1  3294 141 HIGH INCIDENCE OF MGMT AND RARBETA PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PRIMARY GLIOBLASTOMAS: ASSOCIATION WITH HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. GLIOBLASTOMAS, THE MOST FREQUENT PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS IN ADULTS, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND ANGIOGENIC PHENOTYPE. METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CANCER-RELATED GENES MAY SERVE AS AN EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR GLIOBLASTOMA DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF FOUR CRITICAL TUMOR-ASSOCIATED GENES (MGMT, RARBETA, RASSF1A, CDH13), AND INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY (INTERLEUKIN [IL]-6, IL-8) AND ANGIOGENIC MEDIATORS (VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR [VEGF], CYCLOOXYGENASE [COX]-2) AND CLINICAL OUTCOME IN 23 GLIOMA SAMPLES (6 GRADE II ASTROCYTOMAS, 17 GRADE IV GLIOBLASTOMAS). RARBETA AND MGMT GENES WERE MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN 70.58% AND 58.8% OF GLIOBLASTOMAS, RESPECTIVELY. RASSF1A AND CDH13 DISPLAYED A SIMILAR METHYLATION FREQUENCY (23.52%) IN GLIOBLASTOMAS. NO GENE METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN GRADE II ASTROCYTOMAS. TUMOR GRADE CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION (P = 0.005 AND P = 0.019, RESPECTIVELY) AND THE EXTENT OF NECROSIS (P = 0.001 AND P = 0.003). INTERESTINGLY, THE MARKER OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IL-6, WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF MGMT (P = 0.004), RARBETA (P = 0.002), AND RASSF1A (P = 0.0081) AS WELL AS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES (P < 0.0001), INDICATING THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF IL-6 IN MAINTAINING PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THESE GENES. VEGF EXPRESSION CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION ALTHOUGH THESE RELATIONSHIPS WERE OF MARGINAL SIGNIFICANCE (P = 0.0679 AND P = 0.0757). KAPLAN-MEIER UNIVARIATE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS INDICATED AN UNFAVORABLE SURVIVAL PERIOD IN PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT METHYLATION (P = 0.0474). OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPLICATION OF MGMT AND RARBETA METHYLATION IN THE AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE OF PRIMARY GLIOBLASTOMAS. THE ASSOCIATION OF MGMT METHYLATION WITH CLINICAL OUTCOME INDICATES ITS POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC VALUE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  6770  43 [ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HCC. METHODS: SIXTY SAMPLES OF HCC AND THE PAIRED ADJACENT LIVER TISSUE, 16 SAMPLES FROM POST-HEPATITIS CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 5 FROM LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND 5 FROM NORMAL LIVERS WERE COLLECTED. EIGHT TSGS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF DIGESTIVE TUMORS WERE SELECTED, INCLUDING APC, RASSF1A, P16, GSTP1, MGMT, DAPK, SOCS-1 AND RIZ1. THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THESE 8 GENES WAS INVESTIGATED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OF HCC WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN HCC. RESULTS: METHYLATION OF THE 8 TSGS WAS QUITE FREQUENT IN HCC, WITH A METHYLATION RATE OF 95.0% IN RASSF1A, 90.0% IN APC, 73.3% IN GSTP1, 65.0% IN P16, 61.6% IN RIZ1 AND 60.0% IN MGMT. METHYLATION OF THE 6 GENES WAS MORE FREQUENT IN HCC THAN THAT IN ADJACENT TISSUES (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION RATE OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES WAS 41.6%, 40.0% AND 25.0%, RESPECTIVELY, SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER (P < 0.05). P16 METHYLATION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HCC IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF MGMT METHYLATION WAS TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN GIANT HCC THAN THAT IN THE OTHER TYPES OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION IN THE TUMOR WERE FOUND TO HAVE A SHORTER DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES AND CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IMPLIES THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS MAY BE A GRADUALLY PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 MAY BE PROMISING IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, MGMT METHYLATION MIGHT BE ALSO USED AS A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                     
3   401  39 ANALYSIS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION ON PROMOTER SEQUENCES OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND TOTAL DNA IN SPUTUM SAMPLES: A PROMISING TOOL FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER IN SMOKERS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A DISORDER ASSOCIATED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND LUNG CANCER (LC). SINCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) ARE CLEARLY IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LC. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT TOBACCO SMOKERS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE FOR METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TSGS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS WHEN COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKER SUBJECTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE USEFULNESS OF DETECTION OF GENES PROMOTER METHYLATION IN SPUTUM SPECIMENS, AS A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL TO IDENTIFY LC BIOMARKERS AMONG SMOKERS WITH EARLY COPD. METHODS: WE DETERMINED THE AMOUNT OF DNA IN INDUCED SPUTUM FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD (N = 23), LC (N = 26), AS WELL AS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS (CTR) (N = 33), USING A COMMERCIAL KIT FOR DNA PURIFICATION, FOLLOWED BY ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENT AT 260 NM. THE FREQUENCY OF CDKN2A, CDH1 AND MGMT PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE SAME GROUPS WAS DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP). THE FISHER'S EXACT TEST WAS EMPLOYED TO COMPARE FREQUENCY OF RESULTS BETWEEN DIFFERENT GROUPS. RESULTS: DNA CONCENTRATION WAS 7.4 AND 5.8 TIMES HIGHER IN LC AND COPD COMPARED TO THE (CTR) (P < 0.0001), RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION STATUS OF CDKN2A AND MGMT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN COPD AND LC PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CTR GROUP (P < 0.0001). FREQUENCY OF CDH1 METHYLATION ONLY SHOWED A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LC PATIENTS AND CTR GROUP (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TSGS IN SAMPLES OF INDUCED SPUTUM IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR EARLY DIAGNOSTIC OF LUNG DISEASES (LC AND COPD) IN SMOKER SUBJECTS. VIRTUAL SLIDES: THE ABSTRACT MUST FINISH WITH THE FOLLOWING TEXT: VIRTUAL SLIDES THE VIRTUAL SLIDE(S) FOR THIS ARTICLE CAN BE FOUND HERE: HTTP://WWW.DIAGNOSTICPATHOLOGY.DIAGNOMX.EU/VS/1127865005664160.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4   672  31 BRAF, KRAS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI EPIGENETIC CHANGES-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN EGYPTIAN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER. WE AIMED TO STUDY MLH1 AND MGMT METHYLATION STATUS IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN EGYPTIAN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT GASTRIC CANCER. 39 PATIENTS WERE INCLUDED IN OUR STUDY. THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS; PATIENTS WITHOUT (GROUP I) AND WITH GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP II). PATIENTS WERE SUBJECTED TO CLINICAL EXAMINATION, ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND AND UPPER ENDOSCOPY FOR GASTRIC BIOPSY. BIOPSIES WERE SUBJECTED TO UREASE TEST, HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION, AND DNA PURIFICATION. H. PYLORI, BRAF, KRAS, MLH1 AND MGMT METHYLATION WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. DNA SEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS BRAF AND KRAS GENES MUTATION. QPCR OF H. PYLORI WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP II) THAN THOSE WITHOUT ADENOCARCINOMA (GROUP I); WITH A P < 0.001 AS WELL AS IN PATIENTS WITH AGE ABOVE 50 YEARS WITH A P VALUE = 0.008. BY APPLYING LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS IT WAS REPORTED THAT THE H. PYLORI QPCR IS A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR TO THE ADENOCARCINOMA WITH OR = 1.025 (95 % CI: 1. 002-1.048), WITH SENSITIVITY OF 90 % AND SPECIFICITY OF 100 %. ADENOCARCINOMA PATIENTS HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER MEAN AGE AND LEVELS OF H. PYLORI, BRAF, K-RAS, METHYLATED MGMT AND METHYLATED MLH1 THAN THOSE OF GASTRITIS PATIENTS. DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF BRAF (CODON 12) AND KRAS (CODON 600) HAD GENES MUTATION IN GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA VERSUS CHRONIC GASTRITIS. CONCLUSION: H. PYLORI MAY CAUSE EPIGENETIC CHANGES PREDISPOSING THE PATIENTS TO CANCER STOMACH. ESTIMATION OF H. PYLORI BY QPCR CAN BE A GOOD PREDICTOR TO ADENOCARCINOMA. BRAF AND KRAS GENES MUTATION WERE REVELED IN GASTRITIS AND ADENOCARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5   159  40 ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES IN GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA AND CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS. PURPOSE: ABERRANT METHYLATION OF 5' GENE PROMOTER REGIONS IS AN EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON THAT IS A MAJOR MECHANISM FOR SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN MANY CANCER TYPES. THERE IS LIMITED INFORMATION ABOUT THE MOLECULAR CHANGES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA (GBC), INCLUDING METHYLATION STATUS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: WE INVESTIGATED THE ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILE OF 24 KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN 50 GBCS AND COMPARED THOSE RESULTS WITH THE FINDINGS IN 25 CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS (CC) SPECIMENS WITHOUT CANCER. THE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND COMBINED RESTRICTION ANALYSIS METHODS WERE USED TO DETECT METHYLATION, AND THE RESULTS WERE CONFIRMED BY SEQUENCING OF CLONED POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION PRODUCTS. RESULTS: IN GBC, GENE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES VARIED FROM 0% TO 80%. TEN GENES DEMONSTRATED RELATIVELY HIGH FREQUENCIES OF ABERRANT METHYLATION: SHP1 (80%), 3-OST-2 (72%), CDH13 (44%), P15INK4B (44%), CDH1 (38%), RUNX3 (32%), APC (30%), RIZ1 (26%), P16INK4A (24%), AND HPP1 (20%). EIGHT GENES (P73, RARBETA2, SOCS-1, DAPK, DCR2, DCR1, HIN1, AND CHFR) SHOWED LOW FREQUENCIES (2-14%) OF METHYLATION, AND NO METHYLATION OF THE REMAINING SIX GENES (TIMP-3, P57, RASSF1A, CRBP1, SYK, AND NORE1) WAS DETECTED. IN CC, METHYLATION WAS DETECTED FOR SEVEN GENES: SHP1 (88%), P15INK4B (28%), 3-OST-2 (12%), CDH1 (12%), CDH13 (8%), DCR2 (4%), AND P16INK4A (4%). SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER FREQUENCIES OF METHYLATION IN GBC COMPARED WITH CC WERE DETECTED FOR EIGHT GENES (3-OST-2, CDH13, CDH1, RUNX3, APC, RIZ1, P16INK4A, AND HPP1). OF THOSE, FOUR GENES SHOWED FREQUENT METHYLATION (>30%) IN GBCS. THE MEAN METHYLATION INDEX, AN EXPRESSION OF THE AMOUNT OF METHYLATED GENES BY CASE, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN GBC (0.196 +/- 0.013) COMPARED WITH CC (0.065 +/- 0.008; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY CONSTITUTES THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE METHYLATION PROFILE REPORT AVAILABLE IN GBC AND DEMONSTRATES THAT THIS NEOPLASM HAS A DISTINCT PATTERN OF ABNORMAL GENE METHYLATION. WHEREAS GALLBLADDERS FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL WERE NOT AVAILABLE, OUR FINDING OF METHYLATION IN CC CASES WITHOUT CANCER SUGGESTS THAT THIS PHENOMENON REPRESENTS AN EARLY EVENT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GBC.	2004	

6   185  36 ACCUMULATION OF ABERRANT CPG HYPERMETHYLATION BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION PROMOTES DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA. ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES IN HUMAN TUMORS. GASTRIC MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT) LYMPHOMAS ARISE FROM HELICOBACTER PYLORI-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS; MOST PATIENTS ARE H. PYLORI-POSITIVE AND ERADICATION THERAPY IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR TO ANALYZE THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF 11 TUMOR-RELATED GENES (KIP2, P16, HMLH-1, P15, P73, MGMT, DAPK, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31 AND HCAD) IN 21 SPECIMENS OF MALT LYMPHOMA, 5 SPECIMENS OF MALT LYMPHOMA WITH LARGE CELL COMPONENT (HIGH-GRADE MALT LYMPHOMA), 15 SPECIMENS OF DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (DLBCL), 8 SPECIMENS OF COMPLETE REMISSION OF MALT LYMPHOMA AFTER ERADICATION THERAPY, 5 SPECIMENS WITH NO EVIDENCE OF MALIGNANCY AND PBMCS FROM 10 HEALTHY DONORS. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN GASTRIC LYMPHOMAS AS COMPARED TO NORMAL CONTROLS (P<0.001). THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE (CIMP) WAS OBSERVED IN 93.3% (14/15) OF DLBCLS, 100% (5/5) OF HIGH-GRADE MALT LYMPHOMAS AND 61.9% (13/21) OF MALT LYMPHOMAS; IN CONTRAST, CIMP WAS NOT FOUND IN THE CONTROL GROUP (0%). THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES AND THE CIMP INCIDENCE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION. FURTHERMORE, ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES, SUCH AS P16, MGMT AND MINT31, WAS CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH H. PYLORI INFECTION. THESE FINDINGS STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT H. PYLORI INFECTION CAUSES THE ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES AND INDUCES CIMP, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA; ADDITIONALLY, OUR FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW EPIGENETIC MARKERS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  1495  33 DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CELL CYCLE (P15 AND P16) AND APOPTOTIC (P14, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF LEUKEMIA PATIENTS. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES HAS BEEN REPORTED IN ALL MAJOR TYPES OF LEUKEMIA WITH POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE INACTIVATION OF REGULATORY CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS GENES. HOWEVER, MOST OF THE PREVIOUS REPORTS DID NOT SHOW THE EXTENT OF CONCURRENT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES IN THE FOUR LEUKEMIA TYPES. HERE, WE ANALYZED SIX KEY GENES (P14, P15, P16, P53, DAPK AND TMS1) FOR DNA METHYLATION USING METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR TO ANALYZE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 78 LEUKEMIA PATIENTS (24 CML, 25 CLL, 12 AML, AND 17 ALL) AND 24 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. IN CML, METHYLATION WAS DETECTED FOR P15 (11%), P16 (9%), P53 (23%) AND DAPK (23%), IN CLL, P14 (25%), P15 (19%), P16 (12%), P53 (17%) AND DAPK (36%), IN AML, P14 (8%), P15 (45%), P53 (9%) AND DAPK (17%) AND IN ALL, P15 (14%), P16 (8%), AND P53 (8%). THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTED AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF DAPK METHYLATION IN CHRONIC LEUKEMIA IN CONTRAST TO P15 METHYLATION IN THE ACUTE CASES, WHEREAS TMS1 HYPERMETHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN ALL CASES. FURTHERMORE, HYPERMETHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES PER PATIENT WAS OBSERVED, WITH OBVIOUS SELECTIVENESS IN THE 9P21 CHROMOSOMAL REGION GENES (P14, P15 AND P16). INTERESTINGLY, METHYLATION OF P15 INCREASED THE RISK OF METHYLATION IN P53, AND VICE VERSA, BY FIVE FOLDS (P=0.03) INDICATING POSSIBLE SYNERGISTIC EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE OR BETWEEN THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS. THE INVESTIGATION OF MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METHYLATED GENES MIGHT SHED LIGHT ON TUMOR SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  6415  32 THE STUDY OF P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND THEIR QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IN PLASMA BY REAL-TIME PCR. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES BY PROMOTER METHYLATION ARE COMMONLY OBSERVED IN HUMAN EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS (HNSCC). IN THIS STUDY, A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IN 73 HNSCC SURGICAL SPECIMENS. P16 AND P15 GENE METHYLATION WAS ALSO EXAMINED IN 29 PAIRED METASTATIC LYMPH NODES AND 29 PAIRED HISTOLOGICALLY, NORMAL RESECTION MARGIN MUCOSAE. THE QUANTITY OF CELL-FREE METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN THE PLASMA SAMPLES OF 20 HNSCC PATIENTS AND 24 HEALTHY CONTROLS WAS ALSO EXAMINED USING A FLUORESCENCE-BASED REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY. THE FREQUENCIES OF P16 AND P15 METHYLATION IN THE PRIMARY TUMOUR WERE 49% AND 60%, RESPECTIVELY. CONCORDANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND P15 IN TUMOUR SAMPLES AND METASTATIC LYMPH NODES WAS FOUND IN 59 AND 38% OF CASES, RESPECTIVELY. A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PREVALENCE OF P15 METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN HISTOLOGICALLY-NORMAL SURGICAL MARGIN EPITHELIA OF HNSCC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING HABITS COMPARED WITH NON-SMOKERS AND NON-DRINKERS. IN ADDITION, METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE PLASMA OF HNSCC PATIENTS (MEAN 56 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 65 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY) COMPARED WITH NORMAL CONTROLS (MEAN 6 COPIES/ML PLASMA AND 16 COPIES/ML PLASMA, RESPECTIVELY). IN CONCLUSION, PROMOTER METHYLATION OF THE P16 AND P15 GENES IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HNSCC AND MAY BE RELATED TO CHRONIC SMOKING AND DRINKING. THE DIFFERENTIAL LEVELS OF METHYLATED P16 AND P15 DNA IN PLASMA MIGHT BE POTENTIAL USEFUL MARKERS IN SCREENING HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS FOR EARLY HNSCC AND MONITORING THEIR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9  2135  40 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS MELANOMA. SMALL AMOUNTS OF CELL-FREE DNA CIRCULATE IN BOTH HEALTHY AND DISEASED HUMAN BLOOD, WHILE INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF DNA ARE PRESENT IN THE SERUM OF CANCER PATIENTS. TUMOR-SPECIFIC MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE PREDOMINANTLY BEEN DETECTED IN TISSUE SPECIMENS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE METHYLATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT GENES INVOLVED IN TUMOR SUPPRESSION AND DNA REPAIR (SUPPRESSORS OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1 AND 2 (SOCS1, SOCS2)), RAS-ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY PROTEIN 1A (RASSF1A), D-TYPE P16(INK4A) CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR (CDKN), AND O6-METHYLGUANINE DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT)) IN THE SERUM OF 100 PATIENTS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. IN ALL, 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS (STAGE I = 18; STAGE II = 10; STAGE III/IV = 13), 13 HEALTHY CONTROLS WITHOUT NEVI, AND 10 INDIVIDUALS WITH MORE THAN 15 NEVI OF >5 MM IN SIZE WERE INVESTIGATED. FOR COMPARISON, SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH OTHER SKIN TUMORS (NINE BASAL CELL CANCERS, FIVE KAPOSI'S SARCOMA), DIFFERENT METASTASIZED CANCERS (FIVE BREAST CANCERS, FIVE COLON CANCERS), AND SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES (N = 12) WERE ALSO ANALYZED. IN ADDITION, WE EXAMINED IF METHYLATION WAS INVOLVED IN SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION OF THESE GENES IN 12 MELANOMA SPECIMENS. SOCS1, SOCS2, RASSF1A, CDKN2A, AND MGMT WERE METHYLATED IN 75, 43, 64, 75, AND 64% OF MELANOMA SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. OF THE 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS, 83% HAD ONE HYPERMETHYLATED GENE, WHILE 66, 51, AND 41% HAD TWO, THREE, OR FOUR HYPERMETHYLATED GENES, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, 20% OF THESE PATIENTS SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION FOR ALL GENES, WHILE ONLY 17% SHOWED NO METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE SELECTED GENES FROM MELANOMA PATIENTS WAS DISTINCT FROM THE OTHER ANALYZED TUMORS. TRANSCRIPTION OF SOCS1, SOCS2, CDKN2A, AND RASSF1A GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN FRESH MELANOMA SAMPLES, WHILE MGMT SHOWED A 12-FOLD UPREGULATION AT THE MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID LEVEL (P < 0.001). OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE STUDIED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON AND PROBABLY IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR MELANOMA FORMATION. THIS CONVENIENT METHOD USING A SIMPLE BLOOD SAMPLE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CLASSIFICATION OF MELANOMA AND AWAITS CLINICAL VALIDATION.	2006	
               
10  1342  40 DETECTING ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) HAS A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. FURTHER STUDIES INTO EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC, PARTICULARLY THE ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS), ARE REQUIRED, SINCE THESE CHANGES MAY PROVIDE NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. BY USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), THE PRESENT STUDY DETECTED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF 4 CANDIDATE TSGS, GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A, RESPECTIVELY, IN 35 PAIRED HCC AND TUMOR-ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES IN ADDITION TO 20 NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. THEIR EFFECT ON THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF HCC WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED BY ANALYZING THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IN HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P<0.01) AND THE NORMAL LIVER TISSUES (P<0.01). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT OBSERVED IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P>0.05) BUT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THE NORMAL TISSUES (P<0.01). IN HCC TISSUES, THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE GSTP1 GENE IN TUMORS WITH CAPSULAR INVASION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN TUMORS WITHOUT CAPSULAR INVASION (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 GENE IN HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG)-POSITIVE HCC PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN HBSAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA (P>0.05). PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IS HCC-SPECIFIC, AND THUS MAY BE USED AS A BIOMARKER TO ASSIST THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. WHILE THE METHYLATION OF GSTP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY ASSOCIATE WITH THE INVASIVENESS OF HCC, CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION MAY BE THE CAUSE OF METHYLATION-INDUCED P16 INACTIVATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  2439  41 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE MLH1 PROMOTER IN RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER AND ITS USE AS A BIOMARKER FOR PATIENTS WITH MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. BACKGROUND/AIMS: HUMAN MUTL HOMOLOG 1 (MLH1) PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS REPORTED IN GASTRIC CANCER (GC). THIS STUDY DETERMINED THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL, PROGNOSTIC, AND DIAGNOSTIC EFFECTS OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN GC. METHODS: THE COMBINED ODDS RATIO (OR) OR HAZARD RATIO (HR) AND THEIR CORRESPONDING 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS (95% CI) WERE CALCULATED. THE POOLED SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 4654 GC PATIENTS AND 3669 NON-MALIGNANT CONTROLS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THIS SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN GC SAMPLES THAN IN GASTRIC ADENOMAS, CHRONIC GASTRITIS, ADJACENT TISSUES, NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, AND NORMAL HEALTHY BLOOD SAMPLES, BUT IT EXHIBITED A SIMILAR FREQUENCY IN GC VS. INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND DYSPLASIA SAMPLES. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH AGE AND MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI), BUT IT WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH GENDER, H. PYLORI INFECTION, SMOKING, DRINKING BEHAVIORS, PATHOLOGICAL HISTOLOGY, TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION, CLINICAL STAGE, LYMPH NODE STATUS, DISTANT METASTASIS, OR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF GC. MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION EXHIBITED A POOR SENSITIVITY VALUE (< 0.5) IN PATIENTS WITH GC COMPARED WITH ADJACENT TISSUES, GASTRIC ADENOMAS, CHRONIC GASTRITIS, NORMAL GASTRIC MUCOSA, AND NORMAL HEALTHY BLOOD SAMPLES. THE POOLED SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND AUC OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN GC WITH MSI VS. GC WITH MICROSATELLITE STABILITY (MSS) SAMPLES WERE 0.64, 0.96, AND 0.90, RESPECTIVELY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE DETECTION OF MLH1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR GC PATIENTS WITH MSI.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12  4231  35 METHYLATION OF PROTOCADHERIN 10, A NOVEL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER. BACKGROUND & AIMS: BY USING METHYLATION-SENSITIVE REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED PROTOCADHERIN 10 (PCDH10), A GENE THAT ENCODES A PROTOCADHERIN AND IS SILENCED IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER. WE ANALYZED ITS EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN GASTRIC CANCER. METHODS: METHYLATION STATUS WAS EVALUATED BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING. THE EFFECTS OF PCDH10 RE-EXPRESSION WERE DETERMINED IN GROWTH, APOPTOSIS, PROLIFERATION, AND INVASION ASSAYS. PCDH10 TARGET GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY COMPLEMENTARY DNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS. RESULTS: PCDH10 WAS SILENCED OR DOWN-REGULATED IN 94% (16 OF 17) OF GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINES; EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE RESTORED BY EXPOSURE TO DEMETHYLATING AGENTS. RE-EXPRESSION OF PCDH10 IN MKN45 GASTRIC CANCER CELLS REDUCED COLONY FORMATION IN VITRO AND TUMOR GROWTH IN MICE; IT ALSO INHIBITED CELL PROLIFERATION (P < .01), INDUCED CELL APOPTOSIS (P < .001), AND REPRESSED CELL INVASION (P < .05), UP-REGULATING THE PRO-APOPTOSIS GENES FAS, CASPASE 8, JUN, AND CDKN1A; THE ANTIPROLIFERATION GENE FGFR; AND THE ANTI-INVASION GENE HTATIP2. PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 82% (85 OF 104) OF GASTRIC TUMORS COMPARED WITH 37% (38 OF 104) OF PAIRED NONTUMOR TISSUES (P < .0001). IN THE LATTER, PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN PRECANCEROUS LESIONS (27 OF 45; 60%) THAN IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS SAMPLES (11 OF 59; 19%) (P < .0001). AFTER A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP PERIOD OF 16.8 MONTHS, MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT PATIENTS WITH PCDH10 METHYLATION IN ADJACENT NONTUMOR AREAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN OVERALL SURVIVAL. KAPLAN-MEIER SURVIVAL CURVES SHOWED THAT PCDH10 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN STAGE I-III GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: PCDH10 IS A GASTRIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; ITS METHYLATION AT EARLY STAGES OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS IS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13  4903  25 P16 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH OR WITHOUT HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THROUGH METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE RELATION BETWEEN HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: SIXTEEN PATIENTS WITHOUT HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND 35 PATIENTS WITH HBV OR HCV WHO UNDERWENT LIVER RESECTION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) WERE STUDIED. MUTATION OF P53 WAS DETECTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. METHYLATION STATUS OF P16 WAS EVALUATED IN TUMOR AND NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN HCC WITHOUT HBV AND HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 5 (31%) OF 16 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (25%) OF 8 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 6 (75%) OF 8 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND NONE OF 16 NONCANCEROUS TISSUE SPECIMENS. IN HCC WITH HBV OR HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 8 (23%) OF 35 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (100%) OF 2 WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 13 (76%) OF 17 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 12 (75%) OF 16 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND 9 (26%) OF 35 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HEPATITIS VIRUSES MIGHT INDUCE METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER IN LIVER WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BEFORE APPEARANCE OF HCC.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14   817  42 CHARACTERISTIC PATTERNS OF ALTERED DNA METHYLATION PREDICT EMERGENCE OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC SUBSET OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) THAT ARE METHYLATION-SILENCED DURING THE EARLIEST STEPS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, AND TO FURTHER EVALUATE WHETHER THESE GENES CAN SERVE AS PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) EMERGENCE. A TOTAL OF 482 LIVER TISSUES INCLUDING 177 PAIRS OF HCCS AND MATCHED NONTUMOR LIVERS AND 128 LIVER BIOPSIES FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) PATIENTS WERE ANALYZED FOR QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN 24 TSG PROMOTERS AND THREE MINT LOCI. THE TUMORS WERE CLASSIFIED AS EARLY, LESS-PROGRESSED, AND HIGHLY PROGRESSED HCCS USING HISTOLOGY AND RADIOLOGICAL APPROACHES. A SUBSET OF TSGS THAT HARBORED DISTINCTLY HIGH LEVELS OF METHYLATION IN EARLY HCCS WERE SELECTED. BASED ON THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF THESE GENES, KAPLAN-MEIER ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE TIME-TO-HCC OCCURRENCE IN CHC PATIENTS. SUBSEQUENTLY, MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING AGE, GENDER, FIBROSIS STAGE, AND NUMBER OF METHYLATED TSGS AS COVARIATES. AMONG TSGS ANALYZED, A SUBSET OF EIGHT TSGS (HIC1, GSTP1, SOCS1, RASSF1, CDKN2A, APC, RUNX3, AND PRDM2) DEMONSTRATED A DISTINCT CLUSTER BY HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING AND RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSES. THIS SUBSET OF TSGS SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE EARLY HCCS (P < 0.0001). IN THE CHC PATIENTS, METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN THESE TSGS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER TIME-TO-HCC OCCURRENCE (P < 0.0001), AND NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR HCC (HAZARD RATIO = 5.21, 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL = 2.25-11.76, P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF A SUBSET OF TSGS PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE EARLIEST STEPS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THESE GENES IN CHC PROVIDES A PROGNOSTIC VALUE FOR DETERMINING THE RISK FOR DEVELOPING HCC LATER IN LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  4246  39 METHYLATION STATUS OF THE T-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTOR IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND FREQUENTLY OCCURS IN HUMAN CANCER CELLS. T-CADHERIN (CDH13) IS A NEW MEMBER OF THE CADHERIN SUPERFAMILY AND POSSESSES MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS. OUR STUDY INCLUDED 26 NORMAL CONTROLS (NCS), 65 CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS (CHB), 14 LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS (LC) AND 157 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS (HCC). WE MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF CDH13 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS), WHICH WERE DETECTED BY SEMI-QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-QPCR) AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) RESPECTIVELY. THE CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN HCC, ESPECIALLY IN EARLY-STAGE OF HCC THAN IN NCS AND CHB GROUPS (P < 0.05). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC PATIENTS THAN IN THE NCS AND CHB GROUPS (67.52 % VS 0.00 %, P < 0.001, 67.52 % VS 52.31 %, P < 0.05, RESPECTIVELY). CDH13 MRNA LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY AND RELATIVELY LOWER IN METHYLATED GROUPS THAN IN UNMETHYLATED GROUPS AMONG THE WHOLE PARTICIPANTS. THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF CDH13 PROMOTER IN HCC MIGHT BE INFLUENCED OR PARTLY INFLUENCED BY SOME CRITICAL FACTORS SUCH AS TBIL, ALB AND AFP (P < 0.05). AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN SIGNALING PATHWAY REGULATING BY CDH13 TO PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS, JNK LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HCC WHICH HAD A HIGHER METHYLATION FREQUENCY THAN IN NCS, CHB AND LC (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, THE COMBINATION OF THE METHYLATED CDH13 LEVEL AND AFP LEVEL SHOWED A BETTER SCORE: AUC = 0.796 (SE = 0.031, 95 %CI 0.735-0.857; P < 0.001) IN MALE AND AUC = 0.832 (SE = 0.057, 95 %CI 0.721-0.944; P < 0.001) IN FEMALE COMPARED TO AFP ALONE FOR DIAGNOSING HCC FROM NCS, CHB AND LC. THE METHYLATION OF CDH13 PROMOTER WAS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR FOR ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS (R=-1.378 P < 0.05). IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF CDH13 IN PBMCS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNDEREXPRESSION OF MRNA AND THE HIGH RISK OF HCC. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CDH13 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE PROGNOSIS OF HCC PATIENTS.	2020	
                                      
16  4905  43 P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, AGE, AND GENDER IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PURPOSE: THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE P16INK4A IS MAINLY INACTIVATED BY AN EPIGENETIC CHANGE INVOLVING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL IMPACT OF P16INK4A METHYLATION AND THE POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR THIS EPIGENETIC ALTERATION HAVE NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION STATUS AND MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF P16INK4A IN 50 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND CORRESPONDING NONNEOPLASTIC LIVER LESIONS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES. RESULTS: P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN 58% (29 OF 50) OF THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS AND 16% (6 OF 38) OF THE CORRESPONDING CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS TISSUE SAMPLES. P16INK4A METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION (P <0.001 AND P=0.003, RESPECTIVELY). ALL OF THE P16INK4A-METHYLATED TUMORS WERE POSITIVE FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS MARKERS, BUT NONE OF THE VIRUS-NEGATIVE TUMORS EXHIBITED P16INK4A METHYLATION (P=0.006). THE FREQUENCY OF P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (23 OF 32, 72%) THAN IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED TUMORS (6 OF 13, 46%; P=0.1). ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16INK4A WAS ALSO RELATED SIGNIFICANTLY TO INCREASING AGE, FEMALE GENDER, AND NORMAL LEVELS OF SERUM PIVKA-II (P=0.02, 0.04, AND 0.04, RESPECTIVELY). NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN SURVIVAL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION AND THOSE WITHOUT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS FROM AN EARLY STAGE AND THAT MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS VIRAL INFECTIONS, AGE, AND GENDER, MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH P16INK4A HYPERMETHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  1432  34 DIFFERENTIAL GENE HYPERMETHYLATION IN GENITAL LICHEN SCLEROSUS AND CANCER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. AIMS: LICHEN SCLEROSUS (LS) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE GENITAL SKIN OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY. THE ROLE OF LS IN PENILE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOGENESIS IS NOT WELL CHARACTERIZED. HPV HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN BOTH, AS HAVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THE PRESENCE OF HPV AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MGMT, P16, RASSF1, RASSF2, TSLC1 AND TSP1 GENES WERE STUDIED IN PENILE LS; MGMT, RASSF2 AND TSLC1 HYPERMETHYLATION IN PENILE CANCER AND TSLC1 HYPERMETHYLATION IN VULVAR LS AND CANCER EXTENDS PREVIOUS RESULTS REPORTED BY OUR GROUP. METHODS AND RESULTS: THIRTY-SEVEN HPV GENOTYPES AND HYPERMETHYLATION WERE EVALUATED BY PCR/REVERSE-LINE-BLOT AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR RESPECTIVELY, IN 27 PREPUTIAL LS, 24 PENILE SCC, 30 VULVAR SCC, 21 VULVAR LS AND 22 NORMAL SKIN CASES. HPV66 WAS PRESENT IN 3.7% OF PENILE LS CASES, AND P16 AND RASSF2 HYPERMETHYLATION WERE MORE FREQUENT IN PENILE CANCER THAN IN PENILE LS. P16, RASSF1, RASSF2 AND TSP1 HYPERMETHYLATION WERE SIMILAR IN PENILE AND VULVAR LS. CONCLUSIONS: GENE HYPERMETHYLATION IS A COMMON EVENT IN PENILE LS, AND OCCURS APPROXIMATELY AS FREQUENTLY AS IN VULVAR LS. CERTAIN GENES CAN BE HYPERMETHYLATED AS AN EARLY OR LATE EVENT IN LS OR CANCER, RESPECTIVELY. THIS SUGGESTS A POSSIBLE SEQUENTIAL ROLE FOR THESE ALTERATIONS IN THE TRANSITION FROM BENIGN TO MALIGNANT LESIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  5115  36 PORTRAIT OF DNA METHYLATED GENES PREDICTIVE OF POOR PROGNOSIS IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER AND THE IMPLICATION FOR TARGETED THERAPY. IN ADDITION TO CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ACT AS MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR HEAD AND NECK CANCER (HNC) DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. HERE, WE CONDUCTED A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IN ORDER TO ASSESS WHETHER DNA HYPERMETHYLATED GENES ARE PREDICTIVE OF HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING HNC AND/OR IMPACT ON SURVIVAL AND OUTCOMES IN NON-HPV/NON-TOBACCO/NON-ALCOHOL ASSOCIATED HNC. WE IDENTIFIED 85 STUDIES COVERING 32,187 SUBJECTS WHERE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION, RISK FACTORS AND SURVIVAL OUTCOMES WERE ADDRESSED. CHANGES IN DNA HYPERMETHYLATION WERE IDENTIFIED FOR 120 GENES. INTERACTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED ENRICHMENT IN COMPLEX REGULATORY PATHWAYS THAT COORDINATE CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION (CCNA1, SFN, ATM, GADD45A, CDK2NA, TP53, RB1 AND RASSF1). HOWEVER, NOT ALL THESE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, TOBACCO AND/OR HPV INFECTION IN THE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS. GENES WITH THE MOST ROBUST HNC RISK ASSOCIATION INCLUDED TIMP3, DCC, DAPK, CDH1, CCNA1, MGMT, P16, MINT31, CD44, RARBETA. FROM THESE CANDIDATES, WE FURTHER VALIDATED CD44 AT TRANSLATIONAL LEVEL IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF 100 PATIENTS WITH TONGUE CANCER FOLLOWED-UP BEYOND 10 YEARS. CD44 EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-RISK OF TUMOR RECURRENCE AND METASTASIS (P = 0.01) IN HPV-CASES. IN SUMMARY, GENES REGULATED BY METHYLATION PLAY A MODULATORY FUNCTION IN HNC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND IT REPRESENT A CRITICAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO MANAGE PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  2847  25 FREQUENT P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN TUMOR AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS. WE PROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED P15 METHYLATION PATTERNS IN 25 SURGICALLY RESECTED TUMORS AND 130 PLASMA, SERUM, AND BUFFY COAT SAMPLES FROM HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) PATIENTS, CONTROLS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS, AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS. USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, WE DEMONSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME P15 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN 64% OF TUMORS AND 25% (4 OF 16) OF PATIENTS' PLASMA AND SERUM SAMPLES. CONCURRENT P15 AND P16 METHYLATION WAS SHOWN IN 48% OF TUMORS, AND P15/P16 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN THE PLASMA/SERUM OF 92% (11 OF 12) OF PATIENTS. OF NOTE, 75% OF 12 PATIENTS WITH CONCURRENT TUMOR METHYLATION DEVELOPED CLINICAL METASTASIS/RECURRENCE (P = 0.027). IN BUFFY COAT SAMPLES, P15 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN ALL EIGHT PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15 METHYLATION, SUGGESTING THE PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS. NONE OF THE CONTROL SAMPLES WERE METHYLATION POSITIVE. OUR DATA UNDERSCORE THE IMPORTANT ROLE(S) OF P15 AND P16 METHYLATION IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND TUMOR PROGRESSION. AMONG 92% (23 OF 25) OF PATIENTS WITH TUMOR P15/P16 METHYLATION, CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA AND HCC CELLS WERE DETECTED IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF 87% (20 OF 23) OF PATIENTS. THE COMBINATION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS MAY PROVE VALUABLE FOR NONINVASIVE HCC DIAGNOSIS AND DISEASE MONITORING.	2000	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20   153  33 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN AGING LIVER, CHRONIC HEPATITIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES UNDERLYING THE METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF HEPATITIS VIRUSES ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THE CURRENT STUDY IS A COMPREHENSIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF HUMAN LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. A TOTAL OF 176 LIVER TISSUES, INCLUDING 77 PAIRS OF HCCS AND MATCHING NONCANCEROUS LIVER AND 22 NORMAL LIVERS, WERE ANALYZED FOR METHYLATION. METHYLATION OF 19 EPIGENETIC MARKERS WAS QUANTIFIED, AND THE RESULTS WERE CORRELATED WITH DIFFERENT DISEASE STATES AND THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTIONS. BASED ON METHYLATION PROFILES, THE 19 LOCI WERE CATEGORIZED INTO 3 GROUPS. NORMAL LIVER TISSUES SHOWED METHYLATION PRIMARILY IN GROUP 1 LOCI (HIC-1, CASP8, GSTP1, SOCS1, RASSF1A, P16, APC), WHICH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN GROUP 2 (CDH1, RUNX3, RIZ1, SFRP2, MINT31) AND GROUP 3 MARKERS (COX2, MINT1, CACNA1G, RASSF2, MINT2, REPRIMO, DCC) (P < 0.0001). NONCANCEROUS LIVERS DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BOTH GROUP 1 AND GROUP 2 LOCI. METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE ABUNDANT IN HCV-POSITIVE LIVERS COMPARED WITH NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. CONVERSELY, HCC SHOWED FREQUENT METHYLATION AT EACH LOCUS INVESTIGATED IN ALL 3 GROUPS. HOWEVER, THE GROUP 3 LOCI SHOWED MORE DENSE AND FREQUENT METHYLATION IN HCV-POSITIVE CANCERS COMPARED WITH BOTH HBV-POSITIVE CANCERS AND VIRUS-NEGATIVE CANCERS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: METHYLATION IN HCC IS FREQUENT BUT OCCURS IN A GENE-SPECIFIC AND DISEASE-SPECIFIC MANNER. METHYLATION PROFILING ALLOWED US TO DETERMINE THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION IS COMMONLY PRESENT IN NORMAL AGING LIVERS, AND SEQUENTIALLY PROGRESSES WITH ADVANCING STAGES OF CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. FINALLY, OUR DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT HCV INFECTION MAY ACCELERATE THE METHYLATION PROCESS AND SUGGESTS A CONTINUUM OF INCREASING METHYLATION WITH PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION AND CARCINOGENESIS IN THE LIVER.	2008