1  6654 131 UPDATE ON PSEUDOEXFOLIATION SYNDROME PATHOGENESIS AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, GLAUCOMA AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: PSEUDOEXFOLIATION (PEX) SYNDROME IS A COMMON AGE-RELATED DISORDER AFFECTING INTRAOCULAR AND EXTRAOCULAR TISSUES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON RECENT PUBLICATIONS RELATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS AND ASSOCIATIONS OF PEX SYNDROME WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP), GLAUCOMA AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES. RECENT FINDINGS: IN PEX TISSUES, EXPRESSION OF LYSYL OXIDASE-LIKE 1 (LOXL1) WAS FOUND TO BE MARKEDLY DYSREGULATED. THIS MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT ELASTIN METABOLISM AND LEAD TO ELASTOTIC ALTERATION IN TISSUES SUCH AS LAMINA CRIBROSA. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT CELLULAR STRESS CONDITIONS AND LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PEX. ALTHOUGH THERE IS AN INCREASED RISK FOR GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT IN PATIENTS WITH PEX AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION AS COMPARED WITH NON-PEX PATIENTS WITH OCULAR HYPERTENSION, LOXL1 SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP) DIFFERENCES. LACK OF ASSOCIATION OF PEX WITH ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY OR DEMENTIA HAS BEEN REPORTED RECENTLY. THE ASSOCIATION WITH VASCULAR DISEASES IS NOT CONSISTENT AMONG DIFFERENT STUDIES. SUMMARY: DESPITE THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF THE LOXL1 VARIANTS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, A MUCH LOWER PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION DEVELOPS PEX, SUGGESTING THAT IN ADDITION TO LOXL1, OTHER GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEX. ALSO, LOXL1 CANNOT HELP TO IDENTIFY THOSE WITH PEX AT INCREASED RISK FOR GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT. INCREASED RISK FOR GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT IN PEX PATIENTS WHO PRESENT WITH INCREASED IOP MAY BE RELATED TO OTHER FACTORS BEYOND IOP, CONTRIBUTING TO INCREASED VULNERABILITY OF THE OPTIC NERVE TO GLAUCOMA DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF PEX.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  3389  31 HOMOCYSTEINE SUPPRESSES THE EXPRESSION OF THE COLLAGEN CROSS-LINKER LYSYL OXIDASE INVOLVING IL-6, FLI1, AND EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION. ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE (HCYS) SERUM LEVELS REPRESENT A RISK FACTOR FOR SEVERAL CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES, INCLUDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE, AND AFFECT BONE DEVELOPMENT, QUALITY, AND HOMEOSTASIS. HCYS INFLUENCES THE FORMATION OF A STABLE BONE MATRIX DIRECTLY THROUGH THE INHIBITION OF THE COLLAGEN CROSS-LINKING ENZYME LYSYL OXIDASE (LOX) AND, AS WE HAVE SHOWN RECENTLY, BY REPRESSING ITS MRNA EXPRESSION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. THROUGH EVALUATION OF GENE ARRAYS, QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR, IMMUNOBLOTS, AND ELISA, WE IDENTIFIED A HCYS-DEPENDENT STIMULATION OF INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) AND GENES INVOLVED IN IL-6/JANUS KINASE 2 (JAK2)-DEPENDENT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS IN PRE-OSTEOBLASTIC MC3T3-E1 CELLS. MOREOVER, UP-REGULATION OF GENES ESSENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION (DNA (CYTOSINE-5)-METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HELICASE LYMPHOID-SPECIFIC (HELLS) WAS OBSERVED. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS DEMONSTRATED THAT HCYS INCREASED VIA IL-6/JAK2 THE EXPRESSION OF FLI1 (FRIEND LEUKEMIA VIRUS INTEGRATION 1), A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, WHICH WE FOUND ESSENTIAL FOR IL-6-DEPENDENT DNMT1 STIMULATION. CPG METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF CPG-RICH LOX PROXIMAL PROMOTER REVEALED AN INCREASED CPG METHYLATION STATUS AFTER TREATMENT OF THE CELLS WITH HCYS INDICATING AN EPIGENETIC ORIGIN FOR HCYS-DEPENDENT LOX REPRESSION. INHIBITION OF THE IL-6/JAK2 PATHWAY OR OF CPG METHYLATION REVERSED THE REPRESSIVE EFFECT OF HCYS ON LOX EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT HCYS STIMULATES IL-6 SYNTHESIS IN OSTEOBLASTS, WHICH IS KNOWN TO AFFECT BONE METABOLISM VIA OSTEOCLASTS. FURTHERMORE, IL-6 STIMULATION RESULTS VIA JAK2, FLI1, AND DNMT1 IN DOWN-REGULATION OF LOX EXPRESSION BY EPIGENETIC CPG METHYLATION REVEALING A NEW MECHANISM NEGATIVELY AFFECTING BONE MATRIX FORMATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                 
3  5760  29 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	

4  6767  19 ZNF382 CONTROLS MOUSE NEUROPATHIC PAIN VIA SILENCER-BASED EPIGENETIC INHIBITION OF CXCL13 IN DRG NEURONS. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) ARE CRITICAL FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN GENESIS. HOWEVER, HOW THESE CHANGES OCCUR REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE WE REPORT THE DOWN-REGULATION OF ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 382 (ZNF382) IN INJURED DRG NEURONS AFTER NERVE INJURY. RESCUING THIS DOWN-REGULATION ATTENUATES NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY. CONVERSELY, MIMICKING THIS DOWN-REGULATION PRODUCES NEUROPATHIC PAIN SYMPTOMS, WHICH ARE ALLEVIATED BY C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 13 (CXCL13) KNOCKDOWN OR ITS RECEPTOR CXCR5 KNOCKOUT. MECHANISTICALLY, AN IDENTIFIED CIS-ACTING SILENCER AT DISTAL UPSTREAM OF THE CXCL13 PROMOTER SUPPRESSES CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTION VIA BINDING TO ZNF382. BLOCKING THIS BINDING OR GENETICALLY DELETING THIS SILENCER ABOLISHES THE ZNF382 SUPPRESSION ON CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTION AND IMPAIRS ZNF382-INDUCED ANTINOCICEPTION. MOREOVER, ZNF382 DOWN-REGULATION DISRUPTS THE REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC COMPLEX CONTAINING HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 AND SET DOMAIN BIFURCATED 1 AT THE SILENCER-PROMOTER LOOP, RESULTING IN CXCL13 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. THUS, ZNF382 DOWN-REGULATION IS REQUIRED FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN LIKELY THROUGH SILENCER-BASED EPIGENETIC DISINHIBITION OF CXCL13, A KEY NEUROPATHIC PAIN PLAYER, IN DRG NEURONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  6768  28 ZOLEDRONIC ACID EPIGENETICALLY ALLEVIATES HIGH-GLUCOSE-SUPPRESSED OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION OF MC3T3-E1 CELLS. OBJECTIVE: DUE TO THE IMPACT OF EXCESSIVE GLUCOSE ON OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION, DIABETIC OSTEOPATHY FREQUENTLY RESULTS IN SKELETAL FRAGILITY, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND BONE PAIN. ZOLEDRONIC ACID, A BISPHOSPHONATE (BP) THAT EFFECTIVELY INHIBITS OSTEOCLASTIC BONE RESORPTION IS GIVEN YEARLY TO IMPROVE BONE MINERAL DENSITY (BMD) IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS. HOWEVER, THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAINED UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES THE POSSIBLE PATHWAYS BY WHICH ZOLEDRONIC ACID REGULATES OSTEOGENESIS WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE HIGH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MC3T3-E1 CELLS WERE TREATED WITH ONE MM ZOLEDRONIC ACID OR NOT IN A STANDARD OR HIGH GLUCOSE CULTURE MEDIUM. A QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR) ASSAY WAS UTILIZED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF THE TARGET CANDIDATE GENES, INCLUDING RUNX2, MALAT1, MIR-133, MIR-20A, AND MIR-204. RESULTS: IN A HIGH-GLUCOSE CONDITION, ZOLEDRONIC ACID TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERED MALAT1 (P < 0.0001) AND MIR-20A (P < 0.0001) EXPRESSION. CONVERSELY, IN A HIGH-GLUCOSE CONDITION, RUNX2, MIR-133, AND MIR-204 EXPRESSIONS WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE ZOLEDRONIC ACID TREATMENT GROUP AS COMPARED TO NO TREATMENT (ALL P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: IN CONCLUSION, UNDER A HIGH-GLUCOSE ENVIRONMENT, ZOLEDRONIC ACID CAN MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF THE RUNX2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  2181  31 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE NADPH OXIDASE-4 EXPRESSION IN CELLULAR SENESCENCE. AGING IS A WELL-KNOWN RISK FACTOR FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING THOSE OF THE LUNG. CELLULAR SENESCENCE IS ONE OF THE HALLMARKS OF AGING, AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. RECENT STUDIES IMPLICATE THE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS)-GENERATING ENZYME, NADPH OXIDASE 4 (NOX4) IN CELLULAR SENESCENCE. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NOX4. WE OBSERVED CONSTITUTIVELY HIGH LEVELS OF NOX4 GENE/PROTEIN AND ACTIVITY IN A MODEL OF REPLICATION-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF LUNG FIBROBLASTS. IN REPLICATIVE SENESCENT FIBROBLASTS, THE NOX4 GENE IS ENRICHED WITH THE ACTIVATION HISTONE MARK, H4K16AC, AND INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRESSIVE HISTONE MARK, H4K20ME3, SUPPORTING AN ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHROMATIN CONFORMATION. SILENCING OF THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE MOF, WHICH SPECIFICALLY ACETYLATES H4K16, DOWN-REGULATES NOX4 GENE/PROTEIN EXPRESSION. THE NOX4 GENE PROMOTER IS RICH IN CPG SITES; MIXED COPIES OF METHYLATED AND UNMETHYLATED NOX4 DNA WERE DETECTED IN BOTH NONSENESCENT AND SENESCENT CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, THE NOX4 GENE IS VARIABLY ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND METHYL BINDING PROTEINS IN THESE TWO CELL POPULATIONS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE A CRITICAL ROLE FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS INVOLVING H4K16AC IN EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF THE NOX4 GENE, WHILE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION MAY BE CONTEXTUAL. DEFINING MECHANISMS FOR THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NOX4 WILL AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES IN WHICH THIS GENE IS OVEREXPRESSED, IN PARTICULAR IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS AND CANCER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  6669  35 URIC ACID IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: DOES URIC ACID HAVE A DEFINITIVE ROLE? INCREASED SERUM URIC ACID (SUA) LEVELS ARE COMMONLY SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ARE WIDELY ACCEPTED AS RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION, GOUT, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. ALTHOUGH SOME AMBIGUITY FOR THE EXACT ROLE OF URIC ACID (UA) IN THESE DISEASES IS STILL PRESENT, SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED SUCH AS INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND APOPTOSIS. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE IN GENOMICS ENLIGHTENS GENETIC VARIABILITIES AND SOME EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERURICEMIA. HERE WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF UA WITHIN METABOLISM AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WHILE PROVIDING NEWFOUND EVIDENCE FOR THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN UA AND GUT MICROBIOTA AND VITAMIN D. INCREASED SUA LEVELS AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF LOWERING SUA LEVELS NEED TO BE ELUCIDATED MORE TO UNDERSTAND ITS COMPLICATED FUNCTION WITHIN DIFFERENT METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND SET OPTIMAL TARGET LEVELS FOR SUA FOR REDUCING RISKS FOR METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  6580  23 TREPONEMA DENTICOLA INCREASES MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION IN THE PERIODONTIUM VIA REVERSIBLE DNA AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. HOST-DERIVED MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND BACTERIAL PROTEASES MEDIATE DESTRUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES AND SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE IN PERIODONTITIS. THE TREPONEMA DENTICOLA DENTILISIN PROTEASE INDUCES MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION IN PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (PDL) CELLS, AND DENTILISIN-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF PRO-MMP-2 IS REQUIRED FOR CELLULAR FIBRONECTIN DEGRADATION. HERE, WE REPORT THAT T. DENTICOLA REGULATES MMP-2 EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE PERIODONTIUM. PDL CELLS WERE TREATED WITH EPIGENETIC ENZYME INHIBITORS BEFORE OR AFTER T. DENTICOLA CHALLENGE. FIBRONECTIN FRAGMENTATION, MMP-2 EXPRESSION, AND ACTIVATION WERE ASSESSED BY IMMUNOBLOT, ZYMOGRAPHY, AND QRT-PCR, RESPECTIVELY. CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYME EXPRESSION IN T. DENTICOLA-CHALLENGED PDL CELLS AND PERIODONTAL TISSUES WERE EVALUATED USING GENE ARRAYS. SEVERAL CLASSES OF EPIGENETIC ENZYMES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS IN TRANSCRIPTION IN DISEASED TISSUE AND T. DENTICOLA-CHALLENGED PDL CELLS. T. DENTICOLA-MEDIATED MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN PDL CELLS TREATED WITH INHIBITORS OF AURORA KINASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES. IN CONTRAST, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAD LITTLE EFFECT, AND INHIBITORS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND DEMETHYLASES EXACERBATED T. DENTICOLA-MEDIATED MMP-2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION. CHRONIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES MEDIATED BY T. DENTICOLA OR OTHER ORAL MICROBES MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE LIMITED SUCCESS OF CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND MAY BE AMENABLE TO THERAPEUTIC REVERSAL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9  3459  18 HYPOMETHYLATION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) PROMOTES BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA AND CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC PAIN USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN REMAINS UNCLEAR. METHODS: WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA), EXPLORED THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE NGF GENE, AND CLARIFIED THE FUNCTION AND MECHANISM OF C/EBPALPHA-NGF SIGNALING PATHWAY FROM EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE IN THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODEL. RESULTS: CFA INDUCED SIGNIFICANT HYPERALGESIA AND CONTINUOUS UPREGULATION OF NGF MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE L4-6 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIONS (DRGS) IN RATS. HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS OCCURRED IN THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CFA TREATMENT. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MIR-29B EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, WHILE THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B (DNMT3B) LEVEL REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY. MOREOVER, CFA TREATMENT PROMOTED BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA TO THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION AND C/EBPALPHA SIRNA TREATMENT OBVIOUSLY DECREASED EXPRESSION OF NGF LEVELS AND ALSO ALLEVIATE INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA SIGNIFICANTLY IN RATS. CONCLUSION: COLLECTIVELY, THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT CFA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF MIR-29B LEVEL, WHICH REPRESSES THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B, ENHANCES THE DEMETHYLATION OF THE NGF GENE PROMOTER REGION, AND PROMOTES THE BINDING OF C/EBPALPHA WITH THE NGF GENE PROMOTER, THUS RESULTS IN THE UPREGULATION OF NGF GENE EXPRESSION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  4303  29 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11   379  24 AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR HIGH, SYNERGISTIC EXPRESSION OF INDOLEAMINE 2,3-DIOXYGENASE 1 (IDO1) BY COMBINED TREATMENT WITH ZEBULARINE AND IFN-GAMMA: POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC USE IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. IDO1 CAN BE INDUCED BY INTERFERON GAMMA (IFN-GAMMA) IN MULTIPLE CELL TYPES. WE HAVE EARLIER DESCRIBED THAT THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE ALSO INDUCES IDO1 IN SEVERAL RAT CELL CLONES. WE NOW DESCRIBE A SYNERGISTIC INDUCTION OF IDO1 EXPRESSION BY IFN-GAMMA AND ZEBULARINE. TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISM OF THE IDO1 INDUCTION WE HAVE STUDIED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE IDO1 GENE FROM BOTH HUMAN MONOCYTIC THP-1 CELLS AND H1D2 RAT COLON CANCER CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, THE IDO1 PROMOTER IS HYPERMETHYLATED AND IFN-GAMMA IS SHOWN TO INDUCE A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION. THE SYNERGISM IN EFFECT OF ZEBULARINE AND IFN-GAMMA ON IDO1 EXPRESSION IS PARALLELED BY A SIMILAR SYNERGISTIC EFFECT ON EXPRESSION OF TWO OTHER IFN-GAMMA-RESPONSIVE GENES, THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS STAT1 AND IRF1 WITH BINDING SITES IN THE IDO1 PROMOTER REGION. THE DEMONSTRATED SYNERGISTIC ACTIVATION OF IDO1 EXPRESSION HAS IMPLICATIONS IN RELATION TO THERAPEUTIC INDUCTION OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN AUTOIMMUNITY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  3388  26 HOMOCYSTEINE INDUCES PODOCYTE APOPTOSIS BY REGULATING MIR-1929-5P EXPRESSION THROUGH C-MYC, DNMT1 AND EZH2. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS A COMMON AND COMPLEX DISEASE IN KIDNEYS WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA. ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE (HCY) LEVELS ARE KNOWN TO INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CKD BY REGULATING PODOCYTE INJURY AND APOPTOSIS. TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS TRIGGERED IN PODOCYTES BY HCY, WE USED CBS(+/-) MICE AND OBSERVED THAT HIGHER HCY LEVELS INCREASED THE APOPTOSIS RATE OF PODOCYTES WITH ACCOMPANYING GLOMERULAR DAMAGE. HCY-INDUCED PODOCYTE INJURY AND APOPTOSIS IN CBS(+/-) MICE WAS REGULATED BY INHIBITION OF MICRORNA (MIR)-1929-5P EXPRESSION. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-1929-5P IN PODOCYTES INHIBITED APOPTOSIS BY UPREGULATING BCL-2. FURTHERMORE, THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-1929-5P WAS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF ITS PROMOTER. HCY UPREGULATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) AND ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) LEVELS, RESULTING IN INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND H3K27ME3 LEVELS ON THE MIR-1929-5P PROMOTER. ADDITIONALLY, WE OBSERVED THAT C-MYC RECRUITED DNMT1 AND EZH2 TO THE MIR-1929-5P PROMOTER AND SUPPRESSED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-1929-5P. IN SUMMARY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT HCY PROMOTES PODOCYTE APOPTOSIS THROUGH THE REGULATION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS DNMT1 AND EZH2, WHICH ARE RECRUITED BY C-MYC TO THE PROMOTER OF MIR-1929-5P TO SILENCE MIR-1929-5P EXPRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13   328  23 ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID AMELIORATES INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION BY BLOCKING THE IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 PATHWAY. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION (IVDD) IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF LOW BACK PAIN. ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID (ALPHA-KG), AN IMPORTANT INTERMEDIATE IN ENERGY METABOLISM, HAS VARIOUS FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, MAINTENANCE OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS, AND ANTI-AGING, BUT WHETHER IT CAN AMELIORATE IVDD HAS NOT BEEN REPORTED. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE IMPACTS OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF A-KG ON AGING-ASSOCIATED IVDD IN ADULT RATS. IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT ALPHA-KG SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECTIVELY AMELIORATED IVDD IN RATS AND THE SENESCENCE OF NUCLEUS PULPOSUS CELLS (NPCS). ALPHA-KG SUPPLEMENTATION SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED SENESCENCE, APOPTOSIS AND MMP-13 PROTEIN EXPRESSION, AND IT INCREASED THE SYNTHESIS OF AGGRECAN AND COLLAGEN II IN IL-1BETA-TREATED NPCS. IN ADDITION, ALPHA-KG SUPPLEMENTATION REDUCED THE LEVELS OF IL-6, PHOSPHORYLATED JAK2 AND STAT3, AND THE NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF P-STAT3 IN IL-1BETA-INDUCED DEGENERATING NPCS. THE EFFECTS OF ALPHA-KG WERE ENHANCED BY AG490 IN NPCS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM MAY INVOLVE THE INHIBITION OF JAK2/STAT3 PHOSPHORYLATION AND THE REDUCTION OF IL-6 EXPRESSION. OUR FINDINGS MAY HELP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR IVDD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  2272  22 EPIGENETIC REDUCTION OF MIR-214-3P UPREGULATES ASTROCYTIC COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-1 AND CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS INDICATED THAT COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-1 (CSF1) MODULATES NEUROINFLAMMATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WHILE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINS UNKNOWN. HERE, WE IDENTIFIED THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CSF1 DERIVED FROM ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN IN RATS WITH SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL). SUPPRESSION OF CSF1 EXPRESSION ALLEVIATED NEUROINFLAMMATION, NEURONAL HYPEREXCITABILITY, AND GLUTAMATERGIC RECEPTOR SUBUNIT UPREGULATION IN THE DORSAL HORN AND IMPROVED SNL-INDUCED PAIN BEHAVIOR. WE ALSO FOUND REDUCED MIR-214-3P EXPRESSION IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN FOLLOWING AN SNL PROCEDURE; MIR-214-3P DIRECTLY BOUND TO THE 3'-UTR OF CSF1 MRNA AND NEGATIVELY REGULATED CSF1 EXPRESSION. INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF MIR-214-3P MIMIC REVERSED THE ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF CSF1 AND ASTROCYTE OVERACTIVITY AND ALLEVIATED THE IL-6 UPREGULATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY SNL. MOREOVER, SUPPRESSION OF SPINAL MIR-214-3P INCREASED ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY, PROMOTED CSF1 AND IL-6 PRODUCTION, AND INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE ANIMALS. FURTHERMORE, SNL INDUCED THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A) THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE MIR-214-3P PROMOTER, LEADING TO REDUCED MIR-214-3P EXPRESSION IN THE MODEL RODENTS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNMT INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CYTOSINE METHYLATION IN THE MIR-214-3P PROMOTER; THIS REDUCED METHYLATION CONSEQUENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-214-3P AND DECREASED THE CONTENT OF CSF1 IN THE IPSILATERAL DORSAL HORN AND, FURTHER, ATTENUATED IL-6 PRODUCTION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR IN RATS WITH SNL. TOGETHER, OUR DATA INDICATE THAT THE DNMT3A-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF MIR-214-3P ENHANCED CSF1 PRODUCTION IN ASTROCYTES, WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY INDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATION AND PAIN BEHAVIOR IN SNL MODEL RATS.	2020	
                                                                                                                      
15  5716  26 SIRT6 PROTECTS VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION VIA RUNX2 IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS REGARDED AS AN IMPORTANT PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE LACKING EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AND ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY. SIRTUIN 6 (SIRT6) IS A MEMBER OF THE SIRTUIN FAMILY, A CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE AND A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. SIRT6 HAS A PROTECTIVE ROLE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). HOWEVER, THE EXACT ROLE AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF SIRT6 IN VC IN PATIENTS WITH CKD REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT SIRT6 WAS MARKEDLY DOWNREGULATED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) AND IN THE RADIAL ARTERY TISSUE OF PATIENTS WITH CKD WITH VC. SIRT6-TRANSGENIC (SIRT6-TG) MICE SHOWED ALLEVIATED VC, WHILE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL-SPECIFIC (VSMC-SPECIFIC) SIRT6 KNOCKED-DOWN MICE SHOWED SEVERE VC IN CKD. SIRT6 SUPPRESSED THE OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF VSMCS VIA REGULATION OF RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 (RUNX2). COIMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CO-IP) AND IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (IP) ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT SIRT6 BOUND TO RUNX2. MOREOVER, RUNX2 WAS DEACETYLATED BY SIRT6 AND FURTHER PROMOTED NUCLEAR EXPORT VIA EXPORTIN 1 (XPO1), WHICH IN TURN CAUSED DEGRADATION OF RUNX2 THROUGH THE UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME SYSTEM. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT SIRT6 PREVENTED VC BY SUPPRESSING THE OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF VSMCS, AND AS SUCH TARGETING SIRT6 MAY BE AN APPEALING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR VC IN CKD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16   364  30 AMELIORATION OF UREMIC TOXIN INDOXYL SULFATE-INDUCED OSTEOBLASTIC CALCIFICATION BY SET DOMAIN CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7/9 PROTEIN. BACKGROUND: VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS A VERY COMMON PHENOMENON IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT SOME HISTONE METHYLATION PLAY A ROLE IN VC AS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. INDOXYL SULFATE (IS) IS A PROTEIN-BOUND UREMIC TOXIN THAT HAS BEEN PROVEN AS ONE OF THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CKD. SET DOMAIN CONTAINING LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 7/9 (SET7/9) IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES. OBJECTIVES: THIS STUDY AIMED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF IS ON THE EXPRESSION OF SET7/9 AND THE ROLE OF SET7/9 IN IS-INDUCED OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND CALCIFICATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (VSMCS). METHODS: VSMCS WERE INCUBATED WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF IS FOR DIFFERENT DURATIONS TO ASSESS OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND EXPRESSION OF SET7/9. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS OF SET7/9 RESPECTIVELY. THE CALCIUM CONTENT WAS MEASURED TO EVALUATE CALCIFICATION. RESULTS: OSTEOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION AND CALCIFICATION OF VSMCS AND DOWNREGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF SET7/9 WERE OBSERVED AFTER IS TREATMENT. THE AUTOPHAGY WAS ACTIVATED AFTER TREATMENT WITH IS, WHEREAS THE INHIBITION OF THE AUTOPHAGY PARTIALLY ATTENUATED THE EFFECT OF IS ON BOTH THE STIMULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 AND CALCIUM DEPOSITION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT SET7/9 DOWNREGULATION AND AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATION MAY BE THE KEY MECHANISM OF IS-INDUCED VC IN CKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17  5052  27 PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGETING OF HEME OXYGENASE-1 IN OSTEOARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) IS A COMMON AGING-ASSOCIATED DISEASE THAT CLINICALLY MANIFESTS AS JOINT PAIN, MOBILITY LIMITATIONS, AND COMPROMISED QUALITY OF LIFE. TODAY, OA TREATMENT IS LIMITED TO PAIN MANAGEMENT AND JOINT ARTHROPLASTY AT THE LATER STAGES OF DISEASE PROGRESSION. OA PATHOGENESIS IS PREDOMINANTLY MEDIATED BY OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO JOINT CARTILAGE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND LOCAL CELLS SUCH AS CHONDROCYTES, OSTEOCLASTS, OSTEOBLASTS, AND SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS. UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, CELLS PREVENT THE ACCUMULATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) UNDER OXIDATIVELY STRESSFUL CONDITIONS THROUGH THEIR ADAPTIVE CYTOPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS. HEME OXYGENASE-1 (HO-1) IS AN IRON-DEPENDENT CYTOPROTECTIVE ENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS AS THE INDUCIBLE FORM OF HO. HO-1 AND ITS METABOLITES CARBON MONOXIDE AND BILIVERDIN CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS THE MAINTENANCE OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS. HO-1 EXPRESSION IS PRIMARILY REGULATED AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2 (NF-E2)-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2), SPECIFICITY PROTEIN 1 (SP1), TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR BTB-AND-CNC HOMOLOGY 1 (BACH1), AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT THAT HO-1 EXPRESSION CAN BE REGULATED USING VARIOUS ANTIOXIDATIVE FACTORS AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, SUGGESTING THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS IN OA PATHOGENESIS AS WELL AS IN THE WIDER CONTEXT OF JOINT DISEASE. HERE, WE REVIEW THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HO-1 IN OA WITH A FOCUS ON THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE HO-1 ACTIVITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18  5010  30 PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC, ARACHIDONIC AND OLEIC ACID IN RELATION TO THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE AND CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID IN THE CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. ANALYSIS OF 7,8-DIHYDRO-8-OXO-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OXODG) LEVELS IN 2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE (DG) AND ISOLATED DNA HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ARE CAPABLE OF INDUCING THIS SPECIFIC GENOTOXIC DAMAGE. THIS EFFECT APPEARS TO BE RELATED TO THE DEGREE OF FATTY ACID UNSATURATION, SINCE IT WAS NOT INDUCED BY MONOUNSATURATED OLEIC ACID. ENZYMATIC PEROXIDATION OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. STUDIES ON THE INTERFERENCE OF RADICAL SCAVENGERS WITH THE INDUCTION OF 8-OXODG IN COMBINATION WITH ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SUPEROXIDE ANION WAS GENERATED DURING PEROXIDATION OF THESE FATTY ACIDS AND THAT SINGLET OXYGEN IS MOST LIKELY INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE. THE LEVEL OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN DG AND SINGLE-STRANDED DNA WAS HIGHER AS COMPARED TO THAT IN NATIVE DNA AFTER EQUIMOLAR TREATMENT. EXPOSURE OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID DID NOT RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN LEVELS OF 8-OXODG. THIS MAY INDICATE THAT THE RATE OF INTRACELLULAR PEROXIDATION IS RELATIVELY LOW AND/OR THAT NUCLEAR DNA IN INTACT CELLS IS EFFECTIVELY PROTECTED AGAINST GENETIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. IT IS THEREFORE CONCLUDED THAT RELATIVELY SHORT PERIODS OF LINOLEIC OR ARACHIDONIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ARE NOT LIKELY TO IMPOSE A DIRECT GENOTOXIC RISK. IT CAN, HOWEVER, NOT BE EXCLUDED THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS INDUCES OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE OR IS RELATED TO CANCER RISK BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AS IS ALSO INDICATED BY THE OBSERVED CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINOLEIC AND ARACHIDONIC ACID.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                    
19   123  33 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, META-ANALYSIS, AND NETWORK ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC MICRORNAS IN GLAUCOMA. GLAUCOMA IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE PROCESS OF THE OPTIC NERVE THAT IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF BLINDNESS WORLDWIDE, AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE COULD GREATLY AFFECT PATIENTS' PROGNOSES. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GLAUCOMA IS COMPLICATED BY A COMBINATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. DECIPHERING THE EARLY DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS IN GLAUCOMA COULD ATTENUATE THE DISEASE'S GLOBAL BURDEN AND HELP US UNDERSTAND THE EXACT MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN GLAUCOMA. THE MICRORNAS ARE MEMBERS OF A LARGER FAMILY OF NON-CODING RNAS THAT PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC BASIS OF GLAUCOMA. A SYSTEMATIC STUDY AND META-ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC MICRORNAS IN GLAUCOMA, JOINTLY WITH NETWORK ANALYSIS OF TARGET GENES, WERE CARRIED OUT ON PUBLISHED PAPERS ASSESSING DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS. IN TOTAL, 321 ARTICLES WERE FOUND, AND, AFTER SCREENING, SIX STUDIES WERE ELIGIBLE FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS. 52 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS WERE FOUND, OF WHICH 28 AND 24 WERE UP-REGULATED AND DOWN-REGULATED, RESPECTIVELY. ONLY 12 MICRORNAS WERE QUALIFIED FOR META-ANALYSIS, WITH OVERALL SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF 80% AND 74%, RESPECTIVELY. THEN, USING NETWORK ANALYSIS, IT BECAME APPARENT THAT THE VEGF-A, AKT1, CXCL12, AND HRAS GENES WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT TARGETS FOR THE MICRORNAS. PERTURBATIONS IN WNT SIGNALING, PROTEIN TRANSPORT, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION PATHWAYS WERE DISCOVERED TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE ETIOLOGY OF GLAUCOMA USING THE COMMUNITY DETECTION APPROACH. THIS STUDY TRIES TO UNCOVER THE PROMISING MICRORNAS AND THEIR TARGET GENES THAT GOVERN THE EPIGENETICS OF GLAUCOMA.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20  5795  22 STAT3 INDUCTION OF MIR-146B FORMS A FEEDBACK LOOP TO INHIBIT THE NF-KAPPAB TO IL-6 SIGNALING AXIS AND STAT3-DRIVEN CANCER PHENOTYPES. INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6)-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) IS A MECHANISM BY WHICH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CANCER AND IS A COMMON ONCOGENIC EVENT. WE DISCOVERED A PATHWAY, THE LOSS OF WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT STAT3 ACTIVATION IN HUMAN CANCER. WE FOUND THAT THE GENE ENCODING THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA MIR-146B IS A DIRECT STAT3 TARGET GENE, AND ITS EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN NORMAL BREAST EPITHELIAL CELLS BUT DECREASED IN TUMOR CELLS. METHYLATION OF THE MIR-146B PROMOTER, WHICH INHIBITED STAT3-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF EXPRESSION, WAS INCREASED IN PRIMARY BREAST CANCERS. MOREOVER, WE FOUND THAT MIR-146B INHIBITED NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB)-DEPENDENT PRODUCTION OF IL-6, SUBSEQUENT STAT3 ACTIVATION, AND IL-6/STAT3-DRIVEN MIGRATION AND INVASION IN BREAST CANCER CELLS, THEREBY ESTABLISHING A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP. IN ADDITION, HIGHER EXPRESSION OF MIR-146B WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH PATIENT SURVIVAL IN BREAST CANCER SUBTYPES WITH INCREASED IL6 EXPRESSION AND STAT3 PHOSPHORYLATION. OUR RESULTS IDENTIFY AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CROSSTALK BETWEEN STAT3 AND NF-KAPPAB RELEVANT TO CONSTITUTIVE STAT3 ACTIVATION IN MALIGNANCY AND THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ONCOGENESIS.	2014