1  2300 118 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  5690  32 SILENCING OF FEM1CR3 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DBA/2J MOUSE PRECEDES RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEATH AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY. PURPOSE: DOWNREGULATION OF NORMAL GENE EXPRESSION IN DYING RETINAL GANGLION CELLS HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED IN BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS OF OPTIC NERVE DISEASE. THE AUTHORS EXAMINED THE MECHANISM AND TIMING OF THIS PHENOMENON IN DBA/2J MICE, USING GENETICALLY MODIFIED SUBSTRAINS OF THIS INBRED LINE. METHODS: DBA/2J MICE, DOUBLY CONGENIC FOR THE BAX MUTANT ALLELE AND THE GANGLION CELL REPORTER GENE FEM1C(ROSA3) (R3), WERE EVALUATED TO ELUCIDATE THE TIMING OF LOSS OF NORMAL GENE EXPRESSION DURING THE APOPTOTIC PROCESS. THE LOCALIZATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3 (HDAC3) AND NUCLEAR HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION WERE EXAMINED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN DYING CELLS. THE ROLE OF HDACS IN GENE SILENCING DURING GLAUCOMA WAS INTERROGATED USING THE GLOBAL HDAC INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA). RESULTS: SILENCING OF THE R3 ALLELE OCCURRED IN BAX(-/-) GANGLION CELLS, INDICATING THAT THIS PROCESS PRECEDED THE COMMITTED STEP OF THE INTRINSIC APOPTOTIC PATHWAY. WEEKLY TSA TREATMENT, BETWEEN THE AGES OF 6 AND 10 MONTHS, WAS ABLE TO ATTENUATE THE LOSS OF R3 EXPRESSION IN THE RETINA, BUT HAD NO EFFECT ON OPTIC NERVE DEGENERATION. DYING CELLS IN AGING DBA/2J MICE EXHIBITED NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION OF HDAC3 AND A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF H4 ACETYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: RETINAL GANGLION CELLS EXHIBIT A LOSS OF NORMAL GENE EXPRESSION AS AN EARLY (PRE-BAX INVOLVEMENT) PART OF THEIR APOPTOTIC PROGRAM DURING GLAUCOMATOUS DEGENERATION. THIS PROCESS CAN BE AMELIORATED, BUT NOT COMPLETELY BLOCKED, USING HDAC INHIBITORS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO ACTIVE CHROMATIN, SUCH AS DEACETYLATION, MAY BE MEDIATED BY HDAC3 IN DYING NEURONS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3    83  25 A NOVEL EPIGENETIC MARKER, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION FAMILY MEMBER 2 (TET2), IS IDENTIFIED IN THE INTRACTABLE EPILEPTIC BRAIN AND REGULATES ATP BINDING CASSETTE SUBFAMILY B MEMBER 1 (ABCB1) IN THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY (DRE) IS A CHRONIC CONDITION DERIVED FROM SPONTANEOUS CHANGES AND REGULATORY EFFECTS IN THE EPILEPTIC BRAIN. AS DEMETHYLATION FACTORS, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION (TET) FAMILY MEMBERS HAVE BECOME A FOCUS IN RECENT STUDIES OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. HERE, WE QUANTIFIED AND LOCALIZED TET1, TET2 AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5-HMC) IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE CORTEX OF DRE PATIENTS (N = 27) AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN HEMORRHAGE CONTROLS (N = 10) BY IMMUNOCHEMICAL STAINING. TET2 AND ATP BINDING CASSETTE SUBFAMILY B MEMBER 1 (ABCB1) EXPRESSION PATTERNS WERE DETERMINED IN THE ISOLATED BRAIN CAPILLARIES OF DRE PATIENTS. TET2 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE TEMPORAL CORTICAL TISSUE OF DRE PATIENTS WITH OR WITHOUT HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS (HS) COMPARED TO CONTROL PATIENTS, WHILE TET1 AND 5-HMC SHOWED NO DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSION. WE ALSO FOUND THAT A PARTICULARLY STRONG EXPRESSION OF TET2 IN THE VASCULAR TISSUE OF DRE PATIENTS. ABCB1 AND TET2 HAVE EVIDENTLY HIGHER EXPRESSION IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM FROM THE NEOCORTEX OF DRE PATIENTS. IN BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) MODEL, TET2 DEPLETION CAN CAUSE ATTENUATED EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF ABCB1. DATA FROM A COHORT STUDY AND EXPERIMENTS IN A BBB MODEL SUGGEST THAT TET2 HAS A SPECIFIC REGULATORY EFFECT ON ABCB1, WHICH MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM AND TARGET IN DRE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  5345  42 RAPID CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF CLASS I AND IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES DURING EPILEPTOGENESIS IN MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. A PROMINENT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MANIFESTATION OF EPILEPSY HAS BEEN PROPOSED. THUS ALTERED HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE). WE NOW INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE CLASS I AND CLASS IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) IN TWO COMPLEMENTARY MOUSE TLE MODELS. UNILATERAL INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS LASTING 6 TO 24H, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS LIMBIC SEIZURES (2 TO 3 DAYS AFTER KA INJECTION) AND CHRONIC EPILEPSY, AS REVEALED BY TELEMETRIC RECORDINGS OF THE EEGS. MICE WERE KILLED AT DIFFERENT INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION AND EXPRESSION OF HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED BY IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION. WE OBSERVED MARKED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDACS 1, 2 AND 11 (BY UP TO 75%) IN THE GRANULE CELL AND PYRAMIDAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS (2 TO 6H AFTER KA INJECTION). THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDAC MRNAS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER 12 TO 48 H. IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, 14 AND 28 DAYS AFTER KA, ONLY MODEST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC1 MRNA WERE OBSERVED IN GRANULE AND PYRAMIDAL CELLS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY USING AN ANTIBODY DETECTING HDAC2 REVEALED RESULTS CONSISTENT WITH THE MRNA DATA AND INDICATES ALSO EXPRESSION IN GLIAL CELLS ON THE INJECTION SIDE. SIMILAR CHANGES AS SEEN IN THE KA MODEL WERE OBSERVED AFTER A PILOCARPINE-INDUCED STATUS EPILEPTICUS EXCEPT THAT DECREASES IN HDACS 2, 3 AND 8 WERE ALSO SEEN AT THE CHRONIC 28 DAY INTERVAL. THE PROMINENT DECREASES IN HDAC EXPRESSION DURING STATUS EPILEPTICUS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS AND WITH THE AUGMENTED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT RESPECTIVE PUTATIVE GENE PRODUCTS COULD FACILITATE PROCONVULSIVE AS WELL AS ANTICONVULSIVE MECHANISMS. THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDACS DURING THE "SILENT PHASE", ON THE OTHER HAND, MAY BE RELATED TO DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, WHICH COULD CAUSE A DECREASE IN EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN PROTEINS, A MECHANISM THAT COULD ALSO PROMOTE EPILEPTOGENESIS. THUS, ADDRESSING HDAC EXPRESSION MAY HAVE A THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN INTERFERING WITH A STATUS EPILEPTICUS AND WITH THE MANIFESTATION OF TLE.	2015	
                                                                              
5   808  33 CHANGED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS IN NORMAL-APPEARING WHITE MATTER AND EARLY MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESIONS. THE EPIGENETIC IDENTITY OF OLIGODENDROCYTES IS MODULATED BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES. ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 RESULTS FROM THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND MODULATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT, IN RODENTS, HISTONE DEACETYLATION FAVORS OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS ACETYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. HERE, WE REPORT, IN HUMANS BRAINS, A SHIFT TOWARD HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE WHITE MATTER OF THE FRONTAL LOBES OF AGED SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS). INCREASED IMMUNOREACTIVITY FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 WAS OBSERVED IN THE NUCLEI OF NOGOA+ OLIGODENDROCYTES IN A SUBSET OF MS SAMPLES. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (I.E., TCF7L2, ID2, AND SOX2) AND HIGHER HAT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS (I.E., CBP, P300) IN FEMALE MS PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NON-NEUROLOGICAL CONTROLS AND CORRELATED WITH DISEASE DURATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FROM SAMPLES OF MS PATIENTS REVEALED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AT THE PROMOTER OF THE INCREASED TARGET GENES (I.E., TCF7L2). THE DATA IN CHRONIC LESIONS CONTRASTED WITH FINDINGS IN EARLY MS LESIONS, WHERE A MARKED OLIGODENDROGLIAL HISTONE DEACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS A PROCESS THAT OCCURS AT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND WHOSE EFFICIENCY DECREASES WITH DISEASE DURATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  3337  42 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS PREVENT PERSISTENT HYPERSENSITIVITY IN AN OROFACIAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. CHRONIC OROFACIAL PAIN IS A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH PROBLEM REQUIRING IDENTIFICATION OF REGULATING PROCESSES. INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT IS REPORTED FOR HINDLIMB NEUROPATHIC PAIN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS, HOWEVER, IS LESS WELL STUDIED IN CRANIAL NERVE PAIN MODELS. THREE INDEPENDENT OBSERVATIONS REPORTED HERE ARE THE (1) EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN MOUSE TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA (TG) AFTER TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION (TIC) NERVE INJURY MOUSE MODEL DETERMINED BY GENE EXPRESSION MICROARRAY, (2) H3K9 ACETYLATION PATTERN IN TG BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND (3) EFFICACY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS TO ATTENUATE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY. AFTER TIC INJURY, IPSILATERAL WHISKER PAD MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION DEVELOPS BY DAY 3 AND PERSISTS WELL BEYOND DAY 21 IN CONTRAST TO SHAM SURGERY. GLOBAL ACETYLATION OF H3K9 DECREASES AT DAY 21 IN IPSILATERAL TG . THIRTY-FOUR GENES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ( P < 0.05) OVEREXPRESSED IN THE IPSILATERAL TG BY AT LEAST TWO-FOLD AT EITHER 3 OR 21 DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION INJURY. THE THREE GENES MOST OVEREXPRESSED THREE DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION NERVE INJURY ARE NERVE REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENE ATF3, UP 6.8-FOLD, AND TWO OF ITS REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENE EFFECTOR GENES, SPRR1A AND GAL, UP 174- AND 25-FOLD, RESPECTIVELY. ALTHOUGH TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF 25 OF 32 GENES SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED THREE DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION RETURN TO CONSTITUTIVE LEVELS BY DAY 21, THESE THREE REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENES REMAIN SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED AT THE LATER TIME POINT. ON DAY 21, WHEN TISSUES ARE HEALED, OTHER DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES INCLUDE 39 OF THE TOP 50 UPREGULATED AND DOWNREGULATED GENES. REMARKABLY, PREEMPTIVE MANIPULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WITH TWO HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACI'S), SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) AND MS-275, REDUCES THE MAGNITUDE AND DURATION OF WHISKER PAD MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSISTENT PAIN STATE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT TRIGEMINAL NERVE INJURY LEADS TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS FAVORING OVEREXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NERVE REGENERATION AND THAT MAINTAINING TRANSCRIPTIONAL HOMEOSTASIS WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUGS COULD HELP PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                 
7   531  44 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	

8  6660  46 UPREGULATION OF CXCR4 THROUGH PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA IN RATS. AIM AND METHODS: CHRONIC PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION IS A COMMON CLINICAL PROBLEM, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS YET ARE INCOMPLETELY DEFINED. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC GENES REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY PAIN CONDITION REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED HOW CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4 EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION AND HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN RATS. RESULTS: INTRAPLANTAR INJECTION OF CFA COULD NOT ONLY INDUCE SIGNIFICANT HYPERALGESIA IN RATS, BUT ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF CXCR4 MRNA AND PROTEIN IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG). INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF CXCR4 ANTAGONIST AMD3100 SIGNIFICANTLY RELIEVED HYPERALGESIA IN INFLAMMATORY RATS IN A TIME- AND DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. BISULFITE SEQUENCING AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR DEMONSTRATE THAT CFA INJECTION LED TO A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLAND AT CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED AFTER CFA INJECTION. ONLINE SOFTWARE PREDICTION REVEALS THREE BINDING SITES OF P65 IN THE CPG ISLAND OF CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER, WHICH HAS CONFIRMED BY THE CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY, CFA TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES THE RECRUITMENT OF P65 TO CXCR4 GENE PROMOTER. INHIBITION OF NF-KB SIGNALING USING P65 INHIBITOR PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENTED THE INCREASES OF THE CXCR4 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: UPREGULATION OF CXCR4 EXPRESSION DUE TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY INCREASED RECRUITMENT OF P65 TO PROMOTER OF CXCR4 GENE CONTRIBUTES TO INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN FROM AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  2353  48 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA, DEPENDENCE, AND TOLERANCE IN MICE. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF OPIOIDS SUCH AS MORPHINE INDUCES PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL CHANGES INCLUDING OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA (OIH), TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. IN THE CURRENT WORK WE EXPLORED HOW THE BALANCE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) VERSUS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MIGHT REGULATE THESE MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES. NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS, ANALGESIA, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE WERE ASSESSED DURING AND FOR A PERIOD OF SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TO PROBE THE ROLES OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, THE HAT INHIBITOR CURCUMIN OR A SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) WAS ADMINISTERED DAILY TO GROUPS OF ANIMALS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IN SPINAL CORD WAS ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF CURCUMIN WITH MORPHINE FOR 4 DAYS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE. CONVERSELY, THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA ENHANCED THESE RESPONSES. INTERESTINGLY, SAHA TREATMENT AFTER THE TERMINATION OF OPIOID ADMINISTRATION SUSTAINED THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS. HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WAS INCREASED AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT, BUT H4 ACETYLATION WAS UNCHANGED. MOREOVER, WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORDS OF MORPHINE-TREATED MICE WHILE OVERALL HAT ACTIVITY WAS UNCHANGED, SUGGESTING A SHIFT TOWARD A STATE OF ENHANCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. PERSPECTIVE: THE CURRENT STUDY INDICATES THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN OPIOID-INDUCED LONG-LASTING NEUROPLASTICITY. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW SIGHT INTO UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS OF OPIOID-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO LIMIT OPIOID ABUSE POTENTIAL AND INCREASE THE VALUE OF THESE DRUGS AS ANALGESICS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  5426  31 REGULATION OF SIRTUIN EXPRESSION IN AUTOIMMUNE NEUROINFLAMMATION: INDUCTION OF SIRT1 IN OLIGODENDROCYTE PROGENITOR CELLS. IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) REGENERATION OF OLIGODENDROCYTES FOLLOWING INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATION IS LIMITED BY THE COMPROMISED ABILITY OF PROGENITORS TO REPOPULATE LESIONED AREAS AND TRANSITION TO FUNCTIONALLY COMPETENT OLIGODENDROCYTES. REGARDING UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES HAS BEEN SUGGESTED, E.G. THE CONTRIBUTION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) KNOWN TO REGULATE OLIGODENDROCYTE PROGENITOR CELL (OPC) DIFFERENTIATION. HOWEVER, THEIR PRECISE EXPRESSION PATTERNS, PARTICULAR OF REDOX-SENSITIVE NAD(+) HDACS, REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF SIRTUINS, MEMBERS OF THE HDAC CLASS III FAMILY WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON SIRT1, PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH NEURODEGENERATIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS). BY INVESTIGATING MOUSE EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE), A MODEL FOR MS, WE FOUND THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF SIRT1, SIRT2 AND SIRT6 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE CNS DURING CHRONIC DISEASE STAGES. WE CONFIRMED THIS FINDING FOR SIRT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND WERE ABLE TO LOCALIZE UPREGULATED SIRT1 IN NUCLEI OF NG2(+) OR PDGFRALPHA(+) OPCS IN DEMYELINATED BRAIN LESIONS. IN CULTURED MOUSE A2B5(+) OPCS BLOCKADE OF SIRT1 ACTIVITY BY THE SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUND EX527 ENHANCED MITOTIC ACTIVITY BUT DID NOT AFFECT THE CAPACITY TO DIFFERENTIATE. A SIMILAR PATTERN WAS DETECTABLE IN OPCS DERIVED FROM SIRT1-DEFICIENT ANIMALS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 INHIBITION MAY HELP TO EXPAND THE ENDOGENOUS POOL OF OPCS WITHOUT AFFECTING THEIR DIFFERENTIATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  1320  51 DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS IS IMPLICATED IN OPIOID-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RATS. REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF MORPHINE MAY RESULT IN OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY (OIH), WHICH INVOLVES ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS GENES, INCLUDING BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS. YET, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW BDNF EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF CERTAIN BDNF GENE PROMOTERS IN DRG NEURONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH. REAL-TIME RT-PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS CHANGES IN THE MRNA TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF MAJOR BDNF EXONS INCLUDING EXON I, II, IV, VI, AS WELL AS TOTAL BDNF MRNA IN DRGS FROM RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION. THE LEVELS OF EXON IV AND TOTAL BDNF MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY REPEATED MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, AS COMPARED TO THAT IN SALINE CONTROL GROUP. FURTHER, ELISA ARRAY AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY REVEALED A ROBUST UPREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. CORRESPONDINGLY, THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF BDNF EXON IV PROMOTER SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION BY MORPHINE TREATMENT. IMPORTANTLY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF A BDNF ANTIBODY, BUT NOT CONTROL IGG, SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT DEVELOPED IN RATS AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE TREATMENT. CONVERSELY, INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN INHIBITOR OF DNA METHYLATION, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC) MARKEDLY UPREGULATED THE BDNF PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS AND ENHANCED THE MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AFTER REPEATED MORPHINE EXPOSURE. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT DEMETHYLATION REGULATION OF BDNF GENE PROMOTER MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIH THROUGH EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN DRG NEURONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12  3721  45 INHIBITION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN THE SPINAL CORD ATTENUATES INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. BACKGROUND: SEVERAL CLASSES OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE EXPRESSED IN THE SPINAL CORD THAT IS A CRITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NOCICEPTIVE PATHWAY. HDAC-REGULATED HISTONE ACETYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LEADING TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PATHOLOGICAL PAIN, WE HAVE STUDIED THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD ON INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA). RESULTS: WE INTRATHECALLY APPLIED INHIBITORS SPECIFIC TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS AND EVALUATED THEIR IMPACT ON INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA. PRE-INJECTED INHIBITORS TARGETING CLASS I AS WELL AS II (SAHA, TSA, LAQ824) OR IIA (VPA, 4-PB) HDACS SIGNIFICANTLY DELAYED THE THERMAL HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY UNILATERAL CFA INJECTION IN THE HINDPAW. EXISTING HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CFA WAS ALSO ATTENUATED BY THE HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACIS). IN CONTRAST, THESE INHIBITORS DID NOT INTERFERE WITH THE THERMAL RESPONSE EITHER IN NAIVE ANIMALS, OR ON THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE OF INFLAMED ANIMALS. INTERESTINGLY, MS-275 THAT SPECIFICALLY INHIBITS CLASS I HDACS FAILED TO ALTER THE HYPERALGESIA ALTHOUGH IT INCREASED HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD AS SAHA DID. USING IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS, WE FURTHER FOUND THAT THE LEVELS OF CLASS IIA HDAC MEMBERS (HDAC4, 5, 7, 9) IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE UPREGULATED FOLLOWING CFA INJECTION WHILE THOSE OF CLASS I HDAC MEMBERS (HDAC1, 2, 3) REMAINED STABLE OR WERE SLIGHTLY REDUCED. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ACTIVITY OF CLASS II HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD IS CRITICAL TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF INFLAMMATORY HYPERALGESIA INDUCED BY CFA, WHILE ACTIVITY OF CLASS I HDACS MAY BE UNNECESSARY. COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF HDACIS SPECIFIC TO CLASS II AND IIA AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF DIFFERENT HDACS IN THE SPINAL CORD IN RESPONSE TO CFA SUGGESTS THAT THE MEMBERS OF CLASS IIA HDACS MAY BE POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR ATTENUATING PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  3832  38 INVOLVEMENT OF SPINAL SIRT1 IN DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. IT IS KNOWN THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SIRTUIN TYPE 1 (SIRT1), AN NAD(+) DEPENDENT DEACETYLASE, AFFECTED ALLODYNIA AND HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED BY LIGATURE OF THE RIGHT SCIATIC NERVE TO INDUCE CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) IN RATS. HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED AND, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY WAS DECLINED IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL DORSA HORN IN CCI RATES BY MEANS OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). THE PERSISTENT HYPERALGESIA AND ALLODYNIA CAUSED BY CCI WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UPREGULATION OF ACETYLATED-H3 (AC-H3) IN TISSUE OF THE SPINAL CORD BY WESTERN BLOT ASSAY, WHICH WAS REVERSED AFTER INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF SIRT1 AGONIST SRT1720. SRT1720 TREATMENT ACHIEVED ANALGESIC THROUGH INHIBITING THE ACETYLATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND BLOCKING THE RELEASES OF THE INFLAMMATORY FACTORS INCLUDING TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN (IL)-6 BY MEANS OF WESTERN BLOT AND REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (RT-PCR), RESPECTIVELY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 IN THE SPINAL CORD PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN THE RAT MODEL.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14  1826  37 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15  3342  27 HISTONE DEACETYLASE9 REPRESENTS THE EPIGENETIC PROMOTION OF M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VIA TLR4 REGULATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY VARIOUS FACTORS, WHERE EPIGENETIC REGULATION INVOLVING HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS ENVISAGED TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF RELATED PROTEINS BY REGULATING THE BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO DNA, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE MECHANISM OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS PARTLY KNOWN; HENCE, THIS PROJECT AIMED AT INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDAC9) IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, SERUM WAS SEPARATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES FOLLOWING CLOTTING AND CENTRIFUGATION FROM ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HEALTHY PATIENTS (N = 40 EACH), AND THEN, VARIOUS TESTS WERE PERFORMED. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 (TLR4) WAS NOT ONLY POSITIVELY CORRELATED TO THE HDAC9 GENE, BUT WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHERE IT WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS CELL MODEL OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-INDUCED MACROPHAGES. CONVERSELY, THE TLR4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN INSTANCES OF LOSS OF HDAC9 FUNCTION, CEMENTING THE BRIDGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HDAC9 AND MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, WHERE THE HDAC9 WAS FOUND TO UPREGULATE M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION WHICH TRANSLATED INTO THE RELEASE OF HIGHER CONTENT OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), WHICH TEND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE FOLLOWING THE DELETION OF TLR4. HENCE, THIS STUDY REPORTS NOVEL RELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH COULD PARTLY BE EXPLAINED BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16  4906  44 P300 EXERTS AN EPIGENETIC ROLE IN CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN THROUGH ITS ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI). BACKGROUND: NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS DETRIMENTAL TO HUMAN HEALTH; HOWEVER, ITS PATHOGENESIS STILL REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. OVEREXPRESSION OF PAIN-ASSOCIATED GENES AND INCREASED NOCICEPTIVE SOMATO-SENSITIVITY ARE WELL OBSERVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN REGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF PRO- OR ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE GENES HAS BEEN REVEALED BY STUDIES RECENTLY, AND WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATOR AND THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE E1A BINDING PROTEIN P300 (P300), AS A PART OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GENE REGULATION, MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI). TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES WERE USED IN THIS STUDY: (I) DOWN-REGULATING P300 WITH SPECIFIC SMALL HAIRPIN RNA (SHRNA) AND (II) CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY BY A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR, C646. RESULTS: USING THE CCI RAT MODEL, WE FOUND THAT THE P300 EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN THE LUMBAR SPINAL CORD ON DAY 14 AFTER CCI. THE TREATMENT WITH INTRATHECAL P300 SHRNA REVERSED CCI-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, AND SUPPRESSED THE EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2), A NEUROPATHIC PAIN-ASSOCIATED FACTOR. FURTHERMORE, C646, AN INHIBITOR OF P300 ACETYLTRANSFERASE, ALSO ATTENUATED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA, ACCOMPANIED BY A SUPPRESSED COX-2 EXPRESSION, IN THE SPINAL CORD. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, THROUGH ITS ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD AFTER CCI, P300 EPIGENETICALLY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. INHIBITING P300, USING INTERFERING RNA OR C646, MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPIES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17  1238  32 CURCUMIN BLOCKS CHRONIC MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR UPREGULATION. THIS STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MAY COUNTERBALANCE THE ACTION OF MORPHINE IN THE BRAIN. MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE AFTER DAILY ADMINISTRATIONS FOR SIX DAYS WAS BLOCKED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION OF ANTI-BDNF IGG ON DAY 5, BUT NOT BY ADMINISTRATIONS ON DAYS 1-4. CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF EXON I AND IV BDNF TRANSCRIPTS, INDICATING DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION. DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF THE CREB-BINDING PROTEIN INHIBITOR CURCUMIN ABOLISHED THE UPREGULATION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CURCUMIN MIGHT BE A PROMISING ADJUVANT TO REDUCE MORPHINE ANALGESIC TOLERANCE, AND THAT EPIGENETIC CONTROL COULD BE A NEW STRATEGY USEFUL FOR THE CONTROL OF THIS PROBLEM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  3082  45 GENOME-WIDE REDISTRIBUTION OF MECP2 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. BACKGROUND: METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2), A PROTEIN WITH AFFINITY FOR METHYLATED CYTOSINES, IS CRUCIAL FOR NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. MECP2 REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH ACTIVATION, REPRESSION AND CHROMATIN REMODELING. MUTATIONS IN MECP2 CAUSE RETT SYNDROME, AND THESE PATIENTS DISPLAY IMPAIRED NOCICEPTION. WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN MECP2 EXPRESSION IN MOUSE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. THE FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATION OF INCREASED MECP2 IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. TO IDENTIFY REGIONS OF THE GENOME BOUND BY MECP2 IN THE DRG AND THE CHANGES INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY, A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION OF MECP2 FOLLOWED BY SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) WAS PERFORMED 4 WEEKS AFTER SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI). RESULTS: WHILE THE NUMBER OF BINDING SITES ACROSS THE GENOME REMAINED SIMILAR IN THE SNI MODEL AND SHAM CONTROL, SNI INDUCED THE REDISTRIBUTION OF MECP2 TO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY RELEVANT REGIONS. TO DETERMINE HOW DIFFERENTIAL BINDING OF MECP2 CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG, WE INVESTIGATED MMU-MIR-126, A MICRORNA LOCUS THAT HAD ENRICHED MECP2 BINDING IN THE SNI MODEL. ENRICHED MECP2 BINDING TO MIR-126 LOCUS AFTER NERVE INJURY REPRESSED MIR-126 EXPRESSION, AND THIS WAS NOT MEDIATED BY ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION PATTERN AT THE MIR-126 LOCUS. DOWNREGULATION OF MIR-126 RESULTED IN THE UPREGULATION OF ITS TWO TARGET GENES DNMT1 AND VEGFA IN NEURO 2A CELLS AND IN SNI MODEL COMPARED TO CONTROL. THESE TARGET GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN MECP2-NULL MICE COMPARED TO WILD-TYPE LITTERMATES, INDICATING A REGULATORY ROLE FOR MECP2 IN ACTIVATING DNMT1 AND VEGFA EXPRESSION. INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF MIR-126 WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO REVERSE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, BUT DECREASED DNMT1 AND VEGFA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SHOWS A REGULATORY ROLE FOR MECP2 IN THAT CHANGES IN GLOBAL REDISTRIBUTION CAN RESULT IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG. ALTERATIONS IN GENOME-WIDE BINDING OF MECP2 THEREFORE PROVIDE A MOLECULAR BASIS FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION-INDUCED MOLECULAR CHANGES UNDERLYING NERVE INJURY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  3324  38 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 IS INVOLVED IN MICRO?OPIOID RECEPTOR SUPPRESSION IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN A RAT MODEL OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS PAIN. CHRONIC PAIN OCCURS IN ~85-90% OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (CP) PATIENTS. HOWEVER, AS THE PATHOGENESIS OF CP PAIN REMAINS TO BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD, THE CURRENT THERAPIES FOR CP PAIN REMAIN INADEQUATE. EMERGING EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF GENES ARE INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, INTRAPANCREATIC TRINITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID INFUSIONS WERE USED TO ESTABLISH A CP MODEL IN RATS. MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA WAS MEASURED WITH VON FREY FILAMENTS. IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING ANALYSIS WAS USED TO OBSERVE THE EXPRESSION CHANGES OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) AND MICRO?OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR), AND INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE SELECTIVE HDAC2 INHIBITOR AR?42 WAS USED TO ASSESS THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF C?JUN N?TERMINAL KINASE (JNK) IN THE THORACIC SPINAL CORD WERE DETECTED BY WESTERN BLOTTING, AND THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)1?BETA, IL?6 AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)?ALPHA WERE DETECTED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION?QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT HDAC2 EXPRESSION WAS UPREGULATED DURING THE COURSE OF CP INDUCTION, WHILE MOR ACTIVITY IN THE THORACIC SPINAL DORSAL HORN WAS SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED. INTRATHECAL INFUSION OF AR?42 SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CP?INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA, WITH RESCUED MOR ACTIVITY. ADDITIONALLY, HDAC2 FACILITATED THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, INCLUDING IL?1BETA, IL?6 AND TNF?ALPHA. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF HDAC2 REGULATING MOR ACTIVITY UNDER CP INDUCTION MAY OCCUR VIA PROMOTING THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, THUS ACTIVATING THE JNK SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE PRESENT STUDY SUGGESTED THAT THE EPIGENETIC?REGULATED DISTURBANCE OF MOR IS DEPENDENT ON THE ENDOGENOUS ANALGESIA SYSTEM IN CP, WHICH MAY A PROVIDE NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR TREATING PAIN IN CP.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  2755  32 EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LIKE ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY, WE INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC), A GROUP OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS THAT SHUTTLE BETWEEN NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM. INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES (AFTER 3 DAYS), AND FINALLY CHRONIC EPILEPSY AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION IN THE GRANULE CELL LAYERS AND IN SECTORS CA1 AND CA3 CONTRALATERAL TO THE SITE OF KA INJECTION LACKING NEURODEGENERATION. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 MRNAS COINCIDED WITH PRONOUNCED GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AT LATE INTERVALS (14-28 DAYS AFTER KA) AND EQUALLY AFFECTED BOTH HDAC9 SPLICE VARIANTS. IN CONTRAST, IN THE PILOCARPINE MODEL (SHOWING NO GRANULE CELL DISPERSION), WE OBSERVED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 AT THE SAME TIME INTERVALS. BEYOND THIS, STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN BOTH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY MODELS SUCH AS FAST DECREASES IN HDAC7 AND 10 MRNAS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS WERE OBSERVED, NOTABLY ALSO IN THE CONTRALATERAL HIPPOCAMPUS NOT AFFECTED BY NEURODEGENERATION. THE PARTICULAR PATTERNS OF HDAC MRNA EXPRESSION SUGGEST A ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. REDUCED EXPRESSION OF HDACS MAY RESULT IN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PRO- AND ANTICONVULSIVE PROTEINS. ON THE OTHER HAND, EXPORT OF HDACS FROM THE NUCLEUS INTO THE CYTOPLASM COULD ALLOW FOR DEACETYLATION OF CYTOPLASMATIC PROTEINS INVOLVED IN AXONAL AND DENDRITIC REMODELING, LIKE GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. HDAC 5 AND HDAC 9 EXPRESSION IS HIGHLY INCREASED IN GRANULE CELLS OF THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARALLELS GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. BOTH HDACS ARE THOUGHT TO BE TARGETED TO THE CYTOPLASM AND TO ACT THERE BY DEACETYLATING CYTOPLASMATIC (E.G. CYTOSCELETON-RELATED) PROTEINS.	2016