1  4080 83 MATERNAL LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS: TARGETING PRECONCEPTION HEALTH. ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE ARE OBESE, PREDISPOSING BOTH MOTHER AND BABY TO UNFAVOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INITIATING AN INTERGENERATIONAL CYCLE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS. HERE WE SUMMARISE RECENT RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL METABOLIC HEALTH ON OFFSPRING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. CURRENT PRIMARY LIFESTYLE APPROACHES (I.E., DIET AND EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS) TO HALT THE SUCCESSION OF INHERITED AND EPIGENETIC METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE MET WITH LIMITED SUCCESS DUE TO LATE IMPLEMENTATION, POOR ADHERENCE, AND/OR GENERIC GUIDELINES. IN OUR OPINION, SUCH INTERVENTIONS MUST COMMENCE PRIOR TO CONCEPTION TO IMPROVE BOTH MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES, WITH NEW APPROACHES URGENTLY NEEDED TO INCREASE ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY LIFESTYLE CHANGES AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  4786 18 NUTRITION AND HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS AND MEETING CHALLENGES FOR THE AGING POPULATION. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC (GENOME) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EPIGENOME) OPERATE DURING A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFESPAN. THE AGING PROCESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERAL CELLULAR AND ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS THAT, AT THE END, CAUSE MULTI-ORGANIC CELL FAILURE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF AGING ARE MODIFIABLE BY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS MEDIATED BY SIRTUINS, CALORIC INPUT, DIET COMPONENTS, ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. THE MEDITERRANEAN LIFESTYLE HAS BEEN FOR MANY MILLENNIA A DAILY HABIT FOR PEOPLE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS LIVING AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA WHO WORKED INTENSIVELY AND SURVIVED WITH VERY FEW SEASONAL FOODS. A HIGH ADHERENCE TO THE TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW MORTALITY (HIGHER LONGEVITY) AND REDUCED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER, THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. REPORTS INDICATE THAT SOME DIETARY COMPONENTS, SUCH AS OLIVE OIL, ANTIOXIDANTS, OMEGA-3 AND -6 POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS, POLYPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS, MEDIATE BENEFICIAL ANTI-AGING EFFECTS (ANTI-CHRONIC DISEASES AND INCREASED LONGEVITY). EQUALLY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DISPLAYS A POSITIVE EFFECT, PRODUCING CALORIC CONSUMPTION AND REGULATION OF ADIPOSE AND PANCREATIC FUNCTION. THE PREDICTIVE STRENGTH OF SOME FOOD PATTERNS MAY BE A WAY OF DEVELOPING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOD AND HEALTH POLICIES. THIS PAPER WILL DISCUSS SEVERAL WAYS OF IMPROVING HEALTH DURING MID-LIFE, FOCUSING ON CERTAIN GROUPS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND HEALTHY HABITS WHICH MAY REDUCE OR PREVENT AGE-RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  2801 25 FEMALE OBESITY: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES AND WOMEN ARE CURRENTLY MORE LIKELY THAN EVER TO ENTER PREGNANCY OBESE. PRE-PREGNANCY OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN INCREASE MISCARRIAGE RATES AND OBSTETRIC AND NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS, WHICH RESULT IN A LOWER HEALTHY LIVE BIRTH RATE. IN ADDITION TO ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE MOTHER, OBESITY HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD OF THE OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, MATERNAL OBESITY CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND HIGHER HEALTHCARE COSTS. FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC FUNCTION INDUCED BY OBESITY, THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAY HAVE AN INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECT AND COULD, THUS, PERPETUATE OBESITY IN THE NEXT GENERATION. IN ORDER TO BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE AND AVOID SERIOUS SHORT- AND LONG-TERM NEGATIVE OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MOTHERS AND FETUSES, THE PREVENTION AND ADEQUATE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN ARE ESSENTIAL.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4  4711 16 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN OBESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A ROLE FOR NUTRITION? NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BECOME THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN CHILDREN, PARALLELING THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY WORLDWIDE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PAEDIATRIC NAFLD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT OBESITY, NUTRITION, LIFESTYLE VARIABLES, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY BE CAUSALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, OBESITY AND NUTRITION ARE AMONG THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD, WHICH MAY EXERT THEIR ADVERSE HEPATIC EFFECTS ALREADY BEFORE BIRTH. EXCESS ENERGY INTAKE INDUCES HYPERTROPHY AND HYPERPLASIA OF ADIPOSE TISSUE WITH SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC INSULIN RESISTANCE, WHICH IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR NAFLD. DIET COMPOSITION AND IN PARTICULAR SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE (ESPECIALLY HIGH FRUCTOSE INTAKE) MAY PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, WHEREAS NON-DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATES (DIETARY FIBER), BY AFFECTING GUT MICROBIOTA, MAY FAVOUR THE INTEGRITY OF GUT WALL AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION, OPPOSING THIS PROCESS. SATURATED FAT INTAKE MAY ALSO PROMOTE NAFLD DEVELOPMENT, WHEREAS UNSATURATED FAT INTAKE HAS SOME BENEFICIAL EFFECTS. PROTEIN INTAKE DOES NOT SEEM TO AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD, BUT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED. IN CONCLUSION, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS TO INDUCE WEIGHT LOSS, THROUGH DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, REMAIN THE MAINSTAY OF TREATMENT FOR PAEDIATRIC NAFLD. THE USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, SUCH AS OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND PROBIOTICS, NEEDS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE RECOMMENDATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5  2699 23 EXCESS BODY WEIGHT: NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO ITS ROLES IN OBESITY COMORBIDITIES. EXCESS BODY WEIGHT IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND UNHEALTHY DIET, AFFECTING 2 BILLION POPULATION WORLDWIDE. OBESITY IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR METABOLIC DISEASES. NOTABLY, THE METABOLIC RISK OF OBESITY LARGELY DEPENDS ON BODY WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, OF WHICH VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES BUT NOT SUBCUTANEOUS FATS ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING TYPE 2 DIABETES, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. LATEST MULTI-OMICS AND MECHANISTICAL STUDIES REPORTED THE CRUCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ADIPOKINES DYSREGULATION, IMMUNITY CHANGES, IMBALANCE OF WHITE AND BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUES, AND GUT MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS IN MEDIATING THE PATHOGENIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUES AND COMORBIDITIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND THE UP-TO-DATE MECHANISM OF HOW EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND OBESITY LEAD TO CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS. WE ALSO EXAMINE THE UTILIZATION OF VISCERAL FAT MEASUREMENT AS AN ACCURATE CLINICAL PARAMETER FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND CLINICAL OUTCOME PREDICTION IN OBESE SUBJECTS. IN ADDITION, CURRENT APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT AND ITS RELATED METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES ARE FURTHER DISCUSSED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6  1098 24 COLLATERAL DAMAGE: MATERNAL OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY CONTINUES TO RISE. IMPORTANCE: THE PANDEMIC OF OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY NOW AFFLICTS 1 OUT OF EVERY 2 PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES. EVEN THOUGH UNINTENDED PREGNANCY HAS DECREASED TO 45% OF ALL PREGNANCIES, 50% OF THOSE UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES OCCUR IN OBESE WOMEN. OBJECTIVE: THIS STUDY AIMS TO IDENTIFY WHY CURRENT LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS FOR OBESE PREGNANCY ARE NOT EFFECTIVE AND WHAT THE NEWER COMPLICATIONS ARE FOR OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: AVAILABLE LITERATURES ON CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR MATERNAL OBESITY WERE REVIEWED FOR EFFECTIVENESS. EMERGING MATERNAL AND INFANT COMPLICATIONS FROM OBESITY DURING PREGNANCY WERE EXAMINED FOR SIGNIFICANCE. RESULTS: LIMITATIONS IN SUCCESSFUL INTERVENTIONS FELL INTO 3 BASIC CATEGORIES TO INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) PRECONCEPTION WEIGHT LOSS; (2) BARIATRIC SURGERY BEFORE PREGNANCY; AND (3) PREVENTION OF EXCESSIVE GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY. EMERGING SIGNIFICANT PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES FROM MATERNAL OBESITY IS COMPOSED OF INFLAMMATION (PLACENTA AND HUMAN MILK), METABOLISM (HORMONES, MICROBIOME, FATTY ACIDS), AND OFFSPRING OUTCOMES (BODY COMPOSITION, CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, ASTHMA, NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND BEHAVIOR). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: ARE CURRENT PREPREGNANCY LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS FEASIBLE TO PREVENT MATERNAL OBESITY COMPLICATIONS? EPIGENETIC AND METABOLOMIC RESEARCH WILL BE CRITICAL TO DETERMINE WHAT IS NEEDED TO BLUNT THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL OBESITY AND TO DISCOVER SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  6873 26 [PREVENTION OF OBESITY FROM PERINATAL STAGE]. OBESITY IS ONE OF THE MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS AND A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE PREVALENCE OF DISEASES SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, ASTHMA, SLEEP APNEA, INFERTILITY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCER. ITS ORIGIN IS MULTIFACTORIAL, INVOLVING GENETIC, SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THESE LAST ONES CONTRIBUTE MOSTLY TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT EPIDEMIC GROWTH OF THIS DISEASE. THE SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, INADEQUATE DIET, LACK OF SLEEP, ALTERATIONS IN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND STRESS ARE FACTORS RELATED TO ITS DEVELOPMENT. SINCE BARKER PRESENTED HIS HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE "FETAL ORIGIN OF ADULT DISEASES", THERE ARE INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES THAT SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF AN INADEQUATE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MATERNAL WEIGHT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, AS OBESITY IN OFFSPRING. THE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF THE PREGNANT MOTHER CAUSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND ABNORMAL PROGRAMMING OF THE DEVELOPMENT OFORGANS AND DEVICES, ADAPTING THE FETUS TO THIS SITUATION OF DEFICIENCY AND BEING ABLE TO ADAPT TO AN OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT AFTER BIRTH, INCREASING ITS PROPENSITY TO OBESITY. ALSO, POOR MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS RELATED TO INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS, WITH A HIGHER RISK OF CHILDHOOD AND ADULT CENTRAL OBESITY. CURRENTLY, DEFICIENT INTAKE OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND OVERWEIGHT OR MATERNAL OBESITY TEND TO OVERLAP, AND THIS COMBINATION MAY EXACERBATE THE INCREASE IN OBESITY IN THE OFFSPRING. IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY PREGNANT MOTHERS AT RISK OF SUFFERING NUTRITIONAL ALTERATIONS AND ESTABLISH THEIR IMPROVEMENT AS A PRIMARY PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  5224 25 PRIORITIZED RESEARCH FOR THE PREVENTION, TREATMENT, AND REVERSAL OF CHRONIC DISEASE: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT. DECLINING LIFE EXPECTANCY AND INCREASING ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY BEHAVIORS, SOCIOECOLOGICAL FACTORS, AND PREVENTABLE DISEASE. A GROWING BODY OF BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL RESEARCH, AND POPULATION HEALTH EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE BENEFITS OF HEALTHY BEHAVIORS, ENVIRONMENTS AND POLICIES TO MAINTAIN HEALTH AND PREVENT, TREAT, AND REVERSE THE ROOT CAUSES OF COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES. SIMILARLY, INNOVATIONS IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE, EMERGENCE OF UNIQUE STUDY COHORTS, AND BREAKTHROUGHS IN DATA ANALYTICS AND MODELING CREATE NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR PRODUCING BIOMEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND CLINICAL TRANSLATION. TO UNDERSTAND THESE ADVANCES AND INFORM FUTURE DIRECTIONS RESEARCH, THE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE RESEARCH SUMMIT WAS CONVENED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ON DECEMBER 4-5, 2019. THE SUMMIT'S GOAL WAS TO REVIEW CURRENT STATUS AND DEFINE RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN THE SIX CORE AREAS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE: PLANT-PREDOMINANT NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, STRESS, ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS, AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY/SOCIAL CONNECTION. FORTY INVITED SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS (1) REVIEWED EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND GAPS RELATING LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS TO COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, MANY CANCERS, INFLAMMATORY- AND IMMUNE-RELATED DISORDERS AND OTHER CONDITIONS; AND (2) DISCUSSED THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLYING CUTTING-EDGE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, EPIGENETIC AND EMERGING SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGIES, RESEARCH DESIGNS, AND STUDY COHORTS TO ACCELERATE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS ACROSS ALL SIX DOMAINS OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. NOTABLY, FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES, SUCH AS THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HAVE BEGUN TO ADOPT "WHOLE-PERSON HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE" MODELS THAT ADDRESS THESE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROOT CAUSES OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND COST. RECOMMENDATIONS STRONGLY SUPPORT LEVERAGING EMERGING RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES, SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING IN ORDER TO ACCELERATE EFFECTIVE CLINICAL AND POPULATION SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND REDUCE SOCIETAL COSTS. NEW AND ALTERNATIVE HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE ARE ALSO BE NEEDED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF EVIDENCE AND DEVELOP EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE. CHILDREN AND UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS PRIORITIZED GROUPS TO STUDY. THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, WHICH DISPROPORTIONATELY IMPACTS PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE AMENABLE TO EFFECTIVE LIFESTYLE MEDICINE INTERVENTIONS, MAKES THE SUMMIT'S FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH PARTICULARLY TIMELY AND RELEVANT.	2020	

9  4062 28 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10  3578 25 IMPACT OF PARENTAL OVER- AND UNDERWEIGHT ON THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING. PARENTAL EXCESS WEIGHT AND ESPECIALLY PREGESTATIONAL MATERNAL OBESITY AND EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC (OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME) AND NONMETABOLIC (CANCER, OSTEOPOROSIS, ASTHMA, NEUROLOGIC ALTERATIONS) DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING, PROBABLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF FETAL PROGRAMMING. MATERNAL UNDERWEIGHT IS LESS COMMON IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES, BUT THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A POOR NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN UTERO AND A NORMAL OR EXCESSIVE POSTNATAL FOOD SUPPLY WITH RAPID GROWTH CATCH-UP APPEARS TO BE THE MAIN CANDIDATE MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES DURING THE OFFSPRING'S ADULTHOOD. THE ROLE OF THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT IN BOTH SCENARIOS (PARENTAL OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT) ALSO SEEMS TO INFLUENCE THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTH PARENTS, BUT ESPECIALLY IN THE MOTHER, AS WELL AS IN CHILDREN AFTER BIRTH, ARE ADVISABLE TO COUNTERACT THE MANY UNDESIRABLE CHRONIC CONDITIONS DESCRIBED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11   805 23 CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN LATIN AMERICA. NUTRITION IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES (NCCDS), ESPECIALLY CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) AND THEIR RISK FACTORS. THE "DOUBLE BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION" (DBM) IS THE COEXISTENCE OF UNDERNUTRITION AND OVERNUTRITION IN THE SAME POPULATION ACROSS THE LIFE-COURSE. IN LATIN AMERICA, THE TRANSITION FROM A PREDOMINANTLY UNDERWEIGHT TO AN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE POPULATION HAS INCREASED MORE RAPIDLY THAN IN OTHER REGIONS IN THE WORLD. UNDERNUTRITION AND THE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES PARTICULARLY IRON, ZINC, AND VITAMINS A AND D, PRESENT HIGH HETEROGENEITY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, AND ARE CURRENTLY CONSIDERED IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS. IN THIS REGION, NCCDS ACCOUNT FOR 50% OF THE DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE-YEARS, LED BY CVD. THE MOST PREVALENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS ARE OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, DYSLIPIDEMIA AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. BECAUSE OF THE COST OF TREATMENT AND THE POTENTIAL YEARS OF LIFE LOST DUE TO PREMATURE DEATH, CVD IS KNOWN TO AFFECT THE POOREST SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION, AFFECTING COMMUNITIES, AND GOVERNMENTS. MORE THAN 80% OF CVD DEATHS OCCUR IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES. THE PERSISTENCE OF DAMAGE IN SOME CELLS DUE TO UNDERNUTRITION MAY EXPLAIN CERTAIN FINDINGS REGARDING THE INCREASE IN NCCD. THESE ASPECTS TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE IMPORTANCE OF A LIFELONG APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT. REDUCING DBM REQUIRES MAJOR SOCIETAL INTERVENTIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTH AND NUTRITION TO ACHIEVE HOLISTIC CHANGE THAT CAN BE SUSTAINED OVER THE LONG TERM AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EFFECTIVE STATE POLICIES OF DOUBLE IMPACT ACTIONS SHOULD INFLUENCE BOTH SIDES OF THE BURDEN AND BE CONSIDERED AN URGENT PRIORITY, CONSIDERING COUNTRY-SPECIFIC INEQUALITIES AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN THE LATIN AMERICAN REGION, USING DIVERSE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12  6732 16 WESTERN DIET AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: AN INFLAMMATORY CONNECTION. THE CONSUMPTION OF WESTERN-TYPE CALORICALLY RICH DIETS COMBINED WITH CHRONIC OVERNUTRITION AND A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE IN WESTERN SOCIETIES EVOKES A STATE OF CHRONIC METABOLIC INFLAMMATION, TERMED METAFLAMMATION. METAFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY PREVALENT NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS), AND THESE LIFESTYLE-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGIES REPRESENT A RISING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WITH GLOBAL EPIDEMIC DIMENSIONS. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW MODERN LIFESTYLE AND WESTERN DIET (WD) ACTIVATE IMMUNE CELLS IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR COMMON NCDS. HERE, WE REVIEW THE CURRENT MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE WESTERN LIFESTYLE CAN INDUCE METAFLAMMATION, AND WE DISCUSS HOW THIS KNOWLEDGE CAN BE TRANSLATED TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC FROM THE HEALTH BURDEN ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR SELECTED LIFESTYLE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13  4863 25 ORIGINS OF LIFETIME HEALTH AROUND THE TIME OF CONCEPTION: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. PARENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, INCLUDING DIET, BODY COMPOSITION, METABOLISM, AND STRESS, AFFECT THE HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISEASE RISK OF PEOPLE THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES, AS CAPTURED IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE CONCEPT. RESEARCH ACROSS THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL, AND BASIC SCIENCE FIELDS HAS IDENTIFIED THE PERIOD AROUND CONCEPTION AS BEING CRUCIAL FOR THE PROCESSES MEDIATING PARENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE HEALTH OF THE NEXT GENERATION. DURING THIS TIME, FROM THE MATURATION OF GAMETES THROUGH TO EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, PARENTAL LIFESTYLE CAN ADVERSELY INFLUENCE LONG-TERM RISKS OF OFFSPRING CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC, IMMUNE, AND NEUROLOGICAL MORBIDITIES, OFTEN TERMED DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. WE REVIEW PERICONCEPTIONAL INDUCTION OF DISEASE RISK FROM FOUR BROAD EXPOSURES: MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION AND OBESITY; MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION; RELATED PATERNAL FACTORS; AND THE USE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TREATMENT. STUDIES IN BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMAL MODELS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC, CELLULAR, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND METABOLIC PROCESSES. WE ALSO PRESENT A META-ANALYSIS OF MOUSE PATERNAL AND MATERNAL PROTEIN UNDERNUTRITION THAT SUGGESTS DISTINCT PARENTAL PERICONCEPTIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO POSTNATAL OUTCOMES. WE PROPOSE THAT THE EVIDENCE FOR PERICONCEPTIONAL EFFECTS ON LIFETIME HEALTH IS NOW SO COMPELLING THAT IT CALLS FOR NEW GUIDANCE ON PARENTAL PREPARATION FOR PREGNANCY, BEGINNING BEFORE CONCEPTION, TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  1398 30 DIET, GUT MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS: EMERGING LINKS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) REPRESENT A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN DUE TO INCREASING INCIDENCE WORLDWIDE. THE CURRENT NOTION ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS THAT GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP INTOLERANCE TO DYSREGULATED GUT MICROFLORA (DYSBIOSIS) AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IBD, DIET PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODULATING THE GUT MICROBIOME, INFLUENCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, AND, THEREFORE, COULD BE APPLIED AS A THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO IMPROVE THE DISEASE COURSE. NEVERTHELESS, THE CURRENT DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ARE SCARCE AND HAVE WEAK EVIDENCE. THIS REVIEW SUMMARISES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DIET, MICROBIOME AND EPIGENETICS IN IBD. WHEREAS AN OVERABUNDANCE OF CALORIES AND SOME MACRONUTRIENTS INCREASE GUT INFLAMMATION, SEVERAL MICRONUTRIENTS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MODULATE IT. IMMUNONUTRITION HAS EMERGED AS A NEW CONCEPT PUTTING FORWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS SUCH AS VITAMINS A, C, E, AND D, FOLIC ACID, BETA CAROTENE AND TRACE ELEMENTS SUCH AS ZINC, SELENIUM, MANGANESE AND IRON. HOWEVER, WHEN ASSESSED IN CLINICAL TRIALS, SPECIFIC MICRONUTRIENTS EXERTED A LIMITED BENEFIT. BEYOND NUTRIENTS, AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETARY PATTERN AS A COMPLEX INTERVENTION APPROACH HAS BECOME POPULAR IN RECENT YEARS. HENCE, EXCLUSIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PAEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE IS THE ONLY NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED AS A FIRST-LINE THERAPY. OTHER NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS OR SPECIFIC DIETS INCLUDING THE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE DIET (SCD), THE LOW FERMENTABLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDES, AND POLYOL (FODMAP) DIET AND, MOST RECENTLY, THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET HAVE SHOWN STRONG ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES AND SHOW PROMISE FOR IMPROVING DISEASE SYMPTOMS. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL FOOD COMPOUNDS AND COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DECREASE INFLAMMATION AS A MEANS OF PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  1417 22 DIETARY TRENDS AND THE DECLINE IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. OVER THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH HAS SUFFERED A SUBSTANTIAL DECLINE, AS EVIDENCED BY DECREASES IN SPERM COUNTS AND TESTOSTERONE LEVELS AND INCREASES IN REPRODUCTIVE PATHOLOGIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME HAS RISEN DRAMATICALLY. METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED, SUGGESTING THAT THEIR RESPECTIVE TRENDS ARE INTERTWINED AND, GIVEN THE TIMEFRAME OF SUCH TRENDS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND NOT GENETIC FACTORS ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE THE PRIMARY CAUSES. INDUSTRIALIZATION, WHICH BEGAN IN EUROPE IN THE MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, HAS RESULTED IN PROFOUND CHANGES TO OUR DIET, LIFESTYLE, AND ENVIRONMENT, MANY OF WHICH ARE CAUSAL FACTORS IN THE RISE IN CHRONIC DISEASES. INDUSTRIALIZATION RESULTS IN A NUTRITION TRANSITION FROM AN AGRICULTURAL UNPROCESSED TO A MODERN PROCESSED DIET, INCORPORATING INCREASES IN SUGAR, VEGETABLE OILS, ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS, LINOLEIC ACID, TRANS-FATS, AND TOTAL ENERGY. THIS DIETARY SHIFT HAS INCURRED NUMEROUS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. MOREOVER, THESE EFFECTS APPEAR TO MULTIPLY ACROSS SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE. MEN'S FERTILITY IS MARKEDLY AFFECTED BY OBESITY AND DIABETES, WITH AN INCREASE IN TOTAL ENERGY VIA PROCESSED FOOD INTAKE ARGUABLY BEING THE KEY FACTOR DRIVING THE DIABESITY PANDEMIC. IN CONTRAST, WHOLEFOODS RICH IN MICRONUTRIENTS AND PHYTONUTRIENTS SUPPORT MALE FERTILITY AND A HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT. THEREFORE, MEN WANTING TO MAXIMIZE THEIR FERTILITY SHOULD CONSIDER MAKING POSITIVE DIETARY CHANGES, SUCH AS REPLACING PROCESSED FOODS WITH UNPROCESSED FOODS THAT SUPPORT METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16  2881 19 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF PERSONALIZED WEIGHT LOSS INTERVENTIONS BASED ON NUTRIGENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METAGENOMIC DATA. AS OBESITY HAS BECOME A MAJOR GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGE, A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE ANALYZED DIFFERENT STRATEGIES AIMED AT INDUCING A NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE AND, CONSEQUENTLY, BODY WEIGHT LOSS. HOWEVER, MOST EXISTING WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAMS ARE GENERALLY UNSUCCESSFUL, SO SEVERAL INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT TO IDENTIFY PHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS CONCERNING THIS VARIABILITY IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT MORE PERSONALIZED TREATMENT. NOWADAYS, AN INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH IS BEING PROPOSED THROUGH SO-CALLED PERSONALIZED NUTRITION, WHEREBY NOT ONLY THE PHENOTYPE BUT ALSO THE GENOTYPE IS USED FOR CUSTOMIZED NUTRITION TREATMENT. REGARDING BODY WEIGHT REGULATION, APPROXIMATELY 70 POLYMORPHISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN OR NEAR GENES RELATED TO ENERGY EXPENDITURE, APPETITE, ADIPOGENESIS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND LIPID METABOLISM. ALTHOUGH PERSONALIZED NUTRITION REFERS MAINLY TO GENETIC MAKEUP, RECENT ADVANCES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EPIGENOME AND THE MICROBIOME OPEN THE DOOR TO IMPLEMENT MORE PERSONALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT. IN THIS CONTEXT, RECENT STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE EXISTENCE OF SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT MAY MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION AND COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE OUTCOME OF WEIGHT LOSS INTERVENTIONS. MOREOVER, DIFFERENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DIETARY INTERVENTIONS COULD AFFECT THE COMPOSITION OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND HAVE AN IMPACT ON BODY WEIGHT. THE INTEGRATION OF NUTRIGENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METAGENOMIC DATA MAY LEAD TO THE DESIGN OF MORE PERSONALIZED DIETARY TREATMENTS TO PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES AND TO OPTIMIZE THE INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE TO DIETARY INTERVENTIONS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17   380 22 AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE ON LIFESTYLE MEDICINE FOR DEPRESSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE. DEPRESSION IS THE MOST COMMON PRESENTING MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER IN PRIMARY CARE. IT IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO SOMATIC COMPLAINTS, WORSENING OF CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS, POOR QUALITY OF LIFE, AND SUICIDE. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGIC AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AVERT LESS THAN HALF OF DEPRESSION'S CUMULATIVE BURDEN ON SOCIETY. HOWEVER, THERE IS A GROWING BODY OF RESEARCH DESCRIBING BOTH HOW MALADAPTIVE LIFESTYLE CHOICES CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND WORSENING OF DEPRESSION AND HOW LIFESTYLE-ORIENTED MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS CAN REDUCE THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF DEPRESSION. THIS RESEARCH, LARGELY DERIVED FROM AN EMERGING FIELD CALLED EPIGENETICS, ELUCIDATES THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OUR LIFESTYLE CHOICES AND THOSE EPIGENETIC FACTORS WHICH MEDIATE OUR TENDENCIES TOWARD EITHER HEALTH, OR THE ONSET, IF NOT WORSENING OF DISEASE. THE PRESENT REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS HOW LIFESTYLE CHOICES INVOLVING DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND STRESS INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY, AND THEREBY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DETERMINING WHETHER ONE DOES OR DOES NOT SUFFER FROM DEPRESSION. THE AUTHORS PROPOSE THAT MEDICAL TRAINING PROGRAMS CONSIDER AND ADOPT LIFESTYLE MEDICINE ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONAL INITIATIVES THAT WILL ENABLE TOMORROW'S PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS TO MORE EFFECTIVELY IDENTIFY AND THERAPEUTICALLY INTERVENE IN THE MALADAPTIVE CHOICES CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR PATIENTS' DEPRESSION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18  6173 28 THE HEALTH OUTCOMES OF HUMAN OFFSPRING CONCEIVED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART). CONCERNS HAVE BEEN RAISED ABOUT THE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN CONCEIVED BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART) SINCE 1978. CONTROVERSIALLY, ART HAS BEEN LINKED WITH ADVERSE OBSTETRIC AND PERINATAL OUTCOMES, AN INCREASED RISK OF BIRTH DEFECTS, CANCERS, AND GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ART TREATMENT MAY ALSO PREDISPOSE INDIVIDUALS TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC AGEING RELATED DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE ON THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES OF ART SINGLETONS, AS MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES AFTER MULTIPLE EMBRYOS TRANSFER, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM DELIVERY, WHICH CAN SEPARATELY INCREASE RISK OF ADVERSE POSTNATAL OUTCOMES, AND IMPACT LONG-TERM HEALTH. WE WILL ALSO EXAMINE THE POTENTIAL FACTORS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THESE HEALTH RISKS, AND DISCUSS UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT MAY OCCUR DURING THE PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD AND REPROGRAM DEVELOPMENT IN UTERO, AND ADULT HEALTH, LATER IN LIFE. LASTLY, THIS REVIEW WILL CONSIDER THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS WITH THE VIEW TO OPTIMIZE THE LONG-TERM HEALTH OF ART CHILDREN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  4973 24 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTEMPORARY LIFESTYLE ON EVOLUTIONARY-CONSERVED SURVIVAL MECHANISMS IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) IS INCREASINGLY BEING CHARACTERIZED AS AN EVOLUTIONARY MISMATCH DISORDER THAT PRESENTS WITH A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE SYMPTOMS. THE EVOLUTIONARY MODEL PROPOSES THAT PCOS ARISES FROM A COLLECTION OF INHERITED POLYMORPHISMS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY DEMONSTRATED IN A VARIETY OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACES. IN UTERO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF SUSCEPTIBLE GENOMIC VARIANTS ARE THOUGHT TO PREDISPOSE THE OFFSPRING TO DEVELOP PCOS. POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF DEVELOPMENTALLY PROGRAMMED GENES AND DISTURBANCE OF THE HALLMARKS OF HEALTH. THE RESULTING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES REPRESENT THE CONSEQUENCES OF POOR-QUALITY DIET, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOUR, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, STRESS, CIRCADIAN DISRUPTION, AND OTHER LIFESTYLE FACTORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LIFESTYLE-INDUCED GASTROINTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PCOS. LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES INITIATE CHANGES THAT RESULT IN DISTURBANCE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME (DYSBIOSIS), IMMUNE DYSREGULATION (CHRONIC INFLAMMATION), ALTERED METABOLISM (INSULIN RESISTANCE), ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTIVE IMBALANCE (HYPERANDROGENISM), AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION (NEUROENDOCRINE AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM). PCOS CAN BE A PROGRESSIVE METABOLIC CONDITION THAT LEADS TO OBESITY, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, TYPE TWO DIABETES, METABOLIC-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE, METABOLIC SYNDROME, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND CANCER. THIS REVIEW EXPLORES THE MECHANISMS THAT UNDERPIN THE EVOLUTIONARY MISMATCH BETWEEN ANCIENT SURVIVAL PATHWAYS AND CONTEMPORARY LIFESTYLE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PCOS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20  5457 19 RESEARCH AND THE PROMOTION OF CHILD HEALTH: A POSITION PAPER OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION. CHILDREN COMPRISE ONE-FIFTH OF EUROPE'S POPULATION. PROMOTING CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS OF KEY IMPORTANCE FOR SOCIETY AND ITS FUTURE. THIS POSITION PAPER HIGHLIGHTS OPPORTUNITIES OF INVESTING IN GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER, AND NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH TO PROMOTE CHILD HEALTH AND DELINEATES PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH. INVESTING IN CHILD HEALTH PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF POPULATION HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND DISEASE PREVENTION LIFELONG, WITH LARGE HEALTH ECONOMIC BENEFITS. MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE AND TRANSLATIONAL APPLICATION ARISE FROM RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES INTERACTING WITH GENES. PERSONALISED APPROACHES TO THERAPY AND PREVENTION SHOULD BE ENHANCED. DECIPHERING THE MICROBIOME AND ITS EFFECTS ON FUNCTIONS CAN HELP IN PROMOTING LONG-TERM HEALTH. EPIGENETIC RESEARCH CAN HELP TO UNDERSTAND HOW EARLY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE LATER GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATIC HEALTH AND DISEASE. A LINKED NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STRATEGY CAN PROMOTE HEALTH AND PREVENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, INACTIVITY, AND CHRONIC NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, SUCH AS DIABETES, TO ENSURE OPTIMAL HEALTH AND COGNITION. SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE DEVOTED TO POPULATIONS WITH LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, MIGRANT BACKGROUND, AND ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND TO CRITICAL LIFE PERIODS, INCLUDING PREGNANCY, LACTATION, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF OPTIMAL NUTRITION AND ON MAINTAINING GUT AND LIVER HOMEOSTASIS THROUGHOUT CHILDHOOD WILL HELP PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES IN LATER LIFE.	2014