1  3177 125 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  6108  56 THE ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT AMELIORATES CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MIR-134 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN HIPPOCAMPUS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN HUMANS. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) SHOWED A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITION BY ENHANCING BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL NOT CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD WHETHER AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS INVOLVED IN THE BDNF MODULATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT OCCURS AFTER EE TREATMENT FOR THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS ELICITED BY CUMS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EE. METHODS: ALL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO THE 5-WEEK CUMS PROCEDURE EXCEPT THE CONTROL GROUP. AFTER CUMS PROCEDURE, SOME RATS WERE STEREOTAXICALLY INJECTED WITH SIRT1 PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITOR EX527 OR SIRT1 KNOCKING DOWN LENTIVIRUS (SH-SIRT1) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWED BY EE TREATMENT FOR 3 WEEKS. OTHER RATS WERE DIRECTLY SUBJECTED TO EE TREATMENT WITHOUT STEREOTAXIC INJECTION. BEHAVIORAL TESTS WERE USED TO APPRAISE DEPRESSION AND COGNITION AFTER EE TREATMENT. THEN EPIGENETIC MOLECULES, SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCHES, AND SYNAPTIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INCLUDING DECREASED SUCROSE PREFERENCE RATIO, PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND REDUCED LOCOMOTOR AND EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY; COGNITIVE DEFICITS INCLUDING SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; REDUCED DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES; THINNED POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; DOWNREGULATED SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, DECREASED BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95) EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HOWEVER, THE CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY AND BRANCH NUMBER REDUCTION, POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY THINNING, SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY DOWNREGULATION, BDNF AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS REDUCTION, INCLUDING SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYN) AND POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY PROTEIN 95 (PSD95), WERE REVERSED BY EE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS WERE OBSERVED AGAIN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO STEREOTAXIC INJECTION WITH EX527 OR SH-SIRT1. FURTHERMORE, THIS STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 REGULATES THE DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES BDNF, AND THE SYNAPTIC PROTEINS SYN AND PSD95 IN PRIMARY CULTURED HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF EE ON DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE DEFICITS BY ACTIVATING THE SIRT1/MICRORNA-134 PATHWAY, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE REGULATION OF SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INCLUDING BDNF, PSD95 AND SYN, DENDRITIC REMODELING AND ULTRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF SYNAPSES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2019	

3   869  40 CHRONIC AGOMELATINE TREATMENT CORRECTS BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY PRENATAL STRESS IN RATS. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: THE RAT MODEL OF PRENATAL RESTRAINT STRESS (PRS) REPLICATES FACTORS THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. WE USED THIS MODEL TO TEST THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF AGOMELATINE, A NOVEL ANTIDEPRESSANT THAT BEHAVES AS A MIXED MT1/MT2 MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONIST/5-HT(2C) SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. RESULTS: ADULT PRS RATS SHOWED BEHAVIORAL, CELLULAR, AND BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES THAT WERE CONSISTENT WITH AN ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPE. THESE INCLUDED AN INCREASED IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST, AN ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE, REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CAMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (P-CREB), REDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL LEVELS OF MGLU2/3 AND MGLU5 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS, AND REDUCED NEUROGENESIS IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, THE SPECIFIC PORTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS THAT ENCODES MEMORIES RELATED TO STRESS AND EMOTIONS. ALL OF THESE CHANGES WERE REVERSED BY A 3- OR 6-WEEK TREATMENT WITH AGOMELATINE (40-50 MG/KG, I.P., ONCE A DAY). REMARKABLY, AGOMELATINE HAD NO EFFECT IN AGE-MATCHED CONTROL RATS, THEREBY BEHAVING AS A "DISEASE-DEPENDENT" DRUG. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA INDICATE THAT AGOMELATINE DID NOT ACT ON INDIVIDUAL SYMPTOMS BUT CORRECTED ALL ASPECTS OF THE PATHOLOGICAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING TRIGGERED BY PRS. OUR FINDINGS STRONGLY SUPPORT THE ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF AGOMELATINE AND SUGGEST THAT THE DRUG IMPACTS MECHANISMS THAT LIE AT THE CORE OF ANXIOUS/DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4  5124  40 POST-OCCLUSION ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM BUTYRATE ATTENUATES COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN A RAT MODEL OF CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION. CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION (CCH) HAS BEEN COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND OTHER TYPES OF DEMENTIA, BUT THERAPIES THAT CAN IMPROVE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW DISPLAYED LITTLE EFFECT ON IMPAIRED COGNITION. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTION WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, SUCH AS SODIUM BUTYRATE (SB), ON THE OTHER HAND HAS BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE COGNITION IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS OF DEMENTIA. TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF SB ON COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT INDUCED BY CCH IN RATS, ADULT MALE SD RATS WERE GIVEN INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF SB AT A DAILY DOSE OF 840MG/KG FOR 4WEEKS, FROM THE 29TH DAY AFTER PERMANENT OCCLUSION OF BILATERAL COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES (2VO). LEARNING AND MEMORY WERE ASSESSED BY MORRIS WATER MAZE AND NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION. FOLLOWING BEHAVIORAL TESTS, WESTERN BLOTTING OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, OF NEURONAL/SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, WERE PERFORMED USING RAT HIPPOCAMPUS AND CORTEX. THE DATA SHOWED THAT SB TREATMENT ALLEVIATED HIPPOCAMPAL DEPENDENT SPATIAL LEARNING DISABILITY IN 2VO RATS, AND ALTERED HDAC1/2 MRNA LEVEL, HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION AND NRF2 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION IN RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. ACCORDINGLY, COGNITION-PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SB APPEARED TO BE PARTIALLY MEDIATED BY ENHANCING HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HENCE BY FACILITATING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF NRF2 DOWNSTREAM GENES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. THUS, SB MIGHT BE CONSIDERED FOR PUTATIVE TREATMENT FOR CCH-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5  1761  41 EARLY STRESS EVOKES AGE-DEPENDENT BIPHASIC CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, BDNF EXPRESSION, AND COGNITION. BACKGROUND: ADULT-ONSET STRESSORS EXERT OPPOSING EFFECTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND COGNITION, WITH ENHANCEMENT OBSERVED FOLLOWING MILD STRESS AND DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING SEVERE CHRONIC STRESS. WHILE EARLY LIFE STRESS EVOKES PERSISTENT CHANGES IN ANXIETY, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER EARLY STRESS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, TROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION, AND COGNITION ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. METHODS: HIPPOCAMPAL-DEPENDENT COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR, NEUROGENESIS, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION WAS EXAMINED AT DISTINCT TIME POINTS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN IN RATS SUBJECTED TO THE EARLY STRESS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION (ES) AND CONTROL GROUPS. WE ALSO EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON THE NEUROGENIC, NEUROTROPHIC, AND COGNITIVE CHANGES IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. RESULTS: ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO EARLY STRESS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION EXAMINED DURING POSTNATAL LIFE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD EXHIBITED ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, DECREASED REPRESSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AT THE BDNF IV PROMOTER ALONG WITH ENHANCED BDNF LEVELS, AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE ON THE STRESS-ASSOCIATED MORRIS WATER MAZE. STRIKINGLY, OPPOSING CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF IV EXPRESSION, CONCOMITANT WITH IMPAIRMENTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL-DEPENDENT COGNITIVE TASKS, WERE OBSERVED IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT WITH AMITRIPTYLINE ATTENUATED THE MALADAPTIVE NEUROGENIC, EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND COGNITIVE EFFECTS IN MIDDLE-AGED ES ANIMALS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF ES, DEMONSTRATING BOTH BIPHASIC AND UNIQUE, AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES AT THE MOLECULAR, EPIGENETIC, NEUROGENIC, AND BEHAVIORAL LEVELS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EARLY STRESS MAY TRANSIENTLY ENDOW ANIMALS WITH A POTENTIAL ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE IN STRESSFUL ENVIRONMENTS BUT ACROSS A LIFE SPAN IS ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM DELETERIOUS EFFECTS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  2827  37 FLUOXETINE INCREASES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC FACTORS BUT DOES NOT IMPROVE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE INDUCES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, STIMULATES MATURATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, AND REDUCES MOTOR/SENSORY AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN SEVERAL CNS DISORDERS. IN THE SETTING OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI), ITS EFFECTS ON NEUROPLASTICITY AND FUNCTION HAVE YET TO BE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED. HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFICACY OF FLUOXETINE AFTER A MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI, PRODUCED BY A CONTROLLED CORTICAL IMPACT. THREE DAYS AFTER TBI OR SHAM SURGERY, MICE WERE TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG/D) OR VEHICLE FOR 4 WEEKS. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF FLUOXETINE ON NEUROPLASTICITY, HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WERE STUDIED. STEREOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DOUBLECORTIN-POSITIVE CELLS IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE RELATIVE TO CONTROLS, A FINDING CONSISTENT WITH ENHANCED HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING AN INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION AND INDUCTION OF METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN, A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION, WERE LIKEWISE SEEN BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND QUANTITATIVE WESTERN IMMUNOBLOTS, RESPECTIVELY, IN BRAIN-INJURED ANIMALS TREATED WITH FLUOXETINE. TO DETERMINE IF FLUOXETINE IMPROVES NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TBI, GAIT FUNCTION AND SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY WERE ASSESSED BY THE CATWALK-ASSISTED GAIT TEST AND BARNES MAZE TEST, RESPECTIVELY. NO DIFFERENCES IN THESE PARAMETERS WERE SEEN BETWEEN FLUOXETINE- AND VEHICLE-TREATED ANIMALS. THUS WHILE FLUOXETINE ENHANCED NEUROPLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER TBI, ITS CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION DID NOT RESTORE LOCOMOTOR FUNCTION OR AMELIORATE MEMORY DEFICITS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7  5651  36 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN FOLLOWING UNPREDICTABLE EARLY LIFE STRESS. BACKGROUND: WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) DYSREGULATED GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA). EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SERVE AS MEMORIES OF ADVERSE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING EARLY LIFE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ALTER GR AND CRH EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND UNDERLIE CHRONIC VISCERAL PAIN AFTER ELS. METHODS: NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR WESTERN BLOT OR CHIP-QPCR TO STUDY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE GR AND CRH PROMOTERS. FEMALE ADULT RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS FOR MICROINJECTIONS OF GARCINOL (HAT INHIBITOR) INTO THE CEA. AFTER 7 DAYS OF MICROINJECTIONS, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED OR THE CEA WAS ISOLATED FOR CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS. RESULTS: UNPREDICTABLE ELS INCREASED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN ADULT FEMALE RATS, BUT NOT IN MALE COUNTERPARTS. ELS INCREASED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION IN THE CEA AND H3K9 ACETYLATION LEVELS AT THE GR PROMOTER IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALE RATS. AFTER UNPREDICTABLE ELS, H3K9 ACETYLATION WAS INCREASED AND GR BINDING WAS DECREASED AT THE CRH PROMOTER. ADMINISTRATION OF GARCINOL IN THE CEA OF ADULT FEMALES, THAT UNDERWENT UNPREDICTABLE ELS, NORMALIZED H3K9 ACETYLATION AND RESTORED GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER. CONCLUSION: DYSREGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND GR BINDING AT THE CRH PROMOTER IN THE CEA ARE AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR "MEMORIZING" ELS EVENTS MEDIATING VISCERAL PAIN IN ADULTHOOD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  3977  75 LONG-TERM EFFECT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS IN ADOLESCENCE ON DENDRITE DEVELOPMENT AND H3K9ME2/BDNF EXPRESSION IN MALE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. EXPOSURE TO A HARSH ENVIRONMENT IN EARLY LIFE INCREASES IN THE RISK OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) OF AN INDIVIDUAL. BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEURODEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. BOTH CHRONIC AND TRAUMATIC STRESSES INDUCE A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF BDNF AND REDUCE NEURAL PLASTICITY, WHICH IS LINKED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF PTSD. ALSO, STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT STRESS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC MARKER H3K9ME2, WHICH CAN BIND TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE BDNF GENE AND REDUCE BDNF PROTEIN LEVEL. HOWEVER, THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS DURING ADOLESCENCE ON H3K9ME2, BDNF EXPRESSION AND DENDRITE DEVELOPMENT ARE NOT WELL-KNOWN. THE PRESENT STUDY ESTABLISHED A MODEL OF PTSD IN ADOLESCENT RATS USING AN INESCAPABLE FOOT SHOCK (IFS) PROCEDURE. ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, SOCIAL INTERACTION BEHAVIOR AND MEMORY FUNCTION WERE ASSESSED BY THE OPEN FIELD TEST, ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, THREE-CHAMBER SOCIABILITY TEST AND MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. IN ADDITION, NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND H3K9ME2/BDNF EXPRESSION IN HIPPOCAMPUS (HIP) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) WERE EVALUATED BY GOLGI STAINING, WESTERN BLOTTING, QRT-PCR ANALYSIS AND CHIP-QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, THE UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (EHMT2) WAS USED FOR INTERVENTION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE IFS PROCEDURE INDUCED THE PTSD-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN RATS, RESULTED IN FEWER DENDRITE BRANCHES AND SHORTER DENDRITE LENGTH IN CA1 OF HIP AND PFC, INCREASED H3K9ME2 LEVEL AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN HIP AND PFC. ALSO, ALTHOUGH ALL THE CHANGES CAN PERSIST TO ADULTHOOD, UNC0642 ADMINISTRATION RELIEVED MOST OF ALTERATIONS. OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT TRAUMATIC STRESS IN ADOLESCENCE LEADS TO IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM MENTAL DISORDERS, NEURONAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES, LOWER BDNF LEVEL AND INCREASED H3K9ME2 LEVEL IN THE HIP AND PFC, INDICATING THAT H3K9ME2/BDNF DYSFUNCTION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS OF PTSD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9  5752  41 SOCIAL ISOLATION AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AT ADULTHOOD AFFECT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR LEVELS AND BEHAVIOR OF CHRONICALLY STRESSED RATS. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) PROVIDES ONE POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR THE DYSFUNCTIONS INDUCED BY STRESS, SUCH AS PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND COGNITIVE DECLINE. INTERESTINGLY, SOCIAL SUPPORT CAN BE PROTECTIVE AGAINST SOME OF THESE EFFECTS, BUT THE MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL BUFFERING ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. CONVERSELY, EARLY ISOLATION EXACERBATES THE RESPONSES TO STRESSORS, ALTHOUGH ITS EFFECTS IN ADULTHOOD REMAIN UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION AND SOCIAL BUFFERING ON HIPPOCAMPAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, BDNF LEVELS AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF CHRONICALLY STRESSED YOUNG ADULT RATS. MALE WISTAR RATS (3 MONTHS) WERE ASSIGNED TO ACCOMPANIED (PAIRED) OR ISOLATED HOUSING. AFTER ONE-MONTH HALF OF EACH GROUP WAS SUBMITTED TO A CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS (CUS) PROTOCOL FOR 18 DAYS. AMONG ACCOMPANIED ANIMALS, ONLY ONE WAS EXPOSED TO STRESS. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS ENCOMPASSED THE OPEN FIELD, PLUS MAZE AND INHIBITORY AVOIDANCE TASKS. HIPPOCAMPAL H3K9 AND H4K12 ACETYLATION, HDAC5 EXPRESSION AND BDNF LEVELS WERE EVALUATED. ISOLATED HOUSING INCREASED HDAC5 EXPRESSION, DECREASED H3K9 AND H4K12 ACETYLATION, REDUCED BDNF LEVELS, AND IMPAIRED LONG-TERM MEMORY. STRESS AFFECTED WEIGHT GAIN, INDUCED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND DECREASED ACK9H3 LEVELS. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HOUSING CONDITIONS AND SOCIAL STRESS WERE SEEN ONLY FOR HDAC5 EXPRESSION, WHICH SHOWED A FURTHER INCREASE IN THE ISOLATED + CUS GROUP BUT REMAINED CONSTANT IN ACCOMPANIED ANIMALS. IN CONCLUSION, SOCIAL ISOLATION AT ADULTHOOD INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND EXACERBATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON HDAC5. NOTWITHSTANDING, SOCIAL SUPPORT COUNTERACTED THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON HDAC5 EXPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  1783  33 EFFECT OF AGOMELATINE ON MEMORY DEFICITS AND HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS IN MICE. CHRONIC STRESS IS KNOWN TO INDUCE NOT ONLY ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN MICE BUT ALSO COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS, FOR WHICH THE ACTION OF CLASSICAL ANTIDEPRESSANT COMPOUNDS REMAINS UNSATISFACTORY. IN THIS CONTEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS (CSDS) ON ANXIETY-, SOCIAL- AND COGNITIVE-RELATED BEHAVIORS, AS WELL AS HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY MARKERS (PSD-95, SYNAPTOPHYSIN, SPINOPHILIN, SYNAPSIN I AND MAP-2), AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES (MYST2, HDAC2, HDAC6, MLL3, KDM5B, DNMT3B, GADD45B) GENE EXPRESSION IN C57BL/6J MICE. CSDS FOR 10 DAYS PROVOKED LONG-LASTING ANXIOUS-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN THE OPEN FIELD AND EPISODIC MEMORY DEFICITS IN THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST. WHILE TOTAL BDNF MRNA LEVEL WAS UNCHANGED, BDNF EXON IV, MAP-2, HDAC2, HDAC6 AND MLL3 GENE EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE CSDS MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS. IN CSDS MICE TREATED 3 WEEKS WITH 50 MG/KG/D AGOMELATINE, AN ANTIDEPRESSANT WITH MELATONERGIC RECEPTOR AGONIST AND 5-HT(2C) RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST PROPERTIES, THE ANXIOUS-LIKE PHENOTYPE WAS NOT REVERSED, BUT THE TREATMENT SUCCESSFULLY PREVENTED THE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AND HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION MODIFICATIONS. ALTOGETHER, THESE DATA EVIDENCED THAT, IN MICE, AGOMELATINE WAS EFFECTIVE IN ALLEVIATING STRESS-INDUCED ALTERED COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS, POSSIBLY THROUGH A MECHANISM INVOLVING BDNF SIGNALING, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC REMODELING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11   683  36 BRAIN PLASTICITY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AFTER ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN C57BL/6J MICE. ACUTE OR CHRONIC ADMINISTRATIONS OF HIGH DOSES OF ETHANOL IN MICE ARE KNOWN TO PRODUCE SEVERE COGNITIVE DEFICITS LINKED TO HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE. HOWEVER, WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT CHRONIC AND MODERATE ETHANOL INTAKE IN C57BL/6J MICE INDUCED CHROMATIN REMODELING WITHIN THE BDNF PROMOTERS, LEADING TO BOTH ENHANCED BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION AND HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS UNDER FREE-CHOICE PROTOCOL. WE PERFORMED HERE A SERIES OF CELLULAR AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES TO ANALYZE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THESE MODIFICATIONS. WE SHOWED THAT A 3-WEEK CHRONIC FREE-CHOICE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN C57BL/6J MICE LED TO A DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE BDNF GENE WITHIN THE CA1 AND CA3 SUBFIELDS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND UPREGULATED HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF SIGNALING PATHWAYS MEDIATED BY ERK, AKT AND CREB. HOWEVER, THIS ACTIVATION DID NOT AFFECT LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN THE CA1. CONVERSELY, ETHANOL INTAKE IMPAIRED LEARNING AND MEMORY CAPACITIES ANALYZED IN THE CONTEXTUAL FEAR CONDITIONING TEST AND THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION TASK. IN ADDITION, ETHANOL INCREASED BEHAVIORAL PERSEVERATION IN THE BARNES MAZE TEST BUT DID NOT ALTER THE MOUSE OVERALL SPATIAL CAPACITIES. THESE DATA SUGGESTED THAT IN CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC AND MODERATE ETHANOL INTAKE, THE CHROMATIN REMODELING LEADING TO BDNF SIGNALING UPREGULATION IS PROBABLY AN ADAPTIVE PROCESS, ENGAGED VIA EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS, TO COUNTERACT THE COGNITIVE DEFICITS INDUCED BY ETHANOL.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  1740  30 EARLY ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT PREVENTS EPIGENETIC P11 GENE CHANGES INDUCED BY ADULTHOOD STRESS IN MICE. POSITIVE EXPERIENCES IN EARLY LIFE MAY IMPROVE THE CAPACITY TO COPE WITH ADULTHOOD STRESS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER AN ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT (EE) IN THE POSTNATAL PERIOD AFFECTED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE P11 GENE INDUCED BY CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS (CUS) IN ADULT C57BL/6J MICE. EE WAS INTRODUCED FOR 5 WEEKS DURING POSTNATAL DAYS 21-55. AFTER EE, THE MICE WERE SUBJECTED TO CUS FOR 4 WEEKS. EE PREVENTED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY ADULT CUS. EE PREVENTED A DECREASE IN P11 MRNA AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION INDUCED BY CUS, WITH CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5. MOREOVER, EE PREVENTED CHANGES IN TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 (H3K4) AND H3K27 INDUCED BY CUS. FURTHERMORE, EE HAD POSITIVE EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN ADULT MICE WITHOUT CUS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ONE OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF EARLY-LIFE EE MAY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL P11 GENE PROMOTER.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  4397  47 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14   267  37 AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A DEFICIENT MOUSE MODEL OF FABRY DISEASE. FABRY DISEASE IS AN X-LINKED INHERITED LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDER WITH INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF GLOBOTRIAOSYLCERAMIDE (GB3) DUE TO ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A (ALPHA-GAL A) DEFICIENCY. FABRY PATIENTS FREQUENTLY REPORT OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND IMPAIRED COGNITIVE FUNCTION. WE CHARACTERIZED AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE PHENOTYPE OF MALE MICE WITH ALPHA-GAL A DEFICIENCY (FABRY KO) AND COMPARED RESULTS WITH THOSE OF AGE-MATCHED MALE WILDTYPE (WT) LITTERMATES. YOUNG (3 MONTHS) AND OLD (>/= 18 MONTHS) MICE WERE TESTED IN THE NAIVE STATE AND AFTER I.PL. INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND;S ADJUVANT (CFA) AS AN INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL. WE USED THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE (EPM), THE LIGHT-DARK BOX (LDB) AND THE OPEN FIELD TEST (OF) TO INVESTIGATE ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR. THE FORCED SWIM TEST (FST) AND MORRIS WATER MAZE (MWM) WERE APPLIED TO ASSESS DEPRESSIVE-LIKE AND LEARNING BEHAVIOR. THE EPM TEST REVEALED NO INTERGROUP DIFFERENCE FOR ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN NAIVE YOUNG AND OLD FABRY KO MICE COMPARED TO WT LITTERMATES, EXCEPT FOR LONGER TIME SPENT IN OPEN ARMS OF THE EPM FOR YOUNG WT MICE COMPARED TO YOUNG FABRY KO MICE (P<0.05). AFTER CFA INJECTION, YOUNG FABRY KO MICE SHOWED INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR COMPARED TO YOUNG WT LITTERMATES (P<0.05) AND NAIVE YOUNG FABRY KO MICE (P<0.05) IN THE EPM AS REFLECTED BY SHORTER TIME SPENT IN EPM OPEN ARMS. THERE WERE NO RELEVANT DIFFERENCES IN THE LDB AND THE OF TEST, EXCEPT FOR LONGER TIME SPENT IN THE CENTER ZONE OF THE OF BY YOUNG WT MICE COMPARED TO YOUNG FABRY KO MICE (P<0.05). COMPLEMENTARY TO THIS, DEPRESSION-LIKE AND LEARNING BEHAVIOR WERE NOT DIFFERENT BETWEEN GENOTYPES AND AGE-GROUPS, EXCEPT FOR THE EXPECTEDLY LOWER MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN OLDER AGE-GROUPS COMPARED TO YOUNG MICE. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT GENETIC INFLUENCES ON AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS IN FD MAY BE OF SUBORDINATE RELEVANCE, DRAWING ATTENTION TO POTENTIAL INFLUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15  1163  57 CONTRIBUTION OF AMYGDALA HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITY. PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) EXPERIENCE NOT ONLY ENHANCED VISCERAL PAIN BUT ALSO EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES, SUCH AS ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) IS A HIGH-RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IBS. LITERATURES HAVE REPORTED AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODULATION IN SUSTAINING EXTRINSIC PHENOTYPES. THE AMYGDALA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE REGULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ELS-INDUCED REPROGRAMMING INAPPROPRIATE ADAPTATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION IN THE AMYGDALA MAY RESULT IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE MODEL OF ELS RATS WAS ESTABLISHED BY NEONATAL COLORECTAL DILATATION (CRD). VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED BASED ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY RESPONSE OF THE ABDOMINAL EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE TO CRD. EMOTIONAL COMORBIDITIES WERE EXAMINED USING THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, OPEN FIELD TEST, AND SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) AND C646 WERE MICROINJECTED INTO THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA) INDIVIDUALLY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MODIFICATION ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND EMOTION. WE FOUND NEONATAL CRD RESULTED IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AFTER ADULTHOOD. INHIBITING HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) IN THE CEA BY TSA ENHANCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, WHEREAS INHIBITING HAT BY C646 ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ELS RATS. INTERESTINGLY, CEA TREATMENT WITH TSA INDUCED VISCERAL SENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE CONTROL RATS. WESTERN BLOT SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSIONS OF ACETYLATED 9 RESIDUE OF HISTONE 3 (H3K9) AND PROTEIN KINASE C ZETA TYPE (PKMZETA) WERE HIGHER IN THE ELS RATS COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE CONTROLS. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PKMZETA INHIBITOR ZIP INTO THE CEA ATTENUATED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY OF ELS RATS. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF AMYGDALA PKMZETA WAS ENHANCED BY TSA TREATMENT IN CONTROL RATS. FINALLY, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE RESULTS INDICATED THE DECREASE OF HDAC1 AND HDAC2 EXPRESSIONS, BUT NOT HDAC3 EXPRESSION, CONTRIBUTED TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ELS RATS. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT OUR HYPOTHESIS THAT AMYGDALA-ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN ELS RATS, AND REVERSING THE ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE CRUCIAL TO RELIEVE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS IN ELS RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  1829  36 EFFECTS OF INHIBITING ASTROCYTES AND BET/BRD4 CHROMATIN READER ON SPATIAL MEMORY AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS IN RATS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ASTROCYTES AND NEURONS HAS A PROFOUND EFFECT ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). ASTROCYTES REGULATE HOMEOSTASIS AND INCREASE SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SITUATIONS, HOWEVER, THEY BECOME ACTIVATED DURING THE PROGRESSION OF AD. WHETHER OR NOT THESE REACTIONS ARE SUPPORTIVE OR DETRIMENTAL FOR THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM HAVE NOT BEEN UNDERSTOOD YET. CONSIDERING EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NEUROINFLAMMATORY GENES BY CHROMATIN READERS, PARTICULARLY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) FAMILY, HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC CO-INHIBITION OF ASTROCYTES METABOLISM (WITH FLUOROCITRATE) AND ALSO BRD4 (WITH JQ1) ON COGNITION DEFICIT AT EARLY STAGES OF AD. FORTY ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC CANNULATION FOR INDUCING AD BY INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF ABETA(1-42) (4 MUG/8 MUL/RAT). THEN ANIMALS WERE DIVIDED INTO FIVE GROUPS OF SALINE+DMSO, ABETA + SALINE+DMSO, ABETA + JQ1, ABETA + FC (FLUOROCITRATE), AND ABETA + JQ1 + FC AND RECEIVED THE RELATED TREATMENTS. TWO WEEKS LATER, SPATIAL MEMORY WAS RECORDED BY MORRIS WATER MAZE (MWM), AND THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHORYLATED CYCLIC-AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (CREB), POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY 95 (PSD95), SYNAPTOPHYSIN (SYP), AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS BY WESTERN BLOTTING AND RT-QPCR. ADMINISTRATION OF JQ1 SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED BOTH ACQUISITION AND RETRIEVAL OF SPATIAL MEMORY, WHICH WERE EVIDENT BY DECREASED ESCAPE LATENCY AND INCREASED TOTAL TIME SPENT (TTS) IN TARGET QUADRANT, AND SIGNIFICANT RISE IN P-CREB, PSD95, AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN COMPARED WITH ABETA + SALINE+DMSO GROUP. IN CONTRAST, BOTH GROUPS RECEIVING FC DEMONSTRATED MEMORY DECLINE, AND REDUCTION IN P-CREB, PSD95 AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN IN PARALLEL WITH INCREASE IN TNF-ALPHA. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT CHRONIC INHIBITION OF BRD4 SIGNIFICANTLY RESTORES MEMORY IMPAIRED BY AMYLOID BETA PARTLY VIA CREB SIGNALING AND UPREGULATING SYNAPTIC PROTEINS OF PSD95 AND SYNAPTOPHYSIN. HOWEVER, INHIBITION OF ASTROCYTES NULLIFIES THE MEMORY-BOOSTING EFFECTS OF JQ1 AND REDUCES CREB/PSD95/SYNAPTOPHYSIN LEVELS IN HIPPOCAMPUS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  4944  18 PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTS HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS RESPONSIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED EXCESSIVE FLUID INTAKE IN MALE MICE. A GROWING NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THAT PERSIST ACROSS GENERATIONS. FOR INSTANCE, PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES TO ETHANOL OR STRESS HAVE INDEPENDENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXERT SUCH INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. SINCE ETHANOL EXPOSURE IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSOR THAT ACTIVATES THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE WOULD IMPACT STRESS RESPONSIVITY OF OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT VAPOR ETHANOL OR CONTROL CONDITIONS FOR 5 WEEKS BEFORE BEING MATED WITH ETHANOL-NAIVE FEMALES TO PRODUCE ETHANOL (E)- AND CONTROL (C)-SIRED OFFSPRING. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING WERE TESTED FOR PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE (CORT) LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS AND THE MALE OFFSPRING WERE FURTHER EXAMINED FOR STRESS-EVOKED 2-BOTTLE CHOICE ETHANOL-DRINKING. PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE BLUNTED PLASMA CORT LEVELS FOLLOWING ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESS SELECTIVELY IN MALE OFFSPRING; FEMALES WERE UNAFFECTED. IN A STRESS-EVOKED ETHANOL-DRINKING ASSAY, THERE WAS NO EFFECT OF STRESS ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, C-SIRED MALES EXHIBITED INCREASED TOTAL FLUID INTAKE (POLYDIPSIA) IN RESPONSE TO STRESS WHILE E-SIRED MALES WERE RESISTANT TO THIS STRESS-INDUCED PHENOTYPE. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT PATERNAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE IMPARTS STRESS HYPORESPONSIVITY TO MALE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  5749  35 SOCIAL DEFEAT INDUCES CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A NUMBER OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE STRESS RESPONSE OR RESILIENCE TO CHRONIC STRESS. WE INVESTIGATED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SEVEN DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS OF RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS: THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS (DHPC), VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS (VHPC), MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC), BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA), LOCUS COERULEUS (LC), PARAVENTRICULAR THALAMUS (PVT), AND DORSAL RAPHE (DR) NUCLEUS. THIS STRESS PARADIGM WAS UNIQUE IN THAT IT ALLOWED RATS TO DISPLAY RESILIENCE IN THE FORM OF AN ACTIVE COPING MECHANISM. WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN ACETYLATION OF H3K9/14 (H3K9/14AC) AND BULK ACETYLATION OF H4K5,8,12,16 (H4K5,8,12,16AC) IN THE DR NUCLEUS OF RATS THAT WERE LESS RESILIENT. LESS RESILIENT RATS ALSO DISPLAYED INCREASED LEVELS OF H3K18 ACETYLATION (H3K18AC) IN THE MPFC WHEN COMPARED TO NON-STRESSED CONTROLS. IN THE VHPC, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN H3K18AC AND H4K12 (H4K12AC) IN RATS THAT WERE LESS RESILIENT WHEN COMPARED TO NON-STRESSED CONTROL RATS. IN ADDITION, THERE WAS A DECREASE IN LEVELS OF H4K8 ACETYLATION (H4K8AC) IN BOTH RESILIENT AND NON-RESILIENT RATS AS COMPARED TO CONTROLS. WE ASSESSED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THE VHPC AND THE MPFC USING QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND FOUND CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF TARGETS. THESE INCLUDED CHANGES IN SIRT1 AND SIRT2 IN THE VHPC AND CHANGES IN KAT5 IN THE MPFC. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THESE REGIONS CORRELATE WITH THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO STRESS IN SOCIALLY DEFEATED RATS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19  2187  47 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL PAIN: RESILIENCE VERSUS VULNERABILITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF EARLY LIFE STRESS AND CHRONIC ADULT STRESS. BACKGROUND: WOMEN WITH A HISTORY OF EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). IN ADDITION, CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD CAN EXACERBATE IBS SYMPTOMS SUCH AS ABDOMINAL PAIN DUE TO VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT SEX AND THE PREDICTABILITY OF ELS DETERMINE WHETHER RATS DEVELOP VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. IN FEMALE RATS, UNPREDICTABLE ELS CONFERS VULNERABILITY AND RESULTS IN VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS PREDICTABLE ELS INDUCES RESILIENCE AND DOES NOT INDUCE VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THIS RESILIENCE IS LOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD LEADING TO AN EXACERBATION OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (GR) AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA) UNDERLIE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE CEA ON VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC STRESS IN ADULTHOOD. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE NEONATAL RATS WERE EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABLE, PREDICTABLE ELS, OR ODOR ONLY (NO STRESS CONTROL) FROM POSTNATAL DAYS 8 TO 12. IN ADULTHOOD, RATS UNDERWENT STEREOTAXIC IMPLANTATION OF INDWELLING CANNULAS. RATS WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS, 1 H/DAY FOR 7 DAYS) OR SHAM STRESS AND RECEIVED INFUSIONS OF VEHICLE, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) OR THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR GARCINOL (GAR) AFTER EACH WAS SESSION. 24 H AFTER THE FINAL INFUSION, VISCERAL SENSITIVITY WAS ASSESSED AND THE CEA WAS REMOVED FOR MOLECULAR EXPERIMENTS. RESULTS: IN THE TWO-HIT MODEL (ELS + WAS), FEMALE RATS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO PREDICTABLE ELS, SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 (H3K9) ACETYLATION AT THE GR PROMOTER AND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN H3K9 ACETYLATION AT THE CRF PROMOTER. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GR AND CRF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE CEA AND AN EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN FEMALE ANIMALS. TSA INFUSIONS IN THE CEA ATTENUATED THE EXACERBATED STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS GAR INFUSIONS ONLY PARTIALLY AMELIORATED ELS+WAS INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONCLUSION: THE TWO-HIT MODEL OF ELS FOLLOWED BY WAS IN ADULTHOOD REVEALED THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE TO STRESS IN TWO IMPORTANT PERIODS OF LIFE AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE ABERRANT UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY EXPLAIN THE EXACERBATION OF STRESS-INDUCED ABDOMINAL PAIN IN IBS PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                    
20  1005  34 CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS DURING THE PERIPUBERTAL-JUVENILE PERIOD CAUSES DIFFERENTIAL DEPRESSIVE AND ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS IN THE NOVELTY-SEEKING PHENOTYPE: FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR HIPPOCAMPAL AND AMYGDALAR BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AND THE MOSSY FIBRE PLASTICITY. EXPERIMENTALLY NAIVE RATS SHOW VARIANCE IN THEIR LOCOMOTOR REACTIVITY TO NOVELTY, SOME DISPLAYING HIGHER (HR) WHILE OTHERS DISPLAYING LOWER (LR) REACTIVITY, ASSOCIATED WITH VULNERABILITY TO STRESS. WE EMPLOYED A CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS REGIMEN INCORPORATING INTERMITTENT AND RANDOM EXPOSURES OF PHYSICAL STRESSORS OR CONTROL HANDLING DURING THE PERIPUBERTAL-JUVENILE PERIOD TO ASSESS INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRESS AND THE LRHR PHENOTYPE IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS ON THE FORCED SWIM AND SOCIAL INTERACTION TESTS, RESPECTIVELY. A DECREASE IN IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST ALONG WITH A DECREASE IN SOCIAL CONTACT IN THE SOCIAL INTERACTION TEST WERE OBSERVED IN THE JUVENILE HRS, COUPLED WITH INCREASES IN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MRNA IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IN THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA WITH CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS. IN CONTRAST, AN INCREASE IN IMMOBILITY IN THE FORCED SWIM TEST AND A DECREASE IN SOCIAL CONTACT WAS OBSERVED IN THE LR COUNTERPARTS COUPLED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE BDNF MRNA IN THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA FOLLOWING CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS. FURTHERMORE, CHRONIC PHYSICAL STRESS LED TO INCREASED H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION AT THE P2 AND P4 PROMOTERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF GENE IN THE HR RATS THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUPRAPYRAMIDAL MOSSY FIBRE (SP-MF) TERMINAL FIELD VOLUME. IN CONTRAST, CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS LED TO DECREASED H4 ACETYLATION AT THE P4 PROMOTER, ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED SP-MF VOLUME IN THE LR RATS. THESE FINDINGS SHOW DISSOCIATION IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS FOLLOWING CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS IN THE JUVENILE HR ANIMALS THAT MAY BE MEDIATED BY INCREASED LEVELS OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND IN THE AMYGDALA, RESPECTIVELY. MOREOVER, CHRONIC VARIABLE PHYSICAL STRESS DURING THE PERIPUBERTAL-JUVENILE PERIOD RESULTS IN OPPOSITE EFFECTS IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE LRHR RATS BY WAY OF INDUCING DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF GENE THAT, IN TURN, MAY MEDIATE MOSSY FIBRE SPROUTING.	2011