1   510 122 ASSOCIATION OF RASGRF1 METHYLATION WITH EPILEPTIC SEIZURES. DNA METHYLATION, ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION, HAS BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE RELATED WITH EPILEPSY. RASGRF1 IS A PATERNALLY IMPRINTED GENE AND HAS A DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) AT THE PROMOTER THAT CAN SILENCE GENE EXPRESSION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED THE DOWN-REGULATION OF RASGRF1 IN THE TEMPORAL NEOCORTEX OF EPILEPSY PATIENTS AND IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF EPILEPTIC ANIMALS. HERE, WE FURTHER EXPLORED THE DYNAMIC CHANGE (1-DAY ACUTE PERIOD, 10-DAY LATENT PERIOD AND 45-DAY CHRONIC PHASE) OF DNA METHYLATION AND RASGRF1 EXPRESSION AFTER ACUTE EPILEPTIC SEIZURES IN KAINIC ACID (KA)-TREATED MICE, AND WE OBSERVED THE IMPACT OF N-PHTHALYL-L-TRYPTOPHAN (RG108), A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITOR, ON AN ACUTE EPILEPTIC MODEL BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), WESTERN BLOTTING, AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP). THE RESULTS DIRECTLY SHOWED THAT THE METHYLATION OF THE RASGRF1 PROMOTER GRADUALLY INCREASED AND REACHED A MAXIMAL LEVEL AT THE LATENT PERIOD, WITH SUBSEQUENT SUPPRESSION OF RASGRF1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS, WHICH REACHED A MINIMUM LEVEL IN THE CHRONIC PHASE. RG108 INHIBITED THE INCREASED METHYLATION OF THE RASGRF1 GENE, WITH SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OCCURRING AT THE LATENT PERIOD, AND RESTORED RASGRF1 EXPRESSION LEVELS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE. IN ADDITION, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT RG108 COULD SUPPRESS ACUTE EPILEPTIC SEIZURES IN KA-TREATED MICE AND EPILEPTIC DISCHARGES IN 4-AMINOPYRIDINE (4-AP)-TREATED HIPPOCAMPAL SLICES. THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT RASGRF1 IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPSY VIA THE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF RASGRF1, AND REGULATING THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RELEVANT GENES MIGHT BE AN INTRIGUING TOPIC IN FUTURE RESEARCH ON EPILEPSY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  2755  35 EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LIKE ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN TWO MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY, WE INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC), A GROUP OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS THAT SHUTTLE BETWEEN NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM. INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS SEIZURES (AFTER 3 DAYS), AND FINALLY CHRONIC EPILEPSY AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. EXPRESSION OF CLASS II HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION IN THE GRANULE CELL LAYERS AND IN SECTORS CA1 AND CA3 CONTRALATERAL TO THE SITE OF KA INJECTION LACKING NEURODEGENERATION. INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 MRNAS COINCIDED WITH PRONOUNCED GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AT LATE INTERVALS (14-28 DAYS AFTER KA) AND EQUALLY AFFECTED BOTH HDAC9 SPLICE VARIANTS. IN CONTRAST, IN THE PILOCARPINE MODEL (SHOWING NO GRANULE CELL DISPERSION), WE OBSERVED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND 9 AT THE SAME TIME INTERVALS. BEYOND THIS, STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN BOTH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY MODELS SUCH AS FAST DECREASES IN HDAC7 AND 10 MRNAS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS WERE OBSERVED, NOTABLY ALSO IN THE CONTRALATERAL HIPPOCAMPUS NOT AFFECTED BY NEURODEGENERATION. THE PARTICULAR PATTERNS OF HDAC MRNA EXPRESSION SUGGEST A ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS AND GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. REDUCED EXPRESSION OF HDACS MAY RESULT IN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF PRO- AND ANTICONVULSIVE PROTEINS. ON THE OTHER HAND, EXPORT OF HDACS FROM THE NUCLEUS INTO THE CYTOPLASM COULD ALLOW FOR DEACETYLATION OF CYTOPLASMATIC PROTEINS INVOLVED IN AXONAL AND DENDRITIC REMODELING, LIKE GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. HDAC 5 AND HDAC 9 EXPRESSION IS HIGHLY INCREASED IN GRANULE CELLS OF THE KA-INJECTED HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARALLELS GRANULE CELL DISPERSION. BOTH HDACS ARE THOUGHT TO BE TARGETED TO THE CYTOPLASM AND TO ACT THERE BY DEACETYLATING CYTOPLASMATIC (E.G. CYTOSCELETON-RELATED) PROTEINS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3  5348  64 RASGRF1, A POTENTIAL METHYLATIC MEDIATOR OF ANTI-EPILEPTOGENESIS? EPILEPTOGENESIS, INDUCED BY STATUS EPILEPTICUS (SE), IS A CHRONIC PROCESS, AND INTERVENTION IN THIS PROGRESS MAY PREVENT CHRONIC EPILEPSY. IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT DNA METHYLATION MIGHT BE RELATED WITH EPILEPTOGENESIS. RASGRF1 HAS A DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION AT THE PROMOTER WHICH CAN SILENCE GENE EXPRESSION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED THE DOWN-REGULATION OF RASGRF1 IN EPILEPSY PATIENTS AND PROVED THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF RASGRF1 REACHES MAXIMAL LEVEL AT THE LATENT PERIOD IN MICE AFTER KAINATE-INDUCED SE (KA MICE), WITH CORRESPONDING ALTERATION OF RASGRF1 EXPRESSION. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, N-PHTHALYL-L-TRYPTOPHAN (RG108), A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, WAS APPLIED IN KA MICE AT LATENT PHASE AND THE BEHAVIOR, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES WERE OBSERVED IN CHRONIC PHASE. METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF RASGRF1 WERE DETERMINED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), WESTERN BLOTTING, AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE INCIDENCE OF SPONTANEOUS RECURRENT SEIZURES (SRS) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN THE RG108 GROUP THAN THE NORMAL SALINE (NS) GROUP. SUBGROUP ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION AND LOWER EXPRESSION OF RASGRF1 IN THE RG108-SRS SUBGROUP AND THE NS-SRS SUBGROUP BUT NOT IN THE RG108-NSRS (NO SRS) SUBGROUP AND THE NS-NSRS SUBGROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND BETWEEN THE RG108-SRS AND NS-SRS SUBGROUPS. MEANWHILE, HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONAL LOSS WAS OBSERVED IN RG108-SRS AND NS-SRS SUBGROUPS. WE THUS DEMONSTRATED THAT RG108 COULD MODIFY THE PROGRESSION OF EPILEPTOGENESIS AFTER KA INDUCED SE AND PREVENT CHRONIC EPILEPSY. MEANWHILE, HYPERMETHYLATION OF RASGRF1 AFTER KA INDUCED SE COULD BE REVERSED WITH CORRESPONDING CHANGES OF RASGRF1 EXPRESSION. ADDITIONALLY, WE SPECULATED THAT RASGRF1 MIGHT BE A POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MEDIATOR IN EPILEPTOGENESIS AND CHRONIC EPILEPSY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  5345  47 RAPID CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF CLASS I AND IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES DURING EPILEPTOGENESIS IN MOUSE MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. A PROMINENT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MANIFESTATION OF EPILEPSY HAS BEEN PROPOSED. THUS ALTERED HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE). WE NOW INVESTIGATED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE CLASS I AND CLASS IV HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) IN TWO COMPLEMENTARY MOUSE TLE MODELS. UNILATERAL INTRAHIPPOCAMPAL INJECTION OF KAINIC ACID (KA) INDUCED A STATUS EPILEPTICUS LASTING 6 TO 24H, DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS LIMBIC SEIZURES (2 TO 3 DAYS AFTER KA INJECTION) AND CHRONIC EPILEPSY, AS REVEALED BY TELEMETRIC RECORDINGS OF THE EEGS. MICE WERE KILLED AT DIFFERENT INTERVALS AFTER KA INJECTION AND EXPRESSION OF HDAC MRNAS WAS INVESTIGATED BY IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION. WE OBSERVED MARKED DECREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDACS 1, 2 AND 11 (BY UP TO 75%) IN THE GRANULE CELL AND PYRAMIDAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING THE ACUTE STATUS EPILEPTICUS (2 TO 6H AFTER KA INJECTION). THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDAC MRNAS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CELL LAYERS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER 12 TO 48 H. IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, 14 AND 28 DAYS AFTER KA, ONLY MODEST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC1 MRNA WERE OBSERVED IN GRANULE AND PYRAMIDAL CELLS. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY USING AN ANTIBODY DETECTING HDAC2 REVEALED RESULTS CONSISTENT WITH THE MRNA DATA AND INDICATES ALSO EXPRESSION IN GLIAL CELLS ON THE INJECTION SIDE. SIMILAR CHANGES AS SEEN IN THE KA MODEL WERE OBSERVED AFTER A PILOCARPINE-INDUCED STATUS EPILEPTICUS EXCEPT THAT DECREASES IN HDACS 2, 3 AND 8 WERE ALSO SEEN AT THE CHRONIC 28 DAY INTERVAL. THE PROMINENT DECREASES IN HDAC EXPRESSION DURING STATUS EPILEPTICUS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED INCREASED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS AND WITH THE AUGMENTED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H4. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT RESPECTIVE PUTATIVE GENE PRODUCTS COULD FACILITATE PROCONVULSIVE AS WELL AS ANTICONVULSIVE MECHANISMS. THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ALL CLASS I HDACS DURING THE "SILENT PHASE", ON THE OTHER HAND, MAY BE RELATED TO DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, WHICH COULD CAUSE A DECREASE IN EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN PROTEINS, A MECHANISM THAT COULD ALSO PROMOTE EPILEPTOGENESIS. THUS, ADDRESSING HDAC EXPRESSION MAY HAVE A THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL IN INTERFERING WITH A STATUS EPILEPTICUS AND WITH THE MANIFESTATION OF TLE.	2015	
                               
5  3647  32 INCREASED REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH GRANULE CELL DISPERSION IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS (MTS) IS THE MOST COMMON LESION IN CHRONIC, INTRACTABLE TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES (TLE) AND CHARACTERIZED BY SEGMENTAL NEURONAL CELL LOSS IN MAJOR HIPPOCAMPAL SEGMENTS. ANOTHER HISTOPATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK INCLUDES GRANULE CELL DISPERSION (GCD), AN ARCHITECTURAL DISTURBANCE OF THE DENTATE GYRUS ENCOUNTERED IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF PATIENTS WITH MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS. REELIN, WHICH PLAYS A KEY ROLE DURING HIPPOCAMPAL DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF LAMINAR ORGANIZATION, IS SYNTHESIZED AND RELEASED BY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS OF THE DENTATE MOLECULAR LAYER, AND PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT REELIN TRANSCRIPT LEVELS ARE DOWNREGULATED IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSIES SPECIMENS. TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING BY REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY BE AN UNDERLYING PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM OF GCD, DNA WAS HARVESTED FROM 3 MICRODISSECTED HIPPOCAMPAL SUBREGIONS (I.E. MOLECULAR AND GRANULE CELL LAYERS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AND PRESUBICULUM) FROM 8 MTS SPECIMENS WITH GCD, 5 TLE SAMPLES WITHOUT GCD, AND 3 AUTOPSY CONTROLS. PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED AFTER BISULFITE TREATMENT, CLONING, AND DIRECT SEQUENCING; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WAS PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY CAJAL-RETZIUS CELLS. REELIN PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS FOUND TO BE GREATER IN TLE SPECIMENS THAN IN CONTROLS; PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH GCD AMONG TLE SPECIMENS (P < 0.0002). NO OTHER CLINICAL OR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETER (I.E. SEX, AGE, SEIZURE DURATION, MEDICATION OR EXTENT, OF MTS) CORRELATED WITH PROMOTER METHYLATION. THESE DATA SUPPORT A COMPROMISED REELIN-SIGNALING PATHWAY AND IDENTIFY PROMOTER METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TLE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
6  2116  33 EPIGENETIC HISTONE DEACETYLATION INHIBITION PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. EPILEPSY IS A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY REPEATED UNPROVOKED SEIZURES. CURRENTLY, NO DRUG THERAPY EXISTS FOR CURING EPILEPSY OR DISEASE MODIFICATION IN PEOPLE AT RISK. DESPITE SEVERAL EMERGING MECHANISMS, THERE HAVE BEEN FEW STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC SIGNALING IN EPILEPTOGENESIS, THE PROCESS WHEREBY A NORMAL BRAIN BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY EPILEPTIC BECAUSE OF PRECIPITATING FACTORS. HERE, WE REPORT A NOVEL ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION AS A CRITICAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED USING THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS KINDLING MODEL OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE), A CLASSIC MODEL HEAVILY USED TO APPROVE DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY. DAILY TREATMENT WITH BUTYRATE SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED HDAC ACTIVITY AND RETARDED THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIMBIC EPILEPTOGENESIS WITHOUT AFFECTING AFTER-DISCHARGE SIGNAL. HDAC INHIBITION MARKEDLY IMPAIRED THE PERSISTENCE OF SEIZURE EXPRESSION MANY WEEKS AFTER EPILEPSY DEVELOPMENT. MOREOVER, SUBCHRONIC HDAC INHIBITION FOR 2 WEEKS RESULTED IN A STRIKING RETARDATION OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. HDAC INHIBITION, UNEXPECTEDLY, ALSO SHOWED ERASURE OF THE EPILEPTOGENIC STATE IN EPILEPTIC ANIMALS. FINALLY, BUTYRATE-TREATED ANIMALS EXHIBITED A POWERFUL REDUCTION IN MOSSY FIBER SPROUTING, A MORPHOLOGIC INDEX OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. TOGETHER THESE RESULTS UNDERSCORE THAT HDAC INHIBITION PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF TLE, INDICATING HDAC'S CRITICAL SIGNALING ROLE IN EPILEPTOGENESIS. THESE FINDINGS, THEREFORE, ENVISAGE A UNIQUE NOVEL THERAPY FOR PREVENTING OR CURING EPILEPSY BY TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC HDAC PATHWAY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  5617  42 SARCOSINE SUPPRESSES EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS WITH EFFECTS ON HIPPOCAMPAL DNA METHYLATION. EPILEPTOGENESIS IS A COMMON CONSEQUENCE OF BRAIN INSULTS, HOWEVER, THE PREVENTION OR DELAY OF THE EPILEPTOGENIC PROCESS REMAINS AN IMPORTANT UNMET MEDICAL CHALLENGE. OVEREXPRESSION OF GLYCINE TRANSPORTER 1 (GLYT1) IS PROPOSED AS A PATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF PATIENTS WITH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE), AND WE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED IN RODENT EPILEPSY MODELS THAT AUGMENTATION OF GLYCINE SUPPRESSED CHRONIC SEIZURES AND ALTERED ACUTE SEIZURE THRESHOLDS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE EFFECT OF THE GLYT1 INHIBITOR, SARCOSINE (AKA N-METHYLGLYCINE), ON EPILEPTOGENESIS AND ALSO INVESTIGATED POSSIBLE MECHANISMS. WE DEVELOPED A MODIFIED RAPID KINDLING MODEL OF EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS COMBINED WITH SEIZURE SCORE MONITORING TO EVALUATE THE ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECT OF SARCOSINE. WE USED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS FOR THE EVALUATION OF GLYT1 EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC) IN THE EPILEPTOGENIC HIPPOCAMPI OF RATS, AND FURTHER EVALUATED EXPRESSION CHANGES IN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (TET1), DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), AND DNMT3A. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATED: (I) EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE THAT SARCOSINE (3 G/KG, I.P. DAILY) SUPPRESSED KINDLING EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS; (II) THE SARCOSINE-INDUCED ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A SUPPRESSED HIPPOCAMPAL GLYT1 EXPRESSION AS WELL AS A REDUCTION OF HIPPOCAMPAL 5MC LEVELS AND A CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN 5HMC; AND (III) SARCOSINE TREATMENT CAUSED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION CHANGES OF TET1 AND DNMTS. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SARCOSINE HAS UNPRECEDENTED DISEASE-MODIFYING PROPERTIES IN A KINDLING MODEL OF EPILEPTOGENESIS IN RATS, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED HIPPOCAMPAL DNA METHYLATION. THUS, MANIPULATION OF THE GLYCINE SYSTEM IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8   998  22 CHRONIC SUBCONVULSIVE ACTIVITY DURING EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE PRODUCES AUTISTIC BEHAVIOR IN THE ABSENCE OF NEUROTOXICITY IN THE JUVENILE WEANLING PERIOD. THE DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) VARIES FROM VERY MILD TO SEVERE SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC SUBCONVULSIVE ACTIVITY IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTISTIC BEHAVIOR IN A SEX-RELATED MANNER. LOW DOSES OF KAINIC ACID (KA) (25-100 MUG) WERE ADMINISTERED TO RAT PUPS FOR 15 DAYS BEGINNING ON POSTNATAL (P) DAY 6 TO CHRONICALLY ELEVATE NEURONAL ACTIVITY. A BATTERY OF CLASSICAL AND NOVEL BEHAVIORAL TESTS WAS USED, AND SEX DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED. OUR NOVEL OPEN HANDLING TEST REVEALED THAT ASD MALES NOSE POKED MORE OFTEN AND ASD FEMALES CLIMBED AND ESCAPED MORE FREQUENTLY WITH AGE. IN THE SOCIAL INTERACTION TEST, ASD MALES WERE LESS SOCIAL THAN ASD FEMALES WHO WERE MORE ANXIOUS IN HANDLING AND ELEVATED PLUS MAZE (EPM) TASKS. TO EVALUATE GROUP DYNAMICS, SIBLING AND NON-SIBLING CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EXPLORED 3 DIFFERENT SHAPED NOVEL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS. CONTROL PUPS HUDDLED QUICKLY AND MORE FREQUENTLY IN ALL ENVIRONMENTS WHETHER THEY SOCIALIZED WITH LITTERMATES OR NON-SIBLINGS COMPARED TO ASD GROUPS. NON-SIBLING ASD PUPS WERE ERRATIC AND HUDDLED IN SMALLER GROUPS. IN THE OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST, ONLY ASD MALES SPENT LESS TIME WITH THE NOVEL OBJECT COMPARED TO CONTROL PUPS. DATA SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC SUBCONVULSIVE ACTIVITY IN EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE LEADS TO AN ASD PHENOTYPE IN THE ABSENCE OF CELL DEATH. MALES WERE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEVELOPING ASOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND COGNITIVE PATHOLOGIES, WHEREAS FEMALES WERE PRONE TO HIGHER LEVELS OF HYPERACTIVITY AND ANXIETY, VALIDATING OUR POSTNATAL ASD MODEL APPARENT IN THE PRE-JUVENILE PERIOD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9  1425  31 DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF CODING AND NON-CODING GENES DEFINE HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY IS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE-SCALE, WIDE-RANGING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO DNA ARE ATTRACTIVE MECHANISMS TO EXPLAIN THE SUSTAINED HYPEREXCITABILITY OF CHRONIC EPILEPSY. HERE, THROUGH METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF ALL ANNOTATED C-PHOSPHATE-G ISLANDS AND PROMOTER REGIONS IN THE HUMAN GENOME, WE REPORT A PILOT STUDY OF THE METHYLATION PROFILES OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY WITH OR WITHOUT HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS. FURTHERMORE, BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION, WE IDENTIFY METHYLATION SENSITIVE NON-CODING RNA IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. A TOTAL OF 146 PROTEIN-CODING GENES EXHIBITED ALTERED DNA METHYLATION IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY HIPPOCAMPUS (N = 9) WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL (N = 5), WITH 81.5% OF THE PROMOTERS OF THESE GENES DISPLAYING HYPERMETHYLATION. UNIQUE METHYLATION PROFILES WERE EVIDENT IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY WITH OR WITHOUT HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS, IN ADDITION TO A COMMON METHYLATION PROFILE REGARDLESS OF PATHOLOGY GRADE. GENE ONTOLOGY TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT, NEURON REMODELLING AND NEURON MATURATION WERE OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF WATSON GRADE 1 SAMPLES (MILD HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS). IN ADDITION TO GENES ASSOCIATED WITH NEURONAL, NEUROTRANSMITTER/SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND CELL DEATH FUNCTIONS, DIFFERENTIAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION WAS EVIDENT IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY, BUT OVERALL FEW GENES PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPSY WERE AMONG THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED. FINALLY, A PANEL OF 13, METHYLATION-SENSITIVE MICRORNA WERE IDENTIFIED IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY INCLUDING MIR27A, MIR-193A-5P (MIR193A) AND MIR-876-3P (MIR876), AND THE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF LONG NON-CODING RNA DOCUMENTED FOR THE FIRST TIME. THE PRESENT STUDY THEREFORE REPORTS SELECT, GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN HUMAN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE EPILEPTIC BRAIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  1827  37 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY IN WAG/RIJ RATS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION BASED ON HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ACTIVITY, HAVE BEEN LINKED NOT ONLY TO NORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION BUT ALSO TO SEVERAL BRAIN DISORDERS INCLUDING EPILEPSY AND THE EPILEPTOGENIC PROCESS. IN WAG/RIJ RATS, A GENETIC MODEL OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY, EPILEPTOGENESIS AND MILD-DEPRESSION COMORBIDITY, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF TWO HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACI), NAMELY SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB), VALPROIC ACID (VPA) AND THEIR CO-ADMINISTRATION, ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABSENCE SEIZURES AND RELATED PSYCHIATRIC/NEUROLOGIC COMORBIDITIES FOLLOWING TWO DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGMS. TREATMENT EFFECTS HAVE BEEN EVALUATED BY EEG RECORDINGS (EEG) AND BEHAVIOURAL TESTS AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS. PROLONGED AND DAILY VPA AND NAB TREATMENT, STARTED BEFORE ABSENCE SEIZURE ONSET (P30), SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ABSENCE EPILEPSY SHOWING ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC EFFECTS. THESE EFFECTS WERE ENHANCED BY NAB/VPA CO-ADMINISTRATION. FURTHERMORE, EARLY-CHRONIC HDACI TREATMENT IMPROVED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOUR AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE 1 MONTH AFTER TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL. WAG/RIJ RATS OF 7 MONTHS OF AGE SHOWED REDUCED ACETYLATED LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 AND H4, ANALYSED BY WESTERN BLOTTING OF HOMOGENIZED BRAIN, IN COMPARISON TO WAG/RIJ BEFORE SEIZURE ONSET (P30). THE BRAIN HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY DURING TREATMENT WITH NAB OR VPA ALONE AND MORE MARKEDLY DURING CO-ADMINISTRATION. WE ALSO OBSERVED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF BOTH HDAC1 AND 3 FOLLOWING HDACI TREATMENT COMPARED TO CONTROL GROUP. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPSY AND EARLY TREATMENT WITH HDACI MIGHT BE A POSSIBLE STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING EPILEPTOGENESIS ALSO AFFECTING BEHAVIOURAL COMORBIDITIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11  2057  32 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF EPILEPSY TARGET GENES CONTRIBUTES TO A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS IN CULTURED RAT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS. HYPERSYNCHRONOUS NEURONAL EXCITATION MANIFESTS CLINICALLY AS SEIZURE (ICTOGENESIS), AND MAY RECUR SPONTANEOUSLY AND REPETITIVELY AFTER A VARIABLE LATENCY PERIOD (EPILEPTOGENESIS). DESPITE TREMENDOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS TO DESCRIBE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS AND SIGNATURES OF EPILEPTOGENESIS, MOLECULAR PATHOMECHANISMS LEADING TO CHRONIC EPILEPSY REMAIN TO BE CLARIFIED. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY FORM THE BASIS FOR A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS, AND USED A PRIMARY NEURONAL CELL CULTURE MODEL OF THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS TO STUDY THE TRANSLATION OF MASSIVE NEURONAL EXCITATION INTO PERSISTING CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES AND PRO-EPILEPTOGENIC TARGET GENE EXPRESSION. INCREASED SPONTANEOUS ACTIVATION OF CULTURED NEURONS WAS DETECTED 3 AND 7 DAYS AFTER STIMULATION WITH 10 MUM GLUTAMATE WHEN COMPARED TO SHAM-TREATED TIME-MATCHED CONTROLS USING CALCIUM-IMAGING IN VITRO. CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS REVEALED SHORT-TERM (3 H, 7 H, AND 24 H) AND LONG-TERM (3 D AND 2 WEEKS) CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WERE DIRECTLY LINKED TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF TWO SELECTED EPILEPSY TARGET GENES, E.G. EXCITATORY GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR GENES GRIA2 AND GRIN2A. INCREASED PROMOTER METHYLATION OBSERVED 4 WEEKS AFTER GLUTAMATE STIMULATION AT RESPECTIVE GENES SUGGESTED LONG-TERM REPRESSION OF GRIA2 AND GRIN2A GENES. INHIBITION OF GLUTAMATERGIC ACTIVATION OR BLOCKING THE PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS IN CULTURED NEURONS RESCUED ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATORY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF A CELLULAR MEMORY OF EPILEPTOGENESIS AND PERSISTING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF EPILEPSY TARGET GENES, WHICH ARE ABLE TO TURN NORMAL INTO PRO-EPILEPTIC NEURONS AND CIRCUITS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12  5497  36 REVIEW: ANIMAL MODELS OF ACQUIRED EPILEPSY: INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF HUMAN EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN MANY PATIENTS WHO SUFFER FROM EPILEPSIES, RECURRENT EPILEPTIC SEIZURES DO NOT START AT BIRTH BUT DEVELOP LATER IN LIFE. THIS HOLDS PARTICULARLY TRUE FOR EPILEPSIES WITH A FOCAL SEIZURE ORIGIN INCLUDING FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIAS AND TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE). TLE MOST FREQUENTLY HAS ITS SEIZURE ONSET IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION. HIPPOCAMPAL BIOPSIES OF PHARMACORESISTANT TLE PATIENTS UNDERGOING EPILEPSY SURGERY FOR SEIZURE CONTROL MOST FREQUENTLY REVEAL THE DAMAGE PATTERN OF HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS, THAT IS, SEGMENTAL NEURONAL CELL LOSS AND CONCOMITANT ASTROGLIOSIS. MANY TLE PATIENTS REPORT ON TRANSIENT BRAIN INSULTS EARLY IN LIFE, WHICH IS FOLLOWED BY A 'LATENCY' PERIOD LACKING SEIZURE ACTIVITY OF MONTHS OR EVEN YEARS BEFORE CHRONIC RECURRENT SEIZURES START. THE PLETHORA OF STRUCTURAL AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT CONVERT THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION TO BECOME CHRONICALLY HYPEREXCITABLE AFTER A TRANSIENT INSULT TO THE BRAIN ARE SUMMARIZED UNDER THE TERM EPILEPTOGENESIS. IN CONTRAST TO THE OBSTACLES ARISING FOR EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF EPILEPTOGENESIS ASPECTS IN HUMAN SURGICAL HIPPOCAMPAL TISSUE, RECENT ANIMAL MODEL APPROACHES ALLOW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF EPILEPTOGENESIS. RELEVANT MODELS OF TRANSIENT BRAIN INSULTS IN THIS CONTEXT COMPRISE SEVERAL DISTINCT TYPES OF LESIONS INCLUDING EXCITOXIC STATUS EPILEPTICUS (SE), ELECTRICAL SEIZURE INDUCTION, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, INDUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES BY HYPERTHERMIA AND VIRAL INFLAMMATION AND OTHERS. IN PATHOGENETIC TERMS, ABERRANT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, ACQUIRED CHANNEL- AND SYNAPTOPATHIES, NEURONAL NETWORK AND BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AS WELL AS INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY-MEDIATED DAMAGE PLAY MAJOR ROLES. IN SUBSEQUENT STEPS, RESPECTIVE ANIMAL MODELS HAVE BEEN USED IN ORDER TO TEST WHETHER THIS DYNAMIC PROCESS CAN BE EITHER RETARDED OR EVEN ABOLISHED BY INTERFERING WITH EPILEPTOGENIC MECHANISMS. WELL-CONTROLLED SUBSEQUENT ANALYSES OF EPILEPTOGENIC CASCADES CHARACTERIZED IN ANIMAL MODELS USING CAREFULLY STRATIFIED HUMAN HIPPOCAMPAL BIOPSIES TO EXPLOIT THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES GIVEN BY THESE RARE AND PRECIOUS BRAIN TISSUE SAMPLES AIM TO TRANSLATE INTO NOVEL ANTIEPILEPTOGENIC APPROACHES. RESPECTIVE PRECLINICAL TESTS CAN OPEN ENTIRELY NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR TAILOR-MADE TREATMENTS IN PATIENTS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO AVOID THE EMERGENCE OF CHRONIC FOCAL SEIZURE EVENTS.	2018	

13  1718  30 DYSREGULATED LONG NON-CODING RNAS IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY MOUSE MODEL. PURPOSE: TO PERFORM COMPREHENSIVE PROFILING OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) IN TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY. METHODS: WE PERFORMED EXTENSIVE PROFILING OF LNCRNAS AND MRNAS IN THE MOUSE PILOCARPINE MODEL IN SPECIFIC BRAIN REGIONS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND CORTEX, AND COMPARED THE RESULTS TO THOSE OF THE CONTROL MOUSE. DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNAS AND MRNAS WERE IDENTIFIED WITH A MICROARRAY ANALYSIS (ARRAYSTAR MOUSE LNCRNA EXPRESSION MICROARRAY V3.0). THEN, GENE ONTOLOGY (GO) AND PATHWAY ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED TO INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL ROLES OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MRNAS IN THE PILOCARPINE MODEL. PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS TRANSCRIBED BY DYSREGULATED MRNAS WITH/WITHOUT CO-DYSREGULATED LNCRNAS WERE ANALYZED USING STRING V10 (HTTP://STRING-DB.ORG/). RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 22 AND 83 LNCRNAS WERE UP- AND DOWN-REGULATED (>/=2.0-FOLD, ALL P < .05), RESPECTIVELY, IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF THE EPILEPSY MODEL, WHILE 46 AND 659 LNCRNAS WERE UP- AND DOWN-REGULATED, RESPECTIVELY, IN THE CORTEX OF THE EPILEPSY MODEL. GO AND PATHWAY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE DYSREGULATED MRNAS WERE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH A PROCESS ALREADY KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN EPILEPTOGENESIS: ACUTE INFLAMMATION, CALCIUM ION REGULATION, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING, AND NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION. AMONG THE LNCRNAS, WE IDENTIFIED 10 LNCRNAS COMMONLY DYSREGULATED WITH CORRESPONDING MRNAS IN THE CORTEX. THE STRING ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE DYSREGULATED MRNAS WERE INTERCONNECTED AROUND TWO CENTERS: THE MTOR PATHWAY-RELATED GENES AND REST PATHWAY-RELATED GENES. CONCLUSION: LNCRNAS WERE DYSREGULATED IN THE PILOCARPINE MOUSE MODEL ACCORDING TO THE BRAIN REGIONS OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND CORTEX. THE DYSREGULATED LNCRNAS WITH CO-DYSREGULATED MRNAS MIGHT BE POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHRONIC EPILEPSY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14  1301  34 DEEP SEQUENCING REVEALS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC RAT EPILEPSY. EPILEPSY IS A FREQUENT NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER, ALTHOUGH ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF SEIZURES REMAIN DIFFICULT TO PREDICT IN AFFECTED PATIENTS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR EPILEPTOGENIC CONDITION. PREVIOUS STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS AS WELL AS HUMAN EPILEPTIC BRAIN TISSUE REVEALED A REMARKABLY DIVERSE PATTERN OF GENE EXPRESSION IMPLICATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PROGRESSION. HERE WE MAPPED FOR THE FIRST TIME GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CHRONIC EPILEPTIC RATS AND CONTROLS. USING METHYL-CPG CAPTURE ASSOCIATED WITH MASSIVE PARALLEL SEQUENCING (METHYL-SEQ) WE REPORT THE GENOMIC METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF THE CHRONIC EPILEPTIC STATE. WE OBSERVED A PREDOMINANT INCREASE, RATHER THAN LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC RAT EPILEPSY. ABERRANT METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES USING MRNA SEQUENCING FROM SAME ANIMALS AND TISSUE SPECIMENS. ADMINISTRATION OF A KETOGENIC, HIGH-FAT, LOW-CARBOHYDRATE DIET ATTENUATED SEIZURE PROGRESSION AND AMELIORATED DNA METHYLATION MEDIATED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING OF AN EPIGENETIC MARK BEING USED IN EPILEPSY RESEARCH TO SEPARATE EPILEPTIC FROM NON-EPILEPTIC ANIMALS AS WELL AS FROM ANIMALS RECEIVING ANTI-CONVULSIVE DIETARY TREATMENT. WE FURTHER DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AS A PATHOGENIC MECHANISM OF EPILEPTOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  1831  37 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SEPARATION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXON I PROMOTER IN THE ADULT RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. AIM: EARLY LIFE STRESS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THROUGH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND IS A RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ACTION. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) DURING EARLY LIFE AND TREATED WITH AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG AS ADULTS. METHODS: RAT PUPS WERE SUBJECTED TO MS FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 21 AND RECEIVED CHRONIC ESCITALOPRAM (ESC) AS ADULTS. WE ASSESSED THE EFFECTS OF MS AND ESC ON BDNF EXON I AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT) MRNA LEVELS (QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, AND MECP2 BINDING TO THE BDNF PROMOTER I (CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), AND BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY). RESULTS: THE LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA WERE ALTERED IN THE MS GROUP COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. SIGNIFICANT DECREASES WERE OBSERVED IN THE BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MS + ESC AND MS GROUPS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BDNF PROTEIN, EXON I MRNA, AND HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS AND SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN MECP2 AND DNMT1 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MS INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE BDNF EXON I PROMOTER AND THESE CHANGES WERE PREVENTED BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG TREATMENT DURING ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  4397  37 MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RODENT CORTICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PATHWAYS EXERTS RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. BACKGROUND: STRESS INCREASES DNA METHYLATION, PRIMARILY A SUPPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), AND DECREASES THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND MOOD REGULATION. DESPITE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT DECREASES STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER INHIBITION OF DNMT WOULD CONVEY RAPID ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS. AIM: THIS WORK TESTED SUCH A HYPOTHESIS AND EVALUATED WHETHER A BEHAVIORAL EFFECT INDUCED BY DNMT INHIBITORS (DNMTI) CORRESPONDS WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN GENES CONSISTENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (BDNF, TRKB, 5-HT(1A), NMDA, AND AMPA). METHODS: MALE WISTAR RATS RECEIVED INTRAPERITONEAL (I.P.) INJECTION OF TWO PHARMACOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DNMTI (5-AZAD 0.2 AND 0.6 MG/KG OR RG108 0.6 MG/KG) OR VEHICLE (1 ML/KG), 1 H OR 7 DAYS BEFORE THE LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST (LH). DNA METHYLATION IN TARGET GENES AND THE CORRESPONDENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) USING MEDIP-QPCR. IN PARALLEL SEPARATE GROUPS, THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF 5-AZAD AND RG108 WAS INVESTIGATED IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST (FST). THE INVOLVEMENT OF CORTICAL BDNF-TRKB-MTOR PATHWAYS WAS ASSESSED BY INTRA-VENTRAL MEDIAL PFC (VMPFC) INJECTIONS OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR INHIBITOR), K252A (TRKB RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST), OR VEHICLE (0.2 MUL/SIDE). RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT BOTH 5-AZAD AND RG108 ACUTELY AND 7 DAYS BEFORE THE TEST DECREASED ESCAPE FAILURES IN THE LH. LH STRESS INCREASED DNA METHYLATION AND DECREASED TRANSCRIPT LEVELS OF BDNF IV AND TRKB IN THE PFC, EFFECTS THAT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED BY RG108 TREATMENT. THE SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZAD (0.2 MG/KG) AND RG108 (0.2 MG/KG) INDUCED AN ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT IN FST, WHICH WAS, HOWEVER, ATTENUATED BY TRKB AND MTOR INHIBITION INTO THE VMPFC. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT ACUTE INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RAPID AND SUSTAINED ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BDNF-TRKB-MTOR SIGNALING IN THE PFC.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  2300  34 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY: IMPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS KNOWN TO BE UP-REGULATED IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HERE, WE FOUND THAT THERMAL HYPERALGESIA AND MECHANICAL ALLODYNIA AT DAY 7 POST-INJURY WERE INHIBITED ONLY WHEN ANTI-BDNF ANTIBODY WAS INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTRATED AT DAY 2 POST-INJURY. CONSISTENT WITH BEHAVIORAL RESULTS, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF PROTEIN IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE MARKEDLY INDUCED DURING EARLY STAGE POST-INJURY. MOREOVER, THE MAXIMAL INCREASE IN BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG WAS OBSERVED AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED LEVELS WERE SUSTAINED FOR AT LEAST 14 DAYS. FOUR OF FIVE BDNF MRNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE UP-REGULATED AFTER NERVE INJURY, AND THE MOST INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPT WAS EXON I. USING A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY, WE FOUND THAT NERVE INJURY PROMOTES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE MODIFICATIONS, AT BDNF PROMOTER I AT DAY 1 POST-INJURY, AND THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION REMAIN ELEVATED FOR AT LEAST 7 DAYS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT AN INITIAL INCREASE IN BDNF EXON I EXPRESSION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MIGHT HAVE A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  1003  24 CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH FLUOXETINE INDUCES SEX-DEPENDENT ANALGESIC EFFECTS AND MODULATES HDAC2 AND MGLU2 EXPRESSION IN FEMALE MICE. GENDER AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN PAIN RECOGNITION AND DRUG RESPONSES HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF PAIN. AMONG ANTIDEPRESSANTS, CONTRADICTORY RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS). THIS STUDY EVALUATED SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO THE SSRI FLUOXETINE AFTER CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE MOUSE FORMALIN TEST. ADULT MALE AND FEMALE CD1 MICE WERE INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTED WITH FLUOXETINE (10 MG/KG) FOR 21 DAYS AND SUBJECTED TO PAIN ASSESSMENT. FLUOXETINE TREATMENT REDUCED THE SECOND PHASE OF THE FORMALIN TEST ONLY IN FEMALE MICE WITHOUT PRODUCING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN MALES. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT FLUOXETINE WAS ABLE TO SPECIFICALLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR TYPE-2 (MGLU2) IN FEMALES. ALSO A REDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYME, HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2), IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) AND DORSAL HORN (DH) TOGETHER WITH AN INCREASE HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION (H3) LEVEL WAS OBSERVED IN FEMALES BUT NOT IN MALES. WITH THIS STUDY WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT FLUOXETINE INDUCES SEX SPECIFIC CHANGES IN HDAC2 AND MGLU2 EXPRESSION IN THE DH OF THE SPINAL CORD AND IN DRGS AND SUGGESTS A MOLECULAR EXPLANATION FOR THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS IN FEMALE MICE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19  1809  26 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20  2449  37 EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF HIPPOCAMPAL CALBINDIN-D28K BY DELTAFOSB DRIVES SEIZURE-RELATED COGNITIVE DEFICITS. THE CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN CALBINDIN-D28K IS CRITICAL FOR HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTION AND COGNITION, BUT ITS EXPRESSION IS MARKEDLY DECREASED IN VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY AND SEIZURES. IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) AND EPILEPSY, BOTH OF WHICH ARE ACCOMPANIED BY RECURRENT SEIZURES, THE SEVERITY OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS REFLECTS THE DEGREE OF CALBINDIN REDUCTION IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE GYRUS (DG). HOWEVER, DESPITE THE IMPORTANCE OF CALBINDIN IN BOTH NEURONAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY, THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS THAT CONTROL ITS EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE WE REPORT AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH SEIZURES CHRONICALLY SUPPRESS HIPPOCAMPAL CALBINDIN EXPRESSION AND IMPAIR COGNITION. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT DELTAFOSB, A HIGHLY STABLE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, IS INDUCED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN MOUSE MODELS OF AD AND SEIZURES, IN WHICH IT BINDS AND TRIGGERS HISTONE DEACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER OF THE CALBINDIN GENE (CALB1) AND DOWNREGULATES CALB1 TRANSCRIPTION. NOTABLY, INCREASING DG CALBINDIN LEVELS, EITHER BY DIRECT VIRUS-MEDIATED EXPRESSION OR INHIBITION OF DELTAFOSB SIGNALING, IMPROVES SPATIAL MEMORY IN A MOUSE MODEL OF AD. MOREOVER, LEVELS OF DELTAFOSB AND CALBINDIN EXPRESSION ARE INVERSELY RELATED IN THE DG OF INDIVIDUALS WITH TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE) OR AD AND CORRELATE WITH PERFORMANCE ON THE MINI-MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION (MMSE). WE PROPOSE THAT CHRONIC SUPPRESSION OF CALBINDIN BY DELTAFOSB IS ONE MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH INTERMITTENT SEIZURES DRIVE PERSISTENT COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN CONDITIONS ACCOMPANIED BY RECURRENT SEIZURES.	2017