AND EXACERBATION OF THE SPONTANEOUS, AGE-RELATED RODENT DISEASE CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE NEPHROPATHY (CPN) EXAMINED. WHERE INFORMATION ON MECHANISM OR MODE OF ACTION EXISTS, THE CHEMICALS HAVE BEEN CATEGORIZED BASED ON THEIR ABILITY TO DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INTERACT WITH RENAL DNA, OR ON THEIR ACTIVITY VIA EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS INVOLVING EITHER DIRECT OR INDIRECT CYTOTOXICITY WITH REGENERATIVE HYPERPLASIA, OR EXACERBATION OF CPN. NINE CHEMICALS WERE IDENTIFIED AS DIRECTLY INTERACTING WITH DNA, WITH SIX OF THESE PRODUCING RENAL TUBULE TUMORS AT HIGH INCIDENCE IN RATS OF BOTH SEXES, AND IN SOME CASES ALSO IN MICE. OCHRATOXIN A WAS THE MOST POTENT COMPOUND IN THIS GROUP, PRODUCING A HIGH TUMOR INCIDENCE AT VERY LOW DOSES, OFTEN WITH METASTASIS. THREE CHEMICALS WERE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF INDIRECT DNA DAMAGE MEDIATED BY AN OXIDATIVE FREE RADICAL MECHANISM, ONE OF THESE BEING FROM THE NTP DATABASE. A THIRD CATEGORY INCLUDED FOUR CHEMICALS THAT HAD THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE DNA DAMAGE FOLLOWING CONJUGATION WITH GLUTATHIONE AND SUBSEQUENT ENZYMATIC ACTIVATION TO A REACTIVE SPECIES, USUALLY A THIOL-CONTAINING ENTITY. TWO CHEMICALS WERE ALLOCATED INTO THE CATEGORY INVOLVING A DIRECT CYTOTOXIC ACTION ON THE RENAL TUBULE FOLLOWED BY SUSTAINED COMPENSATORY CELL PROLIFERATION, WHILE NINE WERE INCLUDED IN A GROUP WHERE THE CELL LOSS AND SUSTAINED INCREASE IN RENAL TUBULE CELL TURNOVER WERE DEPENDENT ON LYSOSOMAL ACCUMULATION OF THE MALE RAT-SPECIFIC PROTEIN, ALPHA2MU-GLOBULIN. IN A SIXTH CATEGORY, MORPHOLOGIC EVIDENCE ON TWO CHEMICALS INDICATED THAT THE RENAL TUMORS WERE A CONSEQUENCE OF EXACERBATED CPN. FOR THE REMAINING CHEMICALS, THERE WERE NO PERTINENT DATA ENABLING ASSIGNMENT TO A MECHANISTIC CATEGORY. ACCORDINGLY, THESE CHEMICALS, ACTING THROUGH AN AS YET UNKNOWN MECHANISM, WERE GROUPED AS EITHER BEING ASSOCIATED WITH AN ENHANCEMENT OF CPN (CATEGORY 7, 16 CHEMICALS), OR NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED CPN (CATEGORY 8, 4 CHEMICALS). A NINTH CATEGORY DEALT WITH 11 CHEMICALS THAT WERE REGARDED AS PRODUCING INCREASES IN RENAL TUBULE TUMORS THAT DID NOT REACH STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE. A 10TH CATEGORY DISCUSSED 6 CHEMICALS THAT INDUCED RENAL TUMORS IN MICE BUT NOT IN RATS, PLUS 8 CHEMICALS THAT PRODUCED A LOW INCIDENCE OF RENAL TUBULE TUMORS IN MICE THAT DID NOT REACH STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE. AS MORE MECHANISTIC DATA ARE GENERATED, SOME CHEMICALS WILL INEVITABLY BE PLACED IN DIFFERENT GROUPS, PARTICULARLY THOSE FROM CATEGORIES 7 AND 8. A LARGE NUMBER OF CHEMICALS IN THE SERIES EXACERBATED CPN, BUT THOSE IN CATEGORY 7 ESPECIALLY MAY BE CANDIDATES FOR INCLUSION IN CATEGORY 6 WHEN FURTHER INFORMATION IS GLEANED FROM THE RELEVANT NTP STUDIES. ALSO, NEW DATA ON SPECIFIC CHEMICALS WILL PROBABLY EXPAND CATEGORY 5 AS CYTOTOXICITY AND CELL REGENERATION ARE IDENTIFIED AS OBLIGATORY STEPS IN RENAL CARCINOGENESIS IN MORE CASES. ADDITIONAL CONFIRMATORY OUTCOMES ARISING FROM THIS REVIEW ARE THAT METASTASES FROM RENAL TUBULE TUMORS, WHILE ENCOUNTERED WITH CHEMICALS CAUSING DNA DAMAGE, ARE RARE WITH THOSE ACTING THROUGH AN EPIGENETIC PATHWAY, WITH THE EXCEPTION BEING FUMONISIN B1; THAT MALE RATS AND MICE ARE GENERALLY MORE SUSCEPTIBLE THAN FEMALE RATS AND MICE TO CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF RENAL TUBULE TUMORS; AND THAT A BACKGROUND OF ATYPICAL TUBULE HYPERPLASIA IS A USEFUL INDICATOR REFLECTING A CHEMICALLY ASSOCIATED RENAL TUBULE TUMOR RESPONSE. WITH RESPECT TO RENAL TUBULE TUMORS AND HUMAN RISK ASSESSMENT, CHEMICALS IN CATEGORIES 1 AND 2, AND POSSIBLY 3, WOULD CURRENTLY BE JUDGED BY LINEAR DEFAULT METHODS; CHEMICALS IN CATEGORY 4 (AND PROBABLY SOME IN CATEGORY 3) AS EXHIBITING A THRESHOLD OF ACTIVITY WARRANTING THE BENCHMARK APPROACH; AND THOSE IN CATEGORIES 5 AND 6 AS REPRESENTING MECHANISMS THAT HAVE NO RELEVANCE FOR EXTRAPOLATION TO HUMANS.	2004	

17  1556  39 DNA METHYLATION MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS), ALSO KNOWN AS MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, IS A COMPLEX MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE PERSISTENT PRESENCE OF FATIGUE AND OTHER PARTICULAR SYMPTOMS FOR A MINIMUM OF 6 MONTHS. SYMPTOMS FAIL TO DISSIPATE AFTER SUFFICIENT REST AND HAVE MAJOR EFFECTS ON THE DAILY FUNCTIONING OF CFS SUFFERERS. CFS IS A MULTI-SYSTEM DISEASE WITH A HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT POPULATION SHOWING A WIDE VARIETY OF FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES AND ITS BIOLOGICAL BASIS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. STABLE ALTERATIONS IN GENE FUNCTION IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN SEVERAL STUDIES OF CFS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON GENE FUNCTION, HOWEVER, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, GENOME-WIDE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CFS HAVE NOT BEEN EXPLORED. WE EXAMINED THE DNA METHYLOME IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS ISOLATED FROM CFS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIP ARRAY, CONTROLLING FOR INVARIANT PROBES AND PROBES OVERLAPPING POLYMORPHIC SEQUENCES. GENE ONTOLOGY (GO) AND NETWORK ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WAS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS SHOWING CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN CFS. WE FOUND AN INCREASED ABUNDANCE OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES RELATED TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, CELLULAR METABOLISM, AND KINASE ACTIVITY. GENES ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE CELL REGULATION, THE LARGEST COORDINATED ENRICHMENT OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PATHWAYS, SHOWED HYPOMETHYLATION WITHIN PROMOTERS AND OTHER GENE REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN CFS. THESE DATA ARE CONSISTENT WITH EVIDENCE OF MULTISYSTEM DYSREGULATION IN CFS AND IMPLICATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA MODIFICATIONS IN CFS PATHOLOGY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  5960  30 TELOMERE LENGTH IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND PAIRED ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. TELOMERE SHORTENING LIMITS THE PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY OF HUMAN CELLS, RESTRAINS THE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF ORGAN SYSTEMS DURING CHRONIC DISEASES AND AGING AND ALSO INDUCES CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AS WELL AS INITIATION OF CANCER. PREVIOUS STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT TELOMERES ARE OFTEN SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER IN TUMOR TISSUE, INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING TISSUE, BUT TELOMERE LENGTH IN HCC TISSUES WAS NOT CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICAL PARAMETERS, SUCH AS AGE, SEX, HBV OR HCV INFECTIONS AND TUMOR SIZE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE TELOMERE LENGTH RATIO OF 36 PAIRED HCC, AND THEIR ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES WAS MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR (Q-PCR). THE MEAN TELOMERE LENGTHS (SD) FOR HCC AND ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES WERE 0.26 (0.10) AND 0.47 (0.20) RESPECTIVELY (T = 6.22, P < 0.0001). THERE WAS A LARGE DIFFERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS BASED ON TELOMERE LENGTH IN TUMOR AND ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES. THE NUMBER OF TUMORS WITH TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTER THAN 0.50 WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN THAT OF ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES; MORE THAN 90% OF THE TISSUES WITH TELOMERE LENGTH > OR = 0.50 WERE ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES. THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH AND AFLATOXIN B1- AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-DNA ADDUCTS LEVEL, P53 MUTATIONS AND P16 HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS WERE ALSO TESTED, BUT NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WERE FOUND. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENING, CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN EXPOSURE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS NEEDS FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  2961  29 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN METAL CARCINOGENESIS AND COCARCINOGENESIS: NICKEL, ARSENIC, AND CHROMIUM. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO NICKEL(II), CHROMIUM(VI), OR INORGANIC ARSENIC (IAS) HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN TO INCREASE CANCER INCIDENCE AMONG AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT CARCINOGENIC RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH CHROMATE AND IAS EXPOSURES WERE SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT, WHICH LED TO MAJOR REVISIONS OF THE FEDERAL STANDARDS REGULATING AMBIENT AND DRINKING WATER LEVELS. GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF CR(VI) AND IAS ARE STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THEIR INTRACELLULAR METABOLISM, WHICH CREATES SEVERAL REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND BYPRODUCTS. TOXIC METALS ARE CAPABLE OF POTENT AND SURPRISINGLY SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OF STRESS-SIGNALING PATHWAYS, WHICH ARE KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS. DEPENDING ON THE METAL, ASCORBATE (VITAMIN C) HAS BEEN FOUND TO ACT EITHER AS A STRONG ENHANCER OR SUPPRESSOR OF TOXIC RESPONSES IN HUMAN CELLS. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC DAMAGE VIA BOTH OXIDATIVE AND NONOXIDATIVE (DNA ADDUCTS) MECHANISMS, METALS CAN ALSO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, LEADING TO EPIGENETIC SILENCING OR REACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN VITRO GENOTOXICITY EXPERIMENTS AND RECENT ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES PROVIDED STRONG SUPPORT FOR THE IDEA THAT METALS CAN ACT AS COCARCINOGENS IN COMBINATION WITH NONMETAL CARCINOGENS. COCARCINOGENIC AND COMUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF METALS ARE LIKELY TO STEM FROM THEIR ABILITY TO INTERFERE WITH DNA REPAIR PROCESSES. OVERALL, METAL CARCINOGENESIS APPEARS TO REQUIRE THE FORMATION OF SPECIFIC METAL COMPLEXES, CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGE, AND ACTIVATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS PROMOTING SURVIVAL AND EXPANSION OF GENETICALLY/EPIGENETICALLY ALTERED CELLS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20   708  31 BYSTANDER EFFECTS IN RADIATION-INDUCED GENOMIC INSTABILITY. EXPOSURE OF GM10115 HAMSTER-HUMAN HYBRID CELLS TO X-RAYS CAN RESULT IN THE INDUCTION OF CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY IN THE PROGENY OF SURVIVING CELLS. THIS INSTABILITY MANIFESTS AS THE DYNAMIC PRODUCTION OF NOVEL SUB-POPULATIONS OF CELLS WITH UNIQUE CYTOGENETIC REARRANGEMENTS INVOLVING THE "MARKER" HUMAN CHROMOSOME. WE HAVE USED THE COMET ASSAY TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THERE WAS AN ELEVATED LEVEL OF ENDOGENOUS DNA BREAKS IN CHROMOSOMALLY UNSTABLE CLONES THAT COULD PROVIDE A SOURCE FOR THE CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS AND THUS ACCOUNT FOR THE PERSISTENT INSTABILITY OBSERVED. OUR RESULTS INDICATE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN COMET TAIL MEASUREMENT BETWEEN NON-IRRADIATED AND RADIATION-INDUCED CHROMOSOMALLY UNSTABLE CLONES. USING TWO-COLOR FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION WE ALSO INVESTIGATED WHETHER RECOMBINATIONAL EVENTS INVOLVING THE INTERSTITIAL TELOMERE REPEAT-LIKE SEQUENCES IN GM10115 CELLS WERE INVOLVED AT FREQUENCIES HIGHER THAN RANDOM PROCESSES WOULD OTHERWISE PREDICT. NINE OF 11 CLONES DEMONSTRATED A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN EXPECTED INVOLVEMENT OF THESE INTERSTITIAL TELOMERE REPEAT-LIKE SEQUENCES AT THE RECOMBINATION JUNCTION BETWEEN THE HUMAN AND HAMSTER CHROMOSOMES. SINCE ELEVATED LEVELS OF ENDOGENOUS BREAKS WERE NOT DETECTED IN UNSTABLE CLONES WE PROPOSE THAT EPIGENETIC OR BYSTANDER EFFECTS (BSES) LEAD TO THE ACTIVATION OF RECOMBINATIONAL PATHWAYS THAT PERPETUATE THE UNSTABLE PHENOTYPE. SPECIFICALLY, WE EXPAND UPON THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RADIATION INDUCES CONDITIONS AND/OR FACTORS THAT STIMULATE THE PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS). THESE REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES THEN CONTRIBUTE TO A CHRONIC PRO-OXIDANT ENVIRONMENT THAT CYCLES OVER MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, PROMOTING CHROMOSOMAL RECOMBINATION AND OTHER PHENOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH GENOMIC INSTABILITY.	2002