1   417 111 ANATOMIC SITE-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF GENE COPY NUMBER GAINS IN SKIN, MUCOSAL, AND UVEAL MELANOMAS DETECTED BY FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION. TO ASSESS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MELANOMAS OF DIFFERENT LOCATION AND DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY, 372 MALIGNANT MELANOMAS WERE BROUGHT IN A TISSUE MICROARRAY FORMAT. THE COLLECTION INCLUDED 23 ACRAL AND 118 NON-ACRAL SKIN MELANOMAS, 9 MUCOSAL MELANOMAS, 100 UVEAL MELANOMAS, AND 122 MELANOMA METASTASES. FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH) WAS USED TO ASSESS COPY NUMBER CHANGES OF THE CYCLIN D1 (CCND1), MDM2, C-MYC (MYC), AND HER2 GENES. FISH ANALYSIS REVEALED DISTINCT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MELANOMAS FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS. CCND1 AMPLIFICATIONS WERE DETECTED IN SKIN MELANOMAS FROM SITES WITH CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE (6 OF 32 CASES), ACRAL MELANOMAS (4 OF 17 CASES), AND MUCOSAL MELANOMAS (ONE OF TEN CASES) BUT NOT IN UVEAL MELANOMAS. HIGH-LEVEL MDM2 AMPLIFICATIONS WERE EXCLUSIVELY PRESENT IN ACRAL MELANOMAS (2 OF 19 CASES). MYC COPY NUMBER GAINS WERE DETECTED IN 32 OF 71 UVEAL MELANOMAS, FIVE OF EIGHT MUCOSAL MELANOMAS, AND 6 OF 67 MELANOMAS FROM SITES WITH INTERMITTENT SUN EXPOSURE BUT NOT IN ACRAL MELANOMAS NOR MELANOMAS FROM SITES WITH CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE. ALTERATIONS OF THE MYC GENE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED TUMOR STAGE. THERE WERE NO HIGH-LEVEL HER2 AMPLIFICATIONS. SITE-SPECIFIC GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES MAY IMPACT THE RESPONSE OF MELANOMAS TO VARIOUS ANTI-CANCER DRUGS AND SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN FUTURE STUDIES ON THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF MALIGNANT MELANOMAS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2  5594  21 ROLES OF AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS AN IMMUNE-MEDIATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INCENTIVES, POLYGENIC GENETIC CONTROL, AND IMMUNE REGULATION. THE INFLAMMATION-RELATED GENE ABSENT IN MELANOMA 2 (AIM2) WAS IDENTIFIED AS A SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE FOR PSORIASIS. AIM2 INFLAMMASOME FORMED FROM THE COMBINATION OF AIM2, PYD-LINKED APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED SPECK-LIKE PROTEIN (ASC) AND CASPASE-1 PROMOTES THE MATURATION AND RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS IL-1BETA AND IL-18, AND TRIGGERS AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. STUDIES SHOWED THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN AIM2 GENE AND PSORIASIS. AIM2 GENE HAS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSORIASIS, AND THE INHIBITORS OF AIM2 INFLAMMASOME WILL BE NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR PSORIASIS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZED THE ROLES OF THE AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS, HOPEFULLY PROVIDING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND NEW INSIGHT INTO THE ROLES OF AIM2 GENE AND AIM2 INFLAMMASOME IN PSORIASIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  4301  21 MICRORNA-21-ENRICHED EXOSOMES AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN MELANOMAGENESIS AND MELANOMA PROGRESSION: THE IMPACT OF WESTERN LIFESTYLE FACTORS. DNA MUTATION-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK SIGNALING ASSOCIATED WITH INTERMITTENT OR CHRONIC ULTRAVIOLET (UV) IRRADIATION CANNOT EXCLUSIVELY EXPLAIN THE EXCESSIVE INCREASE OF MALIGNANT MELANOMA (MM) INCIDENCE SINCE THE 1950S. MALIGNANT CONVERSION OF A MELANOCYTE TO AN MM CELL AND METASTATIC MM IS ASSOCIATED WITH A STEADY INCREASE IN MICRORNA-21 (MIR-21). AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL, MIR-21 INHIBITS KEY TUMOR SUPPRESSORS OF THE RAS-BRAF SIGNALING PATHWAY ENHANCING PROLIFERATION AND MM PROGRESSION. INCREASED MM CELL LEVELS OF MIR-21 EITHER RESULT FROM ENDOGENOUS UPREGULATION OF MELANOCYTIC MIR-21 EXPRESSION OR BY UPTAKE OF MIR-21-ENRICHED EXOGENOUS EXOSOMES. BASED ON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA AND TRANSLATIONAL EVIDENCE, THIS REVIEW PROVIDES DEEPER INSIGHTS INTO ENVIRONMENTALLY AND METABOLICALLY INDUCED EXOSOMAL MIR-21 TRAFFICKING BEYOND UV-IRRADIATION IN MELANOMAGENESIS AND MM PROGRESSION. SOURCES OF MIR-21-ENRICHED EXOSOMES INCLUDE UV-IRRADIATED KERATINOCYTES, ADIPOCYTE-DERIVED EXOSOMES IN OBESITY, AIRWAY EPITHELIUM-DERIVED EXOSOMES GENERATED BY SMOKING AND POLLUTION, DIET-RELATED EXOSOMES AND INFLAMMATION-INDUCED EXOSOMES, WHICH MAY SYNERGISTICALLY INCREASE THE EXOSOMAL MIR-21 BURDEN OF THE MELANOCYTE, THE TRANSFORMED MM CELL AND ITS TUMOR ENVIRONMENT. SEVERAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS THAT SUPPRESS MM CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION ATTENUATE MIR-21 EXPRESSION. THESE INCLUDE MIR-21 ANTAGONISTS, METFORMIN, KINASE INHIBITORS, BETA-BLOCKERS, VITAMIN D, AND PLANT-DERIVED BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, WHICH MAY REPRESENT NEW OPTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF MM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  2969  36 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO GOUT. GOUT IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY URIC ACID (UA) ACCUMULATION IN THE JOINTS, CAUSING INFLAMMATION. TWO UA FORMS - MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU) AND SOLUBLE URIC ACID (SUA) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INTERACT PHYSICALLY WITH INFLAMMASOMES, ESPECIALLY WITH THE NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR (NLR) FAMILY PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (NLRP3), ALBEIT THE ROLE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO UA IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD, GIVEN THAT ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA DOES ALSO EXIST. MACROPHAGE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF UA ACTIVATE NLRP3, LEAD TO CYTOKINES RELEASE, AND ULTIMATELY, LEAD TO CHEMOATTRACT NEUTROPHILS AND LYMPHOCYTES TO THE GOUT FLARE JOINT SPOT. GENETIC VARIANTS OF INFLAMMASOME GENES AND OF GENES ENCODING THEIR MOLECULAR PARTNERS MAY INFLUENCE HYPERURICEMIA AND GOUT SUSCEPTIBILITY, WHILE ALSO INFLUENCING OTHER COMORBIDITIES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC GOUT, SPECIFICALLY FOCUSING ON INNATE IMMUNE CELL MECHANISMS AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPATING MOLECULES. UNPRECEDENTLY, A NOVEL UA BINDING PROTEIN - THE NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITOR PROTEIN (NAIP) - IS SUGGESTED AS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA PARADOX.ABBREVIATION: BETA2-INTEGRINS: LEUKOCYTE-SPECIFIC ADHESION MOLECULES; ABCG2: ATP-BINDING CASSETE FAMILY/BREAST CANCER-RESISTANT PROTEIN; ACR: AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY; AIM2: ABSENT IN MELANOMA 2, TYPE OF PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; ALPK1: ALPHA-PROTEIN KINASE 1; ANGPTL2: ANGIOPOIETIN-LIKE PROTEIN 2; ASC: APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED SPECK-LIKE PROTEIN; BIR: BACULOVIRUS INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEIN REPEAT; BIRC1: BACULOVIRUS IAP REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1; BIRC2: BACULOVIRAL IAP REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2; C5A: COMPLEMENT ANAPHYLATOXIN; CAMP: CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE; CARD: CASPASE ACTIVATION AND RECRUITMENT DOMAINS; CARD8: CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 8; CASP1: CASPASE 1; CCL3: CHEMOKINE (C-C MOTIF) LIGAND 3; CD14: CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION 14; CD44: CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION 44; CG05102552: DNA-METHYLATION SITE, USUALLY CYTOSINE FOLLOWED BY GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES; CONTAINS ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; CIDEC: CELL DEATH-INDUCING DNA FRAGMENTATION FACTOR-LIKE EFFECTOR FAMILY; CKD: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CNV: COPY NUMBER VARIATION; CPT1A: CARNITINE PALMITOYL TRANSFERASE - TYPE 1A; CXCL1: CHEMOKINE (CXC MOTIF) LIGAND 1; DAMPS: DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS; DC: DENDRITIC CELLS; DNMT(1): MAINTENANCE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; EQTL: EXPRESSION QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; ERK1: EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE 1; ERK2: EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE 2; EULAR: EUROPEAN LEAGUE AGAINST RHEUMATISM; GMCSF: GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; GWAS: GLOBAL WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES; H3K27ME3: TRI-METHYLATION AT THE 27TH LYSINE RESIDUE OF THE HISTONE H3 PROTEIN; H3K4ME1: MONO-METHYLATION AT THE 4TH LYSINE RESIDUE OF THE HISTONE H3 PROTEIN; H3K4ME3: TRI-METHYLATION AT THE 4TH LYSINE RESIDUE OF THE HISTONE H3 PROTEIN; HOTAIR: HUMAN GENE LOCATED BETWEEN HOXC11 AND HOXC12 ON CHROMOSOME 12; IKAPPABALPHA: CYTOPLASMATIC PROTEIN/NF-KAPPAB TRANSCRIPTION INHIBITOR; IAP: INHIBITORY APOPTOSIS PROTEIN; IFNGAMMA: INTERFERON GAMMA; IL-1BETA: INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA; IL-12: INTERLEUKIN 12; IL-17: INTERLEUKIN 17; IL18: INTERLEUKIN 18; IL1R1: INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR; IL-1RA: INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IL-22: INTERLEUKIN 22; IL-23: INTERLEUKIN 23; IL23R: INTERLEUKIN 23 RECEPTOR; IL-33: INTERLEUKIN 33; IL-6: INTERLEUKIN 6; IMP: INOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE; INSIG1: INSULIN-INDUCED GENE 1; JNK1: C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE 1; LNCRNA: LONG NON-CODING RIBONUCLEIC ACID; LRR: LEUCINE-RICH REPEATS; MIR: MATURE NON-CODING MICRORNAS MEASURING FROM 20 TO 24 NUCLEOTIDES, ANIMAL ORIGIN; MIR-1: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-145: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-146A: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE, "A" STANDS FOR MIR FAMILY; "A" FAMILY PRESENTS SIMILAR MIR SEQUENCE TO "B" FAMILY, BUT DIFFERENT PRECURSORS; MIR-20B: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; "B" STANDS FOR MIR FAMILY; "B" FAMILY PRESENTS SIMILAR MIR SEQUENCE TO "A" FAMILY, BUT DIFFERENT PRECURSORS; MIR-221: MIR - FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-221-5P: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; "5P" INDICATES DIFFERENT MATURE MIRNAS GENERATED FROM THE 5' ARM OF THE PRE-MIRNA HAIRPIN; MIR-223: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; MIR-223-3P: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE; "3P" INDICATES DIFFERENT MATURE MIRNAS GENERATED FROM THE 3' ARM OF THE PRE-MIRNA HAIRPIN; MIR-22-3P: MIR FOLLOWED BY ARBITRARY IDENTIFICATION CODE, "3P" INDICATES DIFFERENT MATURE MIRNAS GENERATED FROM THE 3' ARM OF THE PRE-MIRNA HAIRPIN; MLKL: MIXED LINEAGE KINASE DOMAIN-LIKE PSEUDO KINASE; MM2P: INDUCTOR OF M2-MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION; MSU: MONOSODIUM URATE; MTOR: MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MYD88: MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION PRIMARY RESPONSE 88; N-3-PUFAS: N-3-POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; NACHT: ACRONYM FOR NAIP (NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITOR PROTEIN), C2TA (MHC CLASS 2 TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR), HET-E (INCOMPATIBILITY LOCUS PROTEIN FROM PODOSPORA ANSERINA) AND TP1 (TELOMERASE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN); NAIP: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN (HUMAN); NAIP1: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN TYPE 1 (MURINE); NAIP5: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN TYPE 5 (MURINE); NAIP6: NEURONAL APOPTOSIS INHIBITORY PROTEIN TYPE 6 (MURINE); NBD: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING DOMAIN; NEK7: SMALLEST NIMA-RELATED KINASE; NET: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS; NF-KAPPAB: NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-LIGHT-CHAIN-ENHANCER OF ACTIVATED B CELLS; NFIL3: NUCLEAR-FACTOR, INTERLEUKIN 3 REGULATED PROTEIN; NIIMA: NETWORK OF IMMUNITY IN INFECTION, MALIGNANCY, AND AUTOIMMUNITY; NLR: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR; NLRA: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING ACIDIC DOMAIN; NLRB: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING BIR DOMAIN; NLRC: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING CARD DOMAIN; NLRC4: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR FAMILY CARD DOMAIN CONTAINING 4; NLRP: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR NLRA CONTAINING PYD DOMAIN; NLRP1: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN, LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT, AND PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 1; NLRP12: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN, LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT, AND PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 12; NLRP3: NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR FAMILY PYRIN DOMAIN CONTAINING 3; NOD2: NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN; NRBP1: NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-BINDING PROTEIN; NRF2: NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2; OR: ODDS RATIO; P2X: GROUP OF MEMBRANE ION CHANNELS ACTIVATED BY THE BINDING OF EXTRACELLULAR; P2X7: P2X PURINOCEPTOR 7 GENE; P38: MEMBER OF THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE FAMILY; PAMPS: PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERS; PBMC: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS; PGGT1B: GERANYLGERANYL TRANSFERASE TYPE-1 SUBUNIT BETA; PHGDH: PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE; PI3-K: PHOSPHO-INOSITOL; PPARGAMMA: PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PPARGC1B: PEROXISOME PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR, GAMMA, COACTIVATOR 1 BETA; PR3: PROTEINASE 3 ANTIGEN; PRO-CASP1: INACTIVE PRECURSOR OF CASPASE 1; PRO-IL1BETA: INACTIVE PRECURSOR OF INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA; PRR: PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS; PYD: PYRIN DOMAIN; RAPTOR: REGULATORY ASSOCIATED PROTEIN OF MTOR COMPLEX 1; RAS: RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; REDD1: REGULATED IN DNA DAMAGE AND DEVELOPMENT 1; ROS: REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RS000*G: SINGLE NUCLEAR POLYMORPHISM, "*G" IS RELATED TO SNP WHERE REPLACED NUCLEOTIDE IS GUANINE, USUALLY PRECEDED BY AN ID NUMBER; SLC2A9: SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 2, MEMBER 9; SLC7A11: SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 7, MEMBER 11; SMA: SMOOTH MUSCULAR ATROPHY; SMAC: SECOND MITOCHONDRIAL-DERIVED ACTIVATOR OF CASPASES; SNP: SINGLE NUCLEAR POLYMORPHISM; SP3: SPECIFICITY PROTEIN 3; ST2: SERUM STIMULATION-2; STK11: SERINE/THREONINE KINASE 11; SUA: SOLUBLE URIC ACID; SYK: SPLEEN TYROSINE KINASE; TAK1: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA ACTIVATED KINASE; TH1: TYPE 1 HELPER T CELLS; TH17: TYPE 17 HELPER T CELLS; TH2: TYPE 2 HELPER T CELLS; TH22: TYPE 22 HELPER T CELLS; TLR: TOOL-LIKE RECEPTOR; TLR2: TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TLR4: TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TNFALPHA: TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TNFR1: TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; TNFR2: TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; UA: URIC ACID; UBAP1: UBIQUITIN ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; ULT: URATE-LOWERING THERAPY; URAT1: URATE TRANSPORTER 1; VDAC1: VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION-SELECTIVE CHANNEL 1.	2023	

5   740  24 CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS: EXPRESSION, REGULATION, TUMOR INVASION, AND USE IN IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCERS. CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTAS) ARE NAMED BASED ON THEIR EXPRESSION PATTERN THAT IS RESTRICTED IN A NUMBER OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL TISSUES. TUMOR CELLS FREQUENTLY EXPRESS ANTIGENS WHOSE EXPRESSION IS TYPICALLY RESTRICTED TO GERM CELLS. THEIR UNIQUE EXPRESSION PATTERN IS GUARANTEED BY PRECISE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS. BECAUSE OF THEIR TUMOR-LIMITED, HIGH IMMUNOGENICITY, AND BIASED EXPRESSION, DISCOVERY OF THESE MOLECULES PROVIDES UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY. EVOLVING EVIDENCE REVEALS THAT A NUMBER OF CTAS STIMULATE EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) AND GENERATION OF CANCER STEM-LIKE CELLS, INTENSIFYING METASTASIS, INVASION, AND TUMORIGENESIS. BASED ON THESE FEATURES, CTAS ATTRACT ATTENTION TO BE CONSIDERED AS IDEAL TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING SEVERAL CLINICAL TRIALS, MANY OF THEM CONCENTRATING ON CTA VACCINE THERAPY. ACCORDING TO RECENT PRACTICAL CLINICAL INTEREST, MORE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF CTA REGULATION ARE IDENTIFIED. CTA EXPRESSION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN A VARIETY OF HUMAN CANCER TISSUES, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN FOUND TO ELICIT HUMORAL AND/OR CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CANCER PATIENTS. CTAS ARE BRILLIANT TARGETS FOR ANTICANCER DRUG DISCOVERY, TARGETED TUMOR THERAPY, AND DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS, FURTHERMORE, VALUED GENES IN THE STUDY OF IMMUNOTHERAPY, PROMOTING TUMORIGENESIS, AND MALIGNANT PROGRESSION. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES AND CATEGORIZES OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX AND BIASED PROCESS OF CTAS MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN CANCER, AND SUPPLIES THE MOST RECENT INFORMATION ON THEIR REGULATION AND FUNCTION. BESIDES, A CONCISE SYNOPSIS OF THE MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS INVOLVING CTAS, AS THERAPEUTIC AVENUES, IS DISCUSSED. ABBREVIATIONS: AIRE: AUTOIMMUNE REGULATOR; CAMP: CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3',5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE; CEA: CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CML: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CREB: CYCLICAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING; CSCS: CANCER STEM CELLS; CTAS: CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGENS; CTL: CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DCS: DENDRITIC CELLS; EMT: EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; ERK: EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE; ESCC: ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ETS: E26 TRANSFORMATION-SPECIFIC; HIS: HISTIDINE; HLA: HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; HNSCC: HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; IFN-GAMMA: INTERFERON-GAMMA; IHC: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IL-7: INTERLEUKIN7; MHC: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MMP2: MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2; MTECS: MEDULLARY THYMUS EPITHELIAL CELLS; MUC1: MUCIN 1; NSCLC: NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; PRAME: PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED ANTIGEN IN MELANOMA; RDA: REPRESENTATIONAL DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS; SEREX: SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CDNA EXPRESSION; SSX: SYNOVIAL SARCOMA X CHROMOSOME; TAAS: TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS; TCR: T-CELL RECEPTOR; TCGA: THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS; TGF-BETA: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  2135  31 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS MELANOMA. SMALL AMOUNTS OF CELL-FREE DNA CIRCULATE IN BOTH HEALTHY AND DISEASED HUMAN BLOOD, WHILE INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF DNA ARE PRESENT IN THE SERUM OF CANCER PATIENTS. TUMOR-SPECIFIC MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE PREDOMINANTLY BEEN DETECTED IN TISSUE SPECIMENS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE METHYLATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT GENES INVOLVED IN TUMOR SUPPRESSION AND DNA REPAIR (SUPPRESSORS OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1 AND 2 (SOCS1, SOCS2)), RAS-ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY PROTEIN 1A (RASSF1A), D-TYPE P16(INK4A) CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR (CDKN), AND O6-METHYLGUANINE DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT)) IN THE SERUM OF 100 PATIENTS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. IN ALL, 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS (STAGE I = 18; STAGE II = 10; STAGE III/IV = 13), 13 HEALTHY CONTROLS WITHOUT NEVI, AND 10 INDIVIDUALS WITH MORE THAN 15 NEVI OF >5 MM IN SIZE WERE INVESTIGATED. FOR COMPARISON, SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH OTHER SKIN TUMORS (NINE BASAL CELL CANCERS, FIVE KAPOSI'S SARCOMA), DIFFERENT METASTASIZED CANCERS (FIVE BREAST CANCERS, FIVE COLON CANCERS), AND SEVERAL CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES (N = 12) WERE ALSO ANALYZED. IN ADDITION, WE EXAMINED IF METHYLATION WAS INVOLVED IN SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION OF THESE GENES IN 12 MELANOMA SPECIMENS. SOCS1, SOCS2, RASSF1A, CDKN2A, AND MGMT WERE METHYLATED IN 75, 43, 64, 75, AND 64% OF MELANOMA SAMPLES, RESPECTIVELY. OF THE 41 MELANOMA PATIENTS, 83% HAD ONE HYPERMETHYLATED GENE, WHILE 66, 51, AND 41% HAD TWO, THREE, OR FOUR HYPERMETHYLATED GENES, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, 20% OF THESE PATIENTS SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION FOR ALL GENES, WHILE ONLY 17% SHOWED NO METHYLATION. IMPORTANTLY, THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF THE SELECTED GENES FROM MELANOMA PATIENTS WAS DISTINCT FROM THE OTHER ANALYZED TUMORS. TRANSCRIPTION OF SOCS1, SOCS2, CDKN2A, AND RASSF1A GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN FRESH MELANOMA SAMPLES, WHILE MGMT SHOWED A 12-FOLD UPREGULATION AT THE MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID LEVEL (P < 0.001). OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE STUDIED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON AND PROBABLY IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR MELANOMA FORMATION. THIS CONVENIENT METHOD USING A SIMPLE BLOOD SAMPLE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO CLASSIFICATION OF MELANOMA AND AWAITS CLINICAL VALIDATION.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7   297  21 AIM2 AND PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE OCCURRING WORLDWIDE, WITH MULTIPLE SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS, WHICH SERIOUSLY AFFECT THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF PATIENTS. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS IS RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT, GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND DYSREGULATION OF IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS T CELLS, DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS), AND NONIMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS KERATINOCYTES. ABSENT IN MELANOMA 2 (AIM2), A SUSCEPTIBILITY GENE LOCUS FOR PSORIASIS, HAS BEEN STRONGLY LINKED TO THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS OF PSORIASIS AND INCREASED IN EXPRESSION IN PSORIATIC KERATINOCYTES. AIM2 WAS FOUND TO BE ACTIVATED IN AN INFLAMMASOME-DEPENDENT WAY TO RELEASE IL-1BETA AND IL-18 TO MEDIATE INFLAMMATION, AND TO PARTICIPATE IN IMMUNE REGULATION IN PSORIASIS, OR IN AN INFLAMMASOME-INDEPENDENT WAY BY REGULATING THE FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T(TREG) CELLS OR PROGRAMMING CELL DEATH IN KERATINOCYTES AS WELL AS CONTROLLING THE PROLIFERATIVE STATE OF DIFFERENT CELLS. AIM2 MAY ALSO PLAY A ROLE IN THE RECURRENCE OF PSORIASIS BY TRAINED IMMUNITY. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL ELABORATE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIM2 AND HOW AIM2 MEDIATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSORIASIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  5760  20 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9  6727  21 VITILIGO AND CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS. VITILIGO, THE DISCOLORATION OF THE SKIN, HAS DIFFERENT AUTOIMMUNE MECHANISMS REFLECTED BY MANY BIOMARKERS AS SHOWN BY SKIN HISTOLOGY, STAINING FOR CD4 AND CD8 T LYMPHOCYTES, CHEMOKINE LIGAND 9 OR CIRCULATING CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1 BETA, INTERFERON (IFN)-GAMMA, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA, ANTIBODIES, MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHEMOKINES, AND OTHERS. IN THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW, WE AIM TO OVERVIEW VITILIGO IN RELATIONSHIP WITH CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS. REGARDING VITILIGO, MORE THAN 50 DIFFERENT GENETIC LOCI HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE, AND THE HERITABILITY IS HIGH. THERE IS A 20% RISK OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL CONNECTION WHICH MAY ALSO ACT AS A TRIGGER; MOREOVER, THE ASSOCIATION WITH HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) EXPRESSION IS WELL RECOGNIZED. THE SPECIFIC LESIONS DISPLAY CD8+ TISSUE-RESIDENT MEMORY T CELLS AS CONTINUOUS KEY ACTIVATORS OF MELANOCYTES. THE ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC THYROIDITIS IS BASED ON COMMON AUTOIMMUNE BACKGROUND AND EXCESSIVE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES THAT DESTROY MELANOCYTES AND THYROCYTES (OXIDATIVE STRESS HYPOTHESIS) WITH THYROXINE AND MELANIN AS TARGET MOLECULES, THUS SHARING A COMMON ORIGIN: TYROSINE. MOREOVER, COMMON EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES OR MUTATIONS OF THE FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR D3 (FOXD3) HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. SINCE VITILIGO AFFECTS UP TO 1-2% OF THE POPULATION WORLDWIDE AND 34% OF PATIENTS HAVE POSITIVE THYROID ANTIBODIES, APART FROM COMMON AUTOIMMUNITY BACKGROUND AND OXIDATIVE STRESS TOXICITY, THE ASSOCIATION IS CLINICALLY RELEVANT FOR DIFFERENT PRACTITIONERS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10  5367  19 RECENT ADVANCES IN SUNLIGHT-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS USING THE XIPHOPHORUS MELANOMA MODEL. UNLIKE BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCERS, THE NATURE AND SEQUENCE OF CRITICAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS INVOLVED IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF MELANOMA ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO THIS DILEMMA, ESPECIALLY GIVEN OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF UV LIGHT IN MELANOMA ETIOLOGY, IS THE LACK OF QUALITY UV-INDUCIBLE MELANOMA ANIMAL MODELS. IN THIS STUDY WE ELABORATE ON THE CAPABILITY OF UV LIGHT TO INDUCE CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOMAS (CMM) IN XIPHOPHORUS FISHES, WHICH WERE PREVIOUSLY FOUND TO DEVELOP MELANOMAS AFTER ACUTE NEONATAL UVB IRRADIATION. IN TWO SEPARATE TUMORIGENESIS EXPERIMENTS, WE EXPOSED ADULT XIPHOPHORUS HYBRIDS TO EITHER ACUTE UVB IRRADIATIONS (5 CONSECUTIVE DAILY TREATMENTS) OR CHRONIC SOLAR IRRADIATIONS (CONTINUOUS UVA/UVB TREATMENT FOR 9 MONTHS). ACUTE ADULT UVB IRRADIATION RESULTED IN THE SIGNIFICANT INDUCTION OF MELANOMAS, AND MOREOVER, THIS INDUCTION RATE IS EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF ANIMALS EXPOSED TO ACUTE NEONATAL UVB IRRADIATION. THIS STUDY REPRESENTS THE FIRST EVIDENCE THAT ACUTE ADULT UVB IRRADIATION, IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES, INDUCES CMM. SIMILAR TO THE FINDINGS CONDUCTED ON OTHER DIVERGENT MELANOMA MODELS, INCLUDING HGF/SF TRANSGENIC MICE AND MONODELPHIS DOMESTICA, PROLONGED CHRONIC SOLAR UV WAS NOT A FACTOR IN MELANOMAGENESIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  3701  15 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO REGULATED CELL DEATH IN GOUT AND ITS FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS. GOUT, A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS DISEASE, IS CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERURICEMIA AND CAUSED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METABOLIC FACTORS. ACUTE GOUT SYMPTOMS ARE TRIGGERED BY THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTALS, WHICH IS MEDIATED BY THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND IMMUNE CELLS (E.G., MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS), THE NACHT, LRR, AND PYD DOMAINS-CONTAINING PROTEIN 3 (NLRP3) INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION, AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE (E.G., IL-1BETA) RELEASE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT THE MULTIPLE PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INCLUDE PYROPTOSIS, NETOSIS, NECROPTOSIS, AND APOPTOSIS, WHICH INITIATE INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE CORRELATION AND INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS AND THEIR ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GOUT TO PROVIDE FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND ENHANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF GOUT PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  5162  19 PRECISION MEDICINE DRIVEN BY CANCER SYSTEMS BIOLOGY. MOLECULAR INSIGHTS FROM GENOME AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY ARE INFLUENCING HOW CANCER IS DIAGNOSED AND TREATED. WE CRITICALLY EVALUATE BIG DATA CHALLENGES IN PRECISION MEDICINE. THE MELANOMA RESEARCH COMMUNITY HAS IDENTIFIED DISTINCT SUBTYPES INVOLVING CHRONIC SUN-INDUCED DAMAGE AND THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DRIVER PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, DESPITE LOW MUTATION BURDEN, NON-GENOMIC MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MELANOMA DRIVERS ARE FOUND IN MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, METABOLISM, OR EPIGENETIC SIGNALING WITH THE ABILITY TO BYPASS CENTRAL MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MOLECULES AND ACTIVATING A SIMILAR PROGRAM OF MITOGENIC EFFECTORS. MUTATION HOTSPOTS, STRUCTURAL MODELING, UV SIGNATURE, AND GENOMIC AS WELL AS NON-GENOMIC MECHANISMS OF DISEASE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION TO IDENTIFY RESISTANCE MUTATIONS AND NOVEL DRUG TARGETS. A COMPREHENSIVE PRECISION MEDICINE PROFILE OF A MALIGNANT MELANOMA PATIENT ILLUSTRATES FUTURE RATIONAL DRUG TARGETING STRATEGIES. NETWORK ANALYSIS EMPHASIZES AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC MASTER REGULATORS IN ONCOGENESIS. CO-OCCURRENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS IN SIGNALING, METABOLIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HIGHLIGHTS HOW CUMULATIVE ALTERATIONS OF OUR GENOMES AND EPIGENOMES PROGRESSIVELY LEAD TO UNCONTROLLED CELL PROLIFERATION. PRECISION INSIGHTS HAVE THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS SUITABLE FOR DRUG TARGETING. SYNERGISTIC TREATMENT COMBINATIONS OF ORTHOGONAL MODALITIES INCLUDING IMMUNOTHERAPY, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC INHIBITORS, AND METABOLIC INHIBITORS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO OVERCOME IMMUNE EVASION, SIDE EFFECTS, AND DRUG RESISTANCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  6669  16 URIC ACID IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: DOES URIC ACID HAVE A DEFINITIVE ROLE? INCREASED SERUM URIC ACID (SUA) LEVELS ARE COMMONLY SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ARE WIDELY ACCEPTED AS RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION, GOUT, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. ALTHOUGH SOME AMBIGUITY FOR THE EXACT ROLE OF URIC ACID (UA) IN THESE DISEASES IS STILL PRESENT, SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED SUCH AS INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND APOPTOSIS. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE IN GENOMICS ENLIGHTENS GENETIC VARIABILITIES AND SOME EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERURICEMIA. HERE WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF UA WITHIN METABOLISM AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WHILE PROVIDING NEWFOUND EVIDENCE FOR THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN UA AND GUT MICROBIOTA AND VITAMIN D. INCREASED SUA LEVELS AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF LOWERING SUA LEVELS NEED TO BE ELUCIDATED MORE TO UNDERSTAND ITS COMPLICATED FUNCTION WITHIN DIFFERENT METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND SET OPTIMAL TARGET LEVELS FOR SUA FOR REDUCING RISKS FOR METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14  2437  23 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SONIC HEDGEHOG ELICITS ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. BACKGROUND: PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS MAY SUFFER FROM PAIN OR NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT, AND THE DISEASE MAY BE DETECTED IN PATIENTS WITH A KNOWN MALIGNANCY. SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) HAS RECEIVED SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE TO ITS ROLE IN CANCERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ON ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND TUMOR GROWTH BY REGULATING THE HEDGEHOG (HH) SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS. METHODS: RAT MODELS OF METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS WERE SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED. WE FIRST CALCULATED THE TUMOR VOLUME AND THE INHIBITION RATE OF TUMOR GROWTH TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SHH ON TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PROLIFERATION WAS DELAYED BY SHH DEPLETION, AND THE 3-(4,5-DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2-YL)-2,5-DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE ASSAY WAS CONDUCTED TO TEST THE CHANGES IN THE LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION RATE IN THE SPLEEN TRIGGERED BY SHH SILENCING. THEN, THE INFLUENCE OF SHH DEPLETION ON IMMUNE FUNCTION WAS INVESTIGATED. LATER, QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT ASSAY WERE PERFORMED TO EXPLORE THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY-RELATED FACTORS. FINALLY, WE ADDED THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITOR, GDC-0449, TO CONFIRM THE ROLE OF THE PATHWAY IN TUMOR PROGRESSION. RESULTS: INITIALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT SHH DEPLETION WAS A NEGATIVE FACTOR FOR TUMOR GROWTH. AFTERWARDS, IT WAS REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH SERVED AS AN INHIBITOR FACTOR FOR THE FUNCTION OF SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION AND INFLAMMATION WHILE PROMOTING ANTITUMOR IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: OUR PRELIMINARY RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SHH ELICITS AN ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR GROWTH BY INHIBITING THE HH SIGNALING PATHWAY IN METASTATIC SPINE TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15   402  23 ANALYSIS OF APOPTOSOME DYSREGULATION IN PANCREATIC CANCER AND OF ITS ROLE IN CHEMORESISTANCE. THE APOPTOSOME IS A MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEX MEDIATING THE MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAY OF CELL DEATH. ITS IMPORTANCE DURING DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN CLEARLY DEMONSTRATED BY KNOCKING OUT KEY GENES IN MOUSE. APAF1 IS THE CORE PROTEIN OF THE APOPTOSOME AND ITS DOSAGE IS ALSO CRITICAL IN VARIOUS CANCER TYPES, I.E., MELANOMA, GERM LINE TUMOR, GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER AND B-TYPE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THIS IS GENERALLY DUE TO INACTIVATION OF THE APAF1 LOCUS BY EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR BY ACTIVITY OF PROMOTER REGULATORS. WE INVESTIGATED THE PUTATIVE ROLES OF THE APOPTOSOME IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA (PDAC). WE FOUND THAT BOTH APAF1 MRNA AND PROTEIN ARE DYSREGULATED IN HUMAN PDAC SAMPLES. SIMILARLY, SEVERAL PDAC CELL LINES EXHIBITED VARIABLE LEVELS OF BOTH APAF1 PROTEIN AND MRNA. THE RESPONSE TO CELL DEATH INDUCTION AND ITS BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES WERE ASSESSED BY TREATMENT OF EACH LINE WITH COMMONLY USED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS. WE FOUND THAT THE APOPTOSOME PATHWAY WAS NOT FUNCTIONAL IN MOST CELL LINES UPON CYTOCHROME C RELEASE FROM MITOCHONDRIA. IN ADDITION, WE RESTORED APAF1 AND CASPASE-9 DOSAGE IN PANC-1 CELLS, WHERE THE APOPTOSOME IS DOWNREGULATED, BY OVEREXPRESSING THE MURINE CDNA OF THE TWO MOLECULES, AND WE IMPROVED THE DEATH RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16   709  29 C-MYC ONCOPROTEIN DICTATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER GENES IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS REMAINS ONE OF THE MAJOR IMPEDIMENTS TO A SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). MISREGULATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF A SPECIFIC GROUP OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS (ABC) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REDUCING THE INTRACELLULAR CONCENTRATION OF DRUGS IN LEUKEMIC CELLS. MOREOVER, A CONSISTENT BODY OF EVIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT ABC TRANSPORTERS PLAY A ROLE IN CANCER PROGRESSION BEYOND THE EFFLUX OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS. DESPITE A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTION OF THE ABC TRANSPORTERS, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF THE ABC GENES. HERE, WE PRESENT DATA SHOWING THAT THE ONCOPROTEIN C-MYC IS A DIRECT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR OF A LARGE SET OF ABC TRANSPORTERS IN CML. FURTHERMORE, MOLECULAR ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT IN CD34+ HEMATOPOIETIC CELL PRECURSORS OF 21 CML PATIENTS REVEALS THAT THE OVEREXPRESSION OF ABC TRANSPORTERS DRIVEN BY C-MYC IS A PECULIAR CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CD34+ POPULATION IN CML AND WAS NOT FOUND EITHER IN THE POPULATION OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM WHICH THEY HAD BEEN PURIFIED NOR IN CD34+ CELLS ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY DONORS. FINALLY, WE DESCRIBE HOW THE METHYLATION STATE OF CPG ISLANDS MAY REGULATE THE ACCESS OF C-MYC TO ABCG2 GENE PROMOTER, A WELL-STUDIED GENE ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE IN CML, HENCE, AFFECTING ITS EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUPPORT A MODEL IN WHICH C-MYC-DRIVEN TRANSCRIPTIONAL EVENTS, COMBINED WITH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DIRECT AND REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF ABC GENES WITH POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS IN TUMOR MALIGNANCY AND DRUG EFFLUX IN CML.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  1484  25 DLEU2: A MEANINGFUL LONG NONCODING RNA IN ONCOGENESIS. BACKGROUND: LONG NON-CODING RNA (LNCRNA) WITH LITTLE OR NO CODING ABILITY HAS SHOWN A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN CANCER, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, DNA DAMAGE, REGULATION OF MICRORNAS, AND PARTICIPATION IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. LNCRNA CAN BE USED AS AN ONCOGENE AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN CANCER. FOR EXAMPLE, THE OVER-EXPRESSED LNCRNA DLEU2 PROMOTES THE OCCURRENCE OF LARYNGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, ETC., AND INHIBITS THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DELETED IN LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA 2 (DLEU2), AS ONE OF THE LONG NON-CODING RNAS, WAS FIRST FOUND IN CHRONIC LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA AND DRAWN INTO THE PROGRESS OF INNUMERABLE CANCERS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DLEU2 IN MULTIPLE TUMORS WILL BE REVEALED. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, CURRENT STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF DLEU2 IN TUMORS ARE SUMMARIZED AND ANALYZED; RELATED RESEARCHES ARE SYSTEMATICALLY RETRIEVED AND COLLECTED THROUGH PUBMED. RESULTS: DLEU2, A NOVEL CANCER-RELATED LNCRNA, HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE ABNORMALLY EXPRESSED IN VARIOUS MALIGNANT TUMORS, INCLUDING LEUKEMIA, ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, LUNG CANCER, GLIOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA, BLADDER CANCER, PANCREATIC CANCER, PHARYNX AND THROAT CANCER, RENAL CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA, BREAST CANCER, OSTEOSARCOMA. BESIDES, LNCRNA DLEU2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF PROLIFERATION, MIGRATION, INVASION AND INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS OF CANCER CELLS. CONCLUSION: DUE TO THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DLEU2, IT MAY REPRESENT AN AVAILABLE BIOMARKER OR POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN A VARIETY OF MALIGNANT TUMORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18  2765  22 EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND HUMORAL IMMUNOGENICITY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVE: CANCER-TESTIS (CT) ANTIGENS REPRESENT ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY BASED ON THEIR TUMOR-RESTRICTED EXPRESSION AND IMMUNOGENICITY. HOWEVER, A BROAD PICTURE OF THE EXPRESSION OF CT ANTIGENS AND ASSOCIATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS STILL MISSING. METHODS: WE SCREENED CML CELL LINES AND BONE MARROW (BM) SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY DONORS BY RT-PCR FOR THE EXPRESSION OF 31 CT ANTIGENS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS. EXPRESSION OF TUMOR-RESTRICTED ANTIGENS WAS FURTHER EXAMINED IN 60 CML PATIENTS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST 15 CT ANTIGENS WERE SCREENED BY ELISA. RESULTS: IN UNTREATED CELL LINES WE DETECTED THE EXPRESSION OF 17 CT ANTIGENS THAT WERE ABSENT FROM NORMAL BM. EXPRESSION OF MOST ANTIGENS INCREASED FOLLOWING DEMETHYLATING TREATMENT WITH 5'-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. IN THESE SAMPLES, ONLY PRAME WAS REPEATEDLY DETECTED AND EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DECREASED OVERALL SURVIVAL. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT A LOWER FREQUENCY OF PRAME-POSITIVE SAMPLES DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT WAS NOT CAUSED BY GENE-SPECIFIC DOWNREGULATION. ANALYZING THE PATIENTS' ANTIBODY RESPONSES WE FOUND THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS LACKED SPONTANEOUS IMMUNITY AGAINST CT ANTIGENS INCLUDING PRAME. CONCLUSIONS: CT ANTIGEN EXPRESSION CAN BE INCREASED BY THE APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS AND THE EXPRESSION OF PRAME CORRELATES WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OVERALL SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH CML, BUT DOES NOT LEAD TO HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES. PRAME-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY MIGHT REPRESENT A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE ERADICATION OF RESIDUAL THERAPY-RESISTANT LEUKEMIC CELLS DUE TO ITS FREQUENT EXPRESSION AND STABILITY UNDER IMATINIB TREATMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  5795  17 STAT3 INDUCTION OF MIR-146B FORMS A FEEDBACK LOOP TO INHIBIT THE NF-KAPPAB TO IL-6 SIGNALING AXIS AND STAT3-DRIVEN CANCER PHENOTYPES. INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6)-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) IS A MECHANISM BY WHICH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CANCER AND IS A COMMON ONCOGENIC EVENT. WE DISCOVERED A PATHWAY, THE LOSS OF WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT STAT3 ACTIVATION IN HUMAN CANCER. WE FOUND THAT THE GENE ENCODING THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA MIR-146B IS A DIRECT STAT3 TARGET GENE, AND ITS EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN NORMAL BREAST EPITHELIAL CELLS BUT DECREASED IN TUMOR CELLS. METHYLATION OF THE MIR-146B PROMOTER, WHICH INHIBITED STAT3-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF EXPRESSION, WAS INCREASED IN PRIMARY BREAST CANCERS. MOREOVER, WE FOUND THAT MIR-146B INHIBITED NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB)-DEPENDENT PRODUCTION OF IL-6, SUBSEQUENT STAT3 ACTIVATION, AND IL-6/STAT3-DRIVEN MIGRATION AND INVASION IN BREAST CANCER CELLS, THEREBY ESTABLISHING A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP. IN ADDITION, HIGHER EXPRESSION OF MIR-146B WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH PATIENT SURVIVAL IN BREAST CANCER SUBTYPES WITH INCREASED IL6 EXPRESSION AND STAT3 PHOSPHORYLATION. OUR RESULTS IDENTIFY AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CROSSTALK BETWEEN STAT3 AND NF-KAPPAB RELEVANT TO CONSTITUTIVE STAT3 ACTIVATION IN MALIGNANCY AND THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ONCOGENESIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20   150  24 ABERRANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGEN PRAME CORRELATES WITH PRAME EXPRESSION IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PRAME IS A TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN, WHICH BELONGS TO THE FAMILY OF CANCER-TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA). THE EXPRESSION OF CTA IS MAINLY RESTRICTED TO THE TESTIS AND VARIOUS TUMORS. IN CONTRAST TO OTHER CTA, PRAME EXPRESSION IS ALSO FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIAS. DUE TO THIS EXPRESSION PATTERN, PRAME HAS ATTRACTED GREAT INTEREST AS A PROGNOSTIC TUMOR MARKER THAT CAN BE USED FOR THE DETECTION OF MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE AND AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY. IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), PRAME EXPRESSION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN 30-64% OF CASES. TO EVALUATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO PRAME ACTIVATION IN AML, WE STUDIED DNA METHYLATION OF 15 CPG DINUCLEOTIDES WITHIN A CPG-RICH REGION LOCATED IN THE INTRON 1 OF THE PRAME GENE. DNA METHYLATION WAS DETERMINED BY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF CLONED PCR PRODUCTS GENERATED FROM BISULFITE-TREATED GENOMIC DNA. METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CORRELATED WITH PRAME MRNA LEVELS AS DETERMINED BY MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND REAL-TIME PCR. WE FOUND ALMOST COMPLETE METHYLATION IN MONONUCLEAR BLOOD CELLS FROM TWO HEALTHY DONORS AND IN BONE MARROW CELLS OF FOUR PRAME-NEGATIVE AML PATIENTS. IN CONTRAST, THE DEGREE OF PRAME METHYLATION WAS CLEARLY REDUCED IN FOUR PRAME-POSITIVE AML BONE MARROW SAMPLES. IN PARTICULAR, THESE SAMPLES WERE CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF CLONES, WHICH WERE COMPLETELY DEVOID OF METHYLATION. THE SIGNIFICANT INVERSE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF METHYLATION AND PRAME EXPRESSION SUGGESTS A CAUSAL ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN PRAME REGULATION. SUCH A ROLE IS FURTHER SUPPORTED BY THE OBSERVATION THAT TREATMENT OF PRAME-NEGATIVE CELL LINES U-937 AND THP-1 WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5'-AZA-2'DC RESULTED IN A DOSE-RELATED UPREGULATION OF PRAME EXPRESSION.	2008