1  5334 148 QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN ADVANCED COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND ATROPHY. WE ASSESSED WHETHER QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PROFILE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF SEDENTARY SEVERE COPD PATIENTS (N=41), WHO WERE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO THOSE WITH (N=25) AND WITHOUT (N=16) MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N=19), EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MIRNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING MARKERS, TOTAL PROTEIN AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, IN VL OF ALL COPD TOGETHER AND IN MUSCLE-WEAKNESS PATIENTS, EXPRESSION OF MIR-1, MIR-206 AND MIR-27A, LEVELS OF LYSINE-ACETYLATED PROTEINS AND HISTONES AND ACETYLATED HISTONE 3 WERE INCREASED, WHEREAS EXPRESSION OF HDAC3, HDAC4, SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT-1), IGF-1 (INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1) WERE DECREASED, AKT (V-AKT MURINE THYMOMA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOGUE 1) EXPRESSION DID NOT DIFFER, FOLLISTATIN EXPRESSION WAS GREATER, WHEREAS MYOSTATIN EXPRESSION WAS LOWER, SERUM REPONSE FACTOR (SRF) EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AND FIBRE SIZE OF FAST-TWITCH FIBRES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. IN VL OF SEVERE COPD PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION RATHER THAN PROLIFERATION AND MUSCLE GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING, PROBABLY AS FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PREVENT THOSE MUSCLES FROM UNDERGOING FURTHER ATROPHY. LYSINE-HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES MAY DRIVE ENHANCED PROTEIN CATABOLISM IN THOSE MUSCLES. THESE FINDINGS MAY HELP DESIGN NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES (ENHANCERS OF MIRNAS PROMOTING MYOGENESIS AND ACETYLATION INHIBITORS) TO SELECTIVELY TARGET MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY IN SEVERE COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  1633  71 DO EPIGENETIC EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A MAJOR COMORBIDITY IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY. INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON THE ELUCIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN ADVANCED COPD. WE ASSESSED WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE MAY BE ALTERED IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD, NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, AND MILDLY IMPAIRED MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF MILD COPD PATIENTS WITH WELL-PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION AND IN HEALTHY AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION, MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HTAS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, IN THE VL OF MILD COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY WERE MODERATELY REDUCED, DNA METHYLATION LEVELS DID NOT DIFFER, MIR-1 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE INCREASED AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH BOTH FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN ONE SECOND (FEV1) AND QUADRICEPS FORCE, HDAC4 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE INCREASED, AND MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES WERE NOT DIFFERENT. MODERATE SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A RELEVANT FEATURE IN PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD AND PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION. SEVERAL EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LIMB MUSCLES OF THESE PATIENTS, PROBABLY AS AN ATTEMPT TO COUNTERBALANCE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT ALTER MUSCLE FUNCTION AND MASS. THE STUDY OF PATIENTS AT EARLY STAGES OF THEIR DISEASE IS OF INTEREST AS THEY ARE A TARGET FOR TIMELY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY SLOW DOWN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND PREVENT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF MAJOR COMORBIDITIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3  2170  69 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SKELETAL (PERIPHERAL) MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF COPD PATIENTS. WHETHER EPIGENETIC EVENTS MAY ALSO REGULATE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE (DIAPHRAGM) OF PATIENTS WITH COPD OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE SPECIMENS (THORACOTOMY DUE TO LUNG LOCALIZED NEOPLASMS) OF SEDENTARY PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE AND SEVERE COPD, WITH PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION, AND SEDENTARY HEALTHY CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), TOTAL DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CLINICALLY EVALUATED: LUNG AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, PATIENTS EXHIBITED MODERATE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY, AND REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE AND TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC STRENGTH. MOREOVER, IN THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (MEF)2C PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER, AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN THE MAIN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE OF COPD PATIENTS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY AND NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MEF2C LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED. IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS ACT AS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO BETTER OVERCOME THE CONTINUOUS INSPIRATORY LOADS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN COPD. THESE FINDINGS MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  4577  33 MYOSTATIN: BASIC BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL APPLICATION. MYOSTATIN IS A MEMBER OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA SUPERFAMILY. IT IS EXPRESSED BY ANIMAL AND HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WHERE IT LIMITS MUSCLE GROWTH AND PROMOTES PROTEIN BREAKDOWN. ITS EFFECTS ARE INFLUENCED BY COMPLEX MECHANISMS INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND MODULATION BY EXTRACELLULAR BINDING PROTEINS. DUE TO ITS ACTIONS IN PROMOTING MUSCLE ATROPHY AND CACHEXIA, MYOSTATIN HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO COUNTERACT MUSCLE MASS LOSS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS AND PATIENTS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT MUSCLE-WASTING CONDITIONS. MOREOVER, GROWING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT MYOSTATIN, BEYOND TO REGULATE SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH, MAY HAVE A ROLE IN MANY PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE REVIEW MYOSTATIN BIOLOGY, INCLUDING INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR REGULATORY PATHWAYS, AND THE ROLE OF MYOSTATIN IN MODULATING PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS MUSCLE GROWTH AND AGING. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS THE MOST RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE EXTRA-MUSCLE EFFECTS OF MYOSTATIN. FINALLY, WE CONSIDER THE MAIN STRATEGIES DEVELOPED AND TESTED TO INHIBIT MYOSTATIN IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND DISCUSS THE LIMITS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ON MYOSTATIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5  4605  28 NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING IN RENAL FIBROSIS; PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES. ELEVATED EXPRESSION OF THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL CYTOKINE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1 (TGF-BETA1) IS CAUSATIVELY LINKED TO KIDNEY FIBROSIS PROGRESSION INITIATED BY DIABETIC, HYPERTENSIVE, OBSTRUCTIVE, ISCHEMIC AND TOXIN-INDUCED INJURY. THERAPEUTICALLY RELEVANT APPROACHES TO DIRECTLY TARGET THE TGF-BETA1 PATHWAY (E.G., NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AGAINST TGF-BETA1), HOWEVER, REMAIN ELUSIVE IN HUMANS. TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING IS SUBJECTED TO EXTENSIVE NEGATIVE CONTROL AT THE LEVEL OF TGF-BETA1 RECEPTOR, SMAD2/3 ACTIVATION, COMPLEX ASSEMBLY AND PROMOTER ENGAGEMENT DUE TO ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS AND NUMEROUS PATHOLOGIES. PROGRESSIVE KIDNEY INJURY IS ACCOMPANIED BY THE DEREGULATION (LOSS OR GAIN OF EXPRESSION) OF SEVERAL NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF THE TGF-BETA1 SIGNALING CASCADE BY MECHANISMS INVOLVING PROTEIN AND MRNA STABILITY OR EPIGENETIC SILENCING, FURTHER AMPLIFYING TGF-BETA1/SMAD3 SIGNALING AND FIBROSIS. EXPRESSION OF BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS 6 AND 7 (BMP6/7), SMAD7, SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE PROTO-ONCOGENE (SKI) AND SKI-RELATED NOVEL GENE (SNON), PHOSPHATE TENSIN HOMOLOG ON CHROMOSOME 10 (PTEN), PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE MAGNESIUM/MANGANESE DEPENDENT 1A (PPM1A) AND KLOTHO ARE DRAMATICALLY DECREASED IN VARIOUS NEPHROPATHIES IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS ALBEIT WITH DIFFERENT KINETICS WHILE THE EXPRESSION OF SMURF1/2 E3 LIGASES ARE INCREASED. SUCH DEREGULATIONS FREQUENTLY INITIATE MALADAPTIVE RENAL REPAIR INCLUDING RENAL EPITHELIAL CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION AND GROWTH ARREST, FIBROTIC FACTOR (CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR (CTGF/CCN2), PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR TYPE-1 (PAI-1), TGF-BETA1) SYNTHESIS/SECRETION, FIBROPROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES AND INFLAMMATION. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES HOW LOSS OF THESE NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF TGF-BETA1 PATHWAY EXACERBATES RENAL LESION FORMATION AND DISCUSSES THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE IN RESTORING THE EXPRESSION OF THESE MOLECULES IN AMELIORATING FIBROSIS, THUS, PRESENTING NOVEL APPROACHES TO SUPPRESS TGF-BETA1 HYPERACTIVATION DURING CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) PROGRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  5227  24 PRMT6 MEDIATES INFLAMMATION VIA ACTIVATION OF THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY ON A CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-INDUCED MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL. INTRODUCTION: SMOKE-DRIVEN LUNG INFLAMMATION IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MAJOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MECHANISM OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)/EMPHYSEMA. PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 6 (PRMT6) IS A KEY EPIGENETIC ENZYME, WHICH IS RELATED TO PROTECTING THE TRI-METHYLATION OF H3K4 (H3K4ME3). WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT PTMT6 PROTECTS LUNG INFLAMMATION THROUGH THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. METHODS: MICE WERE INJECTED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR PBS TO ESTABLISH A MICE MODEL, INTRATRACHEALLY INSTILLED WITH OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 OR NEGATIVE CONTROL VECTOR. MORPHOMETRY OF LUNG SLIDES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE MEASURED. WE DETERMINED THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF PRMT6 AND ITS RELATED HISTONE TARGETS, THE ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, THE LEVEL OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) AND INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA). RESULTS: AFTER PRMT6 OVEREXPRESSION, THE MORPHOMETRY INDEXES AND LUNG FUNCTION WERE IMPROVED. ALSO, THE EXPRESSION OF H3K4ME3 WAS DECREASED. OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SUPPRESS CSE-INDUCED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION AND PRO-INFLAMMATION GENES EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE OVEREXPRESSED PRMT6 COULD SERVE AS AN INFLAMMATION INHIBITOR, POTENTIALLY THROUGH BLOCKING THE NF-KAPPAB/P65 PATHWAY IN THE MURINE EMPHYSEMA MODEL.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  2326  31 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8  5527  34 RNA HELICASE DEAD BOX PROTEIN 5 REGULATES POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2/HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE INTERGENIC RNA FUNCTION IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) PATHOGENESIS BY A MECHANISM NOT YET UNDERSTOOD. ELUCIDATING MECHANISMS OF HBV-MEDIATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS NEEDED TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF HCC. IN HBV REPLICATING CELLS, INCLUDING VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HCCS, SUPPRESSOR OF ZESTE 12 HOMOLOG (SUZ12), A CORE SUBUNIT OF POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX2 (PRC2), UNDERGOES PROTEASOMAL DEGRADATION. THIS PROCESS REQUIRES THE LONG NONCODING RNA, HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE INTERGENIC RNA (HOTAIR). INTRIGUINGLY, HOTAIR INTERACTS WITH PRC2 AND ALSO BINDS RNA-BINDING E3 LIGASES, SERVING AS A UBIQUITINATION SCAFFOLD. HEREIN, WE IDENTIFIED THE RNA HELICASE, DEAD BOX PROTEIN 5 (DDX5), AS A REGULATOR OF SUZ12 STABILITY AND PRC2-MEDIATED GENE REPRESSION, ACTING BY REGULATING RNA-PROTEIN COMPLEXES FORMED WITH HOTAIR. SPECIFICALLY, KNOCKDOWN OF DDX5 AND/OR HOTAIR ENABLED REEXPRESSION OF PRC2-REPRESSED GENES EPITHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE (EPCAM) AND PLURIPOTENCY GENES. ALSO, KNOCKDOWN OF DDX5 ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTION FROM THE HBV MINICHROMOSOME. THE HELICASE ACTIVITY OF DDX5 STABILIZED SUZ12- AND PRC2-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING, BY DISPLACING THE RNA-BINDING E3 LIGASE, MEX-3 RNA-BINDING FAMILY MEMBER B (MEX3B), FROM HOTAIR. CONVERSELY, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF MEX3B UBIQUITINATED SUZ12, DISPLACED DDX5 FROM HOTAIR, AND INDUCED SUZ12 DOWN-REGULATION. IN G2 PHASE OF CELLS EXPRESSING THE HBV X PROTEIN (HBX), SUZ12 PREFERENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH MEX3B, BUT NOT DDX5, RESULTING IN DE-REPRESSION OF PRC2 TARGETS, INCLUDING EPCAM AND PLURIPOTENCY GENES. SIGNIFICANTLY, LIVER TUMORS FROM HBX/C-MYC BITRANSGENIC MICE AND CHRONICALLY HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS EXHIBITED A STRONG NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN DDX5 MESSENGER RNA LEVELS, PLURIPOTENCY GENE EXPRESSION, AND LIVER TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION. NOTABLY, CHRONICALLY INFECTED HBV PATIENTS WITH HCC EXPRESSING REDUCED DDX5 EXHIBITED POOR PROGNOSIS AFTER TUMOR RESECTION, IDENTIFYING DDX5 AS AN IMPORTANT PLAYER IN POOR PROGNOSIS HCC. CONCLUSION: THE RNA HELICASE DDX5, AND E3 LIGASE MEX3B, ARE IMPORTANT CELLULAR TARGETS FOR THE DESIGN OF NOVEL, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES TO COMBAT HBV INFECTION AND POOR PROGNOSIS HBV-ASSOCIATED LIVER CANCER. (HEPATOLOGY 2016;64:1033-1048).	2016	

9  3889  23 KLOTHO RECOVERY BY GENISTEIN VIA PROMOTER HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA DEMETHYLATION MITIGATES RENAL FIBROSIS IN MICE. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A COMMON HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURE OF RENAL AGING AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES OF ALL ETIOLOGIES, AND ITS INITIATION AND PROGRESSION ARE SUBSTANTIALLY INFLUENCED BY ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF FIBROSIS-SUSCEPTIBLE GENES, YET WITHOUT EFFECTIVE THERAPY. "EPIGENETIC DIETS" EXHIBIT TISSUE-PROTECTIVE AND EPIGENETIC-MODULATING PROPERTIES; HOWEVER, THEIR ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS FUNCTIONS AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE LESS UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOW THAT GENISTEIN, A PHYTOESTROGENIC ISOFLAVONE ENRICHED IN DIETARY SOY PRODUCTS, EXHIBITS IMPRESSIVE ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS ACTIVITIES BY RECOVERING EPIGENETIC LOSS OF KLOTHO, A KIDNEY-ENRICHED ANTI-AGING AND FIBROSIS-SUPPRESSING PROTEIN. MOUSE FIBROTIC KIDNEYS INDUCED BY UUO (UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION) DISPLAYED SEVERER KLOTHO SUPPRESSION AND ADVERSE EXPRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS, BUT GENISTEIN ADMINISTRATION MARKEDLY RECOVERED THE KLOTHO LOSS AND ATTENUATED RENAL FIBROSIS AND THE PROTEIN EXPRESSION ABNORMALITIES. THE EXAMINATION OF POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE KLOTHO RECOVERY REVEALED THAT GENISTEIN SIMULTANEOUSLY INHIBITED HISTONE 3 DEACETYLATION OF KLOTHO PROMOTER AND NORMALIZED THE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION BY SUPPRESSING ELEVATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT1 AND DNMT3A. MORE IMPORTANTLY, GENISTEIN'S ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS EFFECTS ON THE RENAL FIBROTIC LESIONS AND THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSIONS OF FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS WERE ABROGATED WHEN KLOTHO IS KNOCKDOWN BY RNA INTERFERENCES IN UUO MICE. THUS, OUR RESULTS IDENTIFY KLOTHO RESTORATION VIA EPIGENETIC HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA DEMETHYLATION AS A CRITICAL MECHANISM OF GENISTEIN'S ANTI-FIBROSIS FUNCTION AND SHED NEW LIGHTS ON THE POTENTIALS OF EPIGENETIC DIETS IN PREVENTING OR TREATING AGING OR RENAL FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED KIDNEY DISEASES. KEY MESSAGES: GENISTEIN PREVENTS RENAL FIBROSIS AND THE ASSOCIATED KLOTHO SUPPRESSION IN UUO MICE. GENISTEIN UPREGULATES KLOTHO IN PART BY REVERSING THE PROMOTER HISTONE 3 HYPOACETYLATION. GENISTEIN ALSO PRESERVES KLOTHO VIA RELIEVING KLOTHO PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. GENISTEIN DEMETHYLATES KLOTHO PROMOTER BY INHIBITING ABERRANT DNMT1/3A EXPRESSION. GENISTEIN RESTORATION OF KLOTHO IS ESSENTIAL FOR ITS ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS FUNCTION.	2019	
                                                                                       
10  4543  31 MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: UPDATE ON CAUSES AND BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS. RESPIRATORY AND/OR LIMB MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS, CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR DISEASE PROGNOSIS IRRESPECTIVE OF THE LUNG FUNCTION. MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS CAUSED BY THE INTERACTION OF LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS. THE KEY DELETERIOUS ETIOLOGIC FACTORS ARE PULMONARY HYPERINFLATION FOR THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES AND DECONDITIONING SECONDARY TO REDUCED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR LIMB MUSCLES. NONETHELESS, CIGARETTE SMOKE, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION, NUTRITIONAL ABNORMALITIES, EXERCISE, EXACERBATIONS, ANABOLIC INSUFFICIENCY, DRUGS AND COMORBIDITIES ALSO SEEM TO PLAY A RELEVANT ROLE. ALL THESE FACTORS MODIFY THE PHENOTYPE OF THE MUSCLES, THROUGH THE INDUCTION OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN PATIENTS WITH COPD. WHILE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES IMPROVE THEIR AEROBIC PHENOTYPE (PERCENTAGE OF OXIDATIVE FIBERS, CAPILLARIZATION, MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITY, ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE AEROBIC PATHWAYS, ETC.), LIMB MUSCLES EXHIBIT THE OPPOSITE PHENOTYPE. IN ADDITION, BOTH MUSCLE GROUPS SHOW OXIDATIVE STRESS, SIGNS OF DAMAGE AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. HOWEVER, FIBER ATROPHY, INCREASED NUMBER OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, ALTERED REGENERATIVE CAPACITY; SIGNS OF APOPTOSIS AND AUTOPHAGY, AND AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN ARE RATHER CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE LIMB MUSCLES, MOSTLY IN PATIENTS WITH REDUCED BODY WEIGHT. DESPITE THAT SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS BEEN ACHIEVED IN THE LAST DECADES, FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE SPECIFIC ROLES OF THE TARGET BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS STILL REQUIRED. SUCH AN ACHIEVEMENT WILL BE CRUCIAL TO ADEQUATELY TACKLE WITH THIS RELEVANT CLINICAL PROBLEM OF COPD PATIENTS IN THE NEAR-FUTURE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  6456  25 THYMOSIN BETA4 PREVENTS OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS IN ETHANOL- AND LPS-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE. THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TBETA4), AN ACTIN-SEQUESTERING PROTEIN, IS INVOLVED IN TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION. IT PREVENTS INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN SEVERAL TISSUES. WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF TBETA4 IN CHRONIC ETHANOL- AND ACUTE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE- (LPS-) INDUCED MOUSE LIVER INJURY. C57BL/6 MICE WERE FED 5% ETHANOL IN LIQUID DIET FOR 4 WEEKS PLUS BINGE ETHANOL (5 G/KG, GAVAGE) WITH OR WITHOUT LPS (2 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) FOR 6 HOURS. TBETA4 (1 MG/KG, INTRAPERITONEAL) WAS ADMINISTERED FOR 1 WEEK. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TBETA4 PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN LIVER INJURY MARKERS AS WELL AS CHANGES IN LIVER PATHOLOGY. IT ALSO PREVENTED ETHANOL- AND LPS-MEDIATED INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS BY DECREASING ROS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION AND INCREASING THE ANTIOXIDANTS, REDUCED GLUTATHIONE AND MANGANESE-DEPENDENT SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. IT ALSO PREVENTED THE ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B BY BLOCKING THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE INHIBITORY PROTEIN, IKAPPAB, THEREBY PREVENTED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION. MOREOVER, TBETA4 PREVENTED FIBROGENESIS BY SUPPRESSING THE EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR, METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2, THAT COORDINATELY REVERSED THE EXPRESSION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AND DOWNREGULATED FIBROGENIC GENES, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-BETA RECEPTOR, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN, COLLAGEN 1, AND FIBRONECTIN, RESULTING IN REDUCED FIBROSIS. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT TBETA4 HAS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIFIBROTIC POTENTIAL DURING ALCOHOLIC LIVER INJURY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12  1646  24 DOES THE HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN HBX PROMOTE THE APPEARANCE OF LIVER CANCER STEM CELLS? HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A MAJOR ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HBV-ENCODED X ANTIGEN, HBX, AND PATHWAYS IMPLICATED IN THE SELF-RENEWAL OF STEM CELLS CONTRIBUTE TO HCC, BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER HBX EXPRESSION PROMOTES "STEMNESS." THUS, EXPERIMENTS WERE DESIGNED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HBX TRIGGERS MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION BY PROMOTING PROPERTIES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER STEM CELLS (CSC). TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, HEPG2 CELLS WERE STABLY TRANSDUCED WITH HBX AND THEN ASSAYED FOR PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF "STEMNESS." THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HBX AND "STEMNESS"-ASSOCIATED MARKERS WAS ALSO EVALUATED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF LIVER AND TUMOR TISSUE SECTIONS FROM HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT OCT-4, NANOG, KLF-4, BETA-CATENIN, AND EPITHELIAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE (EPCAM) WERE ACTIVATED BY HBX IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. EPCAM WAS DETECTED IN THE NUCLEI OF HUMAN HCC CELLS FROM INFECTED PATIENTS. HBX PROMOTES "STEMNESS" BY ACTIVATING BETA-CATENIN AND EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF MIR-181, BOTH OF WHICH TARGET EPCAM. HBX EXPRESSION WAS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSED LEVELS OF E-CADHERIN. MOREOVER, HBX STIMULATED CELL MIGRATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND SPHEROID FORMATION. THIS WORK IS THE FIRST TO PROPOSE THAT HBV PROMOTES "STEMNESS" IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HCC. HBX-ASSOCIATED UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE "STEMNESS" MARKERS SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HBX CONTRIBUTES TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, AT LEAST IN PART, BY PROMOTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF CSCS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
13  2505  37 EPIGENETICS AND MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMMON, PREVENTABLE, AND TREATABLE DISEASE AND A MAJOR LEADING CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. IN COPD, COMORBIDITIES, ACUTE EXACERBATIONS, AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION REGARDLESS OF THE RESPIRATORY CONDITION. SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, HAS A TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON THEIR EXERCISE CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE. SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETICS (THE PROCESS WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HERITABLE MECHANISMS THAT DO NOT AFFECT DNA SEQUENCE) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IDENTIFIED SO FAR IN CELLS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION, AND NONCODING RNAS SUCH AS MICRORNAS. HEREIN, WE FIRST REVIEW THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SEVERAL MODELS. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EVENTS REPORTED SO FAR TO BE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND MASS LOSS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PROFILE OF SEVERAL MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS IN THE DIAPHRAGM AND VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLES OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO REVIEWED FROM RESULTS RECENTLY OBTAINED IN OUR GROUP. THE ROLE OF PROTEIN HYPERACETYLATION IN ENHANCED MUSCLE PROTEIN CATABOLISM OF LIMB MUSCLES IS ALSO DISCUSSED. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD FOCUS ON THE FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE TRIGGERS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR SPECIFIC DOWNSTREAM BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND WASTING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14   699  24 BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 IS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION. LIVER FIBROSIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EXCESSIVE DEPOSITION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN LIVER. CHRONIC LIVER INJURY INDUCES THE ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELL (HSCS), A KEY STEP IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE ACTIVATED HSC IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ECM AND CONTRIBUTES SIGNIFICANTLY TO LIVER FIBROSIS. TGFBETA1 IS THE MOST POTENT PRO-FIBROTIC CYTOKINE. BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BRD4), AN EPIGENETIC READER OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MARKS, WAS CRUCIAL FOR PROFIBROTIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HSCS. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLES OF BRD4 IN TGFBETA1-DEPENDENT HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS, FOCUSING ON TGFBETA1-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF THE LEVELS OF THE FIBROTIC-RELATED IMPORTANT PROTEINS IN HSCS BY EMPLOYING THE HETEROZYGOUS TGFBETA1 KNOCKOUT MICE AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. RESULTS REVEALED THAT BRD4 PROTEIN LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED BY TGFBETA1 AND BRD4 KNOCKDOWN REDUCED TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS. BRD4 WAS REQUIRED FOR THE INFLUENCES OF TGFBETA1 ON PDGFBETA RECEPTOR AND ON THE PATHWAYS OF SMAD3, STAT3, AND AKT. BRD4 ALSO MEDIATED TGFBETA1-INDUCED INCREASES IN HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE P300, THE PIVOTAL PRO-INFLAMMATORY NFKB P65, AND TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1 WHEREAS BRD4 REDUCED CASPASE-3 PROTEIN LEVELS IN HSCS DURING LIVER INJURY, INDEPENDENT OF TGFBETA1. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS INDICATED THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TGFBETA1-INDUCED BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS AND IN LIVER OF TAA-INDUCED LIVER INJURY. HUMAN CIRRHOTIC LIVERS WERE DEMONSTRATED A PARALLEL INCREASE IN THE PROTEIN LEVELS OF BRD4 AND NFKB P65 IN HSCS. THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT BRD4 WAS A KEY MOLECULAR DRIVER OF TGFBETA1-INDUCED HSC ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15  1017  23 CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AND LIVER DISEASES. IN MAMMALS, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS FUNCTION TO COORDINATE A DIVERSE PANEL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS FOOD AND LIGHT. AS THE DRIVING FORCE FOR CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY, THE MOLECULAR CLOCK IS A SELF-SUSTAINED TRANSCRIPTION-TRANSLATIONAL FEEDBACK LOOP SYSTEM CONSISTING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, KINASES/PHOSPHATASES, AND UBIQUITIN E3 LIGASES. THE MOLECULAR CLOCK EXISTS NOT ONLY IN THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS BUT ALSO IN THE PERIPHERAL TISSUES TO REGULATE CELLULAR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION IN A TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANNER. THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK SYSTEM IN THE LIVER PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN REGULATING METABOLISM AND ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS. CLOCK GENE MUTANT ANIMALS DISPLAY IMPAIRED GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM AND ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DIET-INDUCED OBESITY AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION, PROVIDING STRONG EVIDENCE FOR THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK AND METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS. CIRCADIAN-CONTROLLED HEPATIC METABOLISM IS PARTIALLY ACHIEVED BY CONTROLLING THE EXPRESSION AND/OR ACTIVITY OF KEY METABOLIC ENZYMES, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, SIGNALING MOLECULES, AND TRANSPORTERS. RECIPROCALLY, INTRACELLULAR METABOLITES MODULATE THE MOLECULAR CLOCK ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO THE ENERGY STATUS. ALTHOUGH STILL AT THE EARLY STAGE, CIRCADIAN CLOCK DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN COMMON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. CIRCADIAN DYSREGULATION OF LIPID METABOLISM, DETOXIFICATION, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) PRODUCTION, AND CELL-CYCLE CONTROL MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF LIVER STEATOSIS, FIBROSIS, AND EVEN CARCINOGENESIS. IN SUMMARY, THESE FINDINGS CALL FOR A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE FUNCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEPATIC CIRCADIAN CLOCK TO GAIN BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16  1945  25 EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE, A HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, INHIBITS EBV-INDUCED B LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION VIA SUPPRESSION OF RELA ACETYLATION. BECAUSE THE P300/CBP-MEDIATED HYPERACETYLATION OF RELA (P65) IS CRITICAL FOR NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) ACTIVATION, THE ATTENUATION OF P65 ACETYLATION IS A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGET FOR THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. DURING OUR ONGOING SCREENING STUDY TO IDENTIFY NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (HATI) ACTIVITY, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE (EGCG) AS A NOVEL HATI WITH GLOBAL SPECIFICITY FOR THE MAJORITY OF HAT ENZYMES BUT WITH NO ACTIVITY TOWARD EPIGENETIC ENZYMES INCLUDING HDAC, SIRT1, AND HMTASE. AT A DOSE OF 100 MICROMOL/L, EGCG ABROGATES P300-INDUCED P65 ACETYLATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, INCREASES THE LEVEL OF CYTOSOLIC IKAPPABALPHA, AND SUPPRESSES TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA)-INDUCED NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT EGCG PREVENTS TNFALPHA-INDUCED P65 TRANSLOCATION TO THE NUCLEUS, CONFIRMING THAT HYPERACETYLATION IS CRITICAL FOR NF-KAPPAB TRANSLOCATION AS WELL AS ACTIVITY. FURTHERMORE, EGCG TREATMENT INHIBITED THE ACETYLATION OF P65 AND THE EXPRESSION OF NF-KAPPAB TARGET GENES IN RESPONSE TO DIVERSE STIMULI. FINALLY, EGCG REDUCED THE BINDING OF P300 TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF INTERLEUKIN-6 GENE WITH AN INCREASED RECRUITMENT OF HDAC3, WHICH HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BALANCE BETWEEN HATS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN THE NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, EGCG AT 50 MICROMOL/L DOSE COMPLETELY BLOCKS EBV INFECTION-INDUCED CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENTLY THE EBV-INDUCED B LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION. THESE RESULTS SHOW THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF ACETYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFLAMMATORY-RELATED DISEASES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17  4303  27 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  4544  34 MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN HYPOXIA WITH INFLAMMATION IS CONTROLLED BY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS. SOME OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS ENGAGED IN EXERCISE-BASED MUSCLE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ARE UNRESPONSIVE. TO UNRAVEL THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION ON SOLEUS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHIC CAPACITIES, WE CHALLENGED MALE WISTAR RATS TO REPEATED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INSTILLATIONS, ASSOCIATED OR NOT WITH A CHRONIC HYPOXIA EXPOSURE. MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY WAS INITIATED BY BILATERAL ABLATION OF SOLEUS AGONISTS 1 WEEK BEFORE SACRIFICE. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE ALSO TREATED OUR ANIMALS WITH AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAINS AND EXTRA TERMINAL PROTEINS (I-BET) DURING THE WEEK AFTER SURGERY. PULMONARY INFLAMMATION TOTALLY INHIBITED THIS HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE UNDER BOTH NORMOXIC AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS (26% LOWER THAN CONTROL SURGERY, P < 0.05), CONSISTENT WITH THE S6K1 AND MYOGENIN MEASUREMENTS. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CLASS IIA HISTONE DEACETYLASES EXPRESSION, FOLLOWING PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTED A PUTATIVE ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION SIGNALING IN THE ALTERED HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE. THE I-BET DRUG RESTORED THE HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE SUGGESTING THAT THE NON-RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO A HYPERTROPHIC STIMULUS COULD BE MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE-ACETYLATION DEPENDANT PATHWAYS. DRUGS TARGETING SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO REHABILITATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19  3519  32 IGF-1 SIGNALING IN NEONATAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A FATAL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE ACCOMPANIED BY PULMONARY VASCULAR REMODELING AND INCREASED VASOMOTOR TONE. ALTHOUGH SOME BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN NEONATAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH), LITTLE IS KNOWN REGARDING THE ROLE OF GROWTH FACTORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PH IN NEONATES. IN THIS STUDY, USING A MODEL OF HYPOXIA-INDUCED PH IN NEONATAL MICE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THE GROWTH FACTOR INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 (IGF-1), A POTENT ACTIVATOR OF THE AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY, IS INVOLVED IN NEONATAL PH. AFTER EXPOSURE TO HYPOXIA, IGF-1 SIGNALING IS ACTIVATED IN PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN VITRO, AND THE IGF-1 DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL PAKT(S473) IS UPREGULATED IN LUNGS OF NEONATAL MICE. WE FOUND THAT IGF-1 REGULATES ET-1 EXPRESSION IN PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND THAT IGF-1 EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). IN ADDITION, THERE IS A DIFFERENTIAL CYTOSINE METHYLATION SITE IN THE IGF-1 PROMOTER REGION IN RESPONSE TO NEONATAL HYPOXIA. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF HDACS WITH APICIDIN DECREASES NEONATAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN LUNGS AND SPECIFIC CYTOSINE METHYLATION LEVELS AROUND THE PULMONARY IGF-1 PROMOTER REGION. FINALLY, HDAC INHIBITION WITH APICIDIN REDUCES CHRONIC HYPOXIA-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF IGF-1/PAKT SIGNALING IN LUNGS AND ATTENUATES RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY VASCULAR REMODELING. TAKEN TOGETHER, WE CONCLUDE THAT IGF-1, WHICH IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN NEONATAL MICE. THIS STUDY IMPLICATES A NOVEL HDAC/IGF-1 EPIGENETIC PATHWAY IN THE REGULATION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCED PH AND WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY OF THE ROLE OF IGF-1 IN NEONATAL PULMONARY HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
20  2239  26 EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY APABETALONE COUNTERS CYTOKINE-DRIVEN ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN VITRO, IN MICE AND IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) AND CORRELATES WITH THE ABUNDANCE OF ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE (APR) PROTEINS IN THE LIVER AND PLASMA. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE INFLAMMATORY GENE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT BET INHIBITION BY THE SMALL MOLECULE APABETALONE REDUCES APR GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES, MOUSE MODELS, AND PLASMA FROM CVD PATIENTS. STEADY-STATE EXPRESSION OF SERUM AMYLOID P, PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1, AND CERULOPLASMIN, APR PROTEINS LINKED TO CVD RISK, IS REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND IN HUMANIZED MOUSE LIVER. IN CYTOKINE-STIMULATED HEPATOCYTES, APABETALONE REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP), ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN, AND SERUM AMYLOID P. THE LATTER TWO ARE ALSO REDUCED BY APABETALONE IN THE LIVER OF ENDOTOXEMIC MICE. BET KNOCKDOWN IN VITRO ALSO COUNTERS CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF THE CRP GENE. MECHANISTICALLY, APABETALONE REDUCES THE CYTOKINE-DRIVEN INCREASE IN BRD4 BET OCCUPANCY AT THE CRP PROMOTER, CONFIRMING THAT TRANSCRIPTION OF CRP IS BET-DEPENDENT. IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE CORONARY DISEASE, PLASMA APR PROTEINS CRP, IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, AND FIBRINOGEN GAMMA DECREASE AFTER APABETALONE TREATMENT VERSUS PLACEBO, RESULTING IN A PREDICTED DOWNREGULATION OF THE APR PATHWAY AND CYTOKINE TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT CRP AND COMPONENTS OF THE APR PATHWAY ARE REGULATED BY BET PROTEINS AND THAT APABETALONE COUNTERS CHRONIC CYTOKINE SIGNALING IN PATIENTS.	2020