1  5165 128 PRECLINICAL RESERPINE MODELS RECAPITULATING MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR FEATURES OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE: ROLES OF EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN AND AUTOPHAGY IMPAIRMENT. RESERPINE IS AN EFFECTIVE DRUG FOR THE CLINICAL TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. IT ALSO INDUCES PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD)-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS POSSIBLE THROUGH THE INHIBITION OF MONOAMINE VESICULAR TRANSPORTERS, THUS DECREASING THE LEVELS OF MONOAMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HEREIN, WE AIMED TO DEVELOP A PRECLINICAL RESERPINE MODEL RECAPITULATING THE NON-MOTOR AND MOTOR SYMPTOMS OF PD AND INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING POTENTIAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS. INCUBATION OF RESERPINE INDUCED APOPTOSIS, LED TO THE ACCUMULATION OF INTRACELLULAR REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS), LOWERED DNA METHYLATION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN GENE, RESULTED IN ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN PROTEIN DEPOSITION, AND ELEVATED THE RATIO OF LC3-II/LC3-I AND P62 IN CULTURED SH-SY5Y CELLS. FEEDING RESERPINE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY SHORTENED THE LIFESPAN AND CAUSED IMPAIRMENT OF MOTOR FUNCTIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE DROSOPHILA. MOREOVER, LONG-TERM ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF RESERPINE LED TO MULTIPLE MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING CONSTIPATION, PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, OLFACTORY IMPAIRMENT, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN MICE. THE MECHANISTIC STUDIES SHOWED THAT CHRONIC RESERPINE EXPOSURE CAUSED HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN GENE AND UP-REGULATED ITS EXPRESSION AND ELEVATED THE RATIO OF LC3-II/LC3-I AND EXPRESSION OF P62 IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA OF MICE. THUS, WE ESTABLISHED PRECLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS USING RESERPINE TO RECAPITULATE THE MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR SYMPTOMS OF PD. CHRONIC RESERPINE EXPOSURE EPIGENETICALLY ELEVATED THE LEVELS OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN EXPRESSION POSSIBLE BY LOWERING THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND INDUCING AUTOPHAGIC IMPAIRMENT IN VITRO AND IN VIVO.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  4343  24 MINIREVIEW: STRESS-RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WITH LOW CORTISOL LEVELS: A METABOLIC HYPOTHESIS. SEVERAL STRESS-ASSOCIATED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, NOTABLY POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND CHRONIC PAIN AND FATIGUE SYNDROMES, PARADOXICALLY EXHIBIT SOMEWHAT LOW PLASMA LEVELS OF THE STRESS HORMONE CORTISOL. THE EFFECTS APPEAR GREATEST IN THOSE INITIALLY TRAUMATIZED IN EARLY LIFE, IMPLYING A DEGREE OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING, PERHAPS OF BOTH LOWER CORTISOL AND VULNERABILITY TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. IN THESE CONDITIONS, LOWERED CORTISOL IS NOT DUE TO ANY ADRENAL OR PITUITARY INSUFFICIENCY. INSTEAD, TWO PROCESSES APPEAR INVOLVED. FIRST, THERE IS INCREASED TARGET CELL SENSITIVITY TO GLUCOCORTICOID ACTION, NOTABLY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK UPON THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (STRESS) AXIS. ALTERED DENSITY OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR IS INFERRED, SQUARING WITH MUCH PRECLINICAL DATA SHOWING EARLY LIFE CHALLENGES CAN PERMANENTLY PROGRAM GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS IN A TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANNER. THESE EFFECTS INVOLVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. SECOND, EARLY LIFE TRAUMA/STARVATION INDUCES LONG-LASTING LOWERING OF GLUCOCORTICOID CATABOLISM, SPECIFICALLY BY 5ALPHA-REDUCTASE TYPE 1 (PREDOMINANTLY A LIVER ENZYME) AND 11BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 2 (IN KIDNEY), AN EFFECT ALSO SEEN IN MODEL SYSTEMS. THESE CHANGES REFLECT A PLAUSIBLE EARLY-LIFE ADAPTATION TO INCREASE THE PERSISTENCE OF ACTIVE CORTISOL IN LIVER (TO MAXIMIZE FUEL OUTPUT) AND KIDNEY (TO INCREASE SALT RETENTION) WITHOUT ELEVATION OF CIRCULATING LEVELS, THUS AVOIDING THEIR DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON BRAIN AND MUSCLE. MODESTLY LOWERED CIRCULATING CORTISOL AND INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO STRESS-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS MAY BE THE OUTCOME. THIS NOTION IMPLIES A VULNERABLE EARLY-LIFE PHENOTYPE MAY BE DISCERNABLE AND INDICATES POTENTIAL THERAPY BY MODEST GLUCOCORTICOID REPLACEMENT. INDEED, EARLY CLINICAL TRIALS WITH CORTISOL HAVE SHOWN A MODICUM OF PROMISE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  6717  22 VITAMIN B SUPPLEMENTATION AND NUTRITIONAL INTAKE OF METHYL DONORS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE IMPACT ON EPIGENETIC MACHINERY. CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE SEVERAL-FOLD HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) THAN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA HAS UNDOUBTEDLY A CENTRAL ROLE IN SUCH A PROMINENT CARDIOVASCULAR BURDEN. THE LEVELS OF HOMOCYSTEINE ARE REGULATED BY METHYL DONORS (FOLATE, METHIONINE, CHOLINE, BETAINE), AND COFACTORS (VITAMIN B6, VITAMIN B12,). UREMIA-INDUCED HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA HAS AS ITS MAIN TARGETS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND THIS LEADS TO AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENES REGULATED THROUGH METHYLATION. IN RENAL PATIENTS, THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE IS STRICTLY CORRELATED WITH THE UREMIC PHENOTYPE AND DEPENDENT ON DIETARY INTAKE OF MICRONUTRIENTS, INFLAMMATION, GUT MICROBIOME, INFLAMMATORY STATUS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND LIFESTYLE HABITS. ALL THESE FACTORS ARE KEY CONTRIBUTORS IN METHYLOME MAINTENANCE AND IN THE MODULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH DNA HYPO- OR HYPERMETHYLATION IN CKD. THIS IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO DNA METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CKD AND ESRD. WE EXPLORED THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE DATA ON THE MOLECULAR DYSREGULATIONS RESULTING FROM ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IN UREMIA. SPECIAL ATTENTION WAS PAID TO THE EFFICACY OF B-VITAMINS SUPPLEMENTATION AND DIETARY INTAKE OF METHYL DONORS ON HOMOCYSTEINE LOWERING AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4   339  26 ALTERATIONS IN HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM AMONG ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS--CLINICAL, PATHOBIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC ASPECTS. ADDICTION RESEARCH FOCUSING ON HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE HAS REVEALED IMPORTANT FINDINGS. RECENT LITERATURE ON THIS TOPIC HAS BEEN TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR THE REVIEW PROVIDED. METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (MTHFR) IS A KEY ENZYME IN THE HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM. PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS ARE INFLUENCED BY THE SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP) MTHFR C677T. BESIDES GENETIC FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE AN IMPACT ON HOMOCYSTEINE PLASMA LEVELS TOO. THUS, CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS. ELEVATION OF PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATION IS CONSIDERED AS A PREDICTOR FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES AND--AS HOMOCYSTEINE IS A CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR--MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIGHER RISK FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AMONG ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS. HOMOCYSTEINE ACTS AS AN N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA) RECEPTOR AGONIST AND HAS EXCITOTOXIC EFFECTS. FURTHERMORE, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT HOMOCYSTEINE HAS NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS ESPECIALLY ON DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. AS THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ARE MEDIATED BY THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM, A HOMOCYSTEINE-DEPENDENT IMPAIRMENT OF THE REWARD SYSTEM POSSIBLY LEADS TO AN ALTERED DRINKING BEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO THE DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS OF ADDICTION. HOMOCYSTEINE IS INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF METHYL GROUPS AND DNA-METHYLATION PLAYS A ROLE IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. THEREFORE IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT HOMOCYSTEINE IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC FACTOR. IT REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED WHETHER ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS BENEFIT FROM HOMOCYSTEINE LOWERING STRATEGIES, E.G., VIA SUPPLEMENTATION OF FOLATE, VITAMIN B6 AND B12. IN THIS RESPECT IT IS NOT CLEAR YET, IF A SUPPLEMENTATION THERAPY CAN REDUCE THE RISK FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5  6669  21 URIC ACID IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: DOES URIC ACID HAVE A DEFINITIVE ROLE? INCREASED SERUM URIC ACID (SUA) LEVELS ARE COMMONLY SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ARE WIDELY ACCEPTED AS RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION, GOUT, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. ALTHOUGH SOME AMBIGUITY FOR THE EXACT ROLE OF URIC ACID (UA) IN THESE DISEASES IS STILL PRESENT, SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED SUCH AS INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND APOPTOSIS. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE IN GENOMICS ENLIGHTENS GENETIC VARIABILITIES AND SOME EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERURICEMIA. HERE WE DISCUSS THE ROLE OF UA WITHIN METABOLISM AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WHILE PROVIDING NEWFOUND EVIDENCE FOR THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN UA AND GUT MICROBIOTA AND VITAMIN D. INCREASED SUA LEVELS AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF LOWERING SUA LEVELS NEED TO BE ELUCIDATED MORE TO UNDERSTAND ITS COMPLICATED FUNCTION WITHIN DIFFERENT METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND SET OPTIMAL TARGET LEVELS FOR SUA FOR REDUCING RISKS FOR METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  6087  19 THE EFFECTS OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES ON CIRCULATING SOLUBLE-KLOTHO AND IGF-I IN YOUNG AND ELDERLY ADULTS AND IN CAD PATIENTS. DIFFERENT STUDIES SUPPORT THE NOTION THAT CHRONIC AEROBIC EXERCISES TRAINING CAN INFLUENCE THE CIRCULATING LEVELS OF SOLUBLE-KLOTHO (S-KLOTHO) AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF-I). THE EFFECTS OF S-KLOTHO INCLUDE IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE, ALLEVIATING THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF AGE ON THE BODY'S WORK CAPACITY, AND POSSIBLY INCREASING LONGEVITY. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE LATEST FINDINGS IN THIS FIELD OF RESEARCH IN HUMANS. THE DIFFERENT MODES OF DYNAMIC EXERCISE AND THEIR IMPACT ON CIRCULATING LEVELS OF S-KLOTHO AND IGF-I IN YOUNG ADULT ATHLETES, UNTRAINED YOUNG ADULTS, TRAINED HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS, UNTRAINED HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS, AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) PATIENTS ARE REVIEWED AND DISCUSSED. TOGETHER THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT LONG-LASTING (CHRONIC) AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING IS PROBABLY ONE OF THE ANTIAGING FACTORS THAT COUNTERACT THE AGING AND CAD PROCESS BY INCREASING THE CIRCULATING S-KLOTHO AND LOWERING THE IGF-I LEVELS. HOWEVER, FOLLOWING ANAEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING THE OPPOSITE OCCURS. THE EXACT METABOLIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ACTIVITY OF THESE WELL-TRAINED YOUNG AND MASTER SPORTSMEN SHOULD BE FURTHER STUDIED AND ELUCIDATED. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO PROVIDE A CLARIFICATION REGARDING THE ROLES OF S-KLOTHO AND INTENSITIES AND DURATIONS OF DIFFERENT EXERCISE ON HUMAN HEALTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  4168  15 MEDITERRANEAN DIET AS A TOOL TO COMBAT INFLAMMATION AND CHRONIC DISEASES. AN OVERVIEW. SINCE ANCIENT TIMES, THE QUALITY OF NOURISHMENT IS A MILESTONE FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH AND AS IT IS STATED 'PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE', AMONGST THE SO-CALLED 'HEALTHY' DIETS MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MD) CLAIMS THE LION'S SHARE. IT STANDS IN GOOD STEAD BECAUSE OF A VARIETY OF VALUABLE MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS. SO, ADHERENCE TO A MD IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCTION OF INFLAMMATION AND NON-COMMUNICABLE (NCD) OR CHRONIC DISEASES. NUMEROUS STUDIES TRY TO SCRUTINIZE THE ROLE OF MD COMPONENTS AS REGARDS REDUCING INFLAMMATION, LOWERING RATE, AND MORTALITY FOR DISORDERS AND ILLNESSES, AND PREVENTING NCD. MD REGIME OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN INCLUDES A VARIETY OF ETHNIC NUTRITIONAL HABITS AND REGULATES AN ARRAY OF EFFECTS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT AFFECT HUMAN WELLBEING. THE RESEARCH IS STILL ONGOING AND ENDEAVORS TO ELUCIDATE EVERY ASPECT OF THIS ISSUE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE IMPACT OF MD ON INFLAMMATION HIGHLIGHTS POSITIVE RESULTS REGARDING NCD AND INDICATES THE NEED FOR MORE HIGH-QUALITY EXPERIMENTS AND TRIALS IN ORDER TO OVERCOME ANY DISCREPANCIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8  5045  21 PHARMACOLOGIC EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD), DISTURBANCE OF SEVERAL METABOLIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS CAUSE PREMATURE AGEING, ACCELERATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), AND MORTALITY. SINGLE-TARGET INTERVENTIONS HAVE REPEATEDLY FAILED TO IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS FOR CKD PATIENTS. EPIGENETIC INTERVENTIONS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES SIMULTANEOUSLY. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) IS A ROBUST PREDICTOR OF CVD AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND IMPLICATED IN PATHOGENIC PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CVD IN CKD. RECENT FINDINGS: IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP BY MICRORNAS OR BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEIN INHIBITION HAS SHOWN PROMISING RESULTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CVD AND OTHER CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES. THE BET INHIBITOR APABETALONE IS CURRENTLY BEING EVALUATED FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION IN A PHASE III CLINICAL STUDY IN HIGH-RISK CVD PATIENTS, INCLUDING PATIENTS WITH CKD (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02586155). PHASE II STUDIES DEMONSTRATE AN ALP-LOWERING POTENTIAL OF APABETALONE, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES. SUMMARY: ALP IS A PREDICTOR OF CVD AND MORTALITY IN CKD. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ALP HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT SEVERAL PATHOGENETIC PROCESSES IN CKD AND THEREBY IMPROVE CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  1389  27 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, AN OCULARDISEASE, IS GOVERNED BY SYSTEMIC AS WELL AS LOCAL OCULAR FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE PRIMARILY CHRONIC LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE. INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONICALLY ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY MORE, AND MORE SEVERE, RETINOPATHY THAN THOSE WITH LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. THE RELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD GLUCOSE TO RETINOPATHY IS CONTINUOUS, WITH NO THRESHOLD ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUALS WITH HEMOGLOBIN A1C LEVELS (A MEASURE OF CHRONIC GLYCEMIA) <6.5%, GENERALLY DEVELOP LITTLE OR NO RETINOPATHY. BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS HAVE BEEN CLAIMED TO INFLUENCE RETINOPATHY DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION, BUT MULTIPLE CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS IN DIABETIC SUBJECTS HAVE PRODUCED ONLY WEAK EVIDENCE OF BENEFIT FROM BLOOD PRESSURE LOWERING ON THE INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. ELEVATED BLOOD LIPIDS SEEM TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF RETINOPATHY, AND TWO TRIALS OF FENOFIBRATE, A LIPID-LOWERING AGENT THAT HAS NOT PROVED EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HAVE SHOWN BENEFIT IN PREVENTING RETINOPATHY PROGRESSION. THE MECHANISM OF THIS EFFECT MAY NOT, HOWEVER, BE DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE REDUCTION IN BLOOD LIPIDS. FINALLY, THERE IS STRONG, BUT ONLY CIRCUMSTANTIAL, EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. DESPITE THE POWER OF LARGE-SCALE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AND MODERN MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES, THE GENE OR GENES, WHICH PREDISPOSE OR PROTECT AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY REMAIN ELUSIVE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  2002  25 EPIGENETIC AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION SUPPORT METABOLIC SUPPRESSION IN CHRONICALLY HYPOXIC GOLDFISH. GOLDFISH ENTER A HYPOMETABOLIC STATE TO SURVIVE CHRONIC HYPOXIA. WE RECENTLY DESCRIBED TISSUE-SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF MEMBRANE LIPID COMPOSITION REMODELING AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION TO METABOLIC SUPPRESSION ACROSS DIFFERENT GOLDFISH TISSUES. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR AND ESPECIALLY EPIGENETIC FOUNDATIONS OF HYPOXIA TOLERANCE IN GOLDFISH UNDER METABOLIC SUPPRESSION ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. HERE WE SHOW THAT COMPONENTS OF THE MOLECULAR OXYGEN-SENSING MACHINERY ARE ROBUSTLY ACTIVATED ACROSS TISSUES IRRESPECTIVE OF HYPOXIA DURATION. INDUCTION OF GENE EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION TURNOVER AND MICRORNA BIOGENESIS SUGGEST A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL SUPPRESSION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HYPOXIA-ACCLIMATED BRAIN. CONVERSELY, MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN-DEPENDENT TRANSLATIONAL MACHINERY ACTIVITY IS NOT REDUCED IN LIVER AND WHITE MUSCLE, SUGGESTING THIS PATHWAY DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO LOWERING CELLULAR ENERGY EXPENDITURE. FINALLY, MOLECULAR EVIDENCE SUPPORTS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED CHRONIC HYPOXIA-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN MEMBRANE CHOLESTEROL, LIPID METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION VIA CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTS INVOLVED IN CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS, BETA-OXIDATION, AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION IN MULTIPLE TISSUES. OVERALL, THIS STUDY SHOWS THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA ROBUSTLY INDUCES EXPRESSION OF OXYGEN-SENSING MACHINERY ACROSS TISSUES, INDUCES REPRESSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EPIGENETIC MARKS ESPECIALLY IN THE CHRONIC HYPOXIA-ACCLIMATED BRAIN AND SUPPORTS A ROLE FOR MEMBRANE REMODELING AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND DYNAMICS IN PROMOTING METABOLIC SUPPRESSION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  3438  36 HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IN UREMIA--A RED FLAG IN A DISRUPTED CIRCUIT. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IS AN INDEPENDENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR, ACCORDING TO MOST OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND TO STUDIES USING THE MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION APPROACH, UTILIZING THE COMMON POLYMORPHISM C677T OF METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE. IN CONTRAST, THE MOST RECENT SECONDARY PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION STUDIES, IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND UREMIA, WHICH ARE ALL NEGATIVE (WITH THE POSSIBLE NOTABLE EXCEPTION OF STROKE), POINT TO OTHER DIRECTIONS. HOWEVER, ALL TRIALS USE FOLIC ACID IN VARIOUS DOSAGES AS A MEANS TO REDUCE HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS, WITH THE ADDITION OF VITAMINS B6 AND B12. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT FOLIC ACID HAS NEGATIVE EFFECTS, WHICH OFFSET THE BENEFITS; ALTERNATIVELY, HOMOCYSTEINE COULD BE AN INNOCENT BY-STANDER, OR A SURROGATE OF THE REAL CULPRIT. THE LATTER POSSIBILITY LEADS US TO THE SEARCH FOR POTENTIAL CANDIDATES. FIRST, THE ACCUMULATION OF HOMOCYSTEINE IN BLOOD LEADS TO AN INTRACELLULAR INCREASE OF S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE (ADOHCY), A POWERFUL COMPETITIVE METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, WHICH BY ITSELF IS CONSIDERED A PREDICTOR OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ARE AMONG THE PRINCIPAL TARGETS OF HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, AS STUDIES IN SEVERAL CELL CULTURE AND ANIMAL MODELS, AS WELL AS IN HUMANS, SHOW. IN CKD AND IN UREMIA, HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AND HIGH INTRACELLULAR ADOHCY ARE PRESENT AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL ALLELIC EXPRESSION OF GENES REGULATED THROUGH METHYLATION, SUCH AS IMPRINTED GENES, AND PSEUDOAUTOSOMAL GENES, THUS POINTING TO EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION. THESE ALTERATIONS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO REVERSAL UPON HOMOCYSTEINE-LOWERING THERAPY OBTAINED THROUGH FOLATE ADMINISTRATION. SECOND, IT HAS TO BE KEPT IN MIND THAT HOMOCYSTEINE IS MAINLY PROTEIN-BOUND, AND ITS EFFECTS COULD BE LINKED THEREFORE TO PROTEIN HOMOCYSTEINYLATION. IN THIS RESPECT, INCREASED PROTEIN HOMOCYSTEINYLATION HAS BEEN FOUND IN UREMIA, LEADING TO ALTERATIONS IN PROTEIN FUNCTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                 
12  2704  24 EXERCISE AND COLORECTAL CANCER: PREVENTION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED INCIDENCE RATE OF VARIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES ESPECIALLY NUMEROUS HUMAN MALIGNANCIES. A HUGE NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND META-ANALYSIS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT EXERCISE IS SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTIVE IN LOWERING THE RISK OF COLORECTAL CANCER. IN ADDITION, IT IS SUGGESTED AS AN EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC MODALITY AGAINST THIS CANCER TYPE. THEREFORE, IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL REVIEW COMPREHENSIBLY THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE IN PREVENTING, TREATING, AND ALLEVIATING THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS IN COLORECTAL CANCER. MOREOVER, THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN COLORECTAL CANCER, INCLUDING REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS, GROWTH FACTOR AXIS, IMMUNITY, EPIGENETIC, ETC. WILL BE ALSO DISCUSSED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13  2795  28 FATTY LIVER AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: NOVEL MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS AND THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS A RISK FACTOR FOR END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD). ESRD OR CVD DEVELOP IN A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF PATIENTS WITH CKD RECEIVING STANDARD-OF-CARE THERAPY, AND MORTALITY IN CKD REMAINS UNCHANGED. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT KEY PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CKD PROGRESSION GO UNAFFECTED BY CURRENT TREATMENTS. GROWING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) AND CKD SHARE COMMON PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. COMMON NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS PREDISPOSING TO BOTH NAFLD AND CKD INCLUDE EXCESSIVE FRUCTOSE INTAKE AND VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. MODULATION OF NUCLEAR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS REGULATING KEY PATHWAYS OF LIPID METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS, INCLUDING PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS AND FARNESOID X RECEPTOR, IS ADVANCING TO STAGE III CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT. THE RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD AND CKD IS ALSO EMERGING, AND MODULATION OF MICRORNA21 IS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET. ALTHOUGH SINGLE ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION HAS YIELDED VARIABLE RESULTS, MODULATION OF KEY EFFECTORS OF REDOX REGULATION AND MOLECULAR SENSORS OF INTRACELLULAR ENERGY, NUTRIENT, OR OXYGEN STATUS SHOW PROMISING PRECLINICAL RESULTS. OTHER EMERGING THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TARGET KEY MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION, SUCH AS CHEMOKINES; FIBROGENESIS, SUCH AS GALECTIN-3; OR GUT DYSFUNCTION THROUGH GUT MICROBIOTA MANIPULATION AND INCRETIN-BASED THERAPIES. FURTHERMORE, NAFLD PER SE AFFECTS CKD THROUGH LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM AND HEPATOKINE SECRETION, AND CONVERSELY, TARGETING THE RENAL TUBULE BY SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS CAN IMPROVE BOTH CKD AND NAFLD. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NAFLD AND CKD ARE DISCUSSED IN LIGHT OF THIS NEW THERAPEUTIC ARMAMENTARIUM.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14  6467  28 TISSUE-SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AS NAD(+) -BOOSTING STRATEGY: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD(+) ) IS AN EVOLUTIONARILY HIGHLY CONSERVED COENZYME WITH MULTI-FACETED CELL FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING ENERGY METABOLISM, MOLECULAR SIGNALING PROCESSES, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND DNA REPAIR. SINCE THE DISCOVERY THAT LOWER NAD(+) LEVELS ARE A SHARED CHARACTERISTIC OF VARIOUS DISEASES AND AGING PER SE, SEVERAL NAD(+) -BOOSTING STRATEGIES HAVE EMERGED. OTHER THAN PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES, EXERCISE IS THOUGHT TO RESTORE NAD(+) HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH METABOLIC ADAPTION TO CHRONICALLY RECURRING STATES OF INCREASED ENERGY DEMAND. IN THIS REVIEW WE DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF ACUTE EXERCISE AND EXERCISE TRAINING ON TISSUE-SPECIFIC NAD(+) METABOLISM OF RODENTS AND HUMANS TO HIGHLIGHT THE POTENTIAL VALUE AS NAD(+) -BOOSTING STRATEGY. BY INTERCONNECTING RESULTS FROM DIFFERENT INVESTIGATIONS, WE AIM TO DRAW ATTENTION TO TISSUE-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS IN NAD(+) METABOLISM AND THE ASSOCIATED IMPLICATIONS FOR WHOLE-BODY NAD(+) HOMEOSTASIS. ACUTE EXERCISE LED TO PROFOUND ALTERATIONS OF INTRACELLULAR NAD(+) METABOLISM IN VARIOUS INVESTIGATIONS, WITH THE MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF CHANGES BEING STRONGLY DEPENDENT ON THE APPLIED EXERCISE MODALITY, CELL TYPE, AND INVESTIGATED ANIMAL MODEL OR HUMAN POPULATION. EXERCISE TRAINING ELEVATED NAD(+) LEVELS AND NAD(+) METABOLISM ENZYMES IN VARIOUS TISSUES. BASED ON THESE RESULTS, WE DISCUSS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT MIGHT CONNECT ACUTE EXERCISE-INDUCED DISRUPTIONS OF NAD(+) /NADH HOMEOSTASIS TO CHRONIC EXERCISE ADAPTIONS IN NAD(+) METABOLISM. TAKING THIS HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN APPROACH, WE HOPE TO INSPIRE FUTURE RESEARCH ON THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EXERCISE AS NAD(+) -MODIFYING LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION, THEREBY ELUCIDATING THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC VALUE IN NAD(+) -RELATED PATHOLOGIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15  4117  31 MECHANISMS OF AUTOPHAGIC RESPONSES TO ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS. AUTOPHAGY IS A DYNAMIC PROCESS AND CRITICAL FOR CELLULAR REMODELING AND ORGANELLE QUALITY CONTROL. IN RESPONSE TO ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS (E.G., FASTING AND FEEDING), AUTOPHAGIC ACTIVITY IS FINELY TUNED BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL, POSTTRANSLATIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS VIA VARIOUS SIGNALING PATHWAYS, INCLUDING ENERGY SENSORS (E.G., MECHANISTIC TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR)/ AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE - UNC-51 LIKE AUTOPHAGY ACTIVATING KINASE 1, MTORC1- WD REPEAT DOMAIN, PHOSPHOINOSITIDE INTERACTING 2, MTORC1- TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EB, PERILIPIN 5- SIRTUIN 1, AND SIRTUIN 1-MEDIATED DEACETYLATION OF AUTOPHAGY PROTEINS), FASTING OR FEEDING INDUCED HORMONES (E.G., FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR [FGF21]- PROTEIN KINASE A - JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN D3, FGF21- DOWNSTREAM REGULATORY ELEMENT ANTAGONIST MODULATOR - E3 LIGASE MIDLINE-1- TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EB, FGF19-SHP- LYSINE-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLASE, INSULIN- INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE - PROTEIN KINASE B - FORKHEAD BOX O, GLUCAGON- PROTEIN KINASE A - CAMP RESPONSE BINDING PROTEIN), AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES (E.G., CATHEPSIN B AND CATHEPSIN L). IN CONTRAST TO FASTING THAT INDUCES AUTOPHAGY AND HEALTH BENEFITS, NUTRIENT OVERSUPPLY (OVERFEEDING OR FEEDING ON HIGH ENERGY DIETS) DYSREGULATES AUTOPHAGY, WHICH HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY OBSERVED IN ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. STUDIES HAVE REVEALED MULTIFACETED EFFECTS OF HIGH ENERGY DIETS ON AUTOPHAGY, BEING EITHER AN INHIBITOR OR ENHANCER OF AUTOPHAGY. THE CONUNDRUM MAY ARISE FROM THE VARIATIONS IN METHODS FOR AUTOPHAGY ANALYSIS, COMPONENTS OF HIGH ENERGY DIETS AND CONTROL DIETS FOR TREATMENTS, TREATMENT DURATIONS, AND THE AGES OF GENETIC BACKGROUNDS OF LABORATORY ANIMALS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE REVIEWED THE EVIDENCE FROM BOTH HUMAN AND ANIMAL STUDIES, PRESENTING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF AUTOPHAGIC RESPONSE TO ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND DISCUSSING THE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF AND POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO THE CURRENT CONUNDRUM CONCERNING THE EXACT ROLE OF HIGH ENERGY DIETS IN AUTOPHAGIC REGULATION.	2022	

16  6725  23 VITAMIN D: NOT JUST BONE METABOLISM BUT A KEY PLAYER IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. VITAMIN D IS THE FIRST ITEM OF DRUG EXPENDITURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. ITS DEFICIENCY IS A CONDITION THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS BUT ALSO YOUNG PEOPLE. RECENTLY, THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HAS FOCUSED ITS ATTENTION ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. IN PARTICULAR, HERE WE EXAMINE (1) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN DIABETES MELLITUS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND OBESITY, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INSULIN SECRETION; (2) ITS ROLE IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, IN WHICH CHRONIC VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, LOWER THAN 20 NG/ML (50 NMOL/L), HAS EMERGED AMONG THE NEW RISK FACTORS; (3) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION, IN WHICH LOW PLASMA LEVELS OF VITAMIN D HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AND DIASTOLIC HYPERTENSION; (4) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIOPATHIES AND ANEURYSMAL PATHOLOGY, REPORTING THAT PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASES HAD LOWER VITAMIN D VALUES THAN NON-SUFFERING PAD CONTROLS; (5) THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D, HIGHLIGHTING ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION CAPACITY; AND (6) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIAC REMODELING AND DISEASE. DESPITE THE MANY OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES SUPPORTING THE CRITICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL TRIALS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE SCARCE. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D AS A MARKER OF PATHOLOGY SHOULD REPRESENT A FUTURE RESEARCH CHALLENGE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17  4585  28 NAD(+) AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES. NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD(+)) IS AN ESSENTIAL AND PLEIOTROPIC COENZYME INVOLVED NOT ONLY IN CELLULAR ENERGY METABOLISM, BUT ALSO IN CELL SIGNALING, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS. VASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT NAD(+) METABOLISM. CONVERSELY, THE THERAPEUTIC INCREASE OF NAD(+) LEVELS THROUGH THE ADMINISTRATION OF NAD(+) PRECURSORS OR INHIBITORS OF NAD(+)-CONSUMING ENZYMES REDUCES CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, REACTIVATES AUTOPHAGY AND MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS, AND ENHANCES OXIDATIVE METABOLISM IN VASCULAR CELLS OF HUMANS AND RODENTS WITH VASCULAR PATHOLOGIES. AS SUCH, NAD(+) HAS EMERGED AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR COMBATTING AGE-RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES NAD(+)-REGULATED MECHANISMS CRITICAL FOR VASCULAR HEALTH AND SUMMARIZES NEW ADVANCES IN NAD(+) RESEARCH DIRECTLY RELATED TO VASCULAR AGING AND DISEASE, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, AND AORTIC ANEURYSMS. FINALLY, WE ENUMERATE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR NAD(+) REPLETION THERAPY WHILE ANTICIPATING THE FUTURE OF THIS EXCITING RESEARCH FIELD, WHICH WILL HAVE A MAJOR IMPACT ON VASCULAR MEDICINE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18  3649  23 INCREASED STRESS AND ALTERED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN BRAIN ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT BEHAVIOUR IN VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENT FEMALE MICE. A SUB-OPTIMAL NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT FROM EARLY LIFE CAN BE ENVISAGED AS A STRESSOR THAT TRANSLATES INTO MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN ADULTHOOD. AFTER CONSIDERING (A) THE WIDESPREAD PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ESPECIALLY AMONGST WOMEN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND (B) THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN B12 IN NORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION, IN THIS STUDY WE HAVE ELUCIDATED THE BEHAVIOURAL CORRELATES OF CHRONIC SEVERE AND MODERATE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY IN C57BL/6 MICE. FEMALE WEANLING MICE WERE ASSIGNED TO THREE DIETARY GROUPS: (A) CONTROL AIN-76A DIET WITH CELLULOSE AS DIETARY FIBRE (B) VITAMIN B12 RESTRICTED AIN-76A DIET WITH PECTIN AS DIETARY FIBRE (SEVERE DEFICIENCY GROUP) AND (C) VITAMIN B12 RESTRICTED AIN-76A DIET WITH CELLULOSE AS DIETARY FIBRE (MODERATE DEFICIENCY GROUP). THE MICE RECEIVED THESE DIETS THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY, LACTATION AND THEREAFTER. NEST-BUILDING, MATERNAL CARE, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS WERE EVALUATED. OXIDATIVE STRESS, ACTIVITIES OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND EXPRESSION OF VARIOUS HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN BRAIN WERE INVESTIGATED TO UNRAVEL THE PROBABLE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. OUR DATA SUGGESTS THAT BOTH SEVERE AND MODERATE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY INDUCED ANXIETY AND IMPAIRED MATERNAL CARE. HOWEVER, ONLY SEVERE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY INDUCED DEPRESSION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND POOR ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE UNDERLIE THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH SEVERE AND MODERATE VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY. ALTERED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES IN THE BRAIN OF SEVERELY DEFICIENT MICE IS SUGGESTIVE OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT CHRONIC VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY LEADS TO BEHAVIOURAL ANOMALIES IN FEMALE C57BL/6 MICE AND THE SEVERITY OF THESE OUTCOMES CAN BE CORRELATED TO THE LEVEL OF DEFICIENCY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19   537  24 ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA: IS IT REALLY ASYMPTOMATIC? PURPOSE OF REVIEW: HYPERURICEMIA IS HIGHLY PREVALENT, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 38 MILLION INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. HOWEVER, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA - HYPERURICEMIA IN THE ABSENCE OF GOUT - CONTINUES TO BE DEBATED. RECENT FINDINGS: ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA RESULTS IN MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN TISSUES, WHICH MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTRACELLULARLY, HYPERURICEMIA INHIBITS THE MASTER REGULATOR ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP)-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE AND MAY CONDITION INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES THROUGH DURABLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. AT THE POPULATION LEVEL, ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, AND DIABETES; LIMITATIONS OF THESE STUDIES INCLUDE THAT MOST ARE RETROSPECTIVE AND SOME DO NOT RIGOROUSLY DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA AND GOUT. TREATMENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT URATE LOWERING MAY REDUCE THE RISK OF INCIDENCE OR PROGRESSION OF SOME OF THESE COMORBIDITIES; UNFORTUNATELY, MANY OF THESE TREATMENT STUDIES ARE SMALL OR FLAWED, AND NOT ALL STUDY RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT. SUMMARY: ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA CONTRIBUTES TO THE COMORBIDITIES WITH WHICH IT ASSOCIATES AND THAT PROPER ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA TREATMENT MAY REDUCE FUTURE RISK. ADDITIONAL PROSPECTIVE TRIALS ARE NEEDED TO DEFINITELY ESTABLISH CAUSALITY AND SUPPORT DECISION-MAKING AS TO WHETHER, AND WHICH PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WOULD WARRANT URATE-LOWERING TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  6718  23 VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: CAUSALITY. VITAMIN D REGULATES BLOOD PRESSURE, CARDIAC FUNCTIONS, AND ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL FUNCTIONS, THUS, PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES REPORT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DEATHS. PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS WERE EXAMINED IN SEVERAL RESEARCH DATABASES AS PER THE GUIDELINES OF THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, USING KEY WORDS THAT ADDRESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CORRELATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS WERE MADE CONSIDERING THE RISKS-BENEFITS, BROADER EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW ANALYZED CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. 1,25(OH)(2)D AND RELATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUBDUE CELLULAR INFLAMMATION, IMPROVE OVERALL ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTIONS, REDUCE AGE-RELATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND VASCULAR RIGIDITY, AND ATTENUATE THE ACTIONS OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM. MOST OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES SUPPORT 25(OH)VITAMIN D HAVING PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IS BASED PRIMARILY ON OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THUS, IS A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. ADEQUATELY POWERED, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL DATA ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO CONFIRM THESE ASSOCIATIONS. THUS, TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CORRECTION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PROTECTS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WELL-DESIGNED, STATISTICALLY POWERED, LONGER-TERM CLINICAL TRIALS ARE NEEDED IN PERSONS WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. NEVERTHELESS, THE AVAILABLE DATA SUPPORT THAT ADEQUATE VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION AND/OR SENSIBLE SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL VITAMIN D STATUS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES.	2018