1  5911 111 TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AIDS DIAGNOSIS IN CHALLENGING CASES AND IDENTIFIES FREQUENT SPLICEOSOME MUTATIONS IN TRANSFORMED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. OBJECTIVES: OPTIMAL INTEGRATION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES REMAINS UNCLEAR. WE EVALUATE THE UTILITY OF NGS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. METHODS: A 42-GENE PANEL WAS USED TO SEQUENCE 109 CASES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS, N = 38), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML, N = 14), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM (MPN, N = 24), AND MDS AND/OR MPN TRANSFORMED TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML, N = 33). RESULTS: AT LEAST ONE PATHOGENIC MUTATION WAS IDENTIFIED IN 74% OF CASES OF MDS, 100% OF CMMLS, AND 96% OF MPNS. IN CONTRAST, ONLY 47% OF CASES OF MDS (18/38) AND 7% (1/14) OF CMMLS EXHIBITED ABNORMAL CYTOGENETICS. IN DIAGNOSTICALLY DIFFICULT CASES OF MDS OR CMML WITH NORMAL CYTOGENETICS, NGS IDENTIFIED A PATHOGENIC MUTATION AND WAS CRITICAL IN ESTABLISHING THE CORRECT DIAGNOSIS. SPLICEOSOMAL GENES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS WERE FREQUENTLY MUTATED. SPLICEOSOME MUTATIONS WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY DETECTED IN AML ARISING FROM MDS, CMML, OR MPN (39%) COMPARED WITH THE REPORTED RATE IN DE NOVO AML (7%-14%). CONCLUSIONS: IN DIFFICULT CASES OF MDS OR MPN, NGS FACILITATES DIAGNOSIS BY DETECTION OF GENE MUTATIONS TO CONFIRM CLONALITY, AND AMLS EVOLVING FROM MDS OR MPN CARRY FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN SPLICEOSOMAL GENES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2  6793  27 [DOWN-REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 VIA ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PU.1 DOWN-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) PATIENTS. METHODS: DIFFERENT METHYLATION STATUS OF PU.1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING 20 CPG ISLANDS IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION PATIENTS AFTER IMATINIB TREATMENT, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS WAS DETECTED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR WAS USED TO DETECT THE PU.1 MRNA EXPRESSION IN NORMAL CONTROLS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. INDIRECT IMMUNE FLUORESCENCE AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO ANALYZE THE EXPRTESSION OF PU.1 PROTEIN IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PATIENTS, AND BLAST CRISIS BONE MARROW K562 CML CELLS. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PU.1 WAS FOUND IN BOTH CML CHRONIC PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS PHASE BONE MARROW CELLS, AS WELL AS IN CML BLAST K562 CELLS. DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WAS FOUND IN ABOVE CELLS. NO METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF PU.1 WAS OBSERVED IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, AND THE PU.1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSIONS WERE NOT REDUCED AT ALL. FURTHERMORE, HIGH METHYLATION STATUS OF BONE MARROW CELLS WAS EVEN OBSERVED IN THE CML PATIENTS WHO ACQUIRED COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC REMISSION. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF OUR STUDY INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF PU.1 IN CML PATIENTS AND K562 CELL LINE MIGHT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWN-EXPRESSION OF PU.1. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PU.1 PLAYS A ROLE IN CML PATHOGENESIS, THEREFORE, IT MIGHT SERVE AS A USEFUL BIOMARKER AND POTENTIAL TARGET IN THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3  4557  29 MUTATIONS IN ASXL1 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS ACROSS THE SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANT MYELOID DISEASES. THE ASXL1 GENE IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED GENES IN MALIGNANT MYELOID DISEASES. THE ASXL1 PROTEIN BELONGS TO PROTEIN COMPLEXES INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE FOUND IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). THEY ARE GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNS OF AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR CLINICAL OUTCOME. BECAUSE OF THIS, A SYSTEMATIC DETERMINATION OF ASXL1 MUTATIONAL STATUS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES SHOULD HELP IN PROGNOSIS ASSESSMENT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  2133  24 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-34A IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-34A IS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGET OF P53 AND IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. WE STUDIED THE ROLE OF MIR-34A METHYLATION IN A PANEL OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING ACUTE LEUKEMIA [ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)], CHRONIC LEUKEMIA [CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)], MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 12 CELL LINES AND 188 DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT METHYLATED IN 75% LYMPHOMA AND 37% MYELOMA CELL LINES. HYPOMETHYLATING TREATMENT LED TO RE-EXPRESSION OF PRI-MIR-34A TRANSCRIPT IN LYMPHOMA CELLS WITH HOMOZYGOUS MIR-34A METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-34A METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 4% CLL, 5.5% MM SAMPLES AND 18.8% OF NHL AT DIAGNOSIS BUT NONE OF ALL, AML AND CML (P = 0.011). IN MM PATIENTS WITH PAIRED SAMPLES, MIR-34A METHYLATION STATUS REMAINED UNCHANGED AT PROGRESSION. AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL (P = 0.018), IN PARTICULAR NATURAL KILLER (NK)/T-CELL LYMPHOMA. IN CONCLUSION, AMONGST HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A METHYLATION IS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, IN PARTICULAR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA, IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER, THEREFORE THE ROLE OF MIR-34A IN LYMPHOMAGENESIS WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
5  2277  35 EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY ASXL1 IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. MYELOID MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC DISORDERS THAT ARE COMPRISED OF A SPECTRUM OF GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS DISORDERS, INCLUDING MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). MYELOID MALIGNANCIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION, ABNORMAL SELF-RENEWAL, AND/OR DIFFERENTIATION DEFECTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) AND MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM/PROGENITOR CELLS (HSPCS). MYELOID MALIGNANCIES CAN BE CAUSED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT PROVOKE KEY CELLULAR FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS SELF-RENEWAL, PROLIFERATION, BIASED LINEAGE COMMITMENT, AND DIFFERENTIATION. ADVANCES IN NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE MUTATIONS IN MYELOID NEOPLASMS, AND MANY NEW GENE MUTATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED AS KEY FACTORS IN DRIVING THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THE POLYCOMB PROTEIN ASXL1 WAS IDENTIFIED TO BE FREQUENTLY MUTATED IN ALL FORMS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, WITH MUTATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF 20%, 43%, 10%, AND 20% IN MDS, CMML, MPN, AND AML, RESPECTIVELY. SIGNIFICANTLY, ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A POOR PROGNOSIS IN ALL FORMS OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THE FACT THAT ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CMML, MDS, AND AML, POINTS TO THE POSSIBILITY THAT ASXL1 MUTATION IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING MYELOID MALIGNANCIES WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON ASXL1 MUTATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  4553  37 MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN CHINESE PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A RARE AND HETEROGENEOUS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES SUCH AS ASXL1, TET2, SETBP1, AND SRSF2 MUTATIONS ARE COMMON IN CAUCASIAN POPULATION. METHODS: WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED 178 CHINESE CMML PATIENTS. THE TARGETED NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) WAS USED TO EVALUATE 114 GENE VARIATIONS, AND THE PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR OS WERE DETERMINED BY COX REGRESSION ANALYSIS. RESULTS: THE CMML PATIENTS SHOWED A UNIQUE MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM, INCLUDING TET2 (36.5%), NRAS (31.5%), ASXL1 (28.7%), SRSF2 (24.7%), AND RUNX1 (21.9%). OF THE 102 PATIENTS WITH CLONAL ANALYSIS, THE ANCESTRAL EVENTS PREFERENTIALLY OCCURRED IN TET2 (18.5%), SPLICING FACTORS (16.5%), RAS (14.0%), AND ASXL1 (7.8%), AND THE SUBCLONAL GENES WERE MAINLY ASXL1, TET2, AND RAS. IN ADDITION, THE SECONDARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (SAML) TRANSFORMED FROM CMML OFTEN HAD MUTATIONS IN DNMT3A, ETV6, FLT3, AND NPM1, WHILE THE PRIMARY AML (PAML) DEMONSTRATED MORE MUTATIONS IN CEBPA, DNMT3A, FLT3, IDH1/2, NPM1, AND WT1. IT WAS OF NOTE THAT A SERIES OF CLONES WERE EMERGED DURING THE PROGRESSION FROM CMML TO AML, INCLUDING DNMT3A, FLT3, AND NPM1. BY UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS, ASXL1 MUTATION, INTERMEDIATE- AND HIGH-RISK CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITY, CMML-SPECIFIC PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEM (CPSS) STRATIFICATIONS (INTERMEDIATE-2 AND HIGH GROUP), AND TREATMENT OPTIONS (BEST SUPPORTIVE CARE) PREDICTED FOR WORSE OS. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS REVEALED A SIMILAR OUTCOME. CONCLUSIONS: THE COMMON MUTATIONS IN CHINESE CMML PATIENTS INCLUDED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS (TET2 AND ASXL1), SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY COMPONENTS (NRAS), AND SPLICING FACTOR (SRSF2). THE CMML PATIENTS WITH DNMT3A, ETV6, FLT3, AND NPM1 MUTATIONS TENDED TO PROGRESS TO SAML. ASXL1 MUTATION AND THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES WERE INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CMML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7   690  19 BRD4 DEGRADATION BLOCKS EXPRESSION OF MYC AND MULTIPLE FORMS OF STEM CELL RESISTANCE IN PH(+) CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. IN MOST PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CLONAL CELLS CAN BE KEPT UNDER CONTROL BY BCR::ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI). HOWEVER, OVERT RESISTANCE OR INTOLERANCE AGAINST THESE TKI MAY OCCUR. WE IDENTIFIED THE EPIGENETIC READER BRD4 AND ITS DOWNSTREAM-EFFECTOR MYC AS GROWTH REGULATORS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN CML CELLS. BRD4 AND MYC WERE FOUND TO BE EXPRESSED IN PRIMARY CML CELLS, CD34(+) /CD38(-) LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS (LSC), AND IN THE CML CELL LINES KU812, K562, KCL22, AND KCL22(T315I) . THE BRD4-TARGETING DRUG JQ1 WAS FOUND TO SUPPRESS PROLIFERATION IN KU812 CELLS AND PRIMARY LEUKEMIC CELLS IN THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PHASE CML. IN THE BLAST PHASE OF CML, JQ1 WAS LESS EFFECTIVE. HOWEVER, THE BRD4 DEGRADER DBET6 WAS FOUND TO BLOCK PROLIFERATION AND/OR SURVIVAL OF PRIMARY CML CELLS IN ALL PATIENTS TESTED, INCLUDING BLAST PHASE CML AND CML CELLS EXHIBITING THE T315I VARIANT OF BCR::ABL1. MOREOVER, DBET6 WAS FOUND TO BLOCK MYC EXPRESSION AND TO SYNERGIZE WITH BCR::ABL1 TKI IN INHIBITING THE PROLIFERATION IN THE JQ1-RESISTANT CELL LINE K562. FURTHERMORE, BRD4 DEGRADATION WAS FOUND TO OVERCOME OSTEOBLAST-INDUCED TKI RESISTANCE OF CML LSC IN A CO-CULTURE SYSTEM AND TO BLOCK INTERFERON-GAMMA-INDUCED UPREGULATION OF THE CHECKPOINT ANTIGEN PD-L1 IN LSC. FINALLY, DBET6 WAS FOUND TO SUPPRESS THE IN VITRO SURVIVAL OF CML LSC AND THEIR ENGRAFTMENT IN NSG MICE. TOGETHER, TARGETING OF BRD4 AND MYC THROUGH BET DEGRADATION SENSITIZES CML CELLS AGAINST BCR::ABL1 TKI AND IS A POTENT APPROACH TO OVERCOME MULTIPLE FORMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN CML LSC.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
8  5274  18 PROMOTER METHYLATION OF P16 AND EDNRB GENE IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS IN TAIWAN. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERNATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN CANCER FORMATION. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 AND ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR TYPE B (EDNRB) OF 26 LEUKEMIA PATIENTS AND 8 RANDOMLY SELECTED NORMAL BLOOD DONORS IN TAIWAN. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF P16 WAS DETECTED IN 85% OF ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL), 83% IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) WHEREAS NO METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IN BLAST CRISIS. HYPERMETHYLATION OF EDNRB WAS OBSERVED IN 92% OF ALL, 75% AML AND 100% IN CML IN BLAST CRISIS. NO ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND EDNRB WAS FOUND IN 8 NORMAL BLOOD DONORS. TAKEN TOGETHER, ABERRANT METHYLATION OF P16 AND EDNRB WAS HIGHLY PREVALENT IN LEUKEMIA PATIENTS IN TAIWAN.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  5940  17 TARGETING METHYLTRANSFERASE PRMT5 ELIMINATES LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. IMATINIB-INSENSITIVE LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR RESISTANCE TO BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS AND RELAPSE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). IDENTIFYING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO ERADICATE CML LSCS MAY BE A STRATEGY TO CURE CML. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE DISCOVERED A POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP BETWEEN BCR-ABL AND PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (PRMT5) IN CML CELLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF PRMT5 WAS OBSERVED IN HUMAN CML LSCS. SILENCING PRMT5 WITH SHRNA OR BLOCKING PRMT5 METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY WITH THE SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITOR PJ-68 REDUCED SURVIVAL, SERIAL REPLATING CAPACITY, AND LONG-TERM CULTURE-INITIATING CELLS (LTC-ICS) IN LSCS FROM CML PATIENTS. FURTHER, PRMT5 KNOCKDOWN OR PJ-68 TREATMENT DRAMATICALLY PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN A MURINE MODEL OF RETROVIRAL BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML AND IMPAIRED THE IN VIVO SELF-RENEWAL CAPACITY OF TRANSPLANTED CML LSCS. PJ-68 ALSO INHIBITED LONG-TERM ENGRAFTMENT OF HUMAN CML CD34+ CELLS IN IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF PRMT5 ABROGATED THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IN CML CD34+ CELLS BY DEPLETING DISHEVELLED HOMOLOG 3 (DVL3). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC METHYLATION MODIFICATION ON HISTONE PROTEIN ARGININE RESIDUES IS A REGULATORY MECHANISM TO CONTROL SELF-RENEWAL OF LSCS AND INDICATES THAT PRMT5 MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET AGAINST LSCS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  2131  23 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE HSA-MIR-203 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-203 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIRNA). WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION OF HSA-MIR-203 IN 150 SAMPLES INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL) BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, AND MIRNA EXPRESSION BY STEM-LOOP RT-QPCR. HSA-MIR-203 PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN TWO AML AND FOUR LYMPHOMA CELL LINES, IN WHICH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT LED TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND MIR-203 RE-EXPRESSION. RESTORATION OF MIR-203 EXPRESSION IN LYMPHOMA CELLS INHIBITED CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND INCREASED CELL DEATH, SUGGESTING AN INHERENT TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 5.0% ALL, 10.0% AML, 42.0% CLL AND 38.8% OF NHL (INCLUDING SIX [60.0%] NATURAL KILLER-CELL, NINE [40.9%] B-CELL AND FOUR [23.5%] T CELL NHL). MOREOVER, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF HSA-MIR-34A, -124A AND -196B IN NHL BUT NOT CLL. IN CLL, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER PRESENTING HB LEVEL (P = 0.033). THE PROJECTED 10 YEAR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF THE CLL PATIENTS WAS 58.2%, WHICH WAS IMPACTED BY RAI STAGE AND HIGH-RISK KARYOTYPES BUT NOT HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION. HSA-MIR-203 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN LYMPHOID THAN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES (P = 0.002). IN CONCLUSION, MIR-203, A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE, WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER WITH GENE SILENCING. HSA-MIR-203 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN LYMPHOID THAN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. IN NHL, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CONCOMITANT METHYLATION OF OTHER TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MIRNAS. THE FREQUENT HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION IN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES SUGGESTED A PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  2719  30 EXOME SEQUENCING REVEALS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 VARIANTS ASSOCIATE WITH PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AFTER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY. OBJECTIVE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF PATIENTS ARE RESISTANT TO TKI AND/OR PROGRESS TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES. TKI THERAPY FAILURE HAS A WELL-KNOWN ASSOCIATION WITH ABL1 KINASE DOMAIN (KD) MUTATIONS, BUT ONLY AROUND HALF OF TKI NON-RESPONDERS HAVE DETECTABLE ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. METHOD: WE ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY GENETIC MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI THERAPY FAILURE IN 13 PATIENTS (5 RESISTANT, 8 PROGRESSED) WITHOUT ABL1 KD MUTATIONS USING WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING. RESULTS: IN 6 PATIENTS, WE DETECTED MUTATIONS IN 6 GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN OTHER MYELOID NEOPLASMS: ABL1, ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH1, SETBP1, AND TP63. WE THEN USED TARGETED DEEP SEQUENCING TO VALIDATE OUR FINDING IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT CONSISTING OF 100 CML PATIENTS WITH VARYING DRUG RESPONSES (74 RESPONSIVE, 18 RESISTANT, AND 8 PROGRESSED PATIENTS). MUTATIONS IN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS SUCH AS DNMT3A AND ASXL1 SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION AND TKI-RESISTANCE INDEPENDENT OF ABL1 KD MUTATIONS. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TKI RESISTANT PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED DISEASE STAGES IN CML, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS LACKING ABL1 KD MUTATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12  3530  24 IMATINIB (ST1571) PROVIDES ONLY LIMITED SELECTIVITY FOR CML CELLS AND TREATMENT MIGHT BE COMPLICATED BY SILENT BCR-ABL GENES. VERY PROMISING RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED IN CLINICAL TRIALS ON CHRONIC-PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CP-CML) PATIENTS TREATED WITH IMATINIB MESYLATE (IM; GLEEVECR, STI571), A BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR. HOWEVER, WE FOUND THAT IM CAUSED CONSIDERABLE INHIBITION OF NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS UPON TREATING CONTROL BONE MARROW (BM) CULTURES. IN VITRO IM TREATMENT GAVE A DECREASE IN THE YIELD AND SIZE OF COLONIES FROM BM OF UNTREATED CP-CML PATIENTS THAT WAS ONLY TWO TO THREE TIMES THAT FROM THE NORMAL SAMPLES. MOREOVER, ABOUT 30% OF MYELOID PROGENITORS (CFU-GM) FROM CML BM STILL FORMED COLONIES IN THE PRESENCE OF IM, MOST OF WHICH HAD BCR-ABL RNA. ABOUT HALF OF THESE TREATED COLONIES ALSO DISPLAYED METHYLATION OF THE INTERNAL ABL PA PROMOTER, A CML-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC ALTERATION, WHICH WAS USED IN THIS STUDY AS A MARKER FOR BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION-CONTAINING CELLS. HOWEVER, ~5-8% OF THE TREATED OR THE UNTREATED CML BM-DERIVED COLONIES HAD NO DETECTABLE BCR-ABL RNA BY TWO OR THREE ROUNDS OF RT-PCR DESPITE BEING POSITIVE FOR THE INTERNAL STANDARD RNA AND DISPLAYING HALLMARKS OF CML, EITHER T(9;22)(Q34;QL 1) OR ABL PA METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT IM IS ONLY PARTIALLY SPECIFIC FOR CML PROGENITOR CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS AND SUGGEST THAT SOME CML CELLS MAY HAVE A SILENT BCR-ABL ONCOGENE THAT COULD INTERFERE WITH THERAPY.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  4748  27 NOVEL MUTATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS: JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH AND IKZF1. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS) ORIGINATE FROM GENETICALLY TRANSFORMED HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS THAT RETAIN THE CAPACITY FOR MULTILINEAGE DIFFERENTIATION AND EFFECTIVE MYELOPOIESIS. BEGINNING IN EARLY 2005, A NUMBER OF NOVEL MUTATIONS INVOLVING JANUS KINASE 2 (JAK2), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (MPL), TET ONCOGENE FAMILY MEMBER 2 (TET2), ADDITIONAL SEX COMBS-LIKE 1 (ASXL1), CASITAS B-LINEAGE LYMPHOMA PROTO-ONCOGENE (CBL), ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE (IDH) AND IKAROS FAMILY ZINC FINGER 1 (IKZF1) HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN BCR-ABL1-NEGATIVE MPNS. HOWEVER, NONE OF THESE MUTATIONS WERE MPN SPECIFIC, DISPLAYED MUTUAL EXCLUSIVITY OR COULD BE TRACED BACK TO A COMMON ANCESTRAL CLONE. JAK2 AND MPL MUTATIONS APPEAR TO EXERT A PHENOTYPE-MODIFYING EFFECT AND ARE DISTINCTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA AND PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS; THE CORRESPONDING MUTATIONAL FREQUENCIES ARE APPROXIMATELY 99, 55 AND 65% FOR JAK2 AND 0, 3 AND 10% FOR MPL MUTATIONS. THE INCIDENCE OF TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH OR IKZF1 MUTATIONS IN THESE DISORDERS RANGES FROM 0 TO 17%; THESE LATTER MUTATIONS ARE MORE COMMON IN CHRONIC (TET2, ASXL1, CBL) OR JUVENILE (CBL) MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIAS, MASTOCYTOSIS (TET2), MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (TET2, ASXL1) AND SECONDARY ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING BLAST-PHASE MPN (IDH, ASXL1, IKZF1). THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF MPN-ASSOCIATED MUTATIONS INCLUDE UNREGULATED JAK-STAT (JANUS KINASE/SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION) SIGNALING, EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF ONCOPROTEINS. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR AS TO WHETHER AND HOW THESE ABNORMALITIES CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE INITIATION, CLONAL EVOLUTION OR BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14  1184  19 COOPERATIVE EPIGENETIC REMODELING BY TET2 LOSS AND NRAS MUTATION DRIVES MYELOID TRANSFORMATION AND MEK INHIBITOR SENSITIVITY. MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AND SIGNALING FACTORS OFTEN CO-OCCUR IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING TET2 AND NRAS MUTATIONS. CONCURRENT TET2 LOSS AND NRAS(G12D) EXPRESSION IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS INDUCED MYELOID TRANSFORMATION, WITH A FULLY PENETRANT, LETHAL CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), WHICH WAS SERIALLY TRANSPLANTABLE. TET2 LOSS AND NRAS MUTATION COOPERATIVELY LED TO DECREASE IN NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) ACTIVATION, INCLUDING SPRY2, THEREBY CAUSING SYNERGISTIC ACTIVATION OF MAPK SIGNALING BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING. TET2/NRAS DOUBLE-MUTANT LEUKEMIA SHOWED PREFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO MAPK KINASE (MEK) INHIBITION IN BOTH MOUSE MODEL AND PATIENT SAMPLES. THESE DATA PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO HOW EPIGENETIC AND SIGNALING MUTATIONS COOPERATE IN MYELOID TRANSFORMATION AND PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR MECHANISM-BASED THERAPY IN CMML PATIENTS WITH THESE HIGH-RISK GENETIC LESIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  5980  22 TET2 MUTATIONS WERE PREDICTIVE OF INFERIOR PROGNOSIS IN THE PRESENCE OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: SOMATIC MUTATIONS INVOLVING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS, HISTONE MODIFICATION AND CHROMATIN REGULATION, SPLICING COMPONENTS, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND SIGNALING REGULATOR GENES ARE COMMON IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS. IT HAS BEEN CONSENSUS THAT ASXL1 MUTATIONS HAVE ADVERSELY IMPACT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS), WHILE THE EFFECT OF TET2 MUTATIONS REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL AND UNDEFINED. METHODS: ASXL1 AND TET2 MUTATIONS WERE ANALYZED IN 141 PATIENTS WITH CMML USING SANGER SEQUENCING, WITH THE AIM TO IDENTIFY THE INTERPLAY OF ASXL1 AND TET2 MUTATIONS IN THE PROGNOSIS OF CMML. RESULTS: SIXTY-FIVE (46.1%) OF THE CMML PATIENTS HARBORED ASXL1 MUTATIONS (FRAMESHIFT AND NONSENSE), AND 46 (32.6%) HAD TET2 MUTATIONS (FRAME SHIFT, NONSENSE AND MISSENSE). IN A SEPARATE MULTIVARIABLE ANALYSIS THAT INCLUDED THE MAYO PROGNOSTIC MODEL AS A SINGLE VARIABLE ALONG WITH ASXL1WT/TET2WT, THE RESPECTIVE HAZARD RATIOS OF ASXL1MUT/TET2MUT, ASXL1MUT/TET2WT AND ASXL1WT/TET2MUT WERE 4.7 (95% CI, 2.2-10.3; P<0.001), 2.2 (95% CI, 1.1-4.2; P=0.025) AND 1.3 (95% CI, 0.6-2.5; P=0.521). CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SHOWED THAT ASXL1 MUTATIONS PREDICT INFERIOR OS, AND ADDITIONAL TET2 MUTATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL IN THE PRESENCE OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS OF CMML PATIENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  6780  27 [BLASTIC PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL NEOPLASM ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH AZACITIDINE]. BLASTIC PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL NEOPLASM (BPDCN) IS A RARE DISEASE THAT DEVELOPS WITH A SKIN LESION AND IS OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION. THE NORMAL COUNTERPARTS OF BPDCN TUMOR CELLS ARE PROGENITORS OF PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS, WHEREAS THE ORIGINS ARE THOUGHT TO BE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS. APPROXIMATELY 10%-20% OF BPDCN PATIENTS DEVELOP OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN BOTH BPDCN AND CMML TUMORS. AZACITIDINE, A DRUG THAT TARGETS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION, IS KNOWN TO BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR CMML. HOWEVER, IT HAS BEEN USED IN FEW BPDCN PATIENTS. HERE, WE REPORT A BPDCN PATIENT WITH SKIN LESIONS, BONE MARROW INFILTRATION, AND LYMPHADENOPATHY. CMML ALSO DEVELOPED DURING THE COURSE OF BPDCN. AZACITIDINE HAD POSITIVE EFFECTS ON CMML; HOWEVER, BPDCN AGGRESSIVELY RELAPSED DURING TREATMENT. TWO TET2 MUTATIONS WERE FOUND IN BOTH BPDCN AND CMML TUMORS; ONE OF WHICH WAS COMMONLY IDENTIFIED IN BOTH TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  5924  15 TARGETING DNMT1 BY DEMETHYLATING AGENT OR-2100 INCREASES TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS-SENSITIVITY AND DEPLETES LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) DRAMATICALLY IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), BUT 10-20% OF PATIENTS ACHIEVE SUBOPTIMAL RESPONSES WITH LOW TKIS SENSITIVITY. FURTHERMORE, RESIDUAL LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE INVOLVED IN THE MOLECULAR RELAPSE AFTER TKIS DISCONTINUATION. ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO LOW TKIS SENSITIVITY AND THE PERSISTENCE OF LSCS IN CML. DNMT1 IS A KEY REGULATOR OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING THAT ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION TARGETING DNMT1 REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CML. WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFICACY OF OR-2100 (OR21), THE FIRST ORALLY AVAILABLE SINGLE-COMPOUND PRODRUG OF DECITABINE. OR21 EXHIBITED ANTI-TUMOR EFFECTS AS A MONOTHERAPY, AND IN COMBINATION THERAPY IT INCREASED TKI-INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND INDUCTION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES INCLUDING PTPN6 ENCODING SHP-1 IN CML CELLS. OR21 IN COMBINATION WITH IMATINIB SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED TUMOR GROWTH IN A XENOTRANSPLANT MODEL. OR21 AND COMBINATION THERAPY DECREASED THE ABUNDANCE OF LSCS AND INHIBITED ENGRAFTMENT IN A BCR-ABL1-TRANSDUCED MOUSE MODEL. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT TARGETING DNMT1 USING OR21 EXERTS ANTI-TUMOR EFFECTS AND IMPAIRS LSCS IN CML. THEREFORE, COMBINATION TREATMENT OF TKIS AND OR21 REPRESENTS A PROMISING TREATMENT STRATEGY IN CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18    32  34 A CASE OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR-RESISTANT CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC PHASE WITH ASXL1 MUTATION. HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), EXHIBIT ASXL1 MUTATIONS; HOWEVER, THE FUNCTION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF THESE MUTATIONS REMAIN UNCLEAR. ASXL1 WAS ORIGINALLY IDENTIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE, IN WHICH LOSS OF FUNCTION CAUSES MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). ASXL1 MUTATIONS ARE COMMON AND ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND SIMILARLY IN CML. IN MDS, ASXL1 MUTATIONS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS; HOWEVER, THE IMPACT OF ASXL1 MUTATIONS IN CML HAS NOT BEEN WELL DESCRIBED. A 31-YEAR-OLD MALE WAS DIAGNOSED AS CML-CHRONIC PHASE (CP). LABORATORY FINDINGS SHOWED A WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT OF 187,200/MICROL, WITH ASYMPTOMATIC SPLENOMEGALY. BLAST COUNT WAS 5.0% IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND 7.3% IN BONE MARROW. THERE WAS NO ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY EXCEPT FOR T(9;22)(Q34;Q11.2) BY CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS. AT ONSET, THE SOKAL SCORE WAS 1.4, INDICATING HIGH RISK. THE PATIENT RECEIVED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI) THERAPY, COMPRISING NILOTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, BOSUTINIB APPROXIMATELY 600 MG/DAY, PONATINIB APPROXIMATELY 45 MG/DAY, AND DASATINIB APPROXIMATELY 100 MG/DAY. NEVERTHELESS, AFTER 1.5 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS TKI THERAPY, THE BEST OUTCOME WAS A HEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE. ALTHOUGH ADDITIONAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND ABL1 KINASE MUTATIONS WERE ANALYZED REPEATEDLY BEFORE AND DURING TKI THERAPY, KNOWN GENETIC ABNORMALITIES WERE NOT DETECTED. THEREAFTER, THE PATIENT UNDERWENT BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FROM AN HLA 7/8 MATCHED UNRELATED DONOR (HLA-CW 1 LOCUS MISMATCH, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DIRECTION). THE PATIENT ACHIEVED NEUTROPHIL ENGRAFTMENT, 18 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION, LEADING TO COMPLETE REMISSION WITH AN UNDETECTABLE LEVEL OF BCR-ABL1 MRNA. THE PATIENT, HOWEVER, DIED FROM GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AND THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY AFTER 121 DAYS. GENE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF HIS CML CELL BEFORE STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REVEALED ASXL1 MUTATIONS. PHYSIOLOGICALLY, ASXL1 CONTRIBUTES TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IN THE CML-CP PATIENT IN THIS CASE REPORT, ASXL1 MUTATION CONFERRED RESISTANCE TO TKI THROUGH OBSCURE RESISTANCE MECHANISMS. EVEN THOUGH A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR TKI RESISTANCE IN ASXL1 MUTATION IN CML HAS REMAINED OBSCURE, EPIGENETIC MODULATION IS A PLAUSIBLE MODE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION. THE CLINICAL IMPACT INCLUDING PROGNOSIS OF ASXL1 FOR CML IS UNDERSCORED. AND THE TREATMENT STRATEGY OF CML WITH ASXL1 MUTATION HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. A DISCUSSION OF THIS CASE WAS EXPECTED TO FACILITATE TREATMENT OPTIONS.	2020	

19   162  21 ABL1 METHYLATION IN PH-POSITIVE ALL IS EXCLUSIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE P210 FORM OF BCR-ABL. IN HUMAN PH-POSITIVE LEUKEMIA THERE IS A CLEAR ASSOCIATION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE BCR-ABL ONCOGENE WITH DISTINCT TYPES OF LEUKEMIA. THE P190 FORM OF BCR-ABL IS RARELY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) BUT IS PRESENT IN 50% OF PH-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL). IN CONTRAST, THE P210 FORM IS OBSERVED BOTH IN CML AND 50% OF PH-POSITIVE ALL. METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER OF THE ABL1 GENE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE A NEARLY UNIVERSAL EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF CML. THIS RAISES THE QUESTION OF WHETHER METHYLATION OF THE ABL1 PROMOTER IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH PH-POSITIVE ALL. TO STUDY THIS ISSUE, WE USED METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE ABL1 PROMOTER IN 18 PH-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES. WE REPORT HERE THAT GENE-SPECIFIC ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED MAINLY WITH THE P210 FORM OF BCR-ABL AND NOT THE P190 FORM. WHILE SIX OUT OF THE SEVEN P210-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES HAD ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION, NONE OF THE 11 P190-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES DEMONSTRATED ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, WE ESTIMATED THE EXTENT AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN SEVERAL PH-POSITIVE ALL SAMPLES AND COMPARED IT TO THE METHYLATION PATTERN IN CHRONIC, ACCELERATED AND BLASTIC CRISIS PHASES OF CML. WE PUT FORTH A MODEL THAT CORRELATES THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEUKEMIAS WITH THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ABL1 PROMOTER METHYLATION.	2001	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20  2971  14 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF MICRORNA-203 ENHANCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THE MAMMALIAN GENOME CONTAINS SEVERAL HUNDRED MICRORNAS THAT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH MODULATION OF TARGET MRNAS. HERE, WE REPORT A FRAGILE CHROMOSOMAL REGION LOST IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THIS 7 MB REGION ENCODES ABOUT 12% OF ALL GENOMIC MICRORNAS, INCLUDING MIR-203. THIS MICRORNA IS ADDITIONALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN SEVERAL HEMATOPOIETIC TUMORS, INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIAS AND SOME ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIAS. A PUTATIVE MIR-203 TARGET, ABL1, IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED IN THESE HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES IN SOME CASES AS A BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME). RE-EXPRESSION OF MIR-203 REDUCES ABL1 AND BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN LEVELS AND INHIBITS TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION IN AN ABL1-DEPENDENT MANNER. THUS, MIR-203 FUNCTIONS AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND RE-EXPRESSION OF THIS MICRORNA MIGHT HAVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS IN SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES.	2008