1  1184 81 COOPERATIVE EPIGENETIC REMODELING BY TET2 LOSS AND NRAS MUTATION DRIVES MYELOID TRANSFORMATION AND MEK INHIBITOR SENSITIVITY. MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AND SIGNALING FACTORS OFTEN CO-OCCUR IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING TET2 AND NRAS MUTATIONS. CONCURRENT TET2 LOSS AND NRAS(G12D) EXPRESSION IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS INDUCED MYELOID TRANSFORMATION, WITH A FULLY PENETRANT, LETHAL CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), WHICH WAS SERIALLY TRANSPLANTABLE. TET2 LOSS AND NRAS MUTATION COOPERATIVELY LED TO DECREASE IN NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) ACTIVATION, INCLUDING SPRY2, THEREBY CAUSING SYNERGISTIC ACTIVATION OF MAPK SIGNALING BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING. TET2/NRAS DOUBLE-MUTANT LEUKEMIA SHOWED PREFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO MAPK KINASE (MEK) INHIBITION IN BOTH MOUSE MODEL AND PATIENT SAMPLES. THESE DATA PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO HOW EPIGENETIC AND SIGNALING MUTATIONS COOPERATE IN MYELOID TRANSFORMATION AND PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR MECHANISM-BASED THERAPY IN CMML PATIENTS WITH THESE HIGH-RISK GENETIC LESIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2  3872 25 JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA-A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND RECENT ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT. JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) IS A RARE PEDIATRIC MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP DISEASE. JMML IS ASSOCIATED WITH MUTATIONS IN THE RAS PATHWAY GENES RESULTING IN THE MYELOID PROGENITORS BEING SENSITIVE TO GRANULOCYTE MONOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF). KARYOTYPE ABNORMALITIES AND ADDITIONAL EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN JMML. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS AND NOONAN'S SYNDROME HAVE A PREDISPOSITION FOR JMML. IN A FEW PATIENTS, THE RAS GENES (NRAS, KRAS, AND PTPN11) ARE MUTATED AT THE GERMLINE AND THIS USUALLY RESULTS IN A TRANSIENT MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER WITH A GOOD PROGNOSIS. JMML WITH SOMATIC RAS MUTATION BEHAVES AGGRESSIVELY. JMML PRESENTS WITH CYTOPENIAS AND LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION INTO ORGANS. THE LABORATORY FINDINGS INCLUDE HYPERLEUKOCYTOSIS, MONOCYTOSIS, INCREASED HEMOGLOBIN-F LEVELS, AND CIRCULATING MYELOID PRECURSORS. THE BLAST CELLS IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD/BONE-MARROW ASPIRATE ARE LESS THAN 20% AND THE ABSENCE OF THE BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION HELPS TO DIFFERENTIATE FROM CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. JMML SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED FROM IMMUNODEFICIENCIES, VIRAL INFECTIONS, INTRAUTERINE INFECTIONS, HEMOPHAGOLYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS, OTHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS, AND LEUKEMIAS. CHEMOTHERAPY IS EMPLOYED AS A BRIDGE TO HSCT, EXCEPT IN FEW WITH LESS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE, IN WHICH CHEMOTHERAPY ALONE CAN RESULT IN LONG TERM REMISSION. AZACITIDINE HAS SHOWN PROMISE AS A SINGLE AGENT TO STABILIZE THE DISEASE. THE PROGNOSIS OF JMML IS POOR WITH ABOUT 50% OF PATIENTS SURVIVING AFTER AN ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT). ALLOGENEIC HSCT IS THE ONLY KNOWN CURE FOR JMML TO DATE. MYELOABLATIVE CONDITIONING IS MOST COMMONLY USED WITH GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE (GVHD) PROPHYLAXIS TAILORED TO THE AGGRESSIVENESS OF THE DISEASE. RELAPSES ARE COMMON EVEN AFTER HSCT AND A SECOND HSCT CAN SALVAGE A THIRD OF THESE PATIENTS. NOVEL OPTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF JMML E.G., HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS, MEK INHIBITORS, JAK INHIBITORS, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ETC. ARE BEING EXPLORED.	2021	

3  3871 19 JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA - A BONA FIDE RASOPATHY SYNDROME. JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) IS A PEDIATRIC MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP SYNDROME WITH SUSTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS, AGGRESSIVE FEATURES, AND POOR OUTCOMES. IN >90% OF CASES JMML IS DRIVEN BY GERMLINE OR SOMATIC MUTATIONS INVOLVING THE CANONICAL RAS PATHWAY (PTPN11, NRAS, CBL, KRAS AND NF1), WITH SOMATIC MUTATIONS/ALTERATIONS IN RAS PATHWAY GENES (SECOND HIT), SETBP1, ASXL1 AND JAK3 RESULTING IN DISEASE PROGRESSION. WHILE SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION HAS BEEN SEEN IN GERMLINE PTPN11 AND CBL MUTANT JMML, IN MOST PATIENTS, ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT IS THE ONLY CURATIVE MODALITY. JMML SHARES SEVERAL PHENOTYPIC FEATURES WITH ITS ADULT COUNTERPART PROLIFERATIVE, CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (PCMML). PCMML LARGELY OCCURS DUE TO RAS PATHWAY MUTATIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE CONTEXT OF AGE RELATED CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS (TET2, SRSF2, ASXL1), WHILE JMML IS A BONA FIDE RASOPATHY, WITH ADDITIONAL SOMATIC MUTATIONS, INCLUDING IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS GENES RESULTING IN DISEASE PROGRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4  6256 17 THE MITOGEN AND STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 REGULATES THE RAPID EPIGENETIC TAGGING OF DORSAL HORN NEURONS AND NOCIFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR. PHOSPHORYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT SERINE 10 (P-H3S10) IS A MARKER OF ACTIVE GENE TRANSCRIPTION. USING COGNITIVE MODELS OF NEURAL PLASTICITY, P-H3S10 WAS SHOWN TO BE DOWNSTREAM OF EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK) SIGNALLING IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOW THAT NOCICEPTIVE SIGNALLING AFTER PERIPHERAL FORMALIN INJECTION INCREASED P-H3S10 EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN. THIS INCREASE WAS MAXIMAL 30 MINUTES AFTER FORMALIN INJECTION AND OCCURRED MAINLY WITHIN P-ERK-POSITIVE NEURONS. SPINAL P-H3S10-ENHANCED EXPRESSION WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN NEUROKININ 1 RECEPTOR (NK1R), C-FOS, AND ZIF268 POSITIVE NEURONS AND WAS INHIBITED BY ABLATION OF SEROTONERGIC DESCENDING CONTROLS. THE MITOGEN AND STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (MSK1) IS DOWNSTREAM OF ERK AND CAN INDUCE P-H3S10. WE FOUND THAT, AFTER FORMALIN INJECTION, MOST PHOSPHO-MSK1 (P-MSK1)-POSITIVE CELLS (87% +/- 3%) EXPRESSED P-ERK AND THE MAJORITY OF P-H3S10-POSITIVE CELLS (85% +/- 5%) EXPRESSED P-MSK1. INHIBITION OF ERK ACTIVITY WITH THE MEK INHIBITOR SL327 REDUCED FORMALIN-INDUCED P-ERK, P-MSK1, AND P-H3S10, DEMONSTRATING THAT SPINAL P-MSK1 AND P-H3S10 WERE AT LEAST PARTLY DOWNSTREAM OF ERK SIGNALLING. CRUCIALLY, PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE OF SPINAL MSK1 ACTIVITY WITH THE NOVEL MSK1 INHIBITOR SB727651A INHIBITED FORMALIN-INDUCED SPINAL P-H3S10 AND NOCIFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR. THESE FINDINGS ARE THE FIRST TO ESTABLISH THE INVOLVEMENT OF P-H3S10 AND ITS MAIN KINASE, MSK1, IN ERK REGULATION OF NOCICEPTION. GIVEN THE GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF ERK SIGNALLING IN PAIN PROCESSING, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT P-H3S10 COULD PLAY A ROLE IN THE RESPONSE TO INJURY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  4838 40 ONCOGENIC N-RAS AND TET2 HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY COLLABORATE TO DYSREGULATE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS. CONCURRENT GENETIC LESIONS EXIST IN A MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. AMONG THESE, SOMATIC MUTATIONS THAT ACTIVATE RAS ONCOGENES AND INACTIVATE THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION 2 (TET2) FREQUENTLY CO-OCCUR IN HUMAN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS (CMMLS) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIAS, SUGGESTING A COOPERATIVITY IN MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. TO TEST THIS, WE APPLIED A CONDITIONAL MURINE MODEL THAT ENDOGENOUSLY EXPRESSED ONCOGENIC NRAS(G12D) AND MONOALLELIC LOSS OF TET2 AND EXPLORED THE COLLABORATIVE ROLE SPECIFICALLY WITHIN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS (HSPCS) AT DISEASE INITIATION. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THE 2 MUTATIONS COLLABORATED TO ACCELERATE A TRANSPLANTABLE CMML-LIKE DISEASE IN VIVO, WITH AN OVERALL SHORTENED SURVIVAL AND INCREASED DISEASE PENETRANCE COMPARED WITH SINGLE MUTANTS. AT PRELEUKEMIC STAGE, N-RAS(G12D) AND TET2 HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY TOGETHER INDUCED BALANCED HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HSC) PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCED COMPETITIVENESS. NRAS(G12D/+)/TET2(+/-) HSCS DISPLAYED INCREASED SELF-RENEWAL IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TRANSPLANTATIONS, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER RECONSTITUTION THAN SINGLE MUTANTS. STRIKINGLY, THE 2 MUTATIONS TOGETHER CONFERRED LONG-TERM RECONSTITUTION AND SELF-RENEWAL POTENTIAL TO MULTIPOTENT PROGENITORS, A POOL OF CELLS THAT USUALLY HAVE LIMITED SELF-RENEWAL COMPARED WITH HSCS. MOREOVER, HSPCS FROM NRAS(G12D/+)/TET2(+/-) MICE DISPLAYED INCREASED CYTOKINE SENSITIVITY IN RESPONSE TO THROMBOPOIETIN. THEREFORE, OUR STUDIES ESTABLISH A NOVEL TRACTABLE CMML MODEL AND PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO HOW DYSREGULATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS COLLABORATE TO MODULATE HSPC FUNCTION AND PROMOTE LEUKEMOGENESIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  4562 24 MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM OVERLAP SYNDROMES: A FOCUSED REVIEW. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS)/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN) OVERLAP SYNDROMES ARE UNIQUE MYELOID NEOPLASMS, WITH OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MDS AND MPN. THEY CONSIST OF FOUR ADULT ONSET ENTITIES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), MDS/MPN-RING SIDEROBLASTS-THROMBOCYTOSIS (MDS/MPN-RS-T), BCR-ABL1 NEGATIVE ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (ACML) AND MDS/MPN-UNCLASSIFIABLE (MDS/MPN-U); WITH JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) BEING THE ONLY PEDIATRIC ONSET ENTITY. AMONG THESE OVERLAP NEOPLASMS, CMML IS THE MOST FREQUENT AND IS HALLMARKED BY THE PRESENCE OF SUSTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS WITH RECURRENT MUTATIONS INVOLVING TET2 (60%), SRSF2 (50%) AND ASXL1 (40%); WITH RAS PATHWAY MUTATIONS AND JAK2V617F BEING RELATIVELY ENRICHED IN PROLIFERATIVE CMML SUBTYPES (WBC >/=13 X 109/L). CMML USUALLY PRESENTS IN THE 7TH DECADE OF LIFE, WITH A MALE PREPONDERANCE AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL OF <36 MONTHS. ADVERSE PROGNOSTICATORS IN CMML INCLUDE INCREASING AGE, HIGH WBC, PRESENCE OF CIRCULATING IMMATURE MYELOID CELLS, ANEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND TRUNCATING ASXL1 MUTATIONS. WHILE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REMAINS THE ONLY CURATIVE OPTION, GIVEN THE LATE ONSET OF THIS NEOPLASM AND HIGH FREQUENCY OF COMORBIDITIES, MOST PATIENTS REMAIN INELIGIBLE. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS SUCH AS AZACITIDINE, DECITABINE AND ORAL DECITABINE/CEDAZURIDINE HAVE BEEN US FDA APPROVED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CMML, WITH OVERALL RESPONSE RATES OF 40-50% AND COMPLETE REMISSION RATES OF <20%. WHILE THESE AGENTS EPIGENETICALLY RESTORE HEMATOPOIESIS IN A SUBSET OF RESPONDING PATIENTS, THEY DO NOT IMPACT MUTATIONAL ALLELE BURDENS AND EVENTUAL DISEASE PROGRESSION TO AML REMAINS INEVITABLE. NEWER TREATMENT MODALITIES EXPLOITING EPIGENETIC, SIGNALING AND SPLICING ABNORMALITIES COMMONLY SEEN IN CMML ARE MUCH NEEDED.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  6780 28 [BLASTIC PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL NEOPLASM ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH AZACITIDINE]. BLASTIC PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL NEOPLASM (BPDCN) IS A RARE DISEASE THAT DEVELOPS WITH A SKIN LESION AND IS OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION. THE NORMAL COUNTERPARTS OF BPDCN TUMOR CELLS ARE PROGENITORS OF PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS, WHEREAS THE ORIGINS ARE THOUGHT TO BE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. APPROXIMATELY 10%-20% OF BPDCN PATIENTS DEVELOP OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN BOTH BPDCN AND CMML TUMORS. AZACITIDINE, A DRUG THAT TARGETS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, IS KNOWN TO BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR CMML. HOWEVER, IT HAS BEEN USED IN FEW BPDCN PATIENTS. HERE, WE REPORT A BPDCN PATIENT WITH SKIN LESIONS, BONE MARROW INFILTRATION, AND LYMPHADENOPATHY. CMML ALSO DEVELOPED DURING THE COURSE OF BPDCN. AZACITIDINE HAD POSITIVE EFFECTS ON CMML; HOWEVER, BPDCN AGGRESSIVELY RELAPSED DURING TREATMENT. TWO TET2 MUTATIONS WERE FOUND IN BOTH BPDCN AND CMML TUMORS; ONE OF WHICH WAS COMMONLY IDENTIFIED IN BOTH TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  4553 29 MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN CHINESE PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A RARE AND HETEROGENEOUS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS ASXL1, TET2, SETBP1, AND SRSF2 MUTATIONS ARE COMMON IN CAUCASIAN POPULATION. METHODS: WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED 178 CHINESE CMML PATIENTS. THE TARGETED NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) WAS USED TO EVALUATE 114 GENE VARIATIONS, AND THE PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR OS WERE DETERMINED BY COX REGRESSION ANALYSIS. RESULTS: THE CMML PATIENTS SHOWED A UNIQUE MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM, INCLUDING TET2 (36.5%), NRAS (31.5%), ASXL1 (28.7%), SRSF2 (24.7%), AND RUNX1 (21.9%). OF THE 102 PATIENTS WITH CLONAL ANALYSIS, THE ANCESTRAL EVENTS PREFERENTIALLY OCCURRED IN TET2 (18.5%), SPLICING FACTORS (16.5%), RAS (14.0%), AND ASXL1 (7.8%), AND THE SUBCLONAL GENES WERE MAINLY ASXL1, TET2, AND RAS. IN ADDITION, THE SECONDARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (SAML) TRANSFORMED FROM CMML OFTEN HAD MUTATIONS IN DNMT3A, ETV6, FLT3, AND NPM1, WHILE THE PRIMARY AML (PAML) DEMONSTRATED MORE MUTATIONS IN CEBPA, DNMT3A, FLT3, IDH1/2, NPM1, AND WT1. IT WAS OF NOTE THAT A SERIES OF CLONES WERE EMERGED DURING THE PROGRESSION FROM CMML TO AML, INCLUDING DNMT3A, FLT3, AND NPM1. BY UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS, ASXL1 MUTATION, INTERMEDIATE- AND HIGH-RISK CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITY, CMML-SPECIFIC PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEM (CPSS) STRATIFICATIONS (INTERMEDIATE-2 AND HIGH GROUP), AND TREATMENT OPTIONS (BEST SUPPORTIVE CARE) PREDICTED FOR WORSE OS. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS REVEALED A SIMILAR OUTCOME. CONCLUSIONS: THE COMMON MUTATIONS IN CHINESE CMML PATIENTS INCLUDED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS (TET2 AND ASXL1), SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY COMPONENTS (NRAS), AND SPLICING FACTOR (SRSF2). THE CMML PATIENTS WITH DNMT3A, ETV6, FLT3, AND NPM1 MUTATIONS TENDED TO PROGRESS TO SAML. ASXL1 MUTATION AND THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES WERE INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CMML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  5911 19 TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AIDS DIAGNOSIS IN CHALLENGING CASES AND IDENTIFIES FREQUENT SPLICEOSOME MUTATIONS IN TRANSFORMED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVES: OPTIMAL INTEGRATION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES REMAINS UNCLEAR. WE EVALUATE THE UTILITY OF NGS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. METHODS: A 42-GENE PANEL WAS USED TO SEQUENCE 109 CASES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS, N = 38), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML, N = 14), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN, N = 24), AND MDS AND/OR MPN TRANSFORMED TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML, N = 33). RESULTS: AT LEAST ONE PATHOGENIC MUTATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN 74% OF CASES OF MDS, 100% OF CMMLS, AND 96% OF MPNS. IN CONTRAST, ONLY 47% OF CASES OF MDS (18/38) AND 7% (1/14) OF CMMLS EXHIBITED ABNORMAL CYTOGENETICS. IN DIAGNOSTICALLY DIFFICULT CASES OF MDS OR CMML WITH NORMAL CYTOGENETICS, NGS IDENTIFIED A PATHOGENIC MUTATION AND WAS CRITICAL IN ESTABLISHING THE CORRECT DIAGNOSIS. SPLICEOSOMAL GENES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS WERE FREQUENTLY MUTATED. SPLICEOSOME MUTATIONS WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN AML ARISING FROM MDS, CMML, OR MPN (39%) COMPARED WITH THE REPORTED RATE IN DE NOVO AML (7%-14%). CONCLUSIONS: IN DIFFICULT CASES OF MDS OR MPN, NGS FACILITATES DIAGNOSIS BY DETECTION OF GENE MUTATIONS TO CONFIRM CLONALITY, AND AMLS EVOLVING FROM MDS OR MPN CARRY FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN SPLICEOSOMAL GENES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10   472 18 ARRAY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION AND SEQUENCING OF 23 GENES IN 80 PATIENTS WITH MYELOFIBROSIS AT CHRONIC OR ACUTE PHASE. MYELOFIBROSIS IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM THAT OCCURS DE NOVO (PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS) OR RESULTS FROM THE PROGRESSION OF POLYCYTHEMIA VERA OR ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTEMIA (HEREAFTER DESIGNATED AS SECONDARY MYELOFIBROSIS OR POST-POLYCYTHEMIA VERA/ ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA MYELOFIBROSIS). TO PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF MYELOFIBROSIS AND TO FIND MOLECULAR PROGNOSTIC MARKERS WE STUDIED 104 SAMPLES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MYELOFIBROSIS AT CHRONIC (N=68) AND ACUTE PHASES (N=12) FROM 80 PATIENTS, BY USING ARRAY-COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION AND SEQUENCING OF 23 GENES (ASXL1, BMI1, CBL, DNMT3A, EZH2, IDH1/2, JAK2, K/NRAS, LNK, MPL, NF1, PPP1R16B, PTPN11, RCOR1, SF3B1, SOCS2, SRSF2, SUZ12, TET2, TP53, TRPS1). WE FOUND COPY NUMBER ABERRATIONS IN 54% OF SAMPLES, OFTEN INVOLVING GENES WITH A KNOWN OR POTENTIAL ROLE IN LEUKEMOGENESIS. WE SHOW THAT CASES CARRYING A DEL(20Q), DEL(17) OR DEL(12P) EVOLVE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (P=0.03). WE FOUND THAT 88% OF THE CASES WERE MUTATED, MAINLY IN SIGNALING PATHWAY (JAK2 69%, NF1 6%) AND EPIGENETIC GENES (ASXL1 26%, TET2 14%, EZH2 8%). OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS POOR IN PATIENTS WITH MORE THAN ONE MUTATION (P=0.001) AND IN PATIENTS WITH JAK2/ASXL1 MUTATIONS (P=0.02). OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE HETEROGENEITY OF MYELOFIBROSIS, AND POINTS TO SEVERAL INTERESTING COPY NUMBER ABERRATIONS AND GENES WITH DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC IMPACT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  4557 17 MUTATIONS IN ASXL1 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS ACROSS THE SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANT MYELOID DISEASES. THE ASXL1 GENE IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED GENES IN MALIGNANT MYELOID DISEASES. THE ASXL1 PROTEIN BELONGS TO PROTEIN COMPLEXES INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE FOUND IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). THEY ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNS OF AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR CLINICAL OUTCOME. BECAUSE OF THIS, A SYSTEMATIC DETERMINATION OF ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES SHOULD HELP IN PROGNOSIS ASSESSMENT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  4748 23 NOVEL MUTATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS: JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH AND IKZF1. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS) ORIGINATE FROM GENETICALLY TRANSFORMED HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS THAT RETAIN THE CAPACITY FOR MULTILINEAGE DIFFERENTIATION AND EFFECTIVE MYELOPOIESIS. BEGINNING IN EARLY 2005, A NUMBER OF NOVEL MUTATIONS INVOLVING JANUS KINASE 2 (JAK2), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (MPL), TET ONCOGENE FAMILY MEMBER 2 (TET2), ADDITIONAL SEX COMBS-LIKE 1 (ASXL1), CASITAS B-LINEAGE LYMPHOMA PROTO-ONCOGENE (CBL), ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE (IDH) AND IKAROS FAMILY ZINC FINGER 1 (IKZF1) HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN BCR-ABL1-NEGATIVE MPNS. HOWEVER, NONE OF THESE MUTATIONS WERE MPN SPECIFIC, DISPLAYED MUTUAL EXCLUSIVITY OR COULD BE TRACED BACK TO A COMMON ANCESTRAL CLONE. JAK2 AND MPL MUTATIONS APPEAR TO EXERT A PHENOTYPE-MODIFYING EFFECT AND ARE DISTINCTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA AND PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS; THE CORRESPONDING MUTATIONAL FREQUENCIES ARE APPROXIMATELY 99, 55 AND 65% FOR JAK2 AND 0, 3 AND 10% FOR MPL MUTATIONS. THE INCIDENCE OF TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH OR IKZF1 MUTATIONS IN THESE DISORDERS RANGES FROM 0 TO 17%; THESE LATTER MUTATIONS ARE MORE COMMON IN CHRONIC (TET2, ASXL1, CBL) OR JUVENILE (CBL) MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS, MASTOCYTOSIS (TET2), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (TET2, ASXL1) AND SECONDARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING BLAST-PHASE MPN (IDH, ASXL1, IKZF1). THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF MPN-ASSOCIATED MUTATIONS INCLUDE UNREGULATED JAK-STAT (JANUS KINASE/SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION) SIGNALING, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF ONCOPROTEINS. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR AS TO WHETHER AND HOW THESE ABNORMALITIES CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE INITIATION, CLONAL EVOLUTION OR BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13  4555 20 MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA INCLUDES GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATION: UTX, EZH2, AND DNMT3A. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), A MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM, IS CHARACTERIZED BY MONOCYTIC PROLIFERATION, DYSPLASIA, AND PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CMML HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN DIVERSE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED GENES. WE ANALYZED 72 WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATIENTS WITH CMML (N = 52) AND CMML-DERIVED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (N = 20) FOR RECURRENT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES WITH THE USE OF ROUTINE CYTOGENETICS AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAYS ALONG WITH COMPREHENSIVE MUTATIONAL SCREENING. CYTOGENETIC ABERRATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 46% OF CASES, WHEREAS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY INCREASED THE DIAGNOSTIC YIELD TO 60%. AT LEAST 1 MUTATION WAS FOUND IN 86% OF ALL CASES; NOVEL UTX, DNMT3A, AND EZH2 MUTATIONS WERE FOUND IN 8%, 10%, AND 5.5% OF PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. TET2 MUTATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 49%, ASXL1 IN 43%, CBL IN 14%, IDH1/2 IN 4%, KRAS IN 7%, NRAS IN 4%, AND JAK2 V617F IN 1% OF PATIENTS. VARIOUS MUTANT GENOTYPE COMBINATIONS WERE OBSERVED, INDICATING MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY IN CMML. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MOLECULAR DEFECTS AFFECTING DISTINCT PATHWAYS CAN LEAD TO SIMILAR CLINICAL PHENOTYPES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  2665 24 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NOVEL MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) XENOTRANSPLANTATION MODEL. BACKGROUND: MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) IS A CLONAL DISEASE OF THE ELDERLY CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC CYTOPENIA, DYSPLASIA, AND A HIGH RISK OF PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). UP UNTIL NOW, FEW ANIMAL MODELS THAT FULLY RECAPITULATE CLINICAL FEATURES OF THIS DISEASE HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE. METHODS: THIS STUDY AIMED TO ESTABLISH A NEW MDS XENOGRAFT MODEL UTILIZING A HUMAN MDS-DERIVED CELL LINE WITH HETEROZYGOUS Y641C MUTATION OF EZH2 (SKM-1). 1 X 107 SKM-1 CELLS WERE INOCULATED INTO ANTI-MOUSE CD122 MONOANTIBODY CONDITIONED NONOBESE DIABETIC SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (NOD/SCID) MICE BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION. DECITABINE WAS INJECTED INTRAPERITONEALLY FOR EVALUATION OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS IN VIVO. RESULTS: IT IS SHOWN THAT THE HETEROZYGOUS Y641C MUTATION IN THE EZH2 GENE MUTATION, WHICH MAY DESTABILIZE THE PROTEIN (??G = 1.46 KCAL/MOL), CAN BE FOUND IN SKM-1 CELLS. MOST MICE PRESENTED ANEMIA AND LEUKOPENIA AT THREE TO FOUR WEEKS AFTER INOCULATION. THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND BONE MARROW SMEAR SHOWED PROMINENT DYSPLASIA ON ERYTHROCYTES AND GRANULOCYTES AS WELL AS MONOCYTES. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION OF CELLS FROM THE HUMAN MDS-DERIVED CELL LINE PRIOR TO TARGETED DEPLETION OF CD122+ CELLS COULD PROVIDE A NOVEL MDS-LIKE XENOTRANSPLANT MOUSE MODEL. IT IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR EVALUATING POTENTIAL EXISTING AND NOVEL THERAPEUTICS FOR MDS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15  2277 25 EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY ASXL1 IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. MYELOID MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC DISORDERS THAT ARE COMPRISED OF A SPECTRUM OF GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS DISORDERS, INCLUDING MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). MYELOID MALIGNANCIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION, ABNORMAL SELF-RENEWAL, AND/OR DIFFERENTIATION DEFECTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) AND MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS (HSPCS). MYELOID MALIGNANCIES CAN BE CAUSED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT PROVOKE KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS SELF-RENEWAL, PROLIFERATION, BIASED LINEAGE COMMITMENT, AND DIFFERENTIATION. ADVANCES IN NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE MUTATIONS IN MYELOID NEOPLASMS, AND MANY NEW GENE MUTATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS KEY FACTORS IN DRIVING THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THE POLYCOMB PROTEIN ASXL1 WAS IDENTIFIED TO BE FREQUENTLY MUTATED IN ALL FORMS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, WITH MUTATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF 20%, 43%, 10%, AND 20% IN MDS, CMML, MPN, AND AML, RESPECTIVELY. SIGNIFICANTLY, ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A POOR PROGNOSIS IN ALL FORMS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THE FACT THAT ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CMML, MDS, AND AML, POINTS TO THE POSSIBILITY THAT ASXL1 MUTATION IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING MYELOID MALIGNANCIES WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON ASXL1 MUTATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  5789 22 SRSF2(P95H/+) CO-OPERATES WITH LOSS OF TET2 TO PROMOTE MYELOID BIAS AND INITIATE A CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA-LIKE DISEASE IN MICE. RECURRENT MUTATIONS IN RNA SPLICING PROTEINS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND RELATED MYELOID NEOPLASMS. IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), SRSF2 MUTATIONS OCCUR IN ~50% OF PATIENTS AND TET2 MUTATIONS IN ~60%. CLONAL ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT EITHER MUTATION CAN ARISE AS THE FOUNDER LESION. BASED ON HUMAN CANCER GENETICS WE CROSSED AN INDUCIBLE SRSF2(P95H/+) MUTANT MODEL WITH TET2(FL/FL) MICE TO MUTATE BOTH CONCOMITANTLY IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. AT 20-24 WEEKS POST MUTATION INDUCTION, WE OBSERVED SUBTLE DIFFERENCES IN THE SRSF2/TET2 MUTANTS COMPARED TO EITHER SINGLE MUTANT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF NATIVE HEMATOPOIESIS WITH AGING, WE SEE A DISTINCT MYELOID BIAS AND MONOCYTOSIS IN THE SRSF2/TET2 MUTANTS. A SUBSET OF THE COMPOUND SRSF2/TET2 MUTANTS DISPLAY AN INCREASED GRANULOCYTIC AND DISTINCTIVE MONOCYTIC PROLIFERATION (MYELOMONOCYTIC HYPERPLASIA), WITH INCREASED IMMATURE PROMONOCYTES AND MONOBLASTS AND BINUCLEATE PROMONOCYTES. EXOME ANALYSIS OF PROGRESSED DISEASE DEMONSTRATED MUTATIONS IN GENES AND PATHWAYS SIMILAR TO THOSE REPORTED IN HUMAN CMML. UPON TRANSPLANTATION, RECIPIENTS DEVELOPED LEUKOCYTOSIS, MONOCYTOSIS, AND SPLENOMEGALY. WE REPRODUCE SRSF2/TET2 CO-OPERATIVITY IN VIVO, YIELDING A DISEASE WITH CORE CHARACTERISTICS OF CMML, UNLIKE SINGLE SRSF2 OR TET2 MUTATION. THIS MODEL REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT STEP TOWARD BUILDING HIGH FIDELITY AND GENETICALLY TRACTABLE MODELS OF CMML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  1901 22 ENGRAFTMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED MICE SUPPORTS DISEASE DEPENDENCY ON CYTOKINES. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER THAT TYPICALLY ASSOCIATES WITH MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC, SPLICING, AND SIGNALING GENES. GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOUSE MODELS ONLY PARTIALLY RECAPITULATE THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE, WHEREAS XENOTRANSPLANTATION OF CMML CELLS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED MICE HAS BEEN RARELY SUCCESSFUL SO FAR. HERE, CMML CD34(+) CELLS SORTED FROM PATIENT BONE MARROW (BM) OR PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB) WERE INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY INTO NSG (NOD/LTSZ-SCID IL2RGAMMANULL) MICE AND NSG MICE ENGINEERED TO EXPRESS HUMAN GRANULO-MONOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR, STEM CELL FACTOR, AND INTERLEUKIN-3 (NSGS MICE). FIFTEEN OUT OF 16 PATIENT SAMPLES (94%) SUCCESSFULLY ENGRAFTED INTO NSG OR NSGS OR BOTH MOUSE STRAINS. THE EXPANSION OF HUMAN CELLS, PREDOMINANT IN THE BM, WAS ALSO OBSERVED IN THE SPLEEN AND THE PB AND WAS GREATLY ENHANCED IN MICE PRODUCING THE 3 HUMAN CYTOKINES. GENE MUTATIONS IDENTIFIED IN ENGRAFTED CELLS WERE MOSTLY SIMILAR TO THOSE IDENTIFIED IN PATIENT CELLS BEFORE INJECTION. SUCCESSFUL SECONDARY ENGRAFTMENT WAS OBTAINED IN NSGS MICE IN 3 OUT OF 10 ATTEMPTS. THUS, PRIMARY CMML LEUKEMIC CELLS EXPAND MUCH BETTER IN NSGS COMPARED WITH NSG MICE WITH LIMITED EFFICACY OF SECONDARY TRANSPLANT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  1266 24 CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL STEM CELL DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS AND AN INHERENT TENDENCY TO TRANSFORM TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CMML HAS OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. CLONAL CYTOGENETIC CHANGES ARE SEEN IN ~30%, WHEREAS GENE MUTATIONS ARE SEEN IN >90% OF PATIENTS. COMMON CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES INCLUDE; TRISOMY 8, -Y, -7/DEL(7Q), TRISOMY 21 AND DEL(20Q), WITH THE MAYO-FRENCH RISK STRATIFICATION EFFECTIVELY RISK STRATIFYING PATIENTS BASED ON CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. GENE MUTATIONS FREQUENTLY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS (TET2 ~60%), MODULATORS OF CHROMATIN (ASXL1 ~40%), SPLICEOSOME COMPONENTS (SRSF2 ~50%), TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (RUNX1 ~15%) AND SIGNAL PATHWAYS (RAS ~30%, CBL ~15%). OF THESE, THUS FAR, ONLY NONSENSE AND FRAMESHIFT ASXL1 MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO NEGATIVELY IMPACT OVERALL SURVIVAL. THIS HAS RESULTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY, MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED (INCLUSIVE OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS) CMML PROGNOSTIC MODELS, INCLUDING MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL AND THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES MODEL. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PREVALENT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION HAS RESULTED IN EMERGING TARGETED TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR SOME PATIENTS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED (CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR) PROGNOSTIC MODEL ALONG WITH CMML-SPECIFIC RESPONSE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ARE MUCH NEEDED FUTURE GOALS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19   961 21 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: A GENETIC AND CLINICAL UPDATE. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL STEM CELL DISORDER, CHARACTERIZED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTOSIS AND OVERLAPPING FEATURES BETWEEN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS). CLONAL CYTOGENETIC CHANGES ARE SEEN IN UP TO 30 % PATIENTS, WHILE APPROXIMATELY 90 % HAVE DETECTABLE MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES. MOST PATIENTS ARE DIAGNOSED IN THE SEVENTH DECADE OF LIFE. GENE MUTATIONS IN TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) ONCOGENE FAMILY MEMBER 2 (TET2) (60 %), SRSF2 (50 %), ASXL1 (40 %), AND RAS (20-30 %) ARE FREQUENT, WITH ONLY FRAME SHIFT AND NONSENSE ASXL1 MUTATIONS NEGATIVELY IMPACTING OVERALL SURVIVAL. WITH THE LACK OF FORMAL GUIDELINES, MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE CRITERIA ARE OFTEN EXTRAPOLATED FROM MDS AND MPN. CONTEMPORARY MOLECULARLY INTEGRATED CMML-SPECIFIC PROGNOSTIC MODELS INCLUDE THE GROUPE FRANCAIS DES MYELODYSPLASIES (GFM) MODEL AND THE MOLECULAR MAYO MODEL, BOTH INCORPORATING ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS AND ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT REMAIN THE TWO MOST COMMONLY USED TREATMENT STRATEGIES, WITH SUBOPTIMAL RESULTS. CLINICAL TRIALS EXPLOITING EPIGENETIC AND SIGNAL PATHWAY ABNORMALITIES, FREQUENT IN CMML, OFFER HOPE AND PROMISE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20  6574 19 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE: CASE REPORTS. EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT (5-AZACYTIDINE; AZA) IS COMMON IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC SUBTYPES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), BUT THERE ARE ONLY FEW STUDIES IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS. IN THIS PAPER OUR EXPERIENCE WITH 3 CMML PATIENTS TREATED WITH AZA IS DESCRIBED. IN ONE PATIENT TRANSFUSION INDEPENDENCY WAS OBSERVED AFTER 4 TREATMENT CYCLES; IN ONE CASE A PARTIAL RESPONSE WAS RECORDED, BUT A PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AFTER 13 AZA CYCLES HAS APPEARED. IN ONE PATIENT, AZA IN REDUCED DOSAGE WAS ADMINISTERED AS A BRIDGING TREATMENT BEFORE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ASCT), BUT IN THE CONTROL BONE MARROW ASPIRATE (BEFORE ASCT) A PROGRESSION TO AML WAS RECORDED. FUTURE STUDIES ARE MANDATORY FOR EVALUATION OF NEW MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL FEATURES WHICH COULD PREDICT THE EFFICIENCY OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN CMML THERAPY WITH RESPECT TO OVERALL SURVIVAL, EVENT-FREE SURVIVAL, QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR, AND PHARMACOECONOMY.	2012