1  3624 167 IN VIVO FUNCTION OF FLOW-RESPONSIVE CIS-DNA ELEMENTS OF ENOS GENE: A ROLE FOR CHROMATIN-BASED MECHANISMS. BACKGROUND: ENOS (ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE) IS AN ENDOTHELIAL CELL (EC)-SPECIFIC GENE PREDOMINANTLY EXPRESSED IN MEDIUM- TO LARGE-SIZED ARTERIES WHERE ECS EXPERIENCE ATHEROPROTECTIVE LAMINAR FLOW WITH HIGH SHEAR STRESS. DISTURBED FLOW WITH LOWER AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS DECREASES ENOS TRANSCRIPTION, WHICH LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, ESPECIALLY AT BIFURCATIONS AND CURVATURES OF ARTERIES. THIS PROTOTYPIC ARTERIAL EC GENE CONTAINS 2 DISTINCT FLOW-RESPONSIVE CIS-DNA ELEMENTS IN THE PROMOTER, THE SHEAR STRESS RESPONSE ELEMENT (SSRE) AND THE KLF (KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR) ELEMENT. PREVIOUS IN VITRO STUDIES SUGGESTED THEIR POSITIVE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS ON FLOW-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF EC GENES INCLUDING ENOS. HOWEVER, THE IN VIVO FUNCTION OF THESE CIS-DNA ELEMENTS REMAINS UNKNOWN. METHODS: INSERTIONAL TRANSGENIC MICE WITH A MUTATION AT EACH FLOW-RESPONSIVE CIS-DNA ELEMENT WERE GENERATED USING A MURINE ENOS PROMOTER-BETA-GALACTOSIDASE REPORTER BY LINKER-SCANNING MUTAGENESIS AND COMPARED WITH EPISOMAL-BASED MUTATIONS IN VITRO. DNA METHYLATION AT THE ENOS PROXIMAL PROMOTER IN MOUSE ECS WAS ASSESSED BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING OR PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: WILD TYPE MICE WITH A FUNCTIONAL ENOS PROMOTER-REPORTER TRANSGENE EXHIBITED REDUCED ENDOTHELIAL REPORTER EXPRESSION IN THE ATHEROPRONE REGIONS OF DISTURBED FLOW (N=5). IT IS SURPRISING THAT THE SSRE MUTATION ABROGATED REPORTER EXPRESSION IN ECS AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ABERRANT HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE ENOS PROXIMAL PROMOTER (N=7). REPORTER GENE SILENCING WAS INDEPENDENT OF TRANSGENE COPY NUMBER AND INTEGRATION POSITION, INDICATING THAT THE SSRE IS A CRITICAL CIS-ELEMENT NECESSARY FOR ENOS TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. THE KLF MUTATION DEMONSTRATED AN INTEGRATION SITE-SPECIFIC DECREASE IN ENOS TRANSCRIPTION, AGAIN WITH MARKED PROMOTER METHYLATION (N=8), SUGGESTING THAT THE SSRE ALONE IS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR ENOS TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. IN WILD TYPE MICE, THE NATIVE ENOS PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN ECS FROM THE ATHEROPRONE REGIONS WHERE ENOS EXPRESSION WAS MARKEDLY REPRESSED BY CHRONIC DISTURBED FLOW, DEMONSTRATING THAT ENOS EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY FLOW-DEPENDENT DNA METHYLATION THAT IS REGION-SPECIFIC IN THE ARTERIAL ENDOTHELIUM IN VIVO. CONCLUSIONS: WE REPORT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, THAT THE SSRE AND KLF ELEMENTS ARE CRITICAL FLOW SENSORS NECESSARY FOR A TRANSCRIPTIONALLY PERMISSIVE, HYPOMETHYLATED ENOS PROMOTER IN ECS UNDER CHRONIC SHEAR STRESS IN VIVO. MOREOVER, ENOS EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY FLOW-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH OFFERS NOVEL MECHANISTIC INSIGHT ON ENOS GENE REGULATION IN ATHEROGENESIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                           
2  2825  50 FLOW-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IGFBP5 EXPRESSION BY H3K27ME3 CONTRIBUTES TO ENDOTHELIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. RATIONALE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC DISEASE THAT IS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF BLOOD FLOW. HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM WHEREBY ATHEROPROTECTIVE FLOW CONTROLS ENDOTHELIAL GENE PROGRAMMING REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBILITY THAT FLOW ALTERS ENDOTHELIAL GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: EN FACE STAINING AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO DETECT PROTEIN EXPRESSION. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO DETERMINE RELATIVE GENE EXPRESSION. RNA-SEQUENCING OF HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TREATED WITH SIRNA OF ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) OR LAMINAR FLOW WAS USED FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), A REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARK THAT ORCHESTRATES GENE REPRESSION, WAS REDUCED IN LAMINAR FLOW AREAS OF MOUSE AORTA AND FLOW-TREATED HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. THE DECREASE OF H3K27ME3 PARALLELED A REDUCTION IN THE EPIGENETIC "WRITER"-EZH2, THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2). MOREOVER, LAMINAR FLOW DECREASED EXPRESSION OF EZH2 VIA MECHANOSENSITIVE MIR101. GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING STUDIES IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TREATED WITH EZH2 SIRNA AND FLOW REVEALED THE UPREGULATION OF NOVEL MECHANOSENSITIVE GENE IGFBP5 (INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN 5), WHICH IS EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED BY H3K27ME3. FUNCTIONALLY, INHIBITION OF H3K27ME3 BY EZH2 SIRNA OR GSK126 (A SPECIFIC EZH2 INHIBITOR) REDUCED H3K27ME3 LEVELS AND MONOCYTE ADHESION TO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. ADENOVIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF IGFBP5 ALSO RECAPITULATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF H3K27ME3 INHIBITION. MORE IMPORTANTLY, WE OBSERVED EZH2 UPREGULATION, AND IGFBP5 DOWNREGULATION, IN ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES FROM HUMAN PATIENTS. CONCLUSION: TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT ATHEROPROTECTIVE FLOW REDUCES H3K27ME3 AS A CHROMATIN-BASED MECHANISM TO AUGMENT THE EXPRESSION OF GENES THAT CONFER AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE ENDOTHELIUM. OUR STUDY EXEMPLIFIES FLOW-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ENDOTHELIAL GENE EXPRESSION, AND ALSO SUGGESTS THAT TARGETING THE EZH2/H3K27ME3/IGFBP5 PATHWAY MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTICS FOR INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  5049  26 PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF RORC2 ENHANCES HUMAN TH17-TREG STABILITY AND FUNCTION. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC CONDITIONS THAT RESULT FROM UNCONTROLLED INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. PATHOGENIC TH17 CELLS, CHARACTERIZED BY PRODUCTION OF IL-17A IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-10, ARE THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS INFLAMMATION, BUT IN HUMANS, ANTIBODY-MEDIATED BLOCKADE OF IL-17A IS AN INEFFECTIVE IBD THERAPY WHEREAS IL-23 BLOCKADE IS EFFECTIVE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF RORC2, THE TH17 CELL LINEAGE-DEFINING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, ON IN VIVO-DIFFERENTIATED HUMAN TH17 CELLS AND TH17-LIKE TREGS (TH17-TREGS). BMS-336, A SMALL MOLECULE RORC2 INVERSE AGONIST, INHIBITED EXPRESSION OF RORC2-REGULATED GENES IN PERIPHERAL TH17 CELLS (CD4(+) CD25(-) CD127(+) CXCR3(-) CCR4(+) CCR6(+) ) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER, WITH SIMILAR INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON LAMINAR PROPRIA MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM IBD AND NON-IBD SUBJECTS. EXPOSURE OF PERIPHERAL TH17-TREGS (CD4(+) CD25(HI) CD127(LO) CXCR3(-) CCR4(+) CCR6(+) ) TO BMS-336 ALSO INHIBITED IL-17A PRODUCTION AND PREVENTED INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE-INDUCED DESTABILIZATION, AS EVIDENCED BY PRESERVED FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC STATUS OF THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATION REGION. IN PARALLEL, RORC2 INHIBITION INCREASED THE PRODUCTION OF IL-10 IN TH17-TREGS, RESULTING IN ENHANCED SUPPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES FROM MYELOID CELLS. THUS, VIA ITS ABILITY TO SIMULTANEOUSLY INHIBIT TH17 CELLS AND ENHANCE THE STABILITY AND FUNCTION OF TH17-TREGS, PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF RORC2 IS A PROMISING APPROACH TO SUPPRESS INFLAMMATION AND PROMOTE IMMUNE REGULATION IN IBD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  5266  40 PROMOTED INTERACTION OF C/EBPALPHA WITH DEMETHYLATED CXCR3 GENE PROMOTER CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MICE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC GENES REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER NEUROPATHIC PAIN CONDITION REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. HERE WE INVESTIGATED HOW CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR3 IS REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION AND HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL) IN MICE. SNL INCREASED CXCR3 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE NEURONS OF THE SPINAL CORD. MEANWHILE, THE CPG (5'-CYTOSINE-PHOSPHATE-GUANINE-3') ISLAND IN THE CXCR3 GENE PROMOTER REGION WAS DEMETHYLATED, AND THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B (DNMT3B) WAS DECREASED. SNL ALSO INCREASED THE BINDING OF CCAAT (CYTIDINE-CYTIDINE-ADENOSINE-ADENOSINE-THYMIDINE)/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA (C/EBPALPHA) WITH CXCR3 PROMOTER AND DECREASED THE BINDING OF DNMT3B WITH CXCR3 PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD. C/EBPALPHA EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED IN SPINAL NEURONS AFTER SNL, AND INHIBITION OF C/EBPALPHA BY INTRATHECAL SMALL INTERFERING RNA ATTENUATED SNL-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REDUCED CXCR3 EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, SNL-INDUCED MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AND HEAT HYPERALGESIA WERE MARKEDLY REDUCED IN CXCR3(-/-) MICE. SPINAL INHIBITION OF CXCR3 BY SHRNA OR CXCR3 ANTAGONIST ALSO ATTENUATED ESTABLISHED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. MOREOVER, CXCL10, THE LIGAND OF CXCR3, WAS INCREASED IN SPINAL NEURONS AND ASTROCYTES AFTER SNL. SUPERFUSING SPINAL CORD SLICES WITH CXCL10 ENHANCED SPONTANEOUS EPSCS AND POTENTIATED NMDA-INDUCED AND AMPA-INDUCED CURRENTS OF LAMINA II NEURONS. FINALLY, INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF CXCL10 INDUCED CXCR3-DEPENDENT PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NAIVE MICE. COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT CXCR3, INCREASED BY DNA DEMETHYLATION AND THE ENHANCED INTERACTION WITH C/EBPALPHA, CAN BE ACTIVATED BY CXCL10 TO FACILITATE EXCITATORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE MAINTENANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY INDUCES CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. CXCR3 IS A CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR. WHETHER IT IS INVOLVED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND HOW IT IS REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT SPINAL NERVE LIGATION DOWNREGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT3B, WHICH MAY CAUSE DEMETHYLATION OF CXCR3 GENE PROMOTER AND FACILITATE THE BINDING OF CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA WITH CXCR3 PROMOTER AND FURTHER INCREASE CXCR3 EXPRESSION IN SPINAL NEURONS. THE UPREGULATED CXCR3 MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN BY FACILITATING CENTRAL SENSITIZATION. OUR STUDY REVEALS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM UNDERLYING CXCR3 EXPRESSION AND ALSO SUGGESTS THAT TARGETING THE EXPRESSION OR ACTIVATION OF CXCR3 SIGNALING MAY OFFER NEW THERAPEUTICS FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	

5  2326  30 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  3647  35 INCREASED REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS (MTS) IS THE MOST COMMON LESION IN CHRONIC, INTRACTABLE TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES (TLE) AND CHARACTERIZED BY SEGMENTAL NEURONAL CELL LOSS IN MAJOR HIPPOCAMPAL SEGMENTS. ANOTHER HISTOPATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK INCLUDES GRANULE CELL DISPERSION (GCD), AN ARCHITECTURAL DISTURBANCE OF THE DENTATE GYRUS ENCOUNTERED IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PATIENTS WITH MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS. REELIN, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE DURING HIPPOCAMPAL DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF LAMINAR ORGANIZATION, IS SYNTHESIZED AND RELEASED BY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS OF THE DENTATE MOLECULAR LAYER, AND PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT REELIN TRANSCRIPT LEVELS ARE DOWNREGULATED IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES SPECIMENS. TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING BY REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE AN UNDERLYING PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM OF GCD, DNA WAS HARVESTED FROM 3 MICRODISSECTED HIPPOCAMPAL SUBREGIONS (I.E. MOLECULAR AND GRANULE CELL LAYERS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AND PRESUBICULUM) FROM 8 MTS SPECIMENS WITH GCD, 5 TLE SAMPLES WITHOUT GCD, AND 3 AUTOPSY CONTROLS. PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED AFTER BISULFITE TREATMENT, CLONING, AND DIRECT SEQUENCING; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS. REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS FOUND TO BE GREATER IN TLE SPECIMENS THAN IN CONTROLS; PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH GCD AMONG TLE SPECIMENS (P < 0.0002). NO OTHER CLINICAL OR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETER (I.E. SEX, AGE, SEIZURE DURATION, MEDICATION OR EXTENT, OF MTS) CORRELATED WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION. THESE DATA SUPPORT A COMPROMISED REELIN-SIGNALING PATHWAY AND IDENTIFY PROMOTER METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TLE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7  1906  37 ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2-CATALYSED H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE VIA TNF-MEDIATED PATHWAY. ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE IS MAINLY DUE TO HOST IMMUNITY SELF-DESTRUCTION. THE HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) TRIMETHYLATING ENZYME, ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) MEDIATES EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATES IMMUNITY, ALSO INVOLVES PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL LIVER DISEASES. THE CURRENT STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF METHYLTRANSFERASE EZH2 AND ITS CATALYSED H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3) IN LIVER FAILURE, AND TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL TARGET FOR LIVER FAILURE TREATMENT. EZH2 AND ITS CATALYSED H3K27ME3 WERE DETERMINED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM LIVER FAILURE PATIENTS AND KUPFFER CELLS FROM EXPERIMENTAL MICE. FURTHERMORE, GSK126 (AN INHIBITOR FOR EZH2 TRIMETHYLATION FUNCTION) WAS APPLIED IN LIVER FAILURE MICE IN VIVO, AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN VITRO. EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN HUMAN PBMC FROM LIVER FAILURE PATIENTS OR MURINE KUPFFER CELLS FROM THE LIVER FAILURE ANIMALS, RESPECTIVELY. GSK126 AMELIORATED DISEASE SEVERITY IN LIVER FAILURE MICE, WHICH MAYBE ATTRIBUTE TO DOWN-REGULATE CIRCULATING AND HEPATIC PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, ESPECIALLY TNF VIA REDUCING H3K27ME3. IN-DEPTH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS UNRAVELLED THAT DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF H3K27ME3 ON TNF PROMOTOR, RESULTING IN TNF ELEVATION IN KUPFFER CELLS FROM LIVER FAILURE MICE. NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT) SIGNALLING PATHWAYS WERE ACTIVATED UPON LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STIMULATION, BUT ATTENUATED BY USING GSK126, ACCOMPANIED WITH DECREASED TNF IN VITRO. IN CONCLUSION, EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 CONTRIBUTED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FAILURE VIA TRIGGERING TNF AND OTHER INDISPENSABLE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. EZH2 WAS TO MODIFY H3K27ME3 ENRICHMENT, AS WELL AS, ACTIVATION OF THE DOWNSTREAM NF-KAPPAB AND AKT SIGNALLING PATHWAYS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8  6622  33 UNDERSTANDING HAT1: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NONCANONICAL ROLES AND CONNECTION WITH DISEASE. HISTONE ACETYLATION PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN ORGANIZING CHROMATIN, REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION AND CONTROLLING THE CELL CYCLE. THE FIRST HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE TO BE IDENTIFIED WAS HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE 1 (HAT1), BUT IT REMAINS ONE OF THE LEAST UNDERSTOOD ACETYLTRANSFERASES. HAT1 CATALYZES THE ACETYLATION OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED H4 AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, H2A IN THE CYTOPLASM. HOWEVER, 20 MIN AFTER ASSEMBLY, HISTONES LOSE ACETYLATION MARKS. MOREOVER, NEW NONCANONICAL FUNCTIONS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED FOR HAT1, REVEALING ITS COMPLEXITY AND COMPLICATING THE UNDERSTANDING OF ITS FUNCTIONS. RECENTLY DISCOVERED ROLES INCLUDE FACILITATING THE TRANSLOCATION OF THE H3H4 DIMER INTO THE NUCLEUS, INCREASING THE STABILITY OF THE DNA REPLICATION FORK, REPLICATION-COUPLED CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY, COORDINATION OF HISTONE PRODUCTION, DNA DAMAGE REPAIR, TELOMERIC SILENCING, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NUCLEAR LAMINA-ASSOCIATED HETEROCHROMATIN, REGULATION OF THE NF-KAPPAB RESPONSE, SUCCINYL TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN ACETYLATION. IN ADDITION, THE FUNCTIONS AND EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HAT1 HAVE BEEN LINKED TO MANY DISEASES, SUCH AS MANY TYPES OF CANCER, VIRAL INFECTIONS (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND VIPERIN SYNTHESIS) AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND ISCHEMIC STROKE). THE COLLECTIVE DATA REVEAL THAT HAT1 IS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET, AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES, SUCH AS RNA INTERFERENCE AND THE USE OF APTAMERS, BISUBSTRATE INHIBITORS AND SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS, ARE BEING EVALUATED AT THE PRECLINICAL LEVEL.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  5479  33 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  4303  34 MICRORNA-223 INHIBITS TISSUE FACTOR EXPRESSION IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. OBJECTIVE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESS, IN WHICH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (ECS) BECOME DYSFUNCTIONAL OWING TO THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY FACTOR AND GROWTH FACTORS. TISSUE FACTOR (TF) EXPRESSION IS INDUCED BY THE ABOVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN ACTIVATED ECS. TF INITIATES THROMBOSIS ON DISRUPTED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES WHICH PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE DURING THE ONSET OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES (ACS). INCREASING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICRORNAS AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY IF MICRORNA-223 (MIR-223) TARGETS TF IN ECS. METHODS AND RESULTS: BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT TF IS A TARGET CANDIDATE OF MIR-223. WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) INCREASED TF EXPRESSION IN AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS (EA.HY926 CELLS AND HUVEC) AFTER 4 H TREATMENT. IN TNF-ALPHA TREATED ECS, TF MRNA WAS ALSO INCREASED MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. REAL-TIME PCR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MIR-223 LEVELS WERE DOWNREGULATED IN TNF-ALPHA-TREATED AORTA OF C57BL/6J MICE AND CULTURED ECS. TRANSFECTION OF ECS WITH MIR-223 MIMIC OR MIR-223 INHIBITOR MODIFIED TF EXPRESSION BOTH IN MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. LUCIFERASE ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT MIR-223 SUPPRESSED TF EXPRESSION BY BINDING TO THE SEQUENCE OF TF 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS (3'UTR). TF PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY OVEREXPRESSING MIR-223 WITH OR WITHOUT TNF-ALPHA STIMULATION. CONCLUSIONS: MIR-223-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TF EXPRESSION PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF COAGULATION CASCADE, AND SUGGESTS A CLUE AGAINST THROMBOGENESIS DURING THE PROCESS OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE RUPTURE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11  5459  36 RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. PTPN6, A TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE PROTEIN, PLAYS A NEGATIVE ROLE IN CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND IS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH TUMOUR FORMATION AND GROWTH. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) REMAINS UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED BONE MARROW OR BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 44 CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. KCL22 AND K562 CELLS WERE CULTURED AND TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. REAL TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) WAS PERFORMED. PTPN6 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN CELL LINES AND PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PHASE CML, WHEREAS DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1 WERE UP-REGULATED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, DECITABINE, SODIUM VALPROATE AND LBH589 INCREASED PTPN6 EXPRESSION, BUT DECREASED THAT OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MASS SPECTROMETRY SHOWED THAT HDAC1 COMBINED DIRECTLY WITH PTPN6. CHIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT HDAC1 DID NOT COMBINE WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTPN6, WHILE MAPK, AKT, STAT5, JAK2 AND MYC PROMOTER REGIONS ALL COMBINED WITH HDAC1. PTPN6 IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION OF CML. LOW EXPRESSION LEVEL OF PTPN6 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION AND REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION. HDAC1 PARTICIPATES IN THE REGULATION OF PTPN6.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12  3953  37 LOCUS-SPECIFIC REVERSIBLE DNA METHYLATION REGULATES TRANSIENT IL-10 EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS. IL-10 IS A PLEIOTROPIC CYTOKINE WITH MULTIFACETED FUNCTIONS IN ESTABLISHING IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS. ALTHOUGH EXPRESSED BY TH1 AND TH2 CELLS, CONVENTIONAL TH1 CELLS PRODUCE MARGINAL LEVELS OF IL-10 COMPARED WITH THEIR TH2 COUNTERPARTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF IL-10 GENE EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS. BIOINFORMATICS EMBOSS CPG PLOT ANALYSIS AND BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING REVEALED THREE CPG DNA METHYLATION SITES IN THE IL-10 GENE LOCUS. PROGRESSIVE DNA METHYLATION AT ALL OF THE CPG REGIONS OF INTEREST (ROIS) ESTABLISHED A REPRESSIVE PROGRAM OF IL-10 GENE EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, TH1 CELLS TREATED WITH IL-12 AND IL-27 CYTOKINES, THEREBY MIMICKING A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION IN VIVO, DISPLAYED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN IL-10 PRODUCTION THAT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY SELECTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION AT ROI 3 LOCATED IN INTRON 3. IL-10-PRODUCING T CELLS ISOLATED FROM LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS-INFECTED MICE ALSO SHOWED ENHANCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AT ROI 3. BINDING OF STAT1 AND STAT3 TO DEMETHYLATED ROI 3 ENHANCED IL-10 EXPRESSION IN AN IL-12/IL-27-DEPENDENT MANNER. ACCORDINGLY, CD4(+) T CELLS ISOLATED FROM STAT1- OR STAT3-KNOCKOUT MICE WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DEFECTIVE IN IL-10 PRODUCTION. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT, ALTHOUGH STABLY MAINTAINED DNA METHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER MAY REPRESS IL-10 EXPRESSION IN TH1 CELLS, LOCUS-SPECIFIC REVERSIBLE DNA DEMETHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A THRESHOLD PLATFORM TO CONTROL TRANSIENT IL-10 GENE EXPRESSION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  2748  37 EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS: EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF THE WNT INHIBITOR SFRP1 IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. OBJECTIVES: TO STUDY THE EXPRESSION, REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOGUE 2 (EZH2) IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (SF) FROM PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) AND OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA). METHODS: SF WERE OBTAINED FROM RA AND OA PATIENTS UNDERGOING JOINT SURGERY. EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. KINASE INHIBITORS AND REPORTER GENE ASSAYS WERE EMPLOYED TO STUDY SIGNALLING PATHWAYS. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES INCLUDED EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION BY PLASMID TRANSFECTION AND GENE SILENCING BY SMALL INTERFERING RNA. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY WAS USED TO ANALYSE HISTONE METHYLATION WITHIN DISTINCT PROMOTER REGIONS. RESULTS: BY STUDYING THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN SF THE AUTHORS FOUND THAT EZH2 IS OVEREXPRESSED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (RASF) AND FURTHER INDUCED BY TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA THROUGH THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B AND JUN KINASE PATHWAYS. AS A TARGET GENE OF EZH2 THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (SFRP1), AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALLING, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVATION OF RASF, AND SHOW THAT SFRP1 EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH THE OCCUPATION OF ITS PROMOTER WITH ACTIVATING AND SILENCING HISTONE MARKS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT OF THE RA JOINT INDUCES EZH2 AND THUS MIGHT CAUSE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMES OF SF.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  3246  25 HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN-8 THAT IN TURN REDUCES HBV SENSITIVITY TO INTERFERON-ALPHA. HIGH LEVELS OF SERUM INTERLEUKIN-8 (IL-8) HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) PATIENTS DURING EPISODES OF HEPATITIS FLARES. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) MAY DIRECTLY INDUCE IL-8 PRODUCTION AND WHETHER IL-8 MAY ANTAGONIZE INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HBV. WE SHOWED THAT CHB PATIENTS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IL-8 LEVELS BOTH IN SERUM AND IN LIVER TISSUE THAN CONTROLS. IN HBV-REPLICATING HEPG2 CELLS, IL-8 TRANSCRIPTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ACTIVATED. AP-1, C/EBP AND NF-KB TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WERE CONCURRENTLY NECESSARY FOR MAXIMUM IL-8 INDUCTION. MOREOVER, HBX VIRAL PROTEIN WAS RECRUITED ONTO THE IL-8 PROMOTER AND THIS WAS PARALLELED BY IL8-BOUND HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND BY ACTIVE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS. INHIBITION OF IL-8 INCREASES THE ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF IFN-ALPHA AGAINST HBV. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT HBV ACTIVATES IL-8 GENE EXPRESSION BY TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE IL-8 PROMOTER AND THAT IL-8 MAY CONTRIBUTE TO REDUCE HBV SENSITIVITY TO IFN-ALPHA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  5716  34 SIRT6 PROTECTS VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION VIA RUNX2 IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. VASCULAR CALCIFICATION (VC) IS REGARDED AS AN IMPORTANT PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE LACKING EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AND ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORTALITY. SIRTUIN 6 (SIRT6) IS A MEMBER OF THE SIRTUIN FAMILY, A CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE AND A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR. SIRT6 HAS A PROTECTIVE ROLE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). HOWEVER, THE EXACT ROLE AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF SIRT6 IN VC IN PATIENTS WITH CKD REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT SIRT6 WAS MARKEDLY DOWNREGULATED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) AND IN THE RADIAL ARTERY TISSUE OF PATIENTS WITH CKD WITH VC. SIRT6-TRANSGENIC (SIRT6-TG) MICE SHOWED ALLEVIATED VC, WHILE VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL-SPECIFIC (VSMC-SPECIFIC) SIRT6 KNOCKED-DOWN MICE SHOWED SEVERE VC IN CKD. SIRT6 SUPPRESSED THE OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF VSMCS VIA REGULATION OF RUNT-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 (RUNX2). COIMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CO-IP) AND IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (IP) ASSAYS CONFIRMED THAT SIRT6 BOUND TO RUNX2. MOREOVER, RUNX2 WAS DEACETYLATED BY SIRT6 AND FURTHER PROMOTED NUCLEAR EXPORT VIA EXPORTIN 1 (XPO1), WHICH IN TURN CAUSED DEGRADATION OF RUNX2 THROUGH THE UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME SYSTEM. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT SIRT6 PREVENTED VC BY SUPPRESSING THE OSTEOGENIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF VSMCS, AND AS SUCH TARGETING SIRT6 MAY BE AN APPEALING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR VC IN CKD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16  3323  37 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1): A KEY PLAYER OF T CELL-MEDIATED ARTHRITIS. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) REPRESENTS A CHRONIC T CELL-MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF RA. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) REPRESENT ONE IMPORTANT GROUP OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL HDAC MEMBERS FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF ARTHRITIS IS STILL UNKNOWN. IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE THAT MICE WITH A T CELL-SPECIFIC DELETION OF HDAC1 (HDAC1-CKO) ARE RESISTANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLLAGEN-INDUCED ARTHRITIS (CIA), WHEREAS THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO COLLAGEN TYPE II WAS UNDISTURBED, INDICATING AN UNALTERED T CELL-MEDIATED B CELL ACTIVATION. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IL-17 AND IL-6 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN SERA OF HDAC1-CKO MICE. IL-6 TREATED HDAC1-DEFICIENT CD4(+) T CELLS SHOWED AN IMPAIRED UPREGULATION OF CCR6. SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF CLASS I HDACS WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR MS-275 UNDER TH17-SKEWING CONDITIONS INHIBITED THE UPREGULATION OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR 6 (CCR6) IN MOUSE AND HUMAN CD4(+) T CELLS. ACCORDINGLY, ANALYSIS OF HUMAN RNA-SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ) DATA AND HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SYNOVIAL TISSUE SAMPLES FROM HUMAN RA PATIENTS REVEALED THE EXISTENCE OF CD4(+)CCR6(+) CELLS WITH ENHANCED HDAC1 EXPRESSION. OUR DATA INDICATE A KEY ROLE FOR HDAC1 FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF CIA AND SUGGEST THAT HDAC1 AND OTHER CLASS I HDACS MIGHT BE PROMISING TARGETS OF SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACI) FOR THE TREATMENT OF RA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  1620  40 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA: A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY AND PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCER. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION ARE REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1 AND DNMT3B) REGULATE AND MAINTAIN PROMOTER METHYLATION AND ARE OVEREXPRESSED IN HUMAN CANCER. WE PERFORMED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY GENES WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION AFTER RNAI-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF DNMT IN A GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM) CELL LINE. WE THEN IDENTIFIED GENES WITH BOTH DECREASED EXPRESSION AND EVIDENCE OF PROMOTER CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES USING A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS AFTER DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WITH ANTI-5-METHYLCYTIDINE. DNMT1 AND 3B KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN THE RESTORED EXPRESSION OF 308 GENES THAT ALSO CONTAINED PROMOTER REGION HYPERMETHYLATION. OF THESE, 43 WERE ALSO FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES. THREE DOWNREGULATED GENES WITH HYPERMETHYLATED PROMOTERS AND RESTORED EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE DNMT SUPPRESSION WERE ASSAYED FOR METHYLATION CHANGES USING BISULFITE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CHRONIC DNMT SUPPRESSION. RESTORATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN PROMOTER REGION METHYLATION, BUT RATHER WITH CHANGES IN HISTONE METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN CONFORMATION. TWO OF THE IDENTIFIED GENES EXHIBITED GROWTH SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY IN IN VITRO ASSAYS. COMBINING TARGETED GENETIC MANIPULATIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES PROVIDES A POTENTIALLY POWERFUL NEW APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED GENES IN GBM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  3454  33 HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE REGULATORY T CELL-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION IN CD25HI T CELLS IS DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN CHILDHOOD ARTHRITIS. THE MAINTENANCE OF FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD25(HI) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) IS CRUCIAL TO THE CONTROL OF INFLAMMATION AND ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESSFUL TREG TRANSFER THERAPIES. COEXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IN COMBINATION WITH A HYPOMETHYLATED REGION WITHIN THE FOXP3 GENE, CALLED THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), IS CONSIDERED THE HALLMARK OF STABLE TREGS. THE TSDR IS AN EPIGENETIC MOTIF THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND IS USED AS A BIOMARKER TO MEASURE TREG LINEAGE COMMITMENT. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT, UNLIKE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, CD4(+) T CELL EXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IS FREQUENTLY DISSOCIATED AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS, WHICH LED US TO QUESTION THE STABILITY OF HUMAN TREGS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENTS. WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL CD4(+)CD127(LO)CD25(HI) HUMAN T CELL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS EXTENSIVE TSDR AND PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION IN THE ABSENCE OF STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION. THIS POPULATION EXPRESSES HIGH LEVELS OF CTLA-4 AND CAN SUPPRESS T CONVENTIONAL CELL PROLIFERATION IN VITRO. THESE DATA COLLECTIVELY SUGGEST THAT THIS POPULATION MAY REPRESENT A CHRONICALLY ACTIVATED FOXP3(LO) TREG POPULATION. WE SHOW THAT THESE CELLS HAVE DEFECTS IN IL-2 SIGNALING AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF A DEUBIQUITINASE IMPORTANT FOR FOXP3 STABILITY. CLINICALLY, THE PROPORTIONS OF THESE CELLS WITHIN THE CD25(HI) T CELL SUBSET ARE INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH THE MORE SEVERE COURSES OF DISEASE. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES, THEREFORE, THAT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE TSDR CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN T CELLS AND THAT ENVIRONMENT-SPECIFIC BREAKDOWN IN FOXP3 STABILITY MAY COMPROMISE THE RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION IN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  3373  40 HISTONE MODULATION BLOCKS TREG-INDUCED FOXP3 BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS FROM FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-INFECTED CATS. CD8(+) T CELLS ARE CRITICAL FOR CONTROLLING HIV INFECTION. DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE OF LENTIVIRAL INFECTION, CD8(+) T CELLS LOSE THEIR PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY AND EXHIBIT IMPAIRED ANTIVIRAL FUNCTION. THIS LOSS OF CD8(+) T CELL FUNCTION IS DUE, IN PART, TO CD4(+)CD25(+) T REGULATORY (TREG) CELL-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION. OUR RESEARCH GROUP HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT LENTIVIRUS-ACTIVATED CD4(+)CD25(+) TREG CELLS INDUCE THE REPRESSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3) IN AUTOLOGOUS CD8(+) T CELLS FOLLOWING CO-CULTURE. WE HAVE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT TREG-INDUCED FOXP3 BINDS THE INTERLEUKIN-2 (IL-2), INTERFERON-GAMMA (IFN- GAMMA), AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) PROMOTERS IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS. THESE DATA SUGGEST AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF FOXP3-MEDIATED CD8(+) T CELL DYSFUNCTION IN LENTIVIRAL INFECTION. TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISM OF THIS SUPPRESSION, WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT DECREASED METHYLATION FACILITATES FOXP3 BINDING IN MITOGEN-ACTIVATED CD8(+) T CELLS FROM FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (FIV)-INFECTED CATS. WE DEMONSTRATED THE REDUCED BINDING OF FOXP3 TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER BY INCREASING METHYLATION OF CD8(+) T CELLS. IN THE STUDIES PRESENTED HERE, WE ASK IF ANOTHER FORM OF EPIGENETIC MODULATION MIGHT ALLEVIATE FOXP3-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION IN CD8(+) T CELLS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DECREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS WOULD DECREASE TREG-INDUCED FOXP3 BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER. INDEED, USING ANACARDIC ACID (AA), A KNOWN HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASE (HAT) INHIBITOR, WE DEMONSTRATE A REDUCTION IN FOXP3 BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER IN VIRUS-SPECIFIC CD8(+) T CELLS CO-CULTURED WITH AUTOLOGOUS TREG CELLS. THESE DATA IDENTIFY A NOVEL MECHANISM OF FOXP3-MEDIATED CD8(+) T CELL DYSFUNCTION DURING LENTIVIRAL INFECTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20   766  38 CCL5 SUPPRESSES KLOTHO EXPRESSION VIA P-STAT3/DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE1-MEDIATED PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: ENHANCED INFLAMMATION AND REDUCED KLOTHO ARE COMMON FEATURES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). INFLAMMATION INDUCES DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS STUDY ASSESSED THE PERFORMANCE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKER C-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 5 (CCL5) IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION. METHODS: FIFTY CKD PATIENTS AND 25 MATCHED CONTROLS WERE ENROLLED, AND SERUM CCL5 LEVEL, SKLOTHO LEVEL, AND DNA METHYLATION WERE EVALUATED IN THESE SUBJECTS. A RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (RIF) MODEL WITH CKD WAS INDUCED IN MICE VIA UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) IN VIVO AND HUMAN PROXIMAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL (HK-2) CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5 IN VITRO. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA), A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR WAS GIVEN TO UUO MICE. HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN (HE) AND MASSON TRICHROME STAINING WERE ADOPTED TO EVALUATE RENAL PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION OF KLOTHO PROMOTER IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUCOCYTES (PBLS) FROM CKD PATIENTS AND OBSTRUCTIVE KIDNEY FROM UUO MICE. CCL5, KLOTHO, AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) WERE DETERMINED BY ELISAS, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, OR WESTERN BLOTTING. HK-2 CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO CCL5 WITH OR WITHOUT 5-AZA AND STATTIC, A P-SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) INHIBITOR, AND EXPRESSIONS OF P-STAT3, DNMT1, AND KLOTHO WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING. RESULTS: CCL5 UPREGULATION CONCOMITANT WITH KLOTHO DOWNREGULATION IN SERUM AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN PBLS WERE OBSERVED IN CKD SAMPLES. UUO CONTRIBUTED TO SEVERE RENAL INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND ENHANCED EXPRESSIONS OF FIBROTIC MARKERS. MOREOVER, UUO INCREASED THE CCL5 LEVEL, INDUCED KLOTHO PROMOTER METHYLATION, SUPPRESSED KLOTHO LEVEL, ACTIVATED P-STAT3 SIGNALING, AND UPREGULATED DNMT1 LEVEL. A SIMILAR OBSERVATION WAS MADE IN HK-2 CELLS TREATED WITH CCL5. MORE IMPORTANTLY, 5-AZA INHIBITED UUO-INDUCED KLOTHO HYPERMETHYLATION, REVERSED KLOTHO, DOWNREGULATED P-STAT3 EXPRESSIONS, AND AMELIORATED RIF IN VIVO. THE CONSISTENT FINDINGS IN VITRO WERE ALSO OBTAINED IN HK-2 CELLS EXPOSED TO 5-AZA AND STATTIC. CONCLUSION: THE CCL5/P-STAT3/DNMT1 AXIS IS IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF KLOTHO EXPRESSION IN CKD. THIS STUDY PROVIDES NOVEL THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES FOR REVERSAL OF KLOTHO SUPPRESSION BY CKD.	2022