1  5910 113 TARGETED EPIGENETIC EDITING OF SPDEF REDUCES MUCUS PRODUCTION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS. AIRWAY MUCUS HYPERSECRETION CONTRIBUTES TO THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES. REDUCING MUCUS PRODUCTION IS CRUCIAL FOR IMPROVING PATIENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE. THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SAM-POINTED DOMAIN-CONTAINING ETS-LIKE FACTOR (SPDEF) PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF MUCUS PRODUCTION AND, THEREFORE, REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET. THIS STUDY AIMS TO REDUCE LUNG EPITHELIAL MUCUS PRODUCTION BY TARGETED SILENCING SPDEF USING THE NOVEL STRATEGY, EPIGENETIC EDITING. ZINC FINGERS AND CRISPR/DCAS PLATFORMS WERE ENGINEERED TO TARGET REPRESSORS (KRAB, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES) TO THE SPDEF PROMOTER. ALL CONSTRUCTS WERE ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY SUPPRESS BOTH SPDEF MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION, WHICH WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INHIBITION OF DOWNSTREAM MUCUS-RELATED GENES [ANTERIOR GRADIENT 2 (AGR2), MUCIN 5AC (MUC5AC)]. FOR THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A, AND NOT ITS MUTANT OR OTHER EFFECTORS, THE OBTAINED SILENCING WAS MITOTICALLY STABLE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE EFFICIENT SPDEF SILENCING AND DOWNREGULATION OF MUCUS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION BY EPIGENETIC EDITING, IN HUMAN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS. THIS OPENS AVENUES FOR EPIGENETIC EDITING AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO INDUCE LONG-LASTING MUCUS INHIBITION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
2   137  44 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 IN AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF PATIENTS WITH COPD. BACKGROUND: GOBLET CELL METAPLASIA, A COMMON FEATURE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), IS ASSOCIATED WITH MUCUS HYPERSECRETION WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG PATIENTS. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SAM-POINTED DOMAIN-CONTAINING ETS-LIKE FACTOR (SPDEF) AND FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN A2 (FOXA2) REGULATE GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO (1) INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND (2) COMPARE THIS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CONTROLS DURING MUCOCILIARY DIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION, PRIMARY AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS, ISOLATED FROM TRACHEA (NON-COPD CONTROLS) AND BRONCHIAL TISSUE (PATIENTS WITH COPD), WERE DIFFERENTIATED BY CULTURE AT THE AIR-LIQUID INTERFACE (ALI) IN THE PRESENCE OF CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN (IL)-13 TO PROMOTE GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT SPDEF EXPRESSION WAS INDUCED DURING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION, WHILE FOXA2 EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED. IMPORTANTLY, CPG NUMBER 8 IN THE SPDEF PROMOTER WAS HYPERMETHYLATED UPON DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS DNA METHYLATION OF FOXA2 PROMOTER WAS NOT CHANGED. IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-13, COPD-DERIVED ALI-CULTURED CELLS DISPLAYED HIGHER SPDEF EXPRESSION THAN CONTROL-DERIVED ALI CULTURES, WHEREAS NO DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND FOR FOXA2 EXPRESSION. THIS WAS ACCOMPANIED WITH HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG NUMBER 6 IN THE SPDEF PROMOTER AND ALSO HYPOMETHYLATION OF CPG NUMBERS 10 AND 11 IN THE FOXA2 PROMOTER. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF SPDEF AND FOXA2 IS ONE OF THE FACTORS UNDERLYING MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN COPD, OPENING NEW AVENUES FOR EPIGENETIC-BASED INHIBITION OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3  3728  33 INHIBITION OF REPLICATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS USING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT TARGET THE VIRAL DNA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A SERIOUS GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF STABILITY OF THE REPLICATION INTERMEDIATE COMPRISING COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA). DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF DISABLING THIS CCCDNA IS VITAL. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH TO INACTIVATING VIRAL DNA, WE ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT COMPRISE AN HBV DNA-BINDING DOMAIN OF TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR LIKE EFFECTORS (TALES) AND A FUSED KRUPPEL ASSOCIATED BOX (KRAB). THESE REPRESSOR TALES (RTALES) TARGETED THE VIRAL SURFACE OPEN READING FRAME AND WERE PLACED UNDER TRANSCRIPTION CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE OR LIVER-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. RESULTS: EVALUATION IN CULTURED CELLS AND FOLLOWING HYDRODYNAMIC INJECTION OF MICE REVEALED THAT THE RTALES SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED PRODUCTION OF MARKERS OF HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF HEPATOTOXICITY. INCREASED METHYLATION OF HBV DNA AT CPG ISLAND II SHOWED THAT THE RTALES CAUSED INTENDED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV DNA IS A NEW AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF INACTIVATING THE VIRUS IN VIVO. THE APPROACH HAS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND AVOIDS POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC UNINTENDED MUTAGENESIS OF GENE EDITING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  5226  38 PRMT5 RESTRICTS HEPATITIS B VIRUS REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION REMAINS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) MINICHROMOSOME, WHICH SERVES AS THE TEMPLATE FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF VIRAL RNAS, PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN VIRAL PERSISTENCE. WHILE ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MACHINERY, PARTICULARLY THE ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONE 3 (H3) AND H4, THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF HISTONE METHYLATION AND RELATED HOST FACTORS REMAIN OBSCURE. HERE, BY SCREENING A SERIES OF METHYLTRANSFERASES AND DEMETHYLASES, WE IDENTIFIED PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (PRMT5) AS AN EFFECTIVE RESTRICTOR OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION. IN CELL CULTURE-BASED MODELS FOR HBV INFECTION AND IN LIVER TISSUES OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION, WE FOUND THAT SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLATION OF ARGININE 3 ON H4 ON CCCDNA WAS A REPRESSIVE MARKER OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND WAS REGULATED BY PRMT5 DEPENDING ON ITS METHYLTRANSFERASE DOMAIN. MOREOVER, PRMT5-TRIGGERED SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLATION OF ARGININE 3 ON H4 ON THE CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME INVOLVED AN INTERACTION WITH THE HBV CORE PROTEIN AND THE BRG1-BASED HUMAN SWI/SNF CHROMATIN REMODELER, WHICH RESULTED IN DOWN-REGULATION OF THE BINDING OF RNA POLYMERASE II TO CCCDNA. IN ADDITION TO THE INHIBITORY EFFECT ON CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION, PRMT5 INHIBITED HBV CORE PARTICLE DNA PRODUCTION INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY. FURTHER STUDY REVEALED THAT PRMT5 INTERFERED WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION BY PREVENTING ITS INTERACTION WITH VIRAL POLYMERASE PROTEIN THROUGH BINDING TO THE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-RIBONUCLEASE H REGION OF POLYMERASE, WHICH IS CRUCIAL FOR THE POLYMERASE-PREGENOMIC RNA INTERACTION. CONCLUSION: PRMT5 RESTRICTS HBV REPLICATION THROUGH A TWO-PART MECHANISM INCLUDING EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH PREGENOMIC RNA ENCAPSIDATION; THESE FINDINGS IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND HOST-HBV INTERACTION, THUS PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO TARGETED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. (HEPATOLOGY 2017;66:398-415).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5  2837  39 FORKHEAD O TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4 RESTRICTS HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION THROUGH GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA VIA INTERACTING WITH PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN. NUCLEAR LOCATED HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) REMAINS THE KEY OBSTACLE TO CURE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). IN OUR PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY THROUGH DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF HNF4ALPHA. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISMS WHEREBY FOXO4 INHIBITS HBV REPLICATION, ESPECIALLY ITS EFFECT ON CCCDNA, REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, OUR DATA FURTHER REVEALED THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFECTIVELY INHIBIT CCCDNA MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING CCCDNA LEVEL. MECHANISTIC STUDY SHOWED THAT FOXO4 COULD CAUSE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA. ALTHOUGH FOXO4-MEDIATED DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA CONTRIBUTED TO INHIBITING HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY, IT HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. FURTHER, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD COLOCALIZE WITHIN PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN (PML) NUCLEAR BODIES AND INTERACT WITH PML. OF NOTE, PML WAS REVEALED TO BE CRITICAL FOR FOXO4-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF CCCDNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND OF THE FOLLOWING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION. FURTHERMORE, FOXO4 WAS FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN HBV-INFECTED HEPATOCYTES AND HUMAN LIVER TISSUES, AND IT WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN CHB PATIENTS. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF FOXO4 IN SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION VIA GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA THROUGH INTERACTING WITH PML. TARGETING FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IMPORTANCE HBV CCCDNA IS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND THE MAIN OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. STRATEGIES THAT TARGET CCCDNA DIRECTLY ARE THEREFORE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN CONTROLLING PERSISTENT HBV INFECTION. IN PRESENT INVESTIGATION, WE FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFICIENTLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF CCCDNA ITSELF. FURTHER, OUR DATA REVEALED THAT FOXO4 MIGHT INHIBIT CCCDNA FUNCTION VIA A TWO-PART MECHANISM: ONE IS TO EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION VIA INTERACTING WITH PML, AND THE OTHER IS TO INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY VIA THE GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA. OF NOTE, HBV MIGHT DAMPEN THE EXPRESSION OF FOXO4 FOR ITS OWN PERSISTENT INFECTION. WE PROPOSE THAT MANIPULATION OF FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6  5715  38 SIRT3 RESTRICTS HEPATITIS B VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA INVOLVING SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 AND SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION REMAINS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE. MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), WHICH SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV RNA TRANSCRIPTION, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ERADICATING CHRONIC HBV DURING CURRENT ANTIVIRAL THERAPY. CCCDNA IS ASSEMBLED WITH CELLULAR HISTONE PROTEINS INTO CHROMATIN, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE REGULATION OF HBV CHROMATIN BY HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED SILENT MATING TYPE INFORMATION REGULATION 2 HOMOLOG 3 (SIRT3) AS A HOST FACTOR RESTRICTING HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION BY SCREENING SEVEN MEMBERS OF THE SIRTUIN FAMILY, WHICH IS THE CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE. ECTOPIC SIRT3 EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED TOTAL HBV RNAS, 3.5-KB RNA, AS WELL AS REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATE DNA IN HBV-INFECTED HEPG2-NA(+) /TAUROCHOLATE COTRANSPORTING POLYPEPTIDE CELLS AND PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. IN CONTRAST, GENE SILENCING OF SIRT3 PROMOTED HBV TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION. A MECHANISTIC STUDY FOUND THAT NUCLEAR SIRT3 WAS RECRUITED TO THE HBV CCCDNA, WHERE IT DEACETYLATED HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9. IMPORTANTLY, OCCUPANCY OF SIRT3 ON CCCDNA COULD INCREASE THE RECRUITMENT OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION 3-9 HOMOLOG 1 TO CCCDNA AND DECREASE RECRUITMENT OF SET DOMAIN CONTAINING 1A, LEADING TO A MARKED INCREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS9) AND A DECREASE OF TRIMETHYL-HISTONE H3 (LYS4) ON CCCDNA. MOREOVER, SIRT3-MEDIATED HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION INVOLVED DECREASED BINDING OF HOST RNA POLYMERASE II AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YIN YANG 1 TO CCCDNA. FINALLY, HEPATITIS B VIRAL X PROTEIN COULD RELIEVE SIRT3-MEDIATED CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION BY INHIBITING BOTH SIRT3 EXPRESSION AND ITS RECRUITMENT TO CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: SIRT3 IS A HOST FACTOR EPIGENETICALLY RESTRICTING HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION BY ACTING COOPERATIVELY WITH HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE; THESE DATA PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF SIRT3 ACTIVATORS IN THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION. (HEPATOLOGY 2018).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  3779  32 INTERFERON ALPHA INDUCES MULTIPLE CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT COORDINATELY SUPPRESS HEPADNAVIRAL COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION. COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) OF HEPADNAVIRUSES EXISTS AS AN EPISOMAL MINICHROMOSOME IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN INFECTED HEPATOCYTE AND SERVES AS THE TEMPLATE FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF VIRAL MRNAS. IT HAD BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY OTHERS AND US THAT INTERFERON ALPHA (IFN-ALPHA) TREATMENT OF HEPATOCYTES INDUCED A PROLONGED SUPPRESSION OF HUMAN AND DUCK HEPATITIS B VIRUS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCTION OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS SPECIFYING ACTIVE TRANSCRIPTION (H3K9(AC) OR H3K27(AC)), BUT NOT THE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MARKING CONSTITUTIVE (H3K9(ME3)) OR FACULTATIVE (H3K27(ME3)) HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION. IN OUR EFFORTS TO IDENTIFY IFN-INDUCED CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT MEDIATE THE SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION BY THE CYTOKINE, WE FOUND THAT DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 1 (STAT1), STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES FLEXIBLE HINGE DOMAIN CONTAINING 1 (SMCHD1), OR PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (PML) PROTEIN INCREASED BASAL LEVEL OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVITY AND PARTIALLY ATTENUATED IFN-ALPHA SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN CONTRAST, ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF STAT1, SMCHD1, OR PML SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVITY. SMCHD1 IS A NONCANONICAL SMC FAMILY PROTEIN AND IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION. PML IS A COMPONENT OF NUCLEAR DOMAIN 10 (ND10) AND IS INVOLVED IN SUPPRESSING THE REPLICATION OF MANY DNA VIRUSES. MECHANISTIC ANALYSES DEMONSTRATED THAT STAT1, SMCHD1, AND PML WERE RECRUITED TO CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES AND PHENOCOPIED THE IFN-ALPHA-INDUCED POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES. WE THUS CONCLUDE THAT STAT1, SMCHD1, AND PML MAY PARTLY MEDIATE THE SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF IFN-ALPHA ON HEPADNAVIRAL CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION.IMPORTANCE PEGYLATED IFN-ALPHA IS THE ONLY THERAPEUTIC REGIMEN THAT CAN INDUCE A FUNCTIONAL CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B IN A SMALL, BUT SIGNIFICANT, FRACTION OF TREATED PATIENTS. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ANTIVIRAL FUNCTIONS OF IFN-ALPHA IN HEPADNAVIRAL INFECTION MAY REVEAL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ANTIVIRAL AGENTS TO IMPROVE THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF IFN-ALPHA. BY A LOSS-OF-FUNCTION GENETIC SCREENING OF INDIVIDUAL IFN-STIMULATED GENES (ISGS) ON HEPADNAVIRAL MRNAS TRANSCRIBED FROM CCCDNA, WE FOUND THAT DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF STAT1, SMCHD1, OR PML SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE LEVEL OF VIRAL RNAS WITHOUT ALTERING THE LEVEL OF CCCDNA. MECHANISTIC ANALYSES INDICATED THAT THOSE CELLULAR PROTEINS ARE RECRUITED TO CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES AND INDUCE THE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES SIMILAR TO THOSE INDUCED BY IFN-ALPHA TREATMENT. WE HAVE THUS IDENTIFIED THREE IFN-ALPHA-INDUCED CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND MAY PARTLY MEDIATE IFN-ALPHA SILENCING OF HEPADNAVIRAL CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION.	2020	

8  3186  34 HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES DIFFER IN THEIR VULNERABILITY TO DAMAGE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REGULATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW THE EPIGENETIC STATE OF CCCDNA AFFECTS ITS STABILITY. APPROACHES AND RESULTS: BY USING HBV INFECTION CELL MODELS AND IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECOMBINANT CCCDNA (RCCCDNA) AND HBVCIRCLE MODELS, THE REDUCTION RATE OF HBV CCCDNA AND THE EFFICACY OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B MRNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC SUBUNIT 3A (APOBEC3A)-MEDIATED AND CRISPR/CRISPR-ASSOCIATED 9 (CAS9)-MEDIATED CCCDNA TARGETING WERE COMPARED BETWEEN CCCDNAS WITH DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITIES. INTERFERON-ALPHA TREATMENT AND HEPATITIS B X PROTEIN (HBX) DELETION WERE APPLIED AS TWO STRATEGIES FOR CCCDNA REPRESSION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MICROCOCCAL NUCLEASE ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE EPIGENETIC PATTERN OF CCCDNA. HBV CCCDNA LEVELS REMAINED STABLE IN NONDIVIDING HEPATOCYTES; HOWEVER, THEY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DURING CELL DIVISION, AND THE REDUCTION RATE WAS SIMILAR BETWEEN CCCDNAS IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE AND TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSED STATES. STRIKINGLY, HBV RCCCDNA WITHOUT HBX EXPRESSION EXHIBITED A SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER PERSISTENCE IN MICE. THE CCCDNA WITH LOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY EXHIBITED AN EPIGENETICALLY INACTIVE PATTERN AND WAS MORE DIFFICULT TO ACCESS BY APOBEC3A AND ENGINEERED CRISPR-CAS9. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR ACTIVATING CCCDNA INCREASED ITS VULNERABILITY TO APOBEC3A. CONCLUSIONS: HBV CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES SHOWED A SIMILAR REDUCTION RATE DURING CELL DIVISION BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERED IN THEIR ACCESSIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY TO TARGETED NUCLEASES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. EPIGENETIC SENSITIZATION OF CCCDNA MAKES IT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE AND MAY POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO AN HBV CURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  1176  37 CONTROL OF APOBEC3B INDUCTION AND CCCDNA DECAY BY NF-KAPPAB AND MIR-138-5P. BACKGROUND & AIMS: IMMUNE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF CYTIDINE DEAMINASE APOBEC3B (A3B) EXPRESSION LEADS TO HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) DECAY. HERE, WE AIMED TO DECIPHER THE SIGNALLING PATHWAY(S) AND REGULATORY MECHANISM(S) INVOLVED IN A3B INDUCTION AND RELATED HBV CONTROL. METHODS: DIFFERENTIATED HEPARG CELLS (DHEPARG) KNOCKED-DOWN FOR NF-KAPPAB SIGNALLING COMPONENTS, TRANSFECTED WITH SIRNA OR MICRO RNAS (MIRNA), AND PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES +/- HBV OR HBVDELTAX OR HBV-RFP, WERE TREATED WITH LYMPHOTOXIN BETA RECEPTOR (LTBETAR)-AGONIST (BS1). THE BIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES WERE ANALYSED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-QPCR, IMMUNOBLOTTING, LUCIFERASE ACTIVITY, CHROMATIN IMMUNE PRECIPITATION, ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY-SHIFT ASSAY, TARGETED-BISULFITE-, MIRNA-, RNA-, GENOME-SEQUENCING, AND MASS-SPECTROMETRY. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT CANONICAL AND NON-CANONICAL NF-KAPPAB SIGNALLING PATHWAYS ARE MANDATORY FOR A3B INDUCTION AND ANTI-HBV EFFECTS. THE DEGREE OF IMMUNE-MEDIATED A3B PRODUCTION IS INDEPENDENT OF A3B PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION BUT IS CONTROLLED POST-TRANSCRIPTIONALLY BY THE MIRNA 138-5P EXPRESSION (HSA-MIR-138-5P), PROMOTING A3B MRNA DECAY. HSA-MIR-138-5P OVER-EXPRESSION REDUCED A3B LEVELS AND ITS ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS. OF NOTE, ESTABLISHED INFECTION INHIBITED BS1-INDUCED A3B EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF A3B PROMOTER. TWELVE DAYS OF TREATMENT WITH A LTBETAR-SPECIFIC AGONIST BS1 IS SUFFICIENT TO REDUCE THE CCCDNA POOL BY 80% WITHOUT INDUCING SIGNIFICANT DAMAGES TO A SUBSET OF CANCER-RELATED HOST GENES. INTERESTINGLY, THE A3B-MEDIATED EFFECT ON HBV IS INDEPENDENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF CCCDNA AS WELL AS ON RCDNA SYNTHESIS. CONCLUSIONS: ALTOGETHER, A3B REPRESENTS THE ONLY DESCRIBED ENZYME TO TARGET BOTH TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE AND INACTIVE CCCDNA. THUS, INHIBITING HSA-MIR-138-5P EXPRESSION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN THE COMBINATORIAL DESIGN OF NEW THERAPIES AGAINST HBV, ESPECIALLY IN THE CONTEXT OF IMMUNE-MEDIATED A3B INDUCTION. LAY SUMMARY: IMMUNE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF CYTIDINE DEAMINASE APOBEC3B IS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY NF-KAPPAB SIGNALLING AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWNREGULATED BY HSA-MIR-138-5P EXPRESSION, LEADING TO CCCDNA DECAY. TIMELY CONTROLLED APOBEC3B-MEDIATED CCCDNA DECAY OCCURS INDEPENDENTLY OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY AND WITHOUT DAMAGE TO A SUBSET OF CANCER-RELATED GENES. THUS, APOBEC3B-MEDIATED CCCDNA DECAY COULD OFFER AN EFFICIENT THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVE TO TARGET HEPATITIS B VIRUS CHRONIC INFECTION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  6448  32 THERAPEUTIC SHUTDOWN OF HBV TRANSCRIPTS PROMOTES REAPPEARANCE OF THE SMC5/6 COMPLEX AND SILENCING OF THE VIRAL GENOME IN VIVO. OBJECTIVE: THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES SILENCING AND REDUCING THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) RESERVOIR, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CURE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF SMALL INTERFERRING RNA (SIRNA) TARGETING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS OR PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA (PEG-IFNALPHA) ON THE VIRAL REGULATORY HBX PROTEIN AND THE STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOME 5/6 COMPLEX (SMC5/6), A HOST FACTOR SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ASSESSED WHETHER INTERVENTIONS LOWERING HBV TRANSCRIPTS CAN ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN SILENCING OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. DESIGN: HBV-INFECTED HUMAN LIVER CHIMERIC MICE WERE TREATED WITH SIRNA OR PEG-IFNALPHA. VIROLOGICAL AND HOST CHANGES WERE ANALYSED AT THE END OF TREATMENT AND DURING THE REBOUND PHASE BY QUALITATIVE PCR, ELISA, IMMUNOBLOTTING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. RNA IN SITU HYBRIDISATION WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO DETECT SMC6 AND HBV RNAS AT SINGLE CELL LEVEL. THE ENTRY INHIBITOR MYRCLUDEX-B WAS USED DURING THE REBOUND PHASE TO AVOID NEW INFECTION EVENTS. RESULTS: BOTH SIRNA AND PEG-IFNALPHA STRONGLY REDUCED ALL HBV MARKERS, INCLUDING HBX LEVELS, THUS ENABLING THE REAPPEARANCE OF SMC5/6 IN HEPATOCYTES THAT ACHIEVED HBV-RNA NEGATIVISATION AND SMC5/6 ASSOCIATION WITH THE CCCDNA. ONLY IFN REDUCED CCCDNA LOADS AND ENHANCED IFN-STIMULATED GENES. HOWEVER, THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS DID NOT PERSIST OFF TREATMENT AND SMC5/6 WAS AGAIN DEGRADED. REMARKABLY, THE BLOCKADE OF VIRAL ENTRY THAT STARTED AT THE END OF TREATMENT HINDERED RENEWED DEGRADATION OF SMC5/6. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT THERAPEUTICS ABROGATING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS INCLUDING HBX PROMOTE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE HBV MINICHROMOSOME, WHEREAS STRATEGIES PROTECTING THE HUMAN HEPATOCYTES FROM REINFECTION ARE NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CCCDNA SILENCING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11  5678  36 SHORT HAIRPIN RNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS. SMALL INTERFERING RNAS NOT ONLY MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION AT A POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL, BUT ALSO INDUCE TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING BY RNA INTERFERENCE-MEDIATED HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION AND RNA-DIRECTED DNA METHYLATION (RDDM). HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH ESTABLISHED IN PLANTS, THERE HAVE BEEN CONTROVERSIES WHETHER RDDM OPERATES IN MAMMALS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF HBV CCCDNA IS REGULATED BY METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE STABLY EXPRESSED SHORT HAIRPIN RNA (SHRNA) AGAINST HBV IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SHRNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA. HEPAD38 CELLS WHICH PERMIT REPLICATION OF HBV UNDER CONTROL OF TETRACYCLINE-RESPONSIVE PROMOTER WERE TRANSDUCED WITH LENTIVIRAL VECTORS WHICH ENCODE SH-1580, A SHRNA AGAINST THE HEPATITIS B VIRAL PROTEIN HBX. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT SH-1580 INDUCED CPG METHYLATIONS AT A HIGHER RATE COMPARED TO CONTROL (31.3% VS. 12.8%, P<0.05). THE SH-1580-INDUCED CPG METHYLATION WAS LOCALIZED NEAR THE TARGET SEQUENCE OF SH-1580 IN MORE THAN A HALF OF THE CLONES. METHYLATION-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SUPPRESSION WAS CONFIRMED BY IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION ASSAY. THESE RESULTS CONFIRM THE FEASIBILITY OF RDDM OF HBV CCCDNA IN HUMAN CELLS. LENTIVIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF SHRNA MAY BE USED AS A TOOL FOR NOVEL TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV CCCDNA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12  6549  43 TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA INHIBITS MUC5AC EXPRESSION BY SMAD3/HDAC2 COMPLEX FORMATION AND NF-KAPPAB DEACETYLATION AT K310 IN NCI-H292 CELLS. AIRWAY MUCUS SECRETION IS AN ESSENTIAL INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE FOR HOST PROTECTION. HOWEVER, OVERPRODUCTION AND HYPERSECRETION OF MUCUS, MAINLY COMPOSED OF THE GEL- FORMING MUC5AC PROTEIN, ARE SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS FOR PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA (TGFBETA) SIGNALING PATHWAY NEGATIVELY REGULATES MUC5AC EXPRESSION; HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISM IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT TGFBETA SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF MUC5AC MRNA AND ITS PROTEIN IN NCI-H292 CELLS, A HUMAN MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA CELL LINE. THIS REDUCED MUC5AC EXPRESSION WAS RESTORED BY A TGFBETA RECEPTOR INHIBITOR (SB431542), BUT NOT BY THE INHIBITION OF NF-KAPPAB (BAY11-7082 OR TRIPTOLIDE) OR PI3K (LY294002) ACTIVITIES. TGFBETA-ACTIVATED SMAD3 DOSE-DEPENDENTLY BOUND TO MUC5AC PROMOTER. NOTABLY, TGFBETA-ACTIVATED SMAD3 RECRUITED HDAC2 AND FACILITATED NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF HDAC2, THEREBY INDUCING THE DEACETYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB AT K310, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR A REDUCTION IN NF-KAPPAB TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. BOTH TGFBETA-INDUCED NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF SMAD3/HDAC2 AND DEACETYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB AT K310 WERE SUPPRESSED BY A SMAD3 INHIBITOR (SIS3). THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE TGFBETA-ACTIVATED SMAD3/HDAC2 COMPLEX IS AN ESSENTIAL NEGATIVE REGULATOR FOR MUC5AC EXPRESSION AND AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR FOR NF-KAPPAB ACETYLATION. THEREFORE, THESE RESULTS COLLECTIVELY SUGGEST THAT MODULATION OF THE TGFBETA1/SMAD3/HDAC2/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY AXIS CAN BE A PROMISING WAY TO IMPROVE LUNG FUNCTION AS A TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR ASTHMA AND COPD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13  5335  22 QUANTIFICATION AND EPIGENETIC EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL POOL OF HEPATITIS B COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN LONG-TERM NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE-TREATED PATIENTS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR (CCC)DNA IS THE KEY GENOMIC FORM RESPONSIBLE FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND VIROLOGICAL RELAPSE AFTER TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL. THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA LEVELS AND ACTIVITY AFTER LONG-TERM NUCLEOS(T)IDE ANALOGUES THERAPY STILL REPRESENTS A TECHNICAL CHALLENGE. QUANTITATIVE (Q)PCR, ROLLING CIRCLE AMPLIFICATION (RCA) AND DROPLET DIGITAL (DD)PCR ASSAYS WERE USED TO QUANTIFY RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA IN LIVER BIOPSIES FROM 56 CHRONICALLY HBV INFECTED PATIENTS AFTER 3 TO 5 YEARS OF TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT. ACTIVITY OF RESIDUAL CCCDNA WAS EVALUATED BY QUANTIFYING 3.5 KB HBV RNA (PREC/PGRNA) AND BY ASSESSING CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONE TAILS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) BY MICRO-CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. LONG-TERM TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT RESULTED IN SERUM HBV DNA SUPPRESSION, WITH MOST OF THE PATIENTS REACHING UNDETECTABLE LEVELS. DESPITE 38 OUT OF 56 PATIENTS HAD UNDETECTABLE CCCDNA WHEN ASSESSED BY QPCR, RCA AND DDPCR ASSAYS DETECTED CCCDNA IN ALL-BUT-ONE NEGATIVE SAMPLES. LOW PREC/PGRNA LEVEL IN TELBIVUDINE-TREATED SAMPLES WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ENRICHMENT FOR CCCDNA HISTONE PTMS RELATED TO REPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NO DIFFERENCE IN CCCDNA LEVELS WAS FOUND ACCORDING TO SERUM VIRAL MARKERS EVOLUTION. THIS PANEL OF CCCDNA EVALUATION TECHNIQUES SHOULD PROVIDE AN ADDED VALUE FOR THE NEW PROOF-OF-CONCEPT CLINICAL TRIALS AIMING AT A FUNCTIONAL CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
14  2425  26 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF IRF1 DYSREGULATES TYPE III INTERFERON RESPONSES TO RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION IN EPITHELIAL TO MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. CHRONIC OXIDATIVE INJURY PRODUCED BY AIRWAY DISEASE TRIGGERS A TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA)-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING KNOWN AS THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). WE OBSERVE THAT EMT SILENCES PROTECTIVE MUCOSAL INTERFERON (IFN)-I AND III PRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED RHINOVIRUS (RV) AND RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) REPLICATION. MESENCHYMAL TRANSITIONED CELLS ARE DEFECTIVE IN INDUCIBLE INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1 (IRF1) EXPRESSION BY OCCLUDING RELA AND IRF3 ACCESS TO THE PROMOTER. IRF1 IS NECESSARY FOR THE EXPRESSION OF TYPE III IFNS (IFNLS 1 AND 2/3). INDUCED BY THE EMT, ZINC FINGER E-BOX BINDING HOMEOBOX 1 (ZEB1) BINDS AND SILENCES IRF1. ECTOPIC ZEB1 IS SUFFICIENT FOR IRF1 SILENCING, WHEREAS ZEB1 KNOCKDOWN PARTIALLY RESTORES IRF1-IFNL UPREGULATION. ZEB1 SILENCES IRF1 THROUGH THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENHANCER OF ZESTE 2 POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 SUBUNIT (EZH2), FORMING REPRESSIVE H3K27(ME3) MARKS. WE OBSERVE THAT IRF1 EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY ZEB1 DE-REPRESSION, AND OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES HOW AIRWAY REMODELLING/FIBROSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DEFECTIVE MUCOSAL ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE THROUGH ZEB1-INITIATED EPIGENETIC SILENCING.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15  5940  30 TARGETING METHYLTRANSFERASE PRMT5 ELIMINATES LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. IMATINIB-INSENSITIVE LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS) ARE BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR RESISTANCE TO BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS AND RELAPSE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). IDENTIFYING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO ERADICATE CML LSCS MAY BE A STRATEGY TO CURE CML. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE DISCOVERED A POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP BETWEEN BCR-ABL AND PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (PRMT5) IN CML CELLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF PRMT5 WAS OBSERVED IN HUMAN CML LSCS. SILENCING PRMT5 WITH SHRNA OR BLOCKING PRMT5 METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY WITH THE SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITOR PJ-68 REDUCED SURVIVAL, SERIAL REPLATING CAPACITY, AND LONG-TERM CULTURE-INITIATING CELLS (LTC-ICS) IN LSCS FROM CML PATIENTS. FURTHER, PRMT5 KNOCKDOWN OR PJ-68 TREATMENT DRAMATICALLY PROLONGED SURVIVAL IN A MURINE MODEL OF RETROVIRAL BCR-ABL-DRIVEN CML AND IMPAIRED THE IN VIVO SELF-RENEWAL CAPACITY OF TRANSPLANTED CML LSCS. PJ-68 ALSO INHIBITED LONG-TERM ENGRAFTMENT OF HUMAN CML CD34+ CELLS IN IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF PRMT5 ABROGATED THE WNT/BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IN CML CD34+ CELLS BY DEPLETING DISHEVELLED HOMOLOG 3 (DVL3). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC METHYLATION MODIFICATION ON HISTONE PROTEIN ARGININE RESIDUES IS A REGULATORY MECHANISM TO CONTROL SELF-RENEWAL OF LSCS AND INDICATES THAT PRMT5 MAY REPRESENT A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET AGAINST LSCS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
16  3247  29 HEPATITIS B VIRUS BASAL CORE PROMOTER MUTATIONS SHOW LOWER REPLICATION FITNESS ASSOCIATED WITH CCCDNA ACETYLATION STATUS. IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION, VARIANTS WITH MUTATIONS IN THE BASAL CORE PROMOTER (BCP) AND PRECORE REGION PREDOMINATE AND ASSOCIATE WITH MORE SEVERE DISEASE FORMS. STUDIES ON THEIR EFFECT ON VIRAL REPLICATION REMAIN CONTROVERSIAL. INCREASING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CCCDNA REGULATE HBV REPLICATION AND DISEASE OUTCOME. HERE WE DETERMINED THE TRANSCRIPTION AND VIRAL REPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF WELL-DEFINED BCP AND PRECORE MUTATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC CONTROL. HBV MONOMERS BEARING BCP MUTATIONS A1762T/G1764A AND A1762T/G1764A/C1766T, AND PRECORE MUTATIONS G1896A, G1899A AND G1896A/G1899A, WERE TRANSFECTED INTO HEPG2 CELLS USING A PLASMID-FREE APPROACH. VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE DETECTED BY NORTHERN BLOT HYBRIDIZATION AND RT PCR, DNA REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATES BY SOUTHERN BLOTTING AND RT PCR, AND VIRAL RELEASE WAS MEASURED BY ELISA. ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONES WAS ASSESSED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY AND METHYLATION OF CCCDNA BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. BCP MUTATIONS RESULTED IN LOW VIRAL RELEASE, MRNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PGRNA/CCCDNA RATIOS THAT PARALLELED THE ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND H4 HISTONE AND INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH THE HDAC1 RECRUITMENT ONTO CCCDNA. INDEPENDENTLY OF THE MUTATIONS, CCCDNA WAS A TARGET FOR METHYLATION, ACCOMPANIED BY THE UPREGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION AND DNMT1 RECRUITMENT ONTO CCCDNA. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BCP MUTATIONS DECREASE VIRAL REPLICATION CAPACITY POSSIBLY BY MODULATING THE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONES WHILE PRECORE MUTATIONS DO NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON VIRAL REPLICATION. THESE DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE REGULATION OF HBV VIRAL REPLICATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17  2441  30 EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIR-3151 CONTRIBUTES TO CHINESE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA BY CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF MADD/ERK AND PIK3R2/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAYS. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT MIR-3151, LOCALIZED TO A GWAS-IDENTIFIED CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) RISK LOCUS (8Q22.3), IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA SILENCED BY PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION IN CLL. THE PROMOTER OF MIR-3151 WAS METHYLATED IN 5/7 (71%) CLL CELL LINES, 30/98 (31%) DIAGNOSTIC PRIMARY SAMPLES, BUT NOT NORMAL CONTROLS. METHYLATION OF MIR-3151 CORRELATED INVERSELY WITH EXPRESSION. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE LED TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND MIR-3151 RE-EXPRESSION. LUCIFERASE ASSAY CONFIRMED MAP-KINASE ACTIVATING DEATH DOMAIN (MADD) AND PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-3-KINASE, REGULATORY SUBUNIT 2 (PIK3R2) AS DIRECT TARGETS OF MIR-3151. MOREOVER, RESTORATION OF MIR-3151 RESULTED IN INHIBITION OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCED APOPTOSIS, REPRESSION OF MADD AND PIK3R2, DOWNREGULATION OF MEK/ERK AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING, AND REPRESSION OF MCL1. LASTLY, MIR-3151 METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF MIR-203 AND MIR-34B/C IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT MIR-3151 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSIVE MIRNA FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED AND HENCE SILENCED IN CLL. MIR-3151 SILENCING BY DNA METHYLATION PROTECTED CLL CELLS FROM APOPTOSIS THROUGH OVER-EXPRESSION OF ITS DIRECT TARGETS MADD AND PIK3R2, HENCE CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF MEK/ERK AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING RESPECTIVELY, AND CONSEQUENTLY OVER-EXPRESSION OF MCL1.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  3189  34 HBX RELIEVES CHROMATIN-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRAL CCCDNA INVOLVING SETDB1 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR HBV DNA (CCCDNA) THAT SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV TRANSCRIPTION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES. WHILE STUDIES IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS PATIENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT HIGH VIREMIA CORRELATES WITH HYPERACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING CCCDNA STABILITY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DECIPHER THE ROLE OF CHROMATIN AND CHROMATIN MODIFIER PROTEINS ON HBV TRANSCRIPTION. METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE OF ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED OR SILENCED CCCDNA BY INFECTING PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES AND DIFFERENTIATED HEPARG CELLS WITH WILD-TYPE VIRUS OR VIRUS DEFICIENT (HBVX-) FOR THE EXPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX), THAT IS REQUIRED FOR HBV EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE ABSENCE OF HBX, HBV CCCDNA WAS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENCED WITH THE CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HISTONE 3 (H3) ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, INCREASE OF H3 DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION (H3K9ME) AND THE RECRUITMENT OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 FACTORS (HP1) THAT CORRELATE WITH CONDENSED CHROMATIN. SETDB1 WAS FOUND TO BE THE MAIN HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEPOSITION OF H3K9ME3 AND HBV REPRESSION. FINALLY, FULL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REACTIVATION OF HBVX- UPON HBX RE-EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH AN INCREASE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HP1 BINDING AND OF H3K9ME3 ON THE CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: UPON HBV INFECTION, CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVING SETDB1-MEDIATED H3K9ME3 AND HP1 INDUCE SILENCING OF HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH MODULATION OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. HBX IS ABLE TO RELIEVE THIS REPRESSION AND ALLOW THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ACTIVE CHROMATIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19  4771  29 NUCLEAR SENSOR INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 16 INHIBITS THE FUNCTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA BY INTEGRATING INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: NUCLEAR-LOCATED COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR HBV PERSISTENCE AND THE KEY OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER AND HOW THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM SENSES HBV CCCDNA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. APPROACH AND RESULTS: HERE, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 16 (IFI16) COULD SERVE AS A UNIQUE INNATE SENSOR TO RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO HBV CCCDNA IN HEPATIC NUCLEI, LEADING TO THE INHIBITION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION. MECHANISTICALLY, OUR DATA SHOWED THAT IFI16 PROMOTED THE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF HBV CCCDNA BY TARGETING AN INTERFERON-STIMULATED RESPONSE ELEMENT (ISRE) PRESENT IN CCCDNA. IT IS OF INTEREST THAT THIS ISRE WAS ALSO REVEALED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN IFI16-ACTIVATED TYPE I INTERFERON RESPONSES. FURTHERMORE, OUR DATA REVEALED THAT HBV COULD DOWN-REGULATE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF IFI16 IN HEPATOCYTES, AND THERE WAS A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN IFI16 AND HBV TRANSCRIPTS IN LIVER BIOPSIES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF IFI16 IN SUPPRESSING CCCDNA FUNCTION UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE NUCLEAR SENSOR IFI16 SUPPRESSES CCCDNA FUNCTION BY INTEGRATING INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY TARGETING THE ISRE OF CCCDNA, AND IFI16 MAY PRESENT AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET AGAINST HBV INFECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  5803  32 STING SIGNALING ACTIVATION INHIBITS HBV REPLICATION AND ATTENUATES THE SEVERITY OF LIVER INJURY AND HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS. THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) OF HBV PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND IS ALSO A RISK FACTOR FOR DEVELOPING HBV-INDUCED DISEASES, INCLUDING LIVER FIBROSIS. STIMULATOR OF INTERFERON GENES (STING), A MASTER REGULATOR OF DNA-MEDIATED INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION, IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR VIRAL INFECTION AND VIRUS-RELATED DISEASES. IN THIS STUDY, AGONIST-INDUCED STING SIGNALING ACTIVATION IN MACROPHAGES WAS REVEALED TO INHIBIT CCCDNA-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN HEPATOCYTES. NOTABLY, STING ACTIVATION COULD EFFICIENTLY ATTENUATE THE SEVERITY OF LIVER INJURY AND FIBROSIS IN A CHRONIC RECOMBINANT CCCDNA (RCCCDNA) MOUSE MODEL, WHICH IS A PROVEN SUITABLE RESEARCH PLATFORM FOR HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS. MECHANISTICALLY, STING-ACTIVATED AUTOPHAGIC FLUX COULD SUPPRESS MACROPHAGE INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION, LEADING TO THE AMELIORATION OF LIVER INJURY AND HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS. OVERALL, THE ACTIVATION OF STING SIGNALING COULD INHIBIT HBV REPLICATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA AND ALLEVIATE HBV-INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS THROUGH THE SUPPRESSION OF MACROPHAGE INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION BY ACTIVATING AUTOPHAGIC FLUX IN A CHRONIC HBV MOUSE MODEL. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT TARGETING THE STING SIGNALING PATHWAY MAY BE AN IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY TO PROTECT AGAINST PERSISTENT HBV REPLICATION AND HBV-INDUCED FIBROSIS.	2022