1  4859 114 ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS. OSCC IS THE MOST FREQUENT MALIGNANT TUMOUR OF THE ORAL CAVITY, ACCOUNTING FOR MORE THAN 90% OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THIS ANATOMIC REGION AND IT OFTEN ARISES FROM PRECURSOR LESIONS. ASIDE FROM TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, FURTHER DETERMINANTS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED TO INCREASE THE RISK OF OSCC DEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, CHRONIC TRAUMATISM, POOR ORAL HYGIENE AND VIRUSES. RECURRENCE, SURVIVAL AND CONVERSELY, MORTALITY DEPENDS ON NUMEROUS AND DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL, HISTOLOGICAL, MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC FACTORS THAT HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED IN ORDER TO DEFINE CAUSES, TO HELP DIAGNOSIS AND TO REFINE APPROPRIATE TREATMENTS THAT PERFECTLY FIT WITH THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF OSCCS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, DURING THE LAST DECADES, THE IMPROVEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGIES AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES HAVE ALLOWED TO INVESTIGATE MARKERS AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES RELATED TO EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND OSCC PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THEM AS TARGETS IN FUTURE SELECTIVE AND INDIVIDUALLY-SHAPED THERAPIES. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON THE ETIOLOGY, ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR ORAL CANCERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2  4957  21 PATHOGENESIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: THE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC THEORY. OBJECTIVE: TO STUDY THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. DESIGN: OVERVIEW OF OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. SETTING: NOT APPLICABLE. PATIENT(S): NONE. INTERVENTIONS(S): NONE. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): THE HYPOTHESIS IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS. RESULT(S): ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOMETRIUM-LIKE TISSUE OUTSIDE THE UTERUS, HAS A VARIABLE MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE AND A POORLY UNDERSTOOD NATURAL HISTORY. IT IS A HEREDITARY AND HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE WITH MANY BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE LESIONS, WHICH ARE CLONAL IN ORIGIN. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN, INFERTILITY, ADENOMYOSIS, AND CHANGES IN THE JUNCTIONAL ZONE, PLACENTATION, IMMUNOLOGY, PLASMA, PERITONEAL FLUID, AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY. THE SAMPSON HYPOTHESIS OF IMPLANTED ENDOMETRIAL CELLS FOLLOWING RETROGRADE MENSTRUATION, ANGIOGENIC SPREAD, LYMPHOGENIC SPREAD, OR THE METAPLASIA THEORY CANNOT EXPLAIN ALL OBSERVATIONS IF METAPLASIA IS DEFINED AS CELLS WITH REVERSIBLE CHANGES AND AN ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR/MORPHOLOGY DUE TO THE ABNORMAL ENVIRONMENT. WE PROPOSE A POLYGENETIC/POLYEPIGENETIC MECHANISM. THE SET OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS TRANSMITTED AT BIRTH COULD EXPLAIN THE HEREDITARY ASPECTS, THE PREDISPOSITION, AND THE ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PLACENTATION. TO DEVELOP TYPICAL, CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS, A VARIABLE SERIES OF ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSIBLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INCIDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO OCCUR IN A CELL WHICH MAY VARY FROM ENDOMETRIAL TO STEM CELLS. SUBTLE LESIONS ARE VIEWED AS ENDOMETRIUM IN A DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT UNTIL ADDITIONAL INCIDENTS OCCUR. TYPICAL CYSTIC OVARIAN OR DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS LESIONS ARE HETEROGENEOUS AND REPRESENT THREE DIFFERENT DISEASES. CONCLUSION(S): THE GENETIC EPIGENETIC THEORY IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS. IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTION ARE DISCUSSED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  5602  19 RORGAMMAT(+) HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS ARE NECESSARY FOR TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION DURING COLITIS-ASSOCIATED TUMORIGENESIS IN MICE. COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON TUMOR ENTITIES. IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLON CANCER IS CONSIDERED A DANGEROUS LONG-TERM COMPLICATION. IL-17A AND THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR GAMMAT (RORGAMMAT) PLAY FUNDAMENTAL ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; IN HUMAN STUDIES, WE DETECTED A DENSE INFILTRATION OF RORGAMMAT-DEPENDENT CD4(+) IL17A(+) T HELPER (TH)17 CELLS IN SPECIMENS OF CRC, ULCERATIVE COLITIS, AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CANCER. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISTIC ROLE OF RORGAMMAT(+) HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS IN COLITIS-ASSOCIATED TUMORIGENESIS REMAINS UNCLEAR. TO INVESTIGATE COLITIS-ASSOCIATED COLON TUMORIGENESIS, WE CONDUCTED STUDIES IN THE AOM+DSS MOUSE MODEL THAT REVEALED THE IMPORTANCE OF RORGAMMAT FOR COLON TUMOR PROGRESSION. IN THE ABSENCE OF RORGAMMAT-DEPENDENT TH17 LYMPHOCYTES, MICE SHOWED SIGNS OF INTENSE CHRONIC COLITIS, BUT DEVELOPED SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER MACROSCOPIC TUMOR NODULES. THE REDUCTION OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT IN RORGAMMAT(-/-) MICE WAS NOT DUE TO REDUCED COLON TUMOR INITIATION. HOWEVER, THE PROLIFERATION RATE OF TUMOR CELLS WAS REDUCED IN THE ABSENCE OF RORGAMMAT-DEPENDENT TH17 CELLS AND TUMOR CELLS SHOWED PRONOUNCED SIGNS OF SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC AND LYSOSOMAL CHANGES. THESE RESULTS INDICATE AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR THE IMMUNOLOGICAL MILIEU IN COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER, WHICH IS SHAPED IN-PART BY RORGAMMAT-DEPENDENT TH17 LYMPHOCYTES THAT SUPPORT CRC GROWTH.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4  5211  35 PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE EARLY STAGES OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN HUMAN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE EMERGENCE OF PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF WHICH SOME WILL EVENTUALLY DEVELOP INTO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). BASIC STUDIES ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF THESE PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS MAY EVENTUALLY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ARE ALSO IMPORTANT IN ORDER TO DETERMINE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH A PRENEOPLASTIC LESION. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE CURRENT CONCEPTS OF PRENEOPLASTIC LESION IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. THE MICROSCOPICAL SMALL-CELL DYSPLASTIC FOCUS IS THE SMALLEST MORPHOLOGICALLY RECOGNIZABLE PRECURSOR LESION OF HCC AND THEREFORE IS A LOGICAL TARGET OF STUDY TO ELUCIDATE THE EARLIEST EVENTS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. IN CONTRAST, LARGE-CELL DYSPLASIA IS NOT A PRECURSOR LESION, BUT APPEARS TO BE OF CLINICAL VALUE BECAUSE OF ITS GOOD PREDICTIVE VALUE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. DYSPLASTIC NODULES (DNS) ARE MACROSCOPICALLY RECOGNIZABLE PRECURSOR LESIONS OF HCC AND HIGH-GRADE DNS (HGDNS) HAVE A RISK OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. DETECTION OF DNS AND CORRECT DIFFERENTIATION FROM SMALL HCC (<2 CM) IS SOMETIMES DIFFICULT, ESPECIALLY WHEN ONLY IMAGING TECHNIQUES ARE USED. ADDITIONAL CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON IDENTIFICATION AND OPTIMAL TREATMENT OF DNS ARE NECESSARY. MOLECULAR STUDIES ON HGDNS AND SMALL HCCS MAY YIELD MUCH INFORMATION ON THE GENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSITION FROM SEVERE DYSPLASIA TO EARLY MALIGNANCY. IN CONTRAST, CURRENTLY AVAILABLE DATA INDICATE THAT (LARGE) REGENERATIVE NODULES DO NOT REPRESENT A DISTINCT STEP IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. ANIMAL MODELS WILL BE HELPFUL IN THE FURTHER UNRAVELLING OF HUMAN HCC DEVELOPMENT, PROVIDED THAT STUDIES ARE PERFORMED ON MODELS THAT ARE GOOD REPRESENTATIVES OF HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. WE PROPOSE THREE CRITERIA BY WHICH GOOD MIMICKERS CAN BE IDENTIFIED.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
5  5735  22 SMALL VESSEL DISEASE-RELATED DEMENTIA: AN INVALID NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING? THE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS-DEPENDENT ALTERATION OF BRAIN PERFUSION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR DETERMINANTS IN SMALL VESSEL DISEASE, SINCE SMALL VESSELS HAVE A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE BRAIN'S AUTOREGULATION. NEVERTHELESS, AS FAR AS WE KNOW, ENDOTHELIUM DISTRESS CAN POTENTIATE THE FLOW DYSREGULATION AND LEAD TO SUBCORTICAL VASCULAR DEMENTIA THAT IS RELATED TO SMALL VESSEL DISEASE (SVD), ALSO BEING DEFINED AS SUBCORTICAL VASCULAR DEMENTIA (SVAD), AS WELL AS MICROGLIA ACTIVATION, CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND HYPOPERFUSION, VESSEL-TONE DYSREGULATION, ALTERED ASTROCYTES, AND PERICYTES FUNCTIONING BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DISRUPTION. THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THIS PATHOLOGY REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. THE APPARENT CONSEQUENCE (OR A FIRST EVENT, TOO) IS THE MACROSCOPIC ALTERATION OF THE NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD A HEALTHY AGING PROCESS TOWARDS SUBCORTICAL DEMENTIA. WE REMARKED THAT SVD AND WHITE MATTER ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO AGE COULD BE ACCELERATED AND POTENTIATED BY DIFFERENT VASCULAR RISK FACTORS. VASCULAR FUNCTION CHANGES CAN BE HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, WHICH ARE, TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, MOSTLY UNKNOWN. METABOLIC DEMANDS, ACTIVE NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING, CORRECT GLYMPHATIC PROCESS, AND ADEQUATE OXIDATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES COULD BE BULWARKS IN DEFENSE OF THE CORRECT AGING PROCESS; THEIR IMPAIRMENTS LEAD TO A POTENTIALLY CATASTROPHIC AND NON-REVERSIBLE CONDITION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  4286  38 MICRORNA EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED NAFLD-NASH-HCC PROGRESSION: STUDY ON C57BL/6J MICE. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE LIVER. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS A FREQUENT CHRONIC LIVER DISORDER IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. NAFLD CAN PROGRESS THROUGH THE MORE SEVERE NON ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), CIRRHOSIS AND, LASTLY, HCC. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF CODING GENES AS WELL AS DEREGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ACTIVITY PLAY A ROLE IN HCC DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS STUDY, THE C57BL/6J MOUSE MODEL WAS LONG TERM HIGH-FAT (HF) OR LOW-FAT (LF) DIET FED, IN ORDER TO ANALYZE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEPATIC DAMAGE PROGRESSION. METHODS: MICE WERE HF OR LF DIET FED FOR DIFFERENT TIME POINTS, THEN PLASMA AND HEPATIC TISSUES WERE COLLECTED. HISTOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE. MICRORNAS' DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION WAS EVALUATED ON POOLED RNAS FROM TISSUES, AND SOME MIRNAS SHOWING DYSREGULATION WERE FURTHER ANALYZED AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. RESULTS: CHOLESTEROL, LOW AND HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, TRIGLYCERIDES AND ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE INCREASE WAS DETECTED IN HF MICE. GROSS ANATOMICAL EXAMINATION REVEALED HEPATOMEGALY IN HF LIVERS, AND HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTED DIFFERENT DEGREES AND LEVELS OF STEATOSIS, INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE AND FIBROSIS IN HF AND LF ANIMALS, DEMONSTRATING THE PROGRESSION FROM NAFLD THROUGH NASH. MACROSCOPIC NODULES, SHOWING TYPICAL NEOPLASTIC FEATURES, WERE OBSERVED IN 20% OF HF DIET FED MICE. FIFTEEN MIRNAS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN HF WITH RESPECT TO LF HEPATIC TISSUES DURING THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DAMAGE, AND IN TUMORS WITH RESPECT TO HF NON TUMOR LIVER SPECIMENS WERE IDENTIFIED. AMONG THEM, MIR-340-5P, MIR-484, MIR-574-3P, MIR-720, WHOSE EXPRESSION WAS NEVER DESCRIBED IN NAFLD, NASH AND HCC TISSUES, AND MIR-125A-5P AND MIR-182, WHICH SHOWED EARLY AND SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION IN THE SEQUENTIAL HEPATIC DAMAGE PROCESS. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY, FIFTEEN MICRORNAS WHICH WERE MODULATED IN HEPATIC TISSUES AND IN TUMORS DURING THE TRANSITION NAFLD-NASH-HCC ARE REPORTED. BESIDES SOME ALREADY DESCRIBED, NEW AND EARLY DYSREGULATED MIRNAS WERE IDENTIFIED. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES ARE NEEDED TO VALIDATE THE RESULTS HERE OBTAINED, AND TO BETTER DEFINE THE ROLE OF THESE MOLECULES IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE HEPATIC DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  3934  36 LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS IN RODENTS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TEST AGENTS RAISES SEVERAL QUESTIONS WHICH COULD BE PLACED IN ONE OF TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERPRETATIONAL. FROM A DIAGNOSTIC POINT OF VIEW, THE PROPER CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER TUMORS INTO A BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CATEGORY HAS TO BE BASED ON THE DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LESIONS. THEREFORE, EXTREME CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEPARATE THE MALIGNANT TUMORS FROM THE BENIGN AND THE BENIGN NEOPLASIA FROM THE HYPERPLASIA. THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE TERM "NEOPLASTIC NODULE" FOR HYPERPLASTIC NODULE IN RATS IS MISLEADING. MOST OF THESE NODULES, WHEN INDUCED UNDER SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, MAY REGRESS OR REMODEL AND THUS THEY ARE NOT NEOPLASTIC IN NATURE. CHRONIC CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAYS SHOULD INCLUDE "STOP" TYPE OF TREATMENT LEAVING ENOUGH OF THE OBSERVATIONAL TIME TO ESTABLISH THE FATE OF INDUCED NODULAR LESIONS. THE INDUCTION OF HISTOCHEMICALLY CHANGED FOCI CAN SERVE ONLY AS AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY AND SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH THE INDUCTION OF BONA FIDE CANCER. THE BIOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF NODULAR LIVER LESIONS, ESPECIALLY IN MICE, NEEDS FURTHER SCRUTINY BECAUSE THESE LESIONS HAVE A TENDENCY TO DEVELOP SPONTANEOUSLY WITH HIGH INCIDENCE IN SOME STRAINS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC THEN RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO THE MECHANISM BY WHICH VARIOUS AGENTS AUGMENT AND/OR ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH TUMORS. IS THIS ACTION PRIMARILY PROMOTING OR INITIATING IN NATURE OR DOES IT REPRESENT THE INDUCTION OF TUMORS DE NOVO? THE ANSWER TO THIS DILEMMA MAY HAVE A DECISIVE BEARING ON CARCINOGENIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE TYPE OF REGULATORY ACTION, SINCE THE PROMOTING AGENTS POSSESS A THRESHOLD EFFECT AND THE PROMOTED CHANGES MAY REGRESS FOLLOWING WITHDRAWAL OF TREATMENT. THE INTERPRETATION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS SEX HORMONAL ENVIRONMENT, INCREASED MITOTIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING AN EXCESSIVE LOSS OF PARENCHYMAL CELLS, DEGREE OF CALORIC INTAKE, ENZYMATIC COMPLEMENT, AND ANIMALS' AGE AT THE TIME OF THE EXPOSURE TO A TEST AGENT, MAY INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME OF LIVER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING "INITIATION" AND/OR "PROMOTION" OF CARCINOGENESIS. BROAD FLUCTUATION IN THE HISTORIC INCIDENCE OF LIVER TUMORS FURTHER COMPOUNDS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROPER BIOASSAY INTERPRETATION. THE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS MAY HAVE THE OBJECTIVE TO EXPLORE PREDOMINANTLY THE INITIATING OR PROMOTING EFFECTS OF THE AGENT. SUCH PROTOCOLS SHOULD BE USED WHENEVER NECESSARY TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THESE TWO MECHANISMS OF ACTION. IN THE CAUCASIANS, THE "SPONTANEOUS" DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR TUMORS IS RARE. THE MAJORITY OF THESE TUMORS ARE MALIGNANT AND RAPIDLY FATAL. ACCORDING TO SOME HUMAN PATHOLOGISTS, THE BENIGN VARIETY OF LIVER TUMORS IS RARE AND IT DOES NOT REPRESENT NECESSARILY A PREMALIGNANT STAGE IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER MAY OCCUR IN INFANCY, ESPECIALLY IN MALES BEFORE THE AGE OF 2 YEARS. THIS SUGGESTS A GENETIC CAUSATION OR CARCINOGENIC EXPOSURE IN UTERO. ONE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS IS EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B(1) WHICH IS APPARENTLY POTENTIATED BY CONCURRENT LIVER CIRRHOSIS. BECAUSE MANY MORE AGENTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE HEPATOCARCINOGENIC IN MICE AND RATS THAN IN MEN, A QUESTION ARISES AS TO THE DIRECT RELEVANCE OF RODENT STUDIES TO HUMANS. A BALANCED ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THE AGENT COULD ONLY BE REACHED IN CONSIDERING BOTH THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA IN OTHER ORGANS. IN THE CASE OF POSITIVE CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT, THE OUTCOME OF THE MUTAGENICITY BIOASSAYS CAN SUGGEST GENIC (GENOTOXIC) OR PARAGENIC (EPIGENETIC) MODE OF ACTION IN MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS.	1982	

8  4712  25 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: METABOLIC, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT CAUSES OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN THE WESTERN WORLD, PROBABLY DUE TO THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, METABOLIC DISEASES, AND EXPOSURE TO SOME ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS. IN CERTAIN PATIENTS, SIMPLE HEPATIC STEATOSIS CAN PROGRESS TO NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), WHICH CAN SOMETIMES LEAD TO LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ITS COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE THE PROGRESSION OF NAFLD TO NASH IS CRUCIAL TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE DISEASE. THE MAIN HYPOTHESIS CONSIDERS THAT IT IS DUE TO MULTIPLE FACTORS THAT ACT TOGETHER ON GENETICALLY PREDISPOSED SUBJECTS TO SUFFER FROM NAFLD INCLUDING INSULIN RESISTANCE, NUTRITIONAL FACTORS, GUT MICROBIOTA, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL DISCUSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NAFLD, AND WE OVERVIEW SEVERAL TOPICS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ITS POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  3022  33 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS PURPOSE IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. INTRODUCTION: NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) COMPRISES A BROAD SPECTRUM OF DISEASES, WHICH CAN PROGRESS FROM BENIGN STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. NAFLD IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 25% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION. INSULIN RESISTANCE, ADIPOSE TISSUE DYSFUNCTION, MITOCHONDRIAL AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE NAFLD TRIGGERS THAT CONTROL THE DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PROGRESSION. AREAS COVERED: IN RECENT YEARS A LARGE NUMBER OF INVESTIGATIONS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT TO ELUCIDATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS, AS WELL AS THE SEARCH FOR DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. THIS PAPER OBJECTIVE IS TO REPORT THE MOST STUDIED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIANTS AROUND NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION: NAFLD LEAD TO VARIOUS COMORBIDITIES, WHICH HAVE A CONSIDERABLE IMPACT ON THE PATIENT WELLNESS AND LIFE QUALITY, AS WELL AS ON THE COSTS THEY GENERATE FOR THE COUNTRY'S HEALTH SERVICES. IT IS ESSENTIAL TO CONTINUE WITH MOLECULAR RESEARCH, SINCE IT COULD BE USED AS A CLINICAL TOOL FOR PROGNOSIS AND DISEASE SEVERITY. SPECIFICALLY, IN THE FIELD OF HEPATOLOGY, PLASMA MIRNAS COULD PROVIDE A NOVEL TOOL IN LIVER DISEASES DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING, REPRESENTING AN ALTERNATIVE TO INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10  4140  26 MECHANISMS OF P-GLYCOPROTEIN ALTERATION DURING ANTICANCER TREATMENT: ROLE IN THE PHARMACOKINETIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATE DRUGS. IN CLINICAL PHARMACOTHERAPY, THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES DIFFER SUBSTANTIALLY BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND ARE OFTEN DETERMINED BY THEIR BLOOD LEVELS. CRITICAL REGULATORS INFLUENCING THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF DRUGS INCLUDE DRUG TRANSPORTERS AND DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES. AMONG THESE, WE HAVE FOCUSED ON P-GLYCOPROTEIN (P-GP), A DRUG EFFLUX TRANSPORTER. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF P-GP ARE ALTERED UNDER SEVERAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, BY EXPOSURE TO SUBSTRATE DRUGS OF P-GP, AND BY INGESTION OF CERTAIN FOODS. IN THIS CRITICAL REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH ANTICANCER DRUGS, MOST OF WHICH ARE P-GP SUBSTRATES, ALTER THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF P-GP IN TUMORS AND NORMAL TISSUES AFTER CHRONIC TREATMENT. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, IN ADDITION TO EPIGENETIC AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL FACTORS, MODULATE P-GP EXPRESSION, WHICH ALTERS THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DRUGS. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS WITH REGARD TO DRUG-TAKING HISTORY, AS WELL AS LEVELS OF P-GP EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION, WHEN PROVIDING CLINICAL PHARMACOTHERAPY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11  4950  22 PATHOGENESIS OF ADENOMYOSIS: AN UPDATE ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. ADENOMYOSIS IS A UTERINE DISORDER BECOMING MORE COMMONLY DIAGNOSED IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE BECAUSE OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING ADVANCEMENTS. THE NEW EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SCENARIO AND THE CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF PELVIC PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING AND INFERTILITY ARE CHANGING THE CLASSIC PERSPECTIVE OF ADENOMYOSIS AS A PREMENOPAUSAL DISEASE. IN THE LAST DECADE, THE EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MEDIATORS HAS IMPROVED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF ADENOMYOSIS, SUPPORTING THAT THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT DISEASE FROM ENDOMETRIOSIS. ALTHOUGH THEY SHARE COMMON GENETIC MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEX STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS AND SIMILAR INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN PATHOGENIC PATHWAYS SPECIFIC FOR ADENOMYOSIS. A PUBMED SEARCH UP TO OCTOBER 2016 SUMMARIZES THE KEY MEDIATORS OF PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING AND INFERTILITY IN ADENOMYOSIS, INCLUDING SEX STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS, INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ENZYMES, GROWTH FACTORS AND NEUROANGIOGENIC FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12    74  34 A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IN RECENT TIMES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BEEN CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF LIVER DISEASE ACROSS THE WORLD. NAFLD IS DEFINED AS THE DEPOSITION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. HYPERINSULINEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), FATTY LIVER, HEPATOCYTE INJURY, UNBALANCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIVER INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS ARE THE MAIN PATHOGENESIS IN NAFLD. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE ACTION OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA THROUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, AND ENERGY UPTAKE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN NAFLD. MOREOVER, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ALSO CAUSES NAFLD DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IR. AGE, GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, SLEEP, DIET, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ARE SOME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF NAFLD THAT CAN EXACERBATE THE RISK OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DEATH. NAFLD HAS VARIOUS PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING FATIGUE, UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS, BLOATING, UPPER ABDOMINAL PAIN, DECREASED APPETITE, HEADACHE, ANXIETY, POOR SLEEP, INCREASED THIRST, PALPITATION, AND A FEELING OF WARMTH. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT NAFLD WITH SEVERE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HAS POOR OUTCOMES. THE GOLD STANDARD FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS IS LIVER BIOPSY. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS ARE IMAGING TESTS, SERUM BIOMARKERS, MICROBIOTA MARKERS, AND TESTS FOR EXTRAHEPATIC COMPLICATIONS. THERE ARE NO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NAFLD. THEREFORE, THE MAIN CONCERN FOR NAFLD IS TREATING THE COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, STATINS TO REDUCE HCC PROGRESSION, ANTIOXIDANTS TO PREVENT HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR PATIENTS WITH A BMI OF >40 KG/M(2) AND >35 KG/M(2) WITH COMORBIDITIES. LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AGAINST NAFLD ADVANCEMENT. INADEQUATE TREATMENT OF NAFLD FURTHER LEADS TO CARDIAC CONSEQUENCES, SLEEP APNEA, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE HAVE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED THE RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND NUMEROUS CONSEQUENCES OF NAFLD. WE HAVE ALSO REVIEWED VARIOUS GUIDELINES FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS ALONG WITH EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  1942  30 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LIVER CANCER IN AFRICA: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A DISEASE OF GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE WITH MORTALITY ON THE RISE, DESPITE THE PREVENTABLE NATURE OF ITS RISK FACTORS ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA. IT IS NOW THE SIXTH MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE, FIFTH IN MALES, AND NINTH IN FEMALES. HCC INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE PREDICTED TO INCREASE IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES CONSTRAINED BY LIMITED RESOURCES TO COMBAT ENDEMIC LEVELS OF VIRAL INFECTION AND SYNERGISTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. THE CHANGING NATURE OF HCC ETIOLOGY IS PARTICULARLY ILLUSTRATED HERE WITH THE TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE VIRAL HEPATITIS COEXISTING ALONGSIDE HIGH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) PREVALENCE AND RAPIDLY INCREASING URBANIZATION THAT HAVE PROMOTED A SHARP INCREASE IN ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE COINFECTION, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND OBESITY. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN ETIOLOGY BETWEEN NORTH AFRICA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, RISK FACTORS LIKE CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C, AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE, AND IRON OVERLOAD PREDOMINATE. AGGRESSIVE HEPATITIS B GENOTYPES, COMBINED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS/HEPATITIS C VIRUS/HIV COINFECTIONS AND AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE, PROMOTE A MORE AGGRESSIVE MOLECULAR PHENOTYPE. IN PARALLEL TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR ETIOLOGY OF HCC, POLICY AND PLANNING INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS THE BURDEN OF HCC MUST BE ANCHORED WITHIN THE REALITY OF THE LIMITED RESOURCES AVAILABLE. ESTABLISHMENT AND COORDINATION OF CANCER REGISTRIES ACROSS AFRICA IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DATA NECESSARY TO GALVANIZE ACTION. PREVENTIVE MEASURES INCLUDING HEPATITIS B VACCINATION PROGRAMS, MEASURES TO PREVENT MATERNAL-TO-CHILD AND CHILD-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION, DELIVERY OF UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE ANTIRETROVIRAL AND ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS, AND REDUCTION OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE CAN CONTRIBUTE MARKEDLY TO REDUCE HCC INCIDENCE. FINALLY, THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMARKERS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS WILL NEED A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIQUE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HCC ON THE CONTINENT. WE PRESENT A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF HCC IN AFRICA, DISCUSSING PRESENT AND FUTURE TRENDS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14  3265  34 HEPATOCARCINOMA: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES. HCC IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 1 MILLION DEATHS ANNUALLY. THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IS HIGHEST IN ASIA AND AFRICA, WHERE THE ENDEMIC HIGH PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH HCC GENERALLY PRESENT AT AN ADVANCED STAGE DUE TO COMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS DEFINED BY THE ABSENCE OF PATHOGNOMONIC SYMPTOMS, RESULTING IN DEATH WITHIN 6 TO 20 MONTHS, SUGGESTING AN URGENT NEED IN TREATMENT MODALITIES THAT WILL DRAMATICALLY DECREASE THE MORTALITY RATE OF HCC. THE MOLECULAR HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS, HOWEVER, A GRADUAL PROCESS DURING WHICH GENETIC ALTERATIONS PROGRESSIVELY ACCUMULATE AND LEAD TO HCC THROUGH INTERMEDIATE PRENEOPLASTIC STAGES. WITH THE ADVENT OF WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING TOOLS, VARIOUS MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC HAVE BEEN IDENTI FI ED, WHICH HAVE ADVANCED OUR MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HCC. HOWEVER, THE FREQUENCY OF THESE MUTATIONS IS RARE, AND THESE GENETIC MUTATIONS ONLY PARTLY EXPLAIN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE DISEASE. BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, MAY HELP UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC, AS WELL AS PROVIDING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR HCC TREATMENT. FURTHER CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO DEVELOPING MORE EFFECTIVE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND TARGETED DRUG THERAPY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  5181  31 PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN GASTRIC CANCER. DESPITE A PLATEAU IN INCIDENCE, GASTRIC CANCER IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLDWIDE AND CAUSES CONSIDERABLE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS ARE WELL KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTESTINAL-TYPE GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMAS. IN THIS MULTISTEP MODEL OF GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS, HELICOBACTER PYLORI CAUSES CHRONIC ACTIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA, WHICH SLOWLY PROGRESSES THROUGH THE PREMALIGNANT STAGES OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, AND ADENOMA/DYSPLASIA TO GASTRIC CARCINOMA. THIS PROGRESSION IS PARALLELED BY A STEPWISE ACCUMULATION OF MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. DETECTION, TREATMENT, AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF PREMALIGNANT LESIONS MAY THUS PROVIDE A BASIS FOR GASTRIC CANCER PREVENTION. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS. IT ALSO REVIEWS THE ISSUE OF SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH PREMALIGNANT LESIONS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  3821  24 INTRODUCTION: FROM PATHOGENESIS TO THERAPY, DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS REMAINS A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY. A NUMBER OF THEORIES MAY EXPLAIN ITS PATHOGENESIS AND MANY ARGUMENTS SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE A PREREQUISITE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LESIONS INTO DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS. DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS IS FREQUENTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PELVIC PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA, AND/OR DEEP DYSPAREUNIA, BUT CAN ALSO CAUSE OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS. DIAGNOSIS MAY BE IMPROVED BY HIGH-QUALITY IMAGING. THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE A SOURCE OF CONTENTION AS WELL. IN THIS ISSUE'S VIEWS AND REVIEWS, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL STRATEGIES ARE DISCUSSED, AND IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT TREATMENT SHOULD BE DESIGNED ACCORDING TO A PATIENT'S SYMPTOMS AND INDIVIDUAL NEEDS. IT IS ALSO VITAL THAT REFERRAL CENTERS HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE TO TREAT DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS MEDICALLY AND/OR SURGICALLY. THE DEBATE MUST CONTINUE BECAUSE EMERGING TRENDS IN THERAPY NEED TO BE FOLLOWED AND INVESTIGATED FOR OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17  4709  32 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE: TWO INTERTWINED ENTITIES. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF 25-30%. SINCE ITS FIRST DESCRIPTION IN 1980, NAFLD HAS BEEN CONCEIVED AS A DIFFERENT ENTITY FROM ALCOHOL-RELATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (ALD), DESPITE THAT, BOTH DISEASES HAVE AN OVERLAP IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, SHARE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND FREQUENTLY COEXIST. BOTH ENTITIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A BROAD SPECTRUM OF HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES RANGING FROM ISOLATED STEATOSIS TO STEATOHEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS. DISTINCTION BETWEEN NAFLD AND ALD IS BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF CONSUMED ALCOHOL, WHICH HAS BEEN ARBITRARILY ESTABLISHED. IN THIS CONTEXT, A PROPOSAL OF POSITIVE CRITERIA FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS NOT CONSIDERING EXCLUSION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AS A PREREQUISITE CRITERION FOR DIAGNOSIS HAD EMERGED, RECOGNIZING THE POSSIBILITY OF A DUAL ETIOLOGY OF FATTY LIVER IN SOME INDIVIDUALS. THE IMPACT OF MODERATE ALCOHOL USE ON THE SEVERITY OF NAFLD IS ILL-DEFINED. SOME STUDIES SUGGEST PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN MODERATE DOSES, BUT CURRENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT THERE IS NO SAFE THRESHOLD FOR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION FOR NAFLD. IN FACT, GIVEN THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OBESITY, AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION, IT IS LIKELY THAT ALCOHOL USE SERVES AS A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR FOR THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE IN NAFLD AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. THIS ALSO AFFECTS THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE OVERLAPPING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NAFLD AND ALD, THE CURRENT DATA ON ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN PATIENTS WITH NAFLD, AND THE EFFECTS OF METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND OVERWEIGHT IN ALD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18  4884  27 OVERVIEW OF THE PATHOGENESIS, GENETIC, AND NON-INVASIVE CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND SCORING METHODS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF NAFLD. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. IT REPRESENTS A RANGE OF DISORDERS, INCLUDING SIMPLE STEATOSIS, NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS, AND ITS PREVALENCE CONTINUES TO RISE. IN SOME CASES, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MAY DEVELOP. THE DEVELOP;MENT OF NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC AND SCREENING TOOLS IS NEEDED, IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF LIVER BIOPSIES. THE MOST PROMISING METHODS ARE THOSE ABLE TO EXCLUDE ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND QUANTIFY STEATOSIS. IN THIS STUDY, NEW PERSPECTIVE MARKERS FOR INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, APOPTOSIS, AND FIBROGENESIS; EMERGING SCORING MODELS FOR DETECTING HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND FIBROSIS; AND NEW GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND MULTIOMIC STUDIES ARE DISCUSSED. AS ISOLATED BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ARE NOT SPECIFIC OR SENSITIVE ENOUGH TO PREDICT THE PRESENCE OF NASH AND FIBROSIS, THERE IS A TENDENCY TO USE VARIOUS MARKERS AND COMBINE THEM INTO MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS. SEVERAL PREDICTIVE MODELS AND SCORING SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED. CURRENT DATA SUGGESTS THAT PANELS OF MARKERS (NAFLD FIBROSIS SCORE, FIB-4 SCORE, BARD SCORE, AND OTHERS) ARE USEFUL DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES TO MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF LIVER BIOPSIES. THE REVIEW UNVEILS PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO NEW TRENDS IN CURRENT NON-INVASIVE BIOCHEMICAL, GENETIC, AND SCORING METHODS, AND PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO THEIR DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACIES AND SUITABILITY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  4413  27 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UTERINE FIBROIDS. UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS REPRESENT THE MOST COMMON BENIGN GYNECOLOGIC TUMOR. THESE HORMONE-DEPENDENT SMOOTH-MUSCLE FORMATIONS OCCUR WITH AN ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF ~70% AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND CAUSE SYMPTOMS INCLUDING PAIN, ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING, INFERTILITY, AND RECURRENT ABORTION. DESPITE THE PREVALENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS, AVAILABLE TREATMENTS REMAIN LIMITED. AMONG THE POTENTIAL CAUSES OF LEIOMYOMAS, EARLY HORMONAL EXPOSURE DURING PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT MAY RESULT IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING VIA EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT PERSIST IN ADULTHOOD, LEADING TO DISEASE ONSET OR PROGRESSION. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN UNBIASED HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY ENABLE POWERFUL APPROACHES TO DETECT DRIVER MUTATIONS, YIELDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF LEIOMYOMAS. CURRENT DATA ALSO SUGGEST THAT EACH LEIOMYOMA ORIGINATES FROM THE CLONAL EXPANSION OF A SINGLE TRANSFORMED SOMATIC STEM CELL OF THE MYOMETRIUM. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROPOSE AN INTEGRATED CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR VIEW OF THE ORIGINS OF LEIOMYOMAS, AS WELL AS PARADIGM-SHIFTING STUDIES THAT WILL LEAD TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-SURGICAL TREATMENTS FOR THESE HIGHLY FREQUENT TUMORS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  3170  28 GUT INFLAMMATION AND TUMORIGENESIS: EVERY SITE HAS A DIFFERENT TALE TO TELL. GUT INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN CORRELATED WITH CANCEROGENESIS BY DISRUPTING GASTROINTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS. NUMEROUS CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE TUBULAR GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (E.G., GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE, HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED AND AUTOIMMUNE CHRONIC GASTRITIS, CELIAC DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES) HAVE BEEN VARIABLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED NEOPLASTIC RISK. GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION-INDUCED NEOPLASMS INCLUDE EPITHELIAL TUMORS (ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ADENOCARCINOMA, GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS, SMALL BOWEL ADENOCARCINOMA AND NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS, AND COLORECTAL CANCER) AND LYMPHOMAS (SUCH AS GASTRIC MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMAS AND ENTEROPATHY-ASSOCIATED T CELL LYMPHOMA). IN THE LAST DECADES, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE MICROENVIRONMENTAL/MICROBIOME CHANGES THAT TRIGGER GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS EVENTUALLY LEADING TO TUMORIGENESIS, OFTEN THROUGH A HISTOLOGICALLY RECOGNIZABLE INFLAMMATION-DYSPLASIA-CARCINOMA CANCEROGENIC SEQUENCE. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW, AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE LINKS BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AND NEOPLASMS OF THE TUBULAR GI TRACT, APPLYING A SITE-BY-SITE APPROACH, IS PROVIDED.	2023