1  6023 139 THE BET PROTAC INHIBITOR DBET6 PROTECTS AGAINST RETINAL DEGENERATION AND INHIBITS THE CGAS-STING IN RESPONSE TO LIGHT DAMAGE. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFLAMMATION SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTES TO PHOTORECEPTOR DEATH IN BLINDING RETINAL DISEASES SUCH AS AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD) AND RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (RP). BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT ACT AS KEY PROINFLAMMATORY FACTORS. WE RECENTLY FOUND THE FIRST-GENERATION BET INHIBITOR JQ1 ALLEVIATED SODIUM IODATE-INDUCED RETINAL DEGENERATION BY SUPPRESSING CGAS-STING INNATE IMMUNITY. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS AND MECHANISM OF DBET6, A PROTEOLYSIS?TARGETING CHIMERA (PROTAC) SMALL MOLECULE THAT SELECTIVELY DEGRADES BET BY THE UBIQUITIN?PROTEASOME SYSTEM, IN LIGHT-INDUCED RETINAL DEGENERATION. METHODS: MICE WERE EXPOSED TO BRIGHT LIGHT TO INDUCE RETINAL DEGENERATION, AND THE ACTIVATION OF CGAS-STING WAS DETERMINED BY RNA-SEQUENCING AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. RETINAL FUNCTION, MORPHOLOGY, PHOTORECEPTOR VIABILITY AND RETINAL INFLAMMATION WERE EXAMINED IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF DBET6 TREATMENT. RESULTS: INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF DBET6 LED TO THE RAPID DEGRADATION OF BET PROTEIN IN THE RETINA WITHOUT DETECTABLE TOXICITY. DBET6 IMPROVED RETINAL RESPONSIVENESS AND VISUAL ACUITY AFTER LIGHT DAMAGE (LD). DBET6 ALSO REPRESSED LD-INDUCED RETINAL MACROPHAGES/MICROGLIA ACTIVATION, MULLER CELL GLIOSIS, PHOTORECEPTOR DEATH AND RETINAL DEGENERATION. ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-CELL RNA-SEQUENCING RESULTS REVEALED CGAS-STING COMPONENTS WERE EXPRESSED IN RETINAL MICROGLIA. LD LED TO DRAMATIC ACTIVATION OF THE CGAS-STING PATHWAY, WHEREAS DBET6 SUPPRESSED LD-INDUCED STING EXPRESSION IN REACTIVE MACROPHAGES/MICROGLIA AND THE RELATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY INDICATES TARGETED DEGRADATION OF BET BY DBET6 EXERTS NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS BY INHIBITING CGAS-STING IN REACTIVE RETINAL MACROPHAGES/MICROGLIA, AND IS EXPECTED TO BECOME A NEW STRATEGY FOR TREATMENT OF RETINAL DEGENERATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2  2113  35 EPIGENETIC HALLMARKS OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION ARE RECAPITULATED IN A PHOTOSENSITIVE MOUSE MODEL. AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD) IS A CHRONIC, MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER AND A LEADING CAUSE OF BLINDNESS IN THE ELDERLY. CHARACTERIZED BY PROGRESSIVE PHOTORECEPTOR DEGENERATION IN THE CENTRAL RETINA, DISEASE PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY RESULTING FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND CHRONIC STRESS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT A PHOTOSENSITIVE MOUSE MODEL OF ACUTE STRESS-INDUCED PHOTORECEPTOR DEGENERATION RECAPITULATES THE EPIGENETIC HALLMARKS OF HUMAN AMD. GLOBAL EPIGENOMIC PROFILING WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY EMPLOYING AN ASSAY FOR TRANSPOSASE-ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN USING SEQUENCING (ATAC-SEQ), WHICH REVEALED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DECREASED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY AND STRESS-INDUCED PHOTORECEPTOR CELL DEATH IN OUR MOUSE MODEL. THE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES INDUCED BY LIGHT DAMAGE INCLUDE REDUCED EUCHROMATIN AND INCREASED HETEROCHROMATIN ABUNDANCE, RESULTING IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND TRANSLATIONAL DYSREGULATION THAT ULTIMATELY DRIVES PHOTORECEPTOR APOPTOSIS AND AN INFLAMMATORY REACTIVE GLIOSIS IN THE RETINA. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 11 (HDAC11) AND SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 2 (SUV39H2), KEY HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES INVOLVED IN PROMOTING REDUCED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY, AMELIORATED LIGHT DAMAGE IN OUR MOUSE MODEL, SUPPORTING A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN DECREASED CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY AND PHOTORECEPTOR DEGENERATION, THEREBY ELUCIDATING A POTENTIAL NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO COMBAT AMD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3  4106  31 MECHANISM OF INFLAMMATION IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE THAT REPRESENTS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF IRREVERSIBLE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AMONG PEOPLE OVER THE AGE OF 50 IN EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES, AND AUSTRALIA, ACCOUNTING FOR UP TO 50% OF ALL CASES OF CENTRAL BLINDNESS. RISK FACTORS OF AMD ARE HETEROGENEOUS, MAINLY INCLUDING INCREASING AGE AND DIFFERENT GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, TOGETHER WITH SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL/EPIGENETIC FACTORS, THAT IS, CIGARETTE SMOKING, DIETARY HABITS, AND PHOTOTOXIC EXPOSURE. IN THE AGING RETINA, FREE RADICALS AND OXIDIZED LIPOPROTEINS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE MAJOR CAUSES OF TISSUE STRESS RESULTING IN LOCAL TRIGGERS FOR PARAINFLAMMATION, A CHRONIC STATUS WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO INITIATION AND/OR PROGRESSION OF MANY HUMAN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES SUCH AS AMD. EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCES STRONGLY INDICATE THE PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF IMMUNOLOGIC PROCESSES IN AMD OCCURRENCE, CONSISTING OF PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY RELATED MOLECULES, RECRUITMENT OF MACROPHAGES, COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION, MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION AND ACCUMULATION WITHIN THOSE STRUCTURES THAT COMPOSE AN ESSENTIAL AREA OF THE RETINA KNOWN AS MACULA LUTEA. THIS PAPER REVIEWS SOME ATTRACTIVE ASPECTS OF THE LITERATURE ABOUT THE MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATION IN AMD, ESPECIALLY FOCUSING ON THOSE FINDINGS OR ARGUMENTS MORE DIRECTLY TRANSLATABLE TO IMPROVE THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH AMD AND TO PREVENT THE SEVERE VISION LOSS CAUSED BY THIS DISEASE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  6567  33 TRANSLATOMIC RESPONSE OF RETINAL MULLER GLIA TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS. ANALYSIS OF RETINA CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC SIGNATURES IS CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RETINAL DEGENERATIONS SUCH AS AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD) AND DELINEATING CELL AUTONOMOUS AND CELL-NON-AUTONOMOUS MECHANISMS. WE HAVE DISCOVERED THAT ALDH1L1 IS SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAJOR MACROGLIA OF THE RETINA, MULLER GLIA, AND, UNLIKE THE BRAIN, IS NOT EXPRESSED IN RETINAL ASTROCYTES. THIS ALLOWS USE OF ALDH1L1 CRE DRIVERS AND NUCLEAR TAGGING AND TRANSLATING RIBOSOME AFFINITY PURIFICATION (NUTRAP) CONSTRUCTS FOR TEMPORALLY CONTROLLED LABELING AND PAIRED ANALYSIS OF MULLER GLIA EPIGENOMES AND TRANSLATOMES. AS VALIDATED THROUGH A VARIETY OF APPROACHES, THE ALDH1L1CRE/ERT2-NUTRAP MODEL PROVIDES MULLER GLIA SPECIFIC TRANSLATOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC PROFILES WITHOUT THE NEED TO ISOLATE WHOLE CELLS. APPLICATION OF THIS APPROACH TO MODELS OF ACUTE INJURY (OPTIC NERVE CRUSH) AND CHRONIC STRESS (AGING) UNCOVERED FEW COMMON MULLER GLIA-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTOME CHANGES IN INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS, AND MOSTLY DIFFERENTIAL SIGNATURES FOR EACH STIMULUS. THE EXPRESSION OF MEMBERS OF THE IL-6 AND INTEGRIN-LINKED KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAYS WAS ENHANCED IN MULLER GLIA IN RESPONSE TO OPTIC NERVE CRUSH BUT NOT AGING. UNIQUE CHANGES IN NEUROINFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS SIGNALING PATHWAYS WERE OBSERVED IN RESPONSE TO AGING BUT NOT WITH OPTIC NERVE CRUSH. THE ALDH1L1CRE/ERT2-NUTRAP MODEL ALLOWS FOCUSED MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF A SINGLE, MINORITY CELL TYPE WITHIN THE RETINA, PROVIDING MORE SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT SIZES THAN WHOLE TISSUE ANALYSES. THE NUTRAP MODEL, NUCLEIC ACID ISOLATION, AND VALIDATION APPROACHES PRESENTED HERE CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY RETINA CELL TYPE FOR WHICH A CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC CRE IS AVAILABLE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  6443  37 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO HISTONE REPROGRAMMING IN RETINAL DEGENERATION. RECENT DATA HAVE REVEALED EPIGENETIC DERANGEMENTS AND SUBSEQUENT CHROMATIN REMODELING AS A POTENT BIOLOGIC SWITCH FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CELL SURVIVAL WHICH ARE IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL RETINAL DEGENERATIONS. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THIS SYSTEM AND SERVE AS A UNIQUE CONTROL OF THE CHROMATIN REMODELING PROCESS. WITH A MULTITUDE OF TARGETED HDAC INHIBITORS NOW AVAILABLE, THEIR USE IN BOTH BASIC SCIENCE AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAS WIDENED SUBSTANTIALLY. IN THE FIELD OF OCULAR BIOLOGY, THERE ARE DATA TO SUGGEST THAT HDAC INHIBITION MAY SUPPRESS NEOVASCULARIZATION AND MAY BE A POSSIBLE TREATMENT FOR RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA AND DRY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD). HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF THESE INHIBITORS ON CELL SURVIVAL AND CHEMOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE CHORIORETINAL TISSUES REMAIN VERY UNCLEAR. HERE, WE REVIEW THE MULTIFACETED BIOLOGY OF HDAC ACTIVITY AND PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITION WHILE OFFERING FURTHER INSIGHT INTO THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS EPIGENETIC PATHWAY IN RETINAL DEGENERATIONS. OUR LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS AIM TO OPEN TRANSLATIONAL AVENUES TO ADVANCE DRY AMD THERAPEUTICS WHILE EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ACETYLATION ON INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN THE AGING AND DEGENERATING RETINA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  4825  29 OCULAR FUNDUS ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY AND OTHER CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES. AIM: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE OCULAR FUNDUS PATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH BALKAN ENDEMIC NEPHROPATHY (BN) AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD). METHODS: THE STUDY INCLUDED 51 PATIENTS WITH BN FROM THE SOUTH MORAVA RIVER REGION IN SERBIA, AND 102 SUBJECTS WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASES, MATCHED ACCORDING TO AGE AND GENDER, OBTAINED FROM A DATABASE USED IN A RECENTLY PUBLISHED STUDY. ALL PATIENTS HAD VISITED OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT OF THE CLINIC OF NEPHROLOGY, CLINICAL CENTER NIS. ALL PATIENTS UNDERWENT ROUTINE OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATIONS. RESULTS: THERE WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE (P < 0.001) PATIENTS WITH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD) IN THE GROUP WITH BN (31.37 %) THAN IN THOSE WITH CKD (5.88 %). MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS CONFIRMED THAT THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS RELATED TO AMD IN THE GROUP WITH BN WERE ALBUMINURIA (P < 0.05) AND PROTEINURIA (P < 0.05); IN CKD PATIENTS, THE LEVEL OF HDL (P < 0.05), WHILE NEGATIVE CORRELATION WITH THE LEVEL OF TRIGLYCERIDE WAS REGISTERED (P < 0.05). THERE WAS NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND AMD. THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS RELATED TO RETINOPATHY IN THE GROUP WITH BN ARE AGE (P < 0.05) AND SERUM CREATININE VALUES (P < 0.05), IN PATIENTS WITH CKD INCREASING AGE (P < 0.001) AND DM (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: OCULAR FUNDUS PATHOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH BN IS SIMILAR TO THE PATHOLOGY OF OTHER CKD, BUT WITH SIGNIFICANTLY MORE AMD (ABOUT FOUR TIMES), PROBABLY RELATED TO THE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC FACTORS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7   279  25 AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: FROM EPIGENETICS TO THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS. ABERRANT REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING THE TWO MOST COMMON TYPES; DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN COMMON CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD). ALL THESE CONDITIONS ARE COMPLEX, MEANING THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, GENETIC FACTORS, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS PLAY A ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. ALTHOUGH GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (GWAS), AND STUDIES ON TWINS DEMONSTRATE THE GENETIC/HEREDITARY COMPONENT TO THESE COMPLEX DISEASES, INCLUDING AMD, THIS CONTRIBUTION IS MUCH LESS THAN 100%. MOREOVER, THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE HEREDITARY COMPONENT DECREASES IN THE ADVANCED, LATER ONSET FORMS OF THESE CHRONIC DISEASES INCLUDING AMD. THIS UNDERSCORES THE NEED TO ELUCIDATE HOW THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FUNCTION TO EXERT THEIR INFLUENCE ON DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. BY TEASING OUT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND HOW THEY EXERT THEIR INFLUENCE ON AMD, THERAPEUTIC TARGETS CAN BE TAILORED TO PREVENT AND/OR SLOW DOWN DISEASE PROGRESSION. EPIGENETIC STUDIES THAT INCORPORATE WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATIENT TISSUE SAMPLES (INCLUDING AFFECTED TISSUES AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD), SIMILAR TO THOSE RELEVANT TO GENE EXPRESSION STUDIES, ALONG WITH GENETIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INFORMATION, CAN BE THE FIRST STEP IN DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS TO VALIDATE FINDINGS AND IDENTIFY POTENTIAL THERAPIES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8  5634  35 SENOLYTICS AND SENOMORPHICS: NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC THERAPEUTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF AGING AND CHRONIC DISEASES. CELLULAR SENESCENCE IS A HETEROGENEOUS PROCESS GUIDED BY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, CHARACTERIZING MANY TYPES OF SOMATIC CELLS. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS AN AGING HALLMARK THAT IS BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO AGING AND CHRONIC DISEASES. SENESCENT CELLS (SC) EXHIBIT A SPECIFIC SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP), MAINLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRODUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY AND MATRIX-DEGRADING MOLECULES. WHEN SC ACCUMULATE, A CHRONIC, SYSTEMIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, KNOWN AS INFLAMMAGING, IS INDUCED. IN TURN, THIS CHRONIC IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION RESULTS IN REDUCED SC CLEARANCE THUS ESTABLISHING A VICIOUS CIRCLE THAT FUELS INFLAMMAGING. SC ACCUMULATION REPRESENTS A CAUSAL FACTOR FOR VARIOUS AGE-RELATED PATHOLOGIES. TARGETING OF SEVERAL AGING HALLMARKS HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A STRATEGY TO AMELIORATE HEALTHSPAN AND POSSIBLY LIFESPAN. CONSEQUENTLY, SC AND SASP ARE VIEWED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS EITHER THROUGH THE SELECTIVE KILLING OF SC OR THE SELECTIVE SASP BLOCKAGE, THROUGH NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS. THESE COMPOUNDS ARE MEMBERS OF A FAMILY OF AGENTS CALLED SENOTHERAPEUTICS DIVIDED INTO SENOLYTICS AND SENOMORPHICS. FEW OF THEM ARE ALREADY IN CLINICAL TRIALS, POSSIBLY REPRESENTING A FUTURE TREATMENT OF AGE-RELATED PATHOLOGIES INCLUDING DISEASES SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITIS, OSTEOPOROSIS, CANCER, DIABETES, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES SUCH AS ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, HEPATIC STEATOSIS, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT THE ALREADY IDENTIFIED SENOLYTICS AND SENOMORPHICS FOCUSING ON THEIR REDOX-SENSITIVE PROPERTIES. WE DESCRIBE THE STUDIES THAT REVEALED THEIR EFFECTS ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND ENABLED THEIR NOMINATION AS NOVEL ANTI-AGING AGENTS. WE REFER TO THE SENOLYTICS THAT ARE ALREADY IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND WE PRESENT VARIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS EXHIBITED BY SENOTHERAPEUTICS SO FAR. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS ASPECTS OF THE SENOTHERAPEUTICS THAT NEED IMPROVEMENT AND WE SUGGEST THE DESIGN OF FUTURE SENOTHERAPEUTICS TO TARGET SPECIFIC REDOX-REGULATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS IMPLICATED EITHER IN THE REGULATION OF SASP OR IN THE ELIMINATION OF SC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  5919  22 TARGETING CELLULAR SENESCENCE FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES: PATH TO CLINICAL TRANSLATION. BEYOND THE PALLIATIVE REACH OF TODAY'S MEDICINES, MEDICAL THERAPIES OF TOMORROW AIM TO TREAT THE ROOT CAUSE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES BY TARGETING FUNDAMENTAL AGING MECHANISMS. PILLARS OF AGING INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, TELOMERE ATTRITION, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, LOSS OF PROTEOSTASIS, DYSREGULATED NUTRIENT SENSING, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, STEM CELL EXHAUSTION, AND ALTERED INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION. THE UNITARY THEORY OF FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESSES POSITS THAT BY TARGETING ONE FUNDAMENTAL AGING PROCESS, IT MAY BE FEASIBLE TO IMPACT SEVERAL OR ALL OTHERS GIVEN ITS INTERDEPENDENCE. INDEED, PATHOLOGIC ACCUMULATION OF SENESCENT CELLS IS IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC DISEASES AND AGE-ASSOCIATED MORBIDITIES, SUGGESTING THAT SENESCENT CELLS ARE A GOOD TARGET FOR WHOLE-BODY AGING INTERVENTION. PRECLINICAL STUDIES USING SENOLYTICS, AGENTS THAT SELECTIVELY ELIMINATE SENESCENT CELLS, AND SENOMORPHICS, AGENTS THAT INHIBIT PRODUCTION OR RELEASE OF SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE FACTORS, SHOW PROMISE IN SEVERAL AGING AND DISEASE PRECLINICAL MODELS. EARLY CLINICAL TRIALS USING A SENOLYTIC COMBINATION (DASATINIB AND QUERCETIN), AND OTHER SENOLYTICS INCLUDING FLAVONOID, FISETIN, AND BCL-XL INHIBITORS, ILLUSTRATE THE POTENTIAL OF SENOLYTICS TO ALLEVIATE AGE-RELATED DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASES INCLUDING WOUND HEALING. TRANSLATION INTO CLINICAL APPLICATIONS REQUIRES PARALLEL CLINICAL TRIALS ACROSS INSTITUTIONS TO VALIDATE SENOTHERAPEUTICS AS A VANGUARD FOR DELAYING, PREVENTING, OR TREATING AGE-RELATED DISORDERS AND AESTHETIC AGING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10  5054  44 PHARMACOPROTEOMICS REVEAL NOVEL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN CONTAINING 4 INHIBITORS ON VASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS IN TLR3-MEDIATED AIRWAY REMODELING. SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) ARE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VIRAL AND ALLERGEN-INDUCED AIRWAY REMODELING. A LIMITATION OF THEIR PRECLINICAL ADVANCEMENT IS THE LACK OF DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT. WE REPORT A SYSTEMS-LEVEL PHARMACOPROTEOMICS IN A STANDARDIZED MURINE MODEL OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR TLR3-NFKAPPAB/RELA INNATE INFLAMMATION IN THE ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF A HIGHLY SELECTIVE BRD4 INHIBITOR (ZL0454) OR NONSELECTIVE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN INHIBITOR (JQ1). PROTEOMICS OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (BALF) SECRETOME AND EXOSOMAL PROTEINS FROM THIS MURINE MODEL REVEALED INCREASED, SELECTIVE, CAPILLARY LEAK ASSOCIATED WITH PERICYTE-MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION, A PHENOMENON BLOCKED BY BRD4 INHIBITORS. BALF PROTEOMICS ALSO SUGGESTED THAT ZL0454 BETTER REDUCED THE VASCULAR LEAKAGE AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEPOSITION THAN JQ1. A SIGNIFICANT SUBSET OF INFLAMMATION-MEDIATED REMODELING FACTORS WAS ALSO IDENTIFIED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS PRODUCED BY BLEOMYCIN. BALF EXOSOME ANALYSIS INDICATED THAT BRD4 INHIBITORS REDUCED THE INDUCTION OF EXOSOMES ENRICHED IN COAGULATION FACTORS WHOSE PRESENCE CORRELATED WITH INTERSTITIAL FIBRIN DEPOSITION. FINALLY, BALF SAMPLES FROM HUMANS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR UPREGULATIONS OF ORM2, APCS, SPARCL1, FGA, AND FN1, SUGGESTING THEIR POTENTIAL AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF AIRWAY REMODELING AND/OR MONITORING OF THERAPY RESPONSE. SIGNIFICANCE: REPETITIVE AND CHRONIC VIRAL UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS TRIGGER TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)3-NFKAPPAB/RELA MEDIATED AIRWAY REMODELING WHICH IS LINKED TO A PROGRESSIVE DECLINE IN PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) ARE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VIRAL AND ALLERGEN-INDUCED AIRWAY REMODELING. A LIMITATION OF THEIR PRECLINICAL ADVANCEMENT IS THE LACK OF DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT. OUR STUDY REVEALED THAT THE ACTIVATION OF (TLR)3-NFKAPPAB/RELA PATHWAY IN THE LUNG INDUCED AN ELEVATION IN COAGULATION, COMPLEMENT, AND PLATELET FACTORS, INDICATING THE INCREASED VASCULAR LEAK DURING AIRWAY REMODELING. THE MECHANISM OF VASCULAR LEAKAGE WAS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PERICYTE-MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION, WHICH WAS BLOCKED BY BRD4 INHIBITORS. FINALLY, PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF THE BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID SAMPLES FROM HUMANS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR FINDINGS THAT WE OBSERVED IN THE ANIMAL MODEL.	2019	

11  6687  22 VALIDATION OF THE EPIGENETIC READER BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF AIRWAY REMODELING. STRUCTURAL REMODELING IS CENTRAL TO THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES, REPRESENTING AN IMPORTANT UNMET NEED. WE EXAMINE THE EVIDENCE SUPPORTING BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) AS A VALIDATED BIOLOGICAL TARGET FOR TREATMENT OF AIRWAY REMODELING. IN EPITHELIAL CELLS AND FIBROBLASTS, BRD4 SERVES AS A SCAFFOLD FOR CHROMATIN REMODELING COMPLEXES IN ACTIVE SUPER-ENHANCERS. IN RESPONSE TO INFLAMMATORY STIMULI, BRD4 IS REPOSITIONED TO INNATE AND MESENCHYMAL GENES ACTIVATING THEIR PRODUCTION. PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDIES SHOW PROMISING BENEFIT OF SELECTIVE BRD4 INHIBITORS IN DISRUPTING EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSITION IN DIVERSE MODELS OF LUNG INJURY. RECENT IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF BRD4 PROVIDES A BASIS FOR FURTHER DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR APPLICATION IN VIRAL-INDUCED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, COPD AND INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12   232  22 ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY IN THE RETINA: PROTECTION AGAINST ACUTE INJURY AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE BY CONDITIONING STIMULI. ALTHOUGH BOTH PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL CONDITIONING STUDIES IN HEART AND BRAIN LEAD THE FIELD OF CONDITIONING MEDICINE, INVESTIGATIONS OF RETINAL CONDITIONING STILL NUMBER MORE THAN 100. IN THIS BRIEF REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT FINDINGS TO DATE FROM ANIMAL AND CELL CULTURE MODELS OF CONDITIONING THAT PROVIDE DEMONSTRATED PROTECTION IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC RETINAL INJURY AND DISEASE MODELS. THE MULTITUDE OF STIMULI USED TO CONDITION THE RETINA, THE SIGNALING MEDIATORS AND PATHWAYS IDENTIFIED, AND THE INJURY- AND DISEASE-RESILIENT PHENOTYPES DOCUMENTED ARE DISCUSSED HEREIN, ALONG WITH OUR RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE KINDS OF STUDIES NEEDED TO CONTINUE TO ADVANCE THIS PROMISING FIELD. IN OUR VIEW, THE ROBUST PROTECTION AFFORDED BY THESE ADAPTIVE EPIGENETIC RESPONSES TO CONDITIONING STRESS PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT INCENTIVES FOR BOTH FURTHERING OUR INVESTMENT IN BENCH RESEARCH AND UNDERWRITING CLINICAL TRIALS, SO THAT THE FULL POTENTIAL OF THIS THERAPY CAN BE REALIZED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13   689  37 BRD4 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN PULMONARY DISEASES. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS THAT REGULATE GENE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES OF HISTONE PROTEINS. BET PROTEINS HAVE MULTIPLE ROLES IN REGULATING KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE AND REDOX BALANCE, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. AS A RESULT, BET PROTEINS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN A BROAD RANGE OF HUMAN LUNG DISEASES INCLUDING ACUTE LUNG INFLAMMATION, ASTHMA, PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). DUE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SMALL MOLECULAR INHIBITORS OF BET PROTEINS, TARGETING BET IN THESE LUNG DISEASES HAS BECOME AN AREA OF INCREASING INTEREST. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITORS IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OF VARIOUS HUMAN LUNG DISEASES. THIS IS, IN GENERAL, LARGELY RELATED TO THE ABILITY OF BET PROTEINS TO BIND TO PROMOTERS OF GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR INFLAMMATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND BEYOND. BY MODULATING THESE CRITICAL GENES, BET PROTEINS ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) IS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, SEEMS TO ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS BROMODOMAIN BINDING ACTIVITY, AND HAS IMPLICATION IN SOME CONTEXTS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ON BET PROTEINS WITH A FOCUS ON BRD4 IN SEVERAL MAJOR HUMAN LUNG DISEASES, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS FINDINGS OF TARGETING BET PROTEINS USING PHARMACEUTICAL INHIBITORS IN DIFFERENT LUNG DISEASES PRECLINICALLY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
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	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  5140  17 POTENTIAL REGULATORS OF THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE DURING SENESCENCE AND AGING. SENESCENT CELLS EXPRESS AND SECRETE A VARIETY OF EXTRACELLULAR MODULATORS THAT INCLUDE CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, PROTEASES, GROWTH FACTORS, AND SOME ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING, DEFINED AS THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP). SASP REINFORCES SENESCENT CELL CYCLE ARREST, STIMULATES AND RECRUITS IMMUNE CELLS FOR IMMUNE-MEDIATED CLEARANCE OF POTENTIALLY TUMORIGENIC CELLS, LIMITS OR INDUCES FIBROSIS, AND PROMOTES WOUND HEALING AND TISSUE REGENERATION. ON THE OTHER HAND, SASP MEDIATES CHRONIC INFLAMMATION LEADING TO THE DESTRUCTION OF TISSUE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND STIMULATING THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF TUMOR CELLS. SASP IS HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS AND THE ROLE OF SASP DEPENDS ON THE CONTEXT. THE REGULATION OF SASP OCCURS AT MULTIPLE LEVELS INCLUDING CHROMATIN REMODELING, TRANSCRIPTION, MRNA TRANSLATION, INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING, AND SECRETION. SEVERAL SASP MODULATORS HAVE ALREADY BEEN IDENTIFIED SETTING THE STAGE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ON THEIR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE IN DETAIL THE POTENTIAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT TRIGGER AND REGULATE SASP PRODUCTION DURING AGING AND SENESCENCE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16  4582  37 N-TERMINAL BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS DISRUPT A BRD4-P65 INTERACTION AND REDUCE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE TRANSCRIPTION IN PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF PANCREATIC ISLETS IS A KEY DRIVER OF BETA-CELL DAMAGE THAT CAN LEAD TO AUTOREACTIVITY AND THE EVENTUAL ONSET OF AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES (T1D). IN THE ISLET, ELEVATED LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INDUCE THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) GENE, NOS2, ULTIMATELY RESULTING IN INCREASED NITRIC OXIDE (NO). EXCESSIVE OR PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NO CAUSES BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH DEFECTS IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION. RECENT STUDIES SHOWED THAT INHIBITION OF THE BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) FAMILY OF PROTEINS, A DRUGGABLE CLASS OF EPIGENETIC READER PROTEINS, PREVENTS THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF T1D IN THE NON-OBESE DIABETIC MOUSE MODEL. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT BET PROTEINS CO-ACTIVATE TRANSCRIPTION OF CYTOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY GENE TARGETS IN BETA-CELLS AND THAT SELECTIVE, CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC INHIBITION OF BET BROMODOMAINS COULD REDUCE SUCH TRANSCRIPTION. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ABILITY OF BET BROMODOMAIN SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS TO REDUCE THE BETA-CELL RESPONSE TO THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN 1 BETA (IL-1BETA). BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION ATTENUATED IL-1BETA-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR NOS2 AND CONSEQUENT INOS PROTEIN AND NO PRODUCTION. REDUCED NOS2 TRANSCRIPTION IS CONSISTENT WITH INHIBITION OF NF-KAPPAB FACILITATED BY DISRUPTING THE INTERACTION OF A SINGLE BET FAMILY MEMBER, BRD4, WITH THE NF-KAPPAB SUBUNIT, P65. USING RECENTLY REPORTED SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND BET BROMODOMAINS, INHIBITION OF ONLY THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE INTERACTION OF BRD4 WITH P65 IN BETA-CELLS. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF THE FIRST BROMODOMAIN WAS SUFFICIENT TO MITIGATE IL-1BETA-DRIVEN DECREASES IN MITOCHONDRIAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATES AND BETA-CELL VIABILITY. BY IDENTIFYING A ROLE FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BRD4 AND P65 IN CONTROLLING THE RESPONSE OF BETA-CELLS TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, WE PROVIDE MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON HOW BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITION CAN DECREASE INFLAMMATION. THESE STUDIES ALSO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF MORE SELECTIVE BET BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS IN ATTENUATING BETA-CELL INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  5803  30 STING SIGNALING ACTIVATION INHIBITS HBV REPLICATION AND ATTENUATES THE SEVERITY OF LIVER INJURY AND HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS. THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) OF HBV PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND IS ALSO A RISK FACTOR FOR DEVELOPING HBV-INDUCED DISEASES, INCLUDING LIVER FIBROSIS. STIMULATOR OF INTERFERON GENES (STING), A MASTER REGULATOR OF DNA-MEDIATED INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION, IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR VIRAL INFECTION AND VIRUS-RELATED DISEASES. IN THIS STUDY, AGONIST-INDUCED STING SIGNALING ACTIVATION IN MACROPHAGES WAS REVEALED TO INHIBIT CCCDNA-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN HEPATOCYTES. NOTABLY, STING ACTIVATION COULD EFFICIENTLY ATTENUATE THE SEVERITY OF LIVER INJURY AND FIBROSIS IN A CHRONIC RECOMBINANT CCCDNA (RCCCDNA) MOUSE MODEL, WHICH IS A PROVEN SUITABLE RESEARCH PLATFORM FOR HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS. MECHANISTICALLY, STING-ACTIVATED AUTOPHAGIC FLUX COULD SUPPRESS MACROPHAGE INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION, LEADING TO THE AMELIORATION OF LIVER INJURY AND HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS. OVERALL, THE ACTIVATION OF STING SIGNALING COULD INHIBIT HBV REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA AND ALLEVIATE HBV-INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS THROUGH THE SUPPRESSION OF MACROPHAGE INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION BY ACTIVATING AUTOPHAGIC FLUX IN A CHRONIC HBV MOUSE MODEL. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT TARGETING THE STING SIGNALING PATHWAY MAY BE AN IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO PROTECT AGAINST PERSISTENT HBV REPLICATION AND HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18   699  34 BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 IS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. LIVER FIBROSIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXCESSIVE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN LIVER. CHRONIC LIVER INJURY INDUCES THE ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELL (HSCS), A KEY STEP IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE ACTIVATED HSC IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ECM AND CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO LIVER FIBROSIS. TGFBETA1 IS THE MOST POTENT PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE. BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BRD4), AN EPIGENETIC READER OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MARKS, WAS CRUCIAL FOR PROFIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HSCS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLES OF BRD4 IN TGFBETA1-DEPENDENT HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS, FOCUSING ON TGFBETA1-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF THE LEVELS OF THE FIBROTIC-RELATED IMPORTANT PROTEINS IN HSCS BY EMPLOYING THE HETEROZYGOUS TGFBETA1 KNOCKOUT MICE AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. RESULTS REVEALED THAT BRD4 PROTEIN LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY TGFBETA1 AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN REDUCED TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS. BRD4 WAS REQUIRED FOR THE INFLUENCES OF TGFBETA1 ON PDGFBETA RECEPTOR AND ON THE PATHWAYS OF SMAD3, STAT3, AND AKT. BRD4 ALSO MEDIATED TGFBETA1-INDUCED INCREASES IN HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE P300, THE PIVOTAL PRO-INFLAMMATORY NFKB P65, AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1 WHEREAS BRD4 REDUCED CASPASE-3 PROTEIN LEVELS IN HSCS DURING LIVER INJURY, INDEPENDENT OF TGFBETA1. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS INDICATED THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TGFBETA1-INDUCED BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS AND IN LIVER OF TAA-INDUCED LIVER INJURY. HUMAN CIRRHOTIC LIVERS WERE DEMONSTRATED A PARALLEL INCREASE IN THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS. THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT BRD4 WAS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  2239  34 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20   593  47 BET PROTEIN INHIBITION REGULATES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTES NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY. BACKGROUND: SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) USUALLY CAUSES A DEVASTATING LIFELONG DISABILITY FOR PATIENTS. AFTER A TRAUMATIC LESION, DISRUPTION OF THE BLOOD-SPINAL CORD BARRIER INDUCES THE INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES INTO THE LESION SITE AND THE ACTIVATION OF RESIDENT GLIAL CELLS, WHICH RELEASE CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES. THESE EVENTS RESULT IN A PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, WHICH HAS BOTH DETRIMENTAL AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, BUT EVENTUALLY LIMITS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES BY INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES. WHILE BET INHIBITORS ARE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CANCER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR IMPLICATION AFTER SCI. THUS, THE CURRENT STUDY WAS AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE OF BET INHIBITORS IN THIS PATHOLOGIC CONDITION. METHODS: WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 TO MODIFY MACROPHAGE REACTIVITY IN VITRO AND TO MODULATE INFLAMMATION IN A SCI MICE MODEL. WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITION IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BET INHIBITION IN TISSUE SPARING, INFLAMMATION, NEURONAL PROTECTION, AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME AFTER SCI. RESULTS: WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 REDUCED THE LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. A PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH JQ1 ALSO DECREASED REACTIVITY OF MICROGLIA/MACROPHAGES, ENHANCED NEUROPROTECTION AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, AND ACUTELY REDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER SCI. CONCLUSIONS: BET PROTEIN INHIBITION IS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT TO REGULATE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTE NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SCI. THESE NOVEL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT TARGETING BET PROTEINS IS AN ENCOURAGING APPROACH FOR SCI REPAIR AND A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO TREAT OTHER INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES.	2019