1  1627 173 DNMT1 MODULATION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS AND HYPOTHETIC INFLUENCE ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA METHYLATION STATUS DURING LONG-TERM NUCLEO(T)SIDE ANALOGS THERAPY. INHIBITION OF VIRAL REPLICATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT GOAL IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS CHRONIC INFECTION (CHB). CURRENTLY, FIVE ORAL NUCLEO(T)SIDE ANALOGS (NAS), INCLUDING LAMIVUDINE, ADEFOVIR, TELBIVUDINE, ENTECAVIR, AND TENOFOVIR, HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR TREATMENT. THE WIDESPREAD USE OF NAS HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED WITH A PROGRESSIVE GROWTH OF UNLIKELY ANOMALY ATTRIBUTABLE TO MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTIONS, NOT PREVIOUSLY RECOGNIZED. HERE, WE EXPLORE THE HYPOTHESIS THAT NAS MAY CAUSE PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING PROLONGED NAS THERAPY IN CHB PATIENTS. WE OBTAINED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES OF CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, 18 RECEIVING NAS AND 20 UNTREATED PATIENTS. ALL PATIENTS WERE CAUCASIAN AND ITALIANS. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED BY BISULPHITE SEQUENCING PCR TO SEARCH THE EXISTENCE OF METHYLATED CYTOSINE RESIDUES IN THE LIGHT (L)-STRANDS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA CONTROL REGION (D-LOOP). GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES 1 WAS PERFORMED BY A QUANTITATIVE RELATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR). DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY (P < 000001) HIGHER IN NA TREATED PATIENTS (4.09, IQR 3.52-5.15) WHEN COMPARED WITH HBV NAIVES (0.61, IQR 0.34-0.82). BESIDES, DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH NA THERAPY DURATION (SPEARMAN RHO = 0.67; P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE, NA THERAPY DURATION WAS THE ONLY SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION AT MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS (BETA = 0.95, P < 0.0000001). BISULPHITE PCR SEQUENCING SHOWED THAT METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE RESIDUES OCCURRED IN A HIGHER PERCENTAGE IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH NAS IN COMPARISON WITH UNTREATED PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS. OUR DATA SHOWED A DNMT1 OVEREXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED TO NA THERAPY DURATION AND AN HIGHER REGIONAL MTDNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS MIGHT SUGGEST AN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THAT COULD BE INVOLVED IN ONE OF THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF MITOCHONDRIAL GENE REGULATION DURING NAS THERAPY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  5218  36 PREVENTION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PREVENTION IS THE ONLY REALISTIC APPROACH FOR REDUCING MORTALITY RATES ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) WORLDWIDE. VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B AND SCREENING OF BLOOD DONATIONS ARE EFFECTIVE MEASURES OF PRIMARY PREVENTION. SCREENING OF BLOOD DONATIONS HAS LED TO A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION IN VIRAL HEPATITIS TRANSMISSION AMONG THE GENERAL POPULATION, AND IN TAIWAN VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN HCC INCIDENCE AMONG INFANTS. PRIMARY PREVENTION ALSO INCLUDES APPROACHES THAT ALTER EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC CHANGES IN HEPATOCYTES, KNOWN TO INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HCC, AS WELL AS TREATMENTS SLOWING PROGRESSION TO CIRRHOSIS. THE ONLY EVIDENCE THAT CHEMOPREVENTION REDUCES HCC RISK IS A MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN ASIAN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED HEPATITIS B WHO RECEIVED THE ORAL NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE LAMIVUDINE. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT HCC RISK IS ALSO REDUCED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C WHO HAVE HAD A SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO INTERFERON THERAPY. HCC IS NOT SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS B TREATED WITH INTERFERON AND PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C WHO DID NOT RESPOND TO INTERFERON. SECONDARY PREVENTION, THAT IS, PREVENTION OF TUMOR RECURRENCE AFTER HEPATIC RESECTION OR LOCAL ABLATIVE THERAPIES, HAS BEEN PURSUED WITH DIFFERENT APPROACHES. RETINOIDS, HEPATIC EMBOLIZATION WITH (131)I LIPIODOL, AND ADOPTIVE ADJUVANT IMMUNOTHERAPY HAVE YIELDED ENCOURAGING RESULTS. OTHER APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE BASED ON INTERFERON ALFA OR BETA, PROVIDED INCONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE FOR SECONDARY PROPHYLAXIS OF HCC, MAINLY BECAUSE OF THE POOR METHODOLOGIES AND SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND OF THE STUDIES. DIETARY INTERVENTIONS AND ANTIAFLATOXIN AGENTS MIGHT HELP TO PREVENT HCC IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS, BUT THE REAL EFFICACY OF THESE APPROACHES IS FAR FROM BEING DEMONSTRATED.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  4903  33 P16 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH OR WITHOUT HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATION THROUGH METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE RELATION BETWEEN HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: SIXTEEN PATIENTS WITHOUT HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND 35 PATIENTS WITH HBV OR HCV WHO UNDERWENT LIVER RESECTION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) WERE STUDIED. MUTATION OF P53 WAS DETECTED BY DIRECT SEQUENCING. METHYLATION STATUS OF P16 WAS EVALUATED IN TUMOR AND NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: IN HCC WITHOUT HBV AND HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 5 (31%) OF 16 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (25%) OF 8 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 6 (75%) OF 8 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND NONE OF 16 NONCANCEROUS TISSUE SPECIMENS. IN HCC WITH HBV OR HCV, P53 MUTATIONS WERE DETECTED IN 8 (23%) OF 35 HCCS. METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER WAS DETECTED IN 2 (100%) OF 2 WELL-DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 13 (76%) OF 17 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, 12 (75%) OF 16 POORLY DIFFERENTIATED HCCS, AND 9 (26%) OF 35 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HEPATITIS VIRUSES MIGHT INDUCE METHYLATION OF P16 PROMOTER IN LIVER WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, BEFORE APPEARANCE OF HCC.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4  2759  55 EXPRESSION OF IL-17 AND ITS GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. TO EXPLORE INTERLEUKIN-17 (IL-17) AND ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATION DURING THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION.A TOTAL OF 162 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, INCLUDING 75 WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB), 54 WITH HEPATITIS B-ASSOCIATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND 33 WITH HEPATITIS B-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HBV-HCC), WERE ENROLLED IN THIS STUDY. THIRTY HEALTHY ADULTS OF THE SAME ETHNICITY WERE ENROLLED IN THE CONTROL GROUP. WHOLE VENOUS BLOOD WAS OBTAINED FROM THE PATIENTS AND NORMAL CONTROLS (N = 30). CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS WERE ASSESSED, AND WE PERFORMED ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY AND QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR TO MEASURE THE SERUM LEVELS AND RELATIVE MRNA EXPRESSION OF IL-17, RESPECTIVELY. IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS WAS ASSESSED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. WE ANALYZED THE SERUM AND MRNA LEVELS OF IL-17 AND IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE 4 GROUPS AS WELL AS THE EFFECT OF METHYLATION ON SERUM IL-17 LEVELS. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS WERE ANALYZED BY SPEARMAN CORRELATION ANALYSIS.COMPARED TO THE NORMAL CONTROL GROUP, THE PATIENT GROUPS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER SERUM AND RELATIVE MRNA LEVELS OF IL-17. THE METHYLATION DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT AMONG THE NORMAL CONTROLS (P < .05), WITH THE HBV-HCC GROUP SHOWING THE LOWEST IL-17 GENE METHYLATION FREQUENCY. THE AVERAGE IL-17 PROMOTER CG METHYLATION LEVEL WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH IL-17 MRNA EXPRESSION (R = -0.39, P = .03), AND NEGATIVE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN IL-17 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND PROTHROMBIN TIME ACTIVITY (R = -0.585, P = .035), ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (R = -0.522, P < .01), ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (R = -0.315, P < .05), AND THE MODEL FOR END-STAGE LIVER DISEASE SCORE (R = -0.461, P < .05) WERE OBSERVED. IL-17 SERUM LEVELS IN THE METHYLATED-PROMOTER GROUPS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE IN THE UNMETHYLATED-PROMOTER GROUPS.IL-17 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION PROGRESSION, ESPECIALLY IN THE HBV-HCC GROUP. THE IL-17 PROMOTER STATUS MAY HELP CLINICIANS INITIATE THE CORRECT TREATMENT STRATEGY AT THE CHB STAGE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5  1506  36 DNA METHYLATION AND IMMUNE CELL MARKERS DEMONSTRATE EVIDENCE OF ACCELERATED AGING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS, WITH OR WITHOUT HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCT VIRUS CO-INFECTION. BACKGROUND: SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES ACCELERATE BIOLOGICAL AGING. WE INVESTIGATED AGE ACCELERATION AND THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PERIPHERAL BLOOD DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) AND IMMUNE CELL MARKERS IN PATIENTS CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) WITH AND WITHOUT HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) CO-INFECTION. METHODS: AGE ACCELERATION WAS MEASURED AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGE (HORVATH CLOCK) AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. THE IMMUNE MARKER MODEL OF AGE ACCELERATION WAS DEVELOPED USING ELASTIC NET REGRESSION TO SELECT BOTH THE IMMUNE MARKERS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED WEIGHTS IN THE FINAL LINEAR MODEL. RESULTS: PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV (N = 51) HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER MEDIAN EPIGENETIC AGE COMPARED TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE (AGE ACCELERATED) (P < .001). IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION (N = 63), AGE ACCELERATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS AS ASSESSED BY HISTOLOGY (P < .05), OR PRESENCE OF HIV CO-INFECTION (P < .05), BUT NOT HCV MONO-INFECTION. AGE ACCELERATION DEFINED BY IMMUNE MARKERS WAS CONCORDANT WITH AGE ACCELERATION BY DNA METHYLATION (CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .59 IN HBV; P = .0025). ONE-YEAR TREATMENT OF HBV PATIENTS WITH NUCLEOSIDE THERAPY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A MODEST REDUCTION IN AGE ACCELERATION, AS MEASURED USING THE IMMUNE MARKER MODEL (-.65 YEARS, P = .018). CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS HAVE ACCELERATED EPIGENETIC AGING, THAT IMMUNE MARKERS DEFINE BIOLOGICAL AGE, AND HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION ON AGE ACCELERATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6  1393  47 DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS. WNT1-INDUCIBLE SIGNALING PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1) REGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION AND SURVIVAL. ABNORMAL WISP1 EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARCINOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MAJOR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC. HOWEVER, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER IS STILL UNCLEAR. WE THEREFORE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE WISP1 PROMOTER AND EVALUATE ITS CLINICAL VALUE IN HCC. THE STUDY ENROLLED 251 PARTICIPANTS, INCLUDING 123 PARTICIPANTS WITH HCC, 90 PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 38 HEALTHY CONTROLS (HCS). WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS, MRNA LEVELS AND PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 WERE DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (RT-QPCR) AND ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA), RESPECTIVELY. WE FOUND THAT THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS, WHILE THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WISP1 MRNA WERE MARKEDLY HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH HCC THAN IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. FURTHERMORE, THE PLASMA SOLUBLE WISP1 IN PATIENTS WITH HCC WAS OBVIOUSLY LOWER THAN IN THAT IN PATIENTS WITH CHB AND HCS. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) IS A WIDELY RECOGNIZED BIOMARKER TO DIAGNOSE HCC WHICH LACKS ENOUGH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. WISP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS COMBINED WITH AFP SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY IN DISCRIMINATING HCC FROM CHB COMPARED WITH AFP OR WISP1 METHYLATION STATUS ALONE. IN CONCLUSION, HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE WISP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY SERVE AS A NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER FOR DETECTING HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7  5486  54 REVERSE INFLAMMAGING: LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF HCV CURE ON BIOLOGICAL AGE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION CAN BE CURED WITH DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS (DAAS). HOWEVER, NOT ALL SEQUELAE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C APPEAR TO BE COMPLETELY REVERSIBLE AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE (SVR). RECENTLY, CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL AGE ACCELERATION DEFINED BY THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER CHRONIC HCV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND BIOLOGICAL AGE ACCELERATION AND WHETHER THIS IS REVERSIBLE AFTER SVR. METHODS: WE INCLUDED 54 WELL-CHARACTERIZED INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C WHO ACHIEVED SVR AFTER DAA THERAPY AT THREE TIME POINTS: DAA TREATMENT INITIATION, END OF TREATMENT, AND LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP (MEDIAN 96 WEEKS AFTER END OF TREATMENT). GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS WAS DETERMINED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) AND USED TO CALCULATE EPIGENETIC AGE ACCELERATION (EAA) USING HORVATH'S CLOCK. RESULTS: INDIVIDUALS WITH HCV HAD AN OVERALL SIGNIFICANT EAA OF 3.12 YEARS AT BASELINE COMPARED WITH -2.61 YEARS IN THE AGE- AND SEX-MATCHED REFERENCE GROUP (P <0.00003). HCV ELIMINATION RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT LONG-TERM INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION DOMINATED BY HYPERMETHYLATED CPGS IN ALL PATIENT GROUPS. ACCORDINGLY, EAA DECREASED TO 1.37 YEARS AT LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP. THE DECREASE IN EAA WAS SIGNIFICANT ONLY BETWEEN THE END OF TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP (P = 0.01). INTERESTINGLY, EIGHT INDIVIDUALS WHO DEVELOPED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AFTER SVR HAD THE HIGHEST EAA AND SHOWED NO EVIDENCE OF REVERSAL AFTER SVR. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA CONTRIBUTE TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF HCV ELIMINATION AFTER DAA THERAPY AND DEMONSTRATE THAT HCV ELIMINATION CAN LEAD TO "REVERSE INFLAMMAGING". IN ADDITION, OUR DATA SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL USE OF BIOLOGICAL AGE AS A BIOMARKER FOR HCV SEQUELAE AFTER SVR. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IS NOW CURABLE WITH DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS, BUT IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER HEPATITIS C SEQUELAE ARE FULLY REVERSIBLE AFTER VIRAL ELIMINATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OR ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE ARE REVERSIBLE IN PRINCIPLE, BUT THIS REQUIRES TIME, WHILE A LACK OF REVERSIBILITY APPEARS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. WHILE MOST CLINICAL RISK SCORES NOW TAKE CHRONOLOGICAL AGE INTO ACCOUNT, IT MAY BE WORTHWHILE TO EXPLORE HOW BIOLOGICAL AGE MIGHT IMPROVE THESE SCORES IN THE FUTURE. BIOLOGICAL AGE MAY BE A CORNERSTONE FOR THE INDIVIDUALIZED CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS IN THE FUTURE, AS IT BETTER REFLECTS PATIENTS' LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES OVER DECADES.	2023	

8   223  45 ACUTE PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS-MEDIATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION OF PERFORIN IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. PERFORIN (PRF1) IS ESSENTIAL FOR IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE AND STUDIES REPORT DECREASED PERFORIN IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS), AN ILLNESS POTENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS AND/OR INFECTION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT STRESS CAN INFLUENCE REGULATION OF PRF1 EXPRESSION, AND THAT THIS REGULATION WILL DIFFER BETWEEN CFS AND NON-FATIGUED (NF) CONTROLS. WE USED THE TRIER SOCIAL STRESS TEST (TSST) AS A STANDARDIZED ACUTE PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS, AND EVALUATED ITS EFFECT ON PRF1 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION IN CFS (N = 34) COMPARED WITH NF (N = 47) PARTICIPANTS. DURING THE TSST, NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN BOTH CFS (P = <0.0001) AND NF SUBJECTS (P = <0.0001). UNLIKE PREVIOUS REPORTS, THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN PRF1 EXPRESSION AT BASELINE OR DURING TSST BETWEEN CFS AND NF. HOWEVER, WHOLE BLOOD PRF1 EXPRESSION INCREASED 1.6 FOLD DURING THE TSST IN BOTH CFS (P = 0.0003) AND NF (P = <0.0001). FURTHER, THE PEAK RESPONSE IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE TSST WAS LOWER IN CFS COMPARED WITH NF (P = 0.04). IN ADDITION, AT 1.5 HOURS POST TSST, PRF1 EXPRESSION WAS ELEVATED IN CFS COMPARED WITH NF (WHOLE BLOOD, P = 0.06; PBMC, P = 0.02). METHYLATION OF SEVEN CPG SITES IN THE METHYLATION SENSITIVE REGION OF THE PRF1 PROMOTER RANGED FROM 38%-79% WITH NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CFS AND NF. ALTHOUGH, THE AVERAGE BASELINE METHYLATION OF ALL SEVEN CPG SITES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN CFS AND NF GROUPS, IT SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION WITH PRF1 EXPRESSION AT ALL TSST TIME POINTS IN BOTH CFS (R = -0.56, P = <0.0001) AND NF (R = -0.38, P = <0.0001). AMONG PARTICIPANTS WITH HIGH AVERAGE METHYLATION (>/=65%), PRF1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN CFS THAN NF SUBJECTS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING TSST. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST METHYLATION COULD BE AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC DETERMINANT OF INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PRF1 EXPRESSION AND THAT THE DIFFERENCES IN PRF1 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION BETWEEN CFS AND NF IN THE ACUTE STRESS RESPONSE REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  5960  33 TELOMERE LENGTH IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND PAIRED ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. TELOMERE SHORTENING LIMITS THE PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY OF HUMAN CELLS, RESTRAINS THE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF ORGAN SYSTEMS DURING CHRONIC DISEASES AND AGING AND ALSO INDUCES CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AS WELL AS INITIATION OF CANCER. PREVIOUS STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT TELOMERES ARE OFTEN SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER IN TUMOR TISSUE, INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING TISSUE, BUT TELOMERE LENGTH IN HCC TISSUES WAS NOT CORRELATED WITH SEVERAL CLINICAL PARAMETERS, SUCH AS AGE, SEX, HBV OR HCV INFECTIONS AND TUMOR SIZE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE TELOMERE LENGTH RATIO OF 36 PAIRED HCC, AND THEIR ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES WAS MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR (Q-PCR). THE MEAN TELOMERE LENGTHS (SD) FOR HCC AND ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES WERE 0.26 (0.10) AND 0.47 (0.20) RESPECTIVELY (T = 6.22, P < 0.0001). THERE WAS A LARGE DIFFERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS BASED ON TELOMERE LENGTH IN TUMOR AND ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES. THE NUMBER OF TUMORS WITH TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTER THAN 0.50 WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN THAT OF ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES; MORE THAN 90% OF THE TISSUES WITH TELOMERE LENGTH > OR = 0.50 WERE ADJACENT NON-TUMOR TISSUES. THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH AND AFLATOXIN B1- AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-DNA ADDUCTS LEVEL, P53 MUTATIONS AND P16 HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS WERE ALSO TESTED, BUT NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS WERE FOUND. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH SHORTENING, CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN EXPOSURE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS NEEDS FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10   355  32 ALTERED MITOCHONDRIAL DNA METHYLATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER IN AN APP/PS1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE AND MITOCHONDRIAL IMPAIRMENT IS A KEY FEATURE OF AD. THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS A RELATIVELY NEW FIELD COMPARED TO NUCLEAR DNA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MTDNA EPIGENETIC MECHANISM AND AD HASN'T BEEN ESTABLISHED. SO WE ANALYZED THE MTDNA METHYLATION IN D-LOOP REGION AND 12 S RRNA GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPI IN AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN/PRESENILIN 1 (APP/PS1) TRANSGENIC MICE BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER AND GENE EXPRESSION WERE STUDIED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QRT-PCR). WE OBSERVED A DECREASE IN THE DISPLACEMENT LOOP (D-LOOP) METHYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN 12 S RRNA GENE METHYLATION, WHILE BOTH THE MTDNA COPY NUMBER AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENE EXPRESSION WERE REDUCED IN APP/PS1 TRANSGENIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, THE PRESENT FINDING SUGGEST THAT MTDNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY A ROLE IN AD PATHOLOGY, WHICH WARRANTS LARGER FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11  2682  39 EVALUATION OF SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CANCER. DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MUST BE UNDERSTOOD AS A MULTISTEP PROCESS WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. IN THE LAST DECADES, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM IN TUMOURIGENESIS. WE INVESTIGATED THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE SERA OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT TYPE 1 (LINE-1) REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN GENOMIC DNA DERIVED FROM SERA OF 50 PATIENTS WITH HCC, 20 PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS, 20 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND 10 HEALTHY SUBJECTS. RESULTS: SERUM GENOME HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH HCC (P<0.001). THE LEVELS OF SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION AT INITIAL PRESENTATION CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH TUMOUR SIZE, TUMOUR NUMBER AND ALPHA-FOETOPROTEIN LEVEL. MOREOVER HIGH SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION CORRELATES SIGNIFICANTLY WITH POOR SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR PATIENTS WITH HCC.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12  1189  41 CORRELATION BETWEEN GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVEL OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES AND SERUM C REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVEL MODIFIED BY MTHFR POLYMORPHISM: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER TUMOR INCIDENCE THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS. HERE, WE FOCUSED ON AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AN INFLAMMATION MARKER, C-REACTIVE-PROTEIN (CRP), AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES. METHODS: THE SUBJECTS WERE 384 HEALTHY JAPANESE WOMEN ENROLLED AS THE CONTROL GROUP OF A CASE-CONTROL STUDY FOR BREAST CANCER CONDUCTED FROM 2001 TO 2005. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS QUANTIFIED BY LUMINOMETRIC METHYLATION ASSAY (LUMA). RESULTS: WITH ADJUSTMENT FOR LIFESTYLE-RELATED FACTORS, INCLUDING FOLATE INTAKE, THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY BUT WEAKLY INCREASED BY 0.43% PER QUARTILE CATEGORY FOR CRP (P FOR TREND = 0.010). ESTIMATED METHYLATION LEVELS STRATIFIED BY CRP QUARTILE WERE 70.0%, 70.8%, 71.4%, AND 71.3%, RESPECTIVELY. IN ADDITION, INTERACTION BETWEEN POLYMORPHISM OF MTHFR (RS1801133, KNOWN AS C677T) AND CRP WAS SIGNIFICANT (P FOR INTERACTION = 0.046); THE GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVEL WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BY 0.61% PER QUARTILE CATEGORY FOR CRP IN THE CT/TT GROUP (THOSE WITH THE MINOR ALLELE T, P FOR TREND = 0.001), WHEREAS NO ASSOCIATION WAS OBSERVED IN THE CC GROUP (WILD TYPE). CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT CRP CONCENTRATION IS WEAKLY ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL. HOWEVER, THIS ASSOCIATION WAS OBSERVED MORE CLEARLY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH THE MINOR ALLELE OF THE MTHFR MISSENSE SNP RS1801133. BY ELUCIDATING THE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION BY BOTH ACQUIRED AND GENETIC FACTORS, OUR RESULTS MAY BE IMPORTANT FOR CANCER PREVENTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  4815  40 OCCULT HEPATITIS B INFECTION AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: EPIDEMIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. OCCULT HEPATITIS B INFECTION (OBI) REFERS TO A CONDITION WHERE REPLICATION-COMPETENT HBV DNA IS PRESENT IN THE LIVER, WITH OR WITHOUT HBV DNA IN THE BLOOD, IN INDIVIDUALS WITH SERUM HBSAG NEGATIVITY ASSESSED BY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ASSAYS. THE EPISOMAL COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IN OBI IS IN A LOW REPLICATIVE STATE. VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION, INCLUDING THE HBV CPG ISLAND METHYLATION PATHWAY AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONE, WITH A DIFFERENT PATTERN FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. THE PREVALENCE OF OBI VARIES TREMENDOUSLY ACROSS PATIENT POPULATIONS OWING TO NUMEROUS FACTORS, SUCH AS GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, ASSAY CHARACTERISTICS, HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE, COINFECTION WITH OTHER VIRUSES, AND VACCINATION STATUS. APART FROM THE RISK OF VIRAL REACTIVATION UPON IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION OF HBV, OBI HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) DEVELOPMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION, THOSE WITH CRYPTOGENIC OR KNOWN LIVER DISEASE, AND IN PATIENTS WITH HBSAG SEROCLEARANCE AFTER CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. AN INCREASING NUMBER OF PROSPECTIVE STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES HAVE REPORTED A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HCC IN PATIENTS WITH HCV AND OBI, AS WELL AS MORE ADVANCED TUMOUR HISTOLOGICAL GRADES AND EARLIER AGE OF HCC DIAGNOSIS, COMPARED WITH PATIENTS WITHOUT OBI. THE PROPOSED PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF OBI-RELATED HCC INCLUDE THE INFLUENCE OF HBV DNA INTEGRATION ON THE HEPATOCYTE CELL CYCLE, THE PRODUCTION OF PRO-ONCOGENIC PROTEINS (HBX PROTEIN AND MUTATED SURFACE PROTEINS), AND PERSISTENT LOW-GRADE NECROINFLAMMATION (CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS). THERE REMAIN UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT EXACTLY HOW, AND IN WHAT ORDER, THESE MECHANISMS DRIVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TUMOURS IN PATIENTS WITH OBI.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14   442  30 ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS A CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE CARCINOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). IT PROMOTES HCC DEVELOPMENT BY INDUCING LIVER FIBROGENESIS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF ACTIVE VIRAL-CODED PROTEINS. EFFECTIVE ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS INHIBIT THE REPLICATION OF HBV, REDUCE SERUM VIRAL LOAD AND ACCELERATE HEPATITIS B E ANTIGEN SERUM CONVERSION. TIMELY INITIATION OF ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT IS NOT ONLY ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTING THE INCIDENCE OF HCC IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS, BUT ALSO IMPORTANT FOR REDUCING HBV REACTIVATION, IMPROVING LIVER FUNCTION, REDUCING OR DELAYING HCC RECURRENCE, AND PROLONGING OVERALL SURVIVAL OF HBV-RELATED HCC PATIENTS AFTER CURATIVE AND PALLIATIVE THERAPIES. THE SELECTION OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS, MONITORING OF INDICATORS SUCH AS HBV DNA AND HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN, AND TIMELY RESCUE TREATMENT WHEN NECESSARY, ARE ESSENTIAL IN ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES FOR HBV-RELATED HCC.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15    42  40 A COMPREHENSIVE GENOME-WIDE PROFILING COMPARISON BETWEEN HBV AND HCV INFECTED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLDWIDE, ESPECIALLY IN EAST ASIA. EVEN WITH THE PROGRESS IN THERAPY, 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES REMAIN UNSATISFIED. CHRONIC INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) HAS BEEN EPIDEMIOLOGICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HCC AND IS THE MAJOR ETIOLOGY IN THE EAST ASIAN POPULATION. THE DETAILED MECHANISM, ESPECIALLY THE CHANGES OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN THE TWO TYPES OF VIRUS-RELATED HCC, AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HCC DEVELOPMENT, METASTASIS, AND RECURRENCE REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. METHODS: IN THIS INTEGRATED ANALYSIS, WE CHARACTERIZED GENOME-SCALE PROFILES OF HBV AND HCV INFECTED HCC BY COMPARING THEIR GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN, METHYLATION PROFILES, AND COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS FROM THE PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DATA OF THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS PROGRAM (TCGA). RESULTS: THE HLA-A, STAT1, AND OAS2 GENES WERE HIGHLY ENRICHED AND UP-REGULATED DISCOVERED IN THE HCV-INFECTED HCC. HYPOMETHYLATION BUT NOT COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS MIGHT BE THE MAJOR FACTOR FOR THE UP-REGULATION OF THESE IMMUNE-RELATED GENES IN HCV-INFECTED HCC. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS INDICATED THE DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF HBV/HCV RELATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE TOP UP-REGULATED GENES IN HCV GROUP WERE SIGNIFICANTLY CLUSTERED IN THE IMMUNE-RELATED AND DEFENSE RESPONSE PATHWAYS. THESE FINDINGS WILL HELP US TO UNDERSTAND THE PATHOGENESIS OF HBV/HCV ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  3190  43 HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER RISK PERSIST AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). DESPITE EFFECTIVE ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES, THE RISK FOR HCC IS DECREASED BUT NOT ELIMINATED AFTER A SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE (SVR) TO DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL (DAA) AGENTS, AND THE RISK IS HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS. WE INVESTIGATED HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT RISK FOR HCC AFTER DAA TREATMENT IN PATIENTS AND MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE CHIPMENTATION-BASED CHIP-SEQ AND RNA-SEQ ANALYSES OF LIVER TISSUES FROM 6 PATIENTS WITHOUT HCV INFECTION (CONTROLS), 18 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION, 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION CURED BY DAA TREATMENT, 13 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION CURED BY INTERFERON THERAPY, 4 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION, AND 7 PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS IN EUROPE AND JAPAN. HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WERE MAPPED BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSES WITH MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER LIVER DISEASE ETIOLOGIES. UPA/SCID MICE WERE ENGRAFTED WITH HUMAN HEPATOCYTES TO CREATE MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS AND GIVEN INJECTIONS OF HCV-INFECTED SERUM SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS; MICE WERE GIVEN DAAS TO ERADICATE THE VIRUS. PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH HCC RISK WERE IDENTIFIED BY INTEGRATIVE PATHWAY ANALYSES AND VALIDATED IN ANALYSES OF PAIRED HCC TISSUES FROM 8 PATIENTS WITH AN SVR TO DAA TREATMENT OF HCV INFECTION. RESULTS: WE FOUND CHRONIC HCV INFECTION TO INDUCE SPECIFIC GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN H3K27AC, WHICH CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF MRNAS AND PROTEINS. THESE CHANGES PERSISTED AFTER AN SVR TO DAAS OR INTERFERON-BASED THERAPIES. INTEGRATIVE PATHWAY ANALYSES OF LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS AND MICE WITH HUMANIZED LIVERS DEMONSTRATED THAT HCV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER RISK. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSES ASSOCIATED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF SPHK1 WITH HCC RISK. WE VALIDATED THESE FINDINGS IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH HCV-RELATED CIRRHOSIS (N = 216), A SUBSET OF WHICH (N = 21) ACHIEVED VIRAL CLEARANCE. CONCLUSIONS: IN AN ANALYSIS OF LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT AN SVR TO DAA THERAPY, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC AND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH RISK FOR HCC. THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT BE TARGETED TO PREVENT LIVER CANCER IN PATIENTS TREATED FOR HCV INFECTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  5338  42 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF RASSF1A METHYLATION IN THE NON-LESIONAL, REGENERATIVE AND NEOPLASTIC LIVER. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING AGEING AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CANCER ARE UNDER THE FOCUS OF INTENSE RESEARCH. RASSF1A AND NORE1A ARE NOVEL GENES ACTING IN CONCERT IN THE PROAPOPTOTIC PATHWAY OF THE RAS SIGNALLING. WHILE NORE1A HAS NOT BEEN PREVIOUSLY INVESTIGATED IN THE HUMAN LIVER, RECENT REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED THAT RASSF1A IS FREQUENTLY EPIGENETICALLY METHYLATED NOT ONLY IN HCC BUT ALSO IN THE CIRRHOTIC LIVER. METHODS: TO ADDRESS WHETHER EPIGENETIC CHANGES TAKE PLACE IN CONNECTION TO AGE AND/OR TO THE UNDERLYING DISEASE, WE INVESTIGATED RASSF1A AND NORE1A GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION BY CONVENTIONAL METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND REAL-TIME MSP IN A SERIES OF HEPATITIC AND NON-HEPATITIC LIVERS HARBORING REGENERATIVE/HYPERPLASTIC (CIRRHOSIS/FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA), DYSPLASTIC (LARGE REGENERATIVE, LOW AND HIGH GRADE DYSPLASTIC NODULES) AND NEOPLASTIC (HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND CARCINOMA) GROWTHS. RESULTS: IN THE HEPATITIC LIVER (CHRONIC HEPATITIC/CIRRHOSIS, HEPATOCELLULAR NODULES AND HCC) WE FOUND WIDESPREAD RASSF1A GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH A METHYLATION INDEX THAT INCREASED FROM REGENERATIVE CONDITIONS (CIRRHOSIS) TO HEPATOCELLULAR NODULES (P < 0.01) TO HCC (P < 0.001). IN THE NON-HEPATITIC LIVER A CONSISTENT PATTERN OF GENE METHYLATION WAS ALSO FOUND IN BOTH LESIONAL (FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA AND HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA) AND NON-LESIONAL TISSUE. SPECIFICALLY, HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMAS (HA) SHOWED A METHYLATION INDEX SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT DETECTED IN FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA (FNH) (P < 0.01) AND IN NON-LESIONAL TISSUE (P < 0.001). IN NON-LESIONAL LIVER ALSO THE METHYLATION INDEX GRADUALLY INCREASED BY AGEING (P = 0.002), SUGGESTING A PROGRESSIVE SPREADING OF METHYLATED CELLS OVER TIME. AS OPPOSED TO RASSF1A GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION, NORE1A GENE WAS NEVER FOUND EPIGENETICALLY ALTERATED IN BOTH HEPATITIC AND NON-HEPATITIC LIVER. CONCLUSION: WE HAVE SHOWN THAT IN NON-LESIONAL, REGENERATIVE AND NEOPLASTIC LIVER THE RASSF1A GENE IS INCREASINGLY METHYLATED, THAT THIS CONDITION TAKES PLACE AS AN AGE-RELATED PHENOMENON AND THAT THE EARLY SETTING AND SPREADING OVER TIME OF AN EPIGENETICALLY METHYLATED HEPATOCYTE SUBPOPULATION, MIGHT BE RELATED TO LIVER TUMORIGENESIS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  3646  42 INCREASED PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL AND POOR PROGNOSIS OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 IS A MAJOR ENZYME INVOLVED IN ESTABLISHING GENOMIC METHYLATION PATTERNS. MOST OF THE STUDIES CONCERNING DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN CANCERS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ONLY AT THE MRNA LEVEL. TO DIRECTLY EXAMINE DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS DURING HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, 16 HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER TISSUES, 51 NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED TO BE PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS, AND 53 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) WERE SUBJECTED TO IMMUNOHISTOCHEMIC EXAMINATION. IF MORE THAN 20% OF THE CELLS EXHIBITED NUCLEAR DNMT1 STAINING, THE TISSUE SAMPLE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE DNMT1-POSITIVE. DNMT1 IMMUNOREACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED IN 23 (43%) OF THE HCCS, BUT IN NONE (0%) OF THE HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL LIVER OR NONCANCEROUS LIVER TISSUES EXHIBITING CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS. THE INCIDENCE OF INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HCCS CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH POOR TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION (P = 0.0006) AND PORTAL VEIN INVOLVEMENT (P = 0.0002). MOREOVER, THE RECURRENCE-FREE (P = 0.0001) AND OVERALL (P < 0.0001) SURVIVAL RATES OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS EXHIBITING INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH HCCS THAT DID NOT EXHIBIT INCREASED EXPRESSION. INCREASED DNMT1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE MALIGNANT PROGRESSION OF HCCS AND BE A BIOLOGIC PREDICTOR OF BOTH HCC RECURRENCE AND A POOR PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19  1797  35 EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION ON GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. BACKGROUND: THE QUESTION OF WHETHER ERADICATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (HP) CAN REVERSE GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS, INCLUDING INTESTINAL METAPLASIA, REMAINS UNCERTAIN, LEADING TO ONGOING DEBATE. THEREFORE, A META-ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF HP ERADICATION ON GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE LIBRARY, WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS DATABASE, AND CLINICALTRIALS.GOV WERE SYSTEMATICALLY SEARCHED FROM INCEPTION TO APRIL 2023 FOR STUDIES THAT EXPLORED THE IMPACT OF HP ERADICATION ON GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS. RISK RATIOS (RRS) AND THEIR 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS (95% CIS) WERE SELECTED AS THE EFFECT SIZE. WE USED THE RANDOM-EFFECTS MODEL TO ASSESS POOLED DATA. WE ALSO PERFORMED QUALITY ASSESSMENTS, SUBGROUP ANALYSES, AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSES. RESULTS: FIFTEEN STUDIES WERE INCLUDED. COMPARED WITH PLACEBO, HP ERADICATION COULD SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENT THE PROGRESSION OF GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81-0.94, P < 0.01) AND REVERSE THEM (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.17-1.50, P < 0.01). THEN, SPECIFIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS WERE FURTHER EXPLORED. THE PROGRESSION OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENTED BY HP ERADICATION COMPARED TO PLACEBO OR NO TREATMENT (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69-0.94, P < 0.01). MOREOVER, COMPARED WITH PLACEBO OR NO TREATMENT, HP ERADICATION ALSO IMPROVED CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS (RR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.30-2.61, P < 0.01) AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA (RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.15-1.73, P < 0.01). HOWEVER, IN TERMS OF PREVENTING DYSPLASIA PROGRESSION (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.37-2.00) AND IMPROVING DYSPLASIA (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.47-1.70), HP ERADICATION HAD NO ADVANTAGE COMPARED TO PLACEBO OR NO TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: HP ERADICATION THERAPY COULD PREVENT THE PROGRESSION OF GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS AND REVERSE THEM. NOTABLY, INTESTINAL METAPLASIA CAN BE REVERSED, BUT THIS MAY ONLY BE APPROPRIATE FOR PATIENTS WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND MILDER LESIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  5955  49 TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT CORRECTS HBV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN LIVER CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF HOST CELLULAR GENES TO SUPPORT ITS REPLICATION AND SURVIVAL AND TO PROMOTE THE LIVER CELL INJURY. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM REMAINED INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED HBV-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HEPG2 CELLS BY PROFILING THE LANDSCAPES OF THE ACTIVE HISTONE MODIFICATION MARK H3K4ME3 AND REPRESSIVE MARK H3K27ME3 USING CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-SEQUENCING. HBV CAUSED THE ALTERED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THOUSANDS OF GENOMIC LOCI, WHICH ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN HBV ENTRY, INFLAMMATION, FIBROSIS AND CARCINOGENESIS OF HOST CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, TREATMENT OF THE HBV-TRANSFORMED HEPG2 CELLS WITH THE ANTI-HBV DRUG TELBIVUDINE SUBSTANTIALLY RESTORED THE H3K4ME3 LEVEL TO THAT OF UNTRANSFORMED HEPG2 CELLS. MORE IMPORTANTLY, OUR ANALYSIS OF LIVER SAMPLES FROM CONTROL AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS REVEALED THAT TREATMENT OF THE PATIENTS WITH TELBIVUDINE NOT ONLY CORRECTED THE TARGET GENE EXPRESSION BUT ALSO THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF CRITICAL GENES. IN ADDITION, THE EXPRESSION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES SMYD3 AND EZH2 THAT REGULATE HISTONE H3-SPECIFIC METHYLATION SHOWED NO DIFFERENCE IN HEPG2 CELL WITH OR WITHOUT HBV EXISTENCE. THUS, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ABNORMAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN HBV-MEDIATED LIVER PATHOGENESIS AND TELBIVUDINE THERAPY MIGHT BENEFIT PATIENTS WITH HBV-RELATED CHRONIC INFECTION, LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND EVEN HEPATIC CARCINOMA. SUMMARY: TELBIVUDINE SUBSTANTIALLY RESTORES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO HBV-CAUSED ABNORMAL EXPRESSIONS AND HISTONE H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 MODIFICATIONS AT THOUSANDS OF GENOMIC LOCI THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER CELLS, REVEALING A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR HBV-MEDIATED LIVER DAMAGE.	2014