1   852 176 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS THE MOST COMMON MALIGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) AND CARRIES A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESIS OF CCA IN PSC IS LARGELY UNKNOWN, INFLAMMATION-DRIVEN CARCINOGENESIS CONCOMITANT WITH VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE UNDERLYING FACTORS. THE MAJORITY OF CCA CASES DEVELOP FROM A DOMINANT STRICTURE (DS), WHICH IS DEFINED AS A STRICTURE WITH A DIAMETER < 1.5 MM IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT OR < 1.0 MM IN THE HEPATIC DUCT. IN PSC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ABRUPT AGGRAVATION OF JAUNDICE, PAIN, FATIGUE, PRURITUS, WEIGHT LOSS, OR WORSENING LIVER BIOCHEMISTRIES, CCA SHOULD BE SUSPECTED AND EVALUATED UTILIZING A VARIETY OF DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES. HOWEVER, EARLY RECOGNITION OF CCA IN PSC REMAINS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IMPORTANTLY, 30-50% OF CCA IN PSC PATIENTS ARE OBSERVED WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PSC FOLLOWED BY AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE RANGING FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 PER 100 PERSONS, WHICH IS NEARLY 10 TO 1000 TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. CUMULATIVE 5-YEAR, 10-YEAR, AND LIFETIME INCIDENCES ARE 7%, 8-11%, AND 9-20%, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS DIAGNOSED, MOST TUMORS ARE UNRESECTABLE, AND NO EFFECTIVE MEDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. GIVEN THE POOR THERAPEUTIC OUTCOME, THE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PSC PATIENTS WHO ARE AT AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. SUCH PATIENTS INCLUDE OLDER MALES WITH LARGE-DUCT PSC AND POSSIBLY CONCURRENT ULCERATIVE COLITIS. THUS, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PATIENTS WITH THESE CLINICAL FEATURES, IN PARTICULAR WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PSC DIAGNOSIS. IN CONTRAST, CCA IS LESS FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PEDIATRIC OR FEMALE PSC PATIENTS OR IN THOSE WITH SMALL-DUCT PSC OR CONCURRENT CROHN'S DISEASE. RECENTLY, NEW BIOMARKERS SUCH AS ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOPROTEIN 2 HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CCA IN PSC. HEREIN, WE REVIEW THE LITERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS, INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND RISK FACTORS, WITH A FOCUS ON VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  3793  42 INTERLEUKIN-22 IN ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS AND BEYOND. ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS (AH) IS A CLINICAL SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY JAUNDICE AND PROGRESSIVE INFLAMMATORY LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF PROLONGED PERIODS OF EXCESS ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND RECENT HEAVY ALCOHOL ABUSE. SEVERE AH IS A LIFE-THREATENING FORM OF ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED LIVER DISEASE WITH A HIGH SHORT-TERM MORTALITY RATE AROUND 30-50% AT ONE MONTH FROM THE INITIAL PRESENTATION. A LARGE NUMBER OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, METABOLIC PATHWAYS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF AH. SEVERAL FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FAILURE AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AH INCLUDING HEPATOCYTE DEATH, INFLAMMATION, AND IMPAIRED LIVER REGENERATION. ALTHOUGH THE PATHOGENESES OF AH HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY INVESTIGATED AND MANY THERAPEUTIC TARGETS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED OVER THE LAST FIVE DECADES, NO NEW DRUGS FOR AH HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS INTERLEUKIN-22 (IL-22) BIOLOGY AND ITS ROLES OF ANTI-APOPTOSIS, ANTI-FIBROSIS, ANTI-OXIDATION, ANTI-BACTERIAL INFECTION AND REGENERATIVE STIMULATION IN PROTECTING AGAINST LIVER INJURY IN MANY PRECLINICAL MODELS INCLUDING SEVERAL RECENTLY DEVELOPED MODELS SUCH AS CHRONIC-PLUS-BINGE ETHANOL FEEDING, ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE, C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE LIGAND 1 PLUS HIGH-FAT DIET-INDUCED NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS. FINALLY, CLINICAL TRIALS OF IL-22 FOR THE TREATMENT OF AH ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, WHICH SHOWED SOME PROMISING BENEFITS FOR AH PATIENTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3  2936  52 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS-ASSOCIATED CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) IS A CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY, CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE BILIARY TREE WITH SUBSEQUENT FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. PATIENTS WITH PSC ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA), A HIGHLY MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL TUMOR ARISING FROM THE INTRAHEPATIC AND EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS. CURRENTLY, ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IS THE ONLY CURATIVE TREATMENT. THE LACK OF EFFICIENT DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR EARLY DETECTION AND THE LIMITED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR CCA ARE MAJOR PROBLEMS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL. THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA IS COMPLEX AND POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IT SEEMS THAT PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE CARCINOGENIC PROCESS. THE MAPPING OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY ELUCIDATE MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT MAY BE APPLIED AS BIOMARKERS TO FACILITATE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT DEGENERATION TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME. IN THE LAST DECADE, THE INTRODUCTION OF SEVERAL NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR GENOME-WIDE SCREENING HAS ADVANCED OUR KNOWLEDGE ON MANY OF THE GENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT ARE PREVALENT IN CCA AND PSC-ASSOCIATED CCA. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, WHICH HAVE IMPORTANT POTENTIAL FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  4724  32 NONINVASIVE MULTIMODAL METHODS TO DIFFERENTIATE INFLAMED VS FIBROTIC STRICTURES IN PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE. FIBROTIC STRICTURES OCCUR IN 30% OF PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE (CD). HOWEVER, THERE ARE NO THERAPEUTIC AGENTS THAT PREVENT OR REVERSE FIBROTIC STRICTURES. STRICTURES ARE TREATED BY ENDOSCOPIC DILATATION PROCEDURES AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES, BUT THERE ARE HIGH RATES OF RECURRENCE. TWO ANTIFIBROTIC AGENTS (NINTEDANIB AND PIRFENIDONE) RECENTLY WERE APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS AND INHIBITORS OF RHO-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASES 1 AND 2 REVERSED FIBROSIS IN MICE WITH CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES, SUCH AS MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) ENTEROGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ENTEROGRAPHY, AND BOWEL ULTRASOUND, ARE USED TO ASSESS SMALL-BOWEL AND CD-RELATED COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING STRICTURES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS IN STRICTURES TO SELECT THE BEST THERAPY; THIS CAN BE A CHALLENGE BECAUSE INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS CO-EXIST TO VARYING DEGREES IN A DAMAGED BOWEL SEGMENT. DELAYED GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT, MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER MR IMAGING, AND ULTRASOUND ELASTOGRAPHY SEEM TO BE PROMISING TOOLS FOR ASSESSING FIBROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CD. WE REVIEW NONINVASIVE TECHNIQUES FOR FIBROSIS ASSESSMENT, INCLUDING ANALYSES OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND PROTEIN MARKERS. WE DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED AND MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER MR IMAGING, STRAIN ELASTOGRAPHY, SHEAR-WAVE IMAGING, AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY TO GUIDE THERAPEUTIC DECISIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH STRICTURING CD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5   319  43 ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) IS THE MOST PREVALENT TYPE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. ALD CAN PROGRESS FROM ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER (AFL) TO ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (ASH), WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY HEPATIC INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC ASH CAN EVENTUALLY LEAD TO FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS AND IN SOME CASES HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC). IN ADDITION, SEVERE ASH (WITH OR WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS) CAN LEAD TO ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS, WHICH IS AN ACUTE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF ALD THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FAILURE AND HIGH MORTALITY. MOST INDIVIDUALS CONSUMING >40 G OF ALCOHOL PER DAY DEVELOP AFL; HOWEVER, ONLY A SUBSET OF INDIVIDUALS WILL DEVELOP MORE ADVANCED DISEASE. GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND NON-GENETIC FACTORS MIGHT EXPLAIN THE CONSIDERABLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN ALD PHENOTYPE. THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD INCLUDES HEPATIC STEATOSIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ACETALDEHYDE-MEDIATED TOXICITY AND CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATION. DIAGNOSIS OF ALD INVOLVES ASSESSING PATIENTS FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND SIGNS OF ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE. THE DEGREE OF AFL AND LIVER FIBROSIS CAN BE DETERMINED BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY, TRANSIENT ELASTOGRAPHY, MRI, MEASUREMENT OF SERUM BIOMARKERS AND LIVER BIOPSY HISTOLOGY. ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE ACHIEVED BY PSYCHOSOMATIC INTERVENTION IS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR ALL STAGES OF ALD. IN THE CASE OF ADVANCED DISEASE SUCH AS CIRRHOSIS OR HCC, LIVER TRANSPLANTATION MAY BE REQUIRED. THUS, NEW THERAPIES ARE URGENTLY NEEDED.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6  5772  41 SPECTRUM, SCREENING, AND DIAGNOSIS OF ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE (ALD) REPRESENTS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF LIVER-RELATED DEATHS WORLDWIDE. ALD ENCOMPASSES A RANGE OF DISORDERS INCLUDING SIMPLE STEATOSIS, ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS, AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PATIENTS WITH UNDERLYING ALD AND CONTINUED HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION CAN ALSO DEVELOP AN EPISODE OF ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER INJURY CALLED ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED HEPATITIS, THE MOST SEVERE FORM OF THE DISEASE, WHICH PORTENDS A POOR PROGNOSIS. THE MOST IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALD IS THE AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMED. INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PROGRESSION TO ADVANCED FIBROSIS AMONG HEAVY DRINKERS IS LIKELY DETERMINED BY A COMBINATION OF BEHAVIORAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, BUT THE MECHANISMS ARE LARGELY UNKNOWN. THE ONLY EFFECTIVE THERAPY FOR ALD IS PROLONGED ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE. DIAGNOSIS OF ALD INVOLVES ASSESSING PATIENTS FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER AND SIGNS OF ADVANCED LIVER DISEASE. IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, THE HISTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR ALD DIAGNOSIS IS UNCOMMON, AND IT IS USUALLY BASED ON THE MEDICAL HISTORY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, AND LABORATORY AND IMAGING TESTS. SEVERAL PROMISING BIOMARKERS THAT CAN HAVE BOTH DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC VALUE IN PATIENTS WITH ALD HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN RECENT YEARS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF ALD, THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH OF THE DISEASE FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AS WELL AS CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7  5221  40 PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS: PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITIES. PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS IS A CHRONIC, SEROPOSITIVE AND FEMALE-PREDOMINANT INFLAMMATORY AND CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASE, WHICH HAS A VARIABLE RATE OF PROGRESSION TOWARDS BILIARY CIRRHOSIS. SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN PATIENT RISK STRATIFICATION WITH THE GOAL OF PERSONALIZED CARE, INCLUDING EARLY ADOPTION OF NEXT-GENERATION THERAPY WITH LICENSED USE OF OBETICHOLIC ACID OR OFF-LABEL FIBRATE DERIVATIVES FOR THOSE WITH INSUFFICIENT BENEFIT FROM URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID, THE CURRENT FIRST-LINE DRUG. THE DISEASE BIOLOGY SPANS GENETIC RISK, EPIGENETIC CHANGES, DYSREGULATED MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AND ALTERED BILIARY EPITHELIAL CELL FUNCTION, ALL OF WHICH INTERACT AND ARISE IN THE CONTEXT OF ILL-DEFINED ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS. A CURRENT FOCUS OF RESEARCH ON NUCLEAR RECEPTOR PATHWAY MODULATION THAT SPECIFICALLY AND POTENTLY IMPROVES BILIARY EXCRETION, REDUCES INFLAMMATION AND ATTENUATES FIBROSIS IS REDEFINING THERAPY. PATIENTS ARE BENEFITING FROM PHARMACOLOGICAL AGONISTS OF FARNESOID X RECEPTOR AND PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS. IMMUNOTHERAPY REMAINS A CHALLENGE, WITH A LACK OF TARGET DEFINITION, PLEIOTROPIC IMMUNE PATHWAYS AND AN INTERPLAY BETWEEN HEPATIC IMMUNE RESPONSES AND CHOLESTASIS, WHEREIN BILE ACID-INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS ARE DOMINANT CLINICALLY. THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT SYMPTOMS, PARTICULARLY PRURITUS, IS A NOTABLE GOAL REFLECTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL THERAPY WITH APICAL SODIUM-DEPENDENT BILE ACID TRANSPORTER INHIBITORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8  4709  37 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE: TWO INTERTWINED ENTITIES. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF 25-30%. SINCE ITS FIRST DESCRIPTION IN 1980, NAFLD HAS BEEN CONCEIVED AS A DIFFERENT ENTITY FROM ALCOHOL-RELATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (ALD), DESPITE THAT, BOTH DISEASES HAVE AN OVERLAP IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, SHARE GENETIC-EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND FREQUENTLY COEXIST. BOTH ENTITIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A BROAD SPECTRUM OF HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES RANGING FROM ISOLATED STEATOSIS TO STEATOHEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS. DISTINCTION BETWEEN NAFLD AND ALD IS BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF CONSUMED ALCOHOL, WHICH HAS BEEN ARBITRARILY ESTABLISHED. IN THIS CONTEXT, A PROPOSAL OF POSITIVE CRITERIA FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS NOT CONSIDERING EXCLUSION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AS A PREREQUISITE CRITERION FOR DIAGNOSIS HAD EMERGED, RECOGNIZING THE POSSIBILITY OF A DUAL ETIOLOGY OF FATTY LIVER IN SOME INDIVIDUALS. THE IMPACT OF MODERATE ALCOHOL USE ON THE SEVERITY OF NAFLD IS ILL-DEFINED. SOME STUDIES SUGGEST PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN MODERATE DOSES, BUT CURRENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT THERE IS NO SAFE THRESHOLD FOR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION FOR NAFLD. IN FACT, GIVEN THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, OBESITY, AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION, IT IS LIKELY THAT ALCOHOL USE SERVES AS A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR FOR THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE IN NAFLD AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. THIS ALSO AFFECTS THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE OVERLAPPING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NAFLD AND ALD, THE CURRENT DATA ON ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN PATIENTS WITH NAFLD, AND THE EFFECTS OF METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND OVERWEIGHT IN ALD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
9    74  47 A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. IN RECENT TIMES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) HAS BEEN CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF LIVER DISEASE ACROSS THE WORLD. NAFLD IS DEFINED AS THE DEPOSITION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. HYPERINSULINEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR), FATTY LIVER, HEPATOCYTE INJURY, UNBALANCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIVER INFLAMMATION, AND FIBROSIS ARE THE MAIN PATHOGENESIS IN NAFLD. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE ACTION OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA THROUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INCREASED INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY, AND ENERGY UPTAKE PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN NAFLD. MOREOVER, POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ALSO CAUSES NAFLD DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IR. AGE, GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, SLEEP, DIET, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS ARE SOME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF NAFLD THAT CAN EXACERBATE THE RISK OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DEATH. NAFLD HAS VARIOUS PRESENTATIONS, INCLUDING FATIGUE, UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS, BLOATING, UPPER ABDOMINAL PAIN, DECREASED APPETITE, HEADACHE, ANXIETY, POOR SLEEP, INCREASED THIRST, PALPITATION, AND A FEELING OF WARMTH. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT NAFLD WITH SEVERE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HAS POOR OUTCOMES. THE GOLD STANDARD FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS IS LIVER BIOPSY. OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS ARE IMAGING TESTS, SERUM BIOMARKERS, MICROBIOTA MARKERS, AND TESTS FOR EXTRAHEPATIC COMPLICATIONS. THERE ARE NO SPECIFIC TREATMENTS FOR NAFLD. THEREFORE, THE MAIN CONCERN FOR NAFLD IS TREATING THE COMORBID CONDITIONS SUCH AS ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, STATINS TO REDUCE HCC PROGRESSION, ANTIOXIDANTS TO PREVENT HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY FOR PATIENTS WITH A BMI OF >40 KG/M(2) AND >35 KG/M(2) WITH COMORBIDITIES. LIFESTYLE AND DIETARY CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AGAINST NAFLD ADVANCEMENT. INADEQUATE TREATMENT OF NAFLD FURTHER LEADS TO CARDIAC CONSEQUENCES, SLEEP APNEA, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. IN THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, WE HAVE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED THE RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND NUMEROUS CONSEQUENCES OF NAFLD. WE HAVE ALSO REVIEWED VARIOUS GUIDELINES FOR NAFLD DIAGNOSIS ALONG WITH EXISTING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.	2022	

10  3271  35 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA RISK AFTER VIRAL RESPONSE IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS-ADVANCED FIBROSIS: WHO TO SCREEN AND FOR HOW LONG? HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) CHRONIC INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROSIS PROGRESSION, END-STAGE LIVER COMPLICATIONS AND HCC. NOT SURPRISINGLY, HCV INFECTION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF LIVER-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. AFTER SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR), THE RISK OF DEVELOPING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IS NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATED IN PATIENTS WITH ESTABLISHED CIRRHOSIS OR WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS. THEREFORE, LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE IS CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED. THIS STRATEGY IS LIKELY NOT UNIVERSALLY COST-EFFECTIVE AND HARMLESS, CONSIDERING THAT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS HAVE THE SAME RISK OF DEVELOPING HCC. FACTORS RELATED TO THE SEVERITY OF LIVER DISEASE AND ITS POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE AFTER SVR, THE MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING INFECTION AND OTHER ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES MIGHT ACCOUNT FOR DIFFERENT RISK LEVELS AND ARE LIKELY ESSENTIAL FOR IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WHO WOULD BENEFIT FROM SCREENING PROGRAMS AFTER SVR. EFFORTS TO DEVELOP PREDICTIVE MODELS AND RISK CALCULATORS, BIOMARKERS AND GENETIC PANELS AND EVEN DEEP LEARNING MODELS TO ESTIMATE THE INDIVIDUAL RISK OF HCC HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRAL AGENTS ERA, WHEN THOUSANDS OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS HAVE REACHED SVR. THESE TOOLS COULD HELP TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH VERY LOW HCC RISK IN WHOM SURVEILLANCE MIGHT NOT BE JUSTIFIED. IN THIS REVIEW, FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROBABILITY OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AFTER SVR, THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF SURVEILLANCE, SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO ESTIMATE INDIVIDUALIZED HCC RISK AND THE CURRENT EVIDENCE TO RECOMMEND LIFELONG SURVEILLANCE ARE DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  5807  35 STRATEGIES, MODELS AND BIOMARKERS IN EXPERIMENTAL NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE RESEARCH. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE ENCOMPASSES A SPECTRUM OF LIVER DISEASES, INCLUDING SIMPLE STEATOSIS, STEATOHEPATITIS, LIVER FIBROSIS AND CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IS CURRENTLY THE MOST DOMINANT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES DUE TO THE FACT THAT HEPATIC STEATOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND DRUG-INDUCED INJURY. A VARIETY OF CHEMICALS, MAINLY DRUGS, AND DIETS IS KNOWN TO CAUSE HEPATIC STEATOSIS IN HUMANS AND RODENTS. EXPERIMENTAL NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE MODELS RELY ON THE APPLICATION OF A DIET OR THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO LABORATORY ANIMALS OR THE EXPOSURE OF HEPATIC CELL LINES TO THESE DRUGS. MORE RECENTLY, GENETICALLY MODIFIED RODENTS OR ZEBRAFISH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED AS NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE MODELS. CONSIDERABLE INTEREST NOW LIES IN THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, WITH SPECIFIC FOCUS ON HEPATIC STEATOSIS. EXPERIMENTAL DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, SUCH AS (EPI)GENETIC PARAMETERS AND '-OMICS'-BASED READ-OUTS ARE STILL IN THEIR INFANCY, BUT SHOW GREAT PROMISE. IN THIS PAPER, THE ARRAY OF TOOLS AND MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF LIVER STEATOSIS IS DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE CURRENT STATE-OF-ART REGARDING EXPERIMENTAL BIOMARKERS SUCH AS EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, PROTEOMIC AND METABONOMIC BIOMARKERS WILL BE REVIEWED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  1978  39 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA-SUSTAINED IL-6/STAT3 SIGNALING IN CHOLANGIO- CARCINOMA DUE TO SOCS3 EPIGENETIC SILENCING. CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA (CCA) IS A HIGHLY LETHAL MALIGNANT TUMOR ARISING FROM THE BILIARY TRACT EPITHELIUM, CHARACTERIZED BY ITS TYPICALLY LATE CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND LACK OF EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES. CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS, INCLUDING PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS, LIVER FLUKE INFESTATION AND HEPATOLITHIASIS, ARE LISTED IN THE RISK FACTORS, BUT FOR MOST CASES OF CCA THE CAUSE IS UNKNOWN. RECENT ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION IN ADDITION TO GENETIC CHANGES IN THE PROCESS OF CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE GENES HYPERMETHYLATED IN CCA TO DATE AND THEIR PUTATIVE ROLES IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOGENESIS. AMONG GENES HYPERMETHYLATED, WE FOUND THE CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IN SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3 (SOCS3) GENE PROMOTER IN CCA. INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6)-MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 (STAT3) ACTIVATION ARE ABERRANTLY SUSTAINED IN CCA CELLS, RESULTING IN RESISTANCE TO APOPTOSIS. SOCS3 CONTROLS THE IL-6/STAT3 SIGNALING PATHWAY BY A CLASSIC FEEDBACK LOOP. INDEED, SOCS3 EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SUSTAINED IL-6/STAT3 SIGNALING IN CCA. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO RESTORE SOCS3 IN THIS CANCER.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
13   321  40 ALCOHOLIC-RELATED LIVER DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS, MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC DEVELOPMENTS. ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE (ALD) IS THE MOST FREQUENT CAUSE OF ADVANCED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE WORLDWIDE. EXCESSIVE AND PROLONGED ALCOHOL USE LEADS TO ALD, WHICH RANGES FROM EARLY FORMS SUCH AS ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER (AFL) AND ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (ASH), THROUGH PROGRESSIVE FIBROSIS TO CIRRHOSIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC). IN ADDITION, PATIENTS WITH UNDERLYING ALD AND CONTINUOUS ALCOHOL USE CAN DEVELOP ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS (AH), WHICH PRESENTS A RAPID PROGRESSION OF LIVER FAILURE AND HAS A HIGH SHORT-TERM MORTALITY. GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCE THE PROGRESSION OF ALD TO MORE SEVERE FORMS. THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD IS COMPLEX AND INVOLVES MULTIPLE PATHWAYS. RECENT TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED A KEY ROLE OF THE GUT-LIVER AXIS AND INNATE IMMUNITY IN HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE AND FIBROSIS. IN SEVERE FORMS, HEPATOCELLULAR DE-DIFFERENTIATION AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FAILURE AND MULTIORGAN FAILURE. ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE IS THE CORNERSTONE OF THERAPY FOR ALD AND THE PREVENTION OF ITS COMPLICATIONS, BUT THE EFFICACY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF PSYCHO-FAMILIAL-SOCIAL INTERVENTIONS IS STILL POOR AND EFFECTIVE PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES TO LIMIT PROBLEMATIC ALCOHOL USE NEED TO BE IMPLEMENTED. PREDNISOLONE IS THE ONLY CURRENT OPTION FOR AH, WITH A TRANSIENT BENEFICIAL EFFECT OVER PLACEBO. FOR PATIENTS WITH DECOMPENSATED ALD-CIRRHOSIS AND/OR DEVELOPMENT OF HCC, LIVER TRANSPLANTATION (LT) MAY BE REQUIRED. IN RECENT YEARS, EARLY LT IS BEING INCREASINGLY OFFERED TO CAREFULLY SELECTED AH PATIENTS, WITH EXCELLENT LONG-TERM SURVIVAL. NEW TRIALS OF AH TREATMENTS ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING, AND TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES IN HUMAN SAMPLES ARE PAVING THE WAY TO NEW PROMISING TARGETED THERAPIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  1034  35 CKD IN ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) IS ONE COMPONENT OF A SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS. CKD IS MARKED BY ALBUMINURIA, WHICH PREDICTS RENAL FAILURE AND NONRENAL NATURAL DEATH. RATES VARY GREATLY BY COMMUNITY AND REGION AND ARE MUCH HIGHER IN REMOTE AREAS. THIS REFLECTS THE HETEROGENEOUS CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. CKD IS MULTIDETERMINANT, AND EARLY-LIFE INFLUENCES (NOTABLY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT), INFECTIONS (INCLUDING POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS), METABOLIC/HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, AND EPIGENETIC/GENETIC FACTORS PROBABLY CONTRIBUTE. CKD IS ASSOCIATED INTIMATELY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. ALBUMINURIA PROGRESSES OVER TIME, WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF NEW ONSET OF PATHOLOGIC LEVELS OF ALBUMINURIA IN ALL AGE GROUPS. ALL THE USUAL MORPHOLOGIC FINDINGS ARE FOUND IN RENAL BIOPSY SPECIMENS. HOWEVER, GLOMERULAR ENLARGEMENT IS NOTABLE IN INDIVIDUALS FROM REMOTE REGIONS, BUT NOT THOSE LIVING CLOSER TO POPULATION CENTERS. GLOMERULOMEGALY PROBABLY REPRESENTS COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY CAUSED BY LOW NEPHRON NUMBER, WHICH PROBABLY UNDERLIES THE ACCENTUATED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RENAL DISEASE. IN THE LAST DECADE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED TO ACCOMMODATE SYSTEMATIC CHRONIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT. AFTER A RELENTLESS INCREASE FOR 3 DECADES, RATES OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE STARTING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY, AS WELL AS CHRONIC DISEASE DEATHS, APPEAR TO BE STABILIZING IN SOME REGIONS. OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT OF THESE SYSTEM CHANGES, PLUS ONGOING REDUCTIONS IN THE INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND INFECTIONS, HOLD PROMISE FOR CONTINUED BETTER OUTCOMES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15  4326  40 MICRORNAS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), OR, MORE ACCURATELY, METABOLIC ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE, ACCOUNTS FOR A LARGE PROPORTION OF CHRONIC LIVER DISORDERS WORLDWIDE AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONDITIONS SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OBESITY, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. NAFLD RANGES FROM SIMPLE STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) AND CAN PROGRESS TO CIRRHOSIS AND, EVENTUALLY, ALSO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH NAFLD ARE INCREASING RAPIDLY YEAR ON YEAR. CONSEQUENTLY, THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD AND IDENTIFY EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC FACTORS, HAVE RECENTLY BEEN PROPOSED TO PARTICIPATE IN NAFLD PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW THE ROLES OF MIRNAS IN LIPID METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS, FIBROSIS, HEPATIC STELLATE CELL ACTIVATION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, KEY FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD. ADDITIONALLY, WE SUMMARIZE THE ROLE OF MIRNA-ENRICHED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN NAFLD. THESE MIRNAS MAY COMPRISE SUITABLE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF THIS CONDITION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16  3022  35 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS PURPOSE IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. INTRODUCTION: NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) COMPRISES A BROAD SPECTRUM OF DISEASES, WHICH CAN PROGRESS FROM BENIGN STEATOSIS TO NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. NAFLD IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 25% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION. INSULIN RESISTANCE, ADIPOSE TISSUE DYSFUNCTION, MITOCHONDRIAL AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS ARE NAFLD TRIGGERS THAT CONTROL THE DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PROGRESSION. AREAS COVERED: IN RECENT YEARS A LARGE NUMBER OF INVESTIGATIONS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT TO ELUCIDATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS, AS WELL AS THE SEARCH FOR DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. THIS PAPER OBJECTIVE IS TO REPORT THE MOST STUDIED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIANTS AROUND NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION: NAFLD LEAD TO VARIOUS COMORBIDITIES, WHICH HAVE A CONSIDERABLE IMPACT ON THE PATIENT WELLNESS AND LIFE QUALITY, AS WELL AS ON THE COSTS THEY GENERATE FOR THE COUNTRY'S HEALTH SERVICES. IT IS ESSENTIAL TO CONTINUE WITH MOLECULAR RESEARCH, SINCE IT COULD BE USED AS A CLINICAL TOOL FOR PROGNOSIS AND DISEASE SEVERITY. SPECIFICALLY, IN THE FIELD OF HEPATOLOGY, PLASMA MIRNAS COULD PROVIDE A NOVEL TOOL IN LIVER DISEASES DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING, REPRESENTING AN ALTERNATIVE TO INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17   933  46 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) HAVE EVOLVED OVER TIME, BUT CURRENT INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES DEFINE THIS CONDITION AS DECREASED KIDNEY FUNCTION SHOWN BY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) OF LESS THAN 60 ML/MIN PER 1.73 M(2), OR MARKERS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE, OR BOTH, OF AT LEAST 3 MONTHS DURATION, REGARDLESS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE. DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF CKD IN ALL HIGH-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND ALSO IN MANY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES. INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND PROGRESSION OF CKD ALSO VARY WITHIN COUNTRIES BY ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE. MANY PEOPLE ARE ASYMPTOMATIC OR HAVE NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS SUCH AS LETHARGY, ITCH, OR LOSS OF APPETITE. DIAGNOSIS IS COMMONLY MADE AFTER CHANCE FINDINGS FROM SCREENING TESTS (URINARY DIPSTICK OR BLOOD TESTS), OR WHEN SYMPTOMS BECOME SEVERE. THE BEST AVAILABLE INDICATOR OF OVERALL KIDNEY FUNCTION IS GFR, WHICH IS MEASURED EITHER VIA EXOGENOUS MARKERS (EG, DTPA, IOHEXOL), OR ESTIMATED USING EQUATIONS. PRESENCE OF PROTEINURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF PROGRESSION OF CKD AND DEATH. KIDNEY BIOPSY SAMPLES CAN SHOW DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE OF CKD, THROUGH COMMON CHANGES SUCH AS GLOMERULAR SCLEROSIS, TUBULAR ATROPHY, AND INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS. COMPLICATIONS INCLUDE ANAEMIA DUE TO REDUCED PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROPOIETIN BY THE KIDNEY; REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL SURVIVAL AND IRON DEFICIENCY; AND MINERAL BONE DISEASE CAUSED BY DISTURBED VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM. PEOPLE WITH CKD ARE FIVE TO TEN TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DIE PREMATURELY THAN THEY ARE TO PROGRESS TO END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. THIS INCREASED RISK OF DEATH RISES EXPONENTIALLY AS KIDNEY FUNCTION WORSENS AND IS LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEATH FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ALTHOUGH CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE ALSO INCREASED. HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IS SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER FOR PEOPLE WITH CKD THAN FOR THE GENERAL POPULATION, AND FALLS AS GFR DECLINES. INTERVENTIONS TARGETING SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS, OR AIMED AT SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL OR LIFESTYLE CONSIDERATIONS, MAKE A POSITIVE DIFFERENCE TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH CKD. INEQUITY IN ACCESS TO SERVICES FOR THIS DISEASE DISPROPORTIONALLY AFFECTS DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS, AND HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION TO INCENTIVISE EARLY INTERVENTION OVER PROVISION OF CARE ONLY FOR ADVANCED CKD IS STILL EVOLVING IN MANY COUNTRIES.	2017	
                                          
18  5013  39 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS: FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE. HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS A DYNAMIC CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE OCCURRING AS A CONSEQUENCE OF WOUND-HEALING RESPONSES TO VARIOUS HEPATIC INJURIES. THIS DISORDER IS ONE OF PRIMARY PREDICTORS FOR LIVER-ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. TO DATE, NO PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS OR COULD BE RECOMMENDED FOR ROUTINE USE IN CLINICAL CONTEXT. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS HAS REVEALED THAT PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA (PPARGAMMA), THE FUNCTIONING RECEPTOR FOR ANTIDIABETIC THIAZOLIDINEDIONES, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), WHOSE ACTIVATION IS THE CENTRAL EVENT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS. ACTIVATION OF PPARGAMMA INHIBITS HSC COLLAGEN PRODUCTION AND MODULATES HSC ADIPOGENIC PHENOTYPE AT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. THESE MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INDICATE PPARGAMMA AS A PROMISING DRUG TARGET FOR ANTIFIBROTIC CHEMOTHERAPY. INTENSIVE ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT STIMULATION OF PPARGAMMA REGULATORY SYSTEM THROUGH GENE THERAPY APPROACHES AND PPARGAMMA LIGANDS HAS THERAPEUTIC PROMISE FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY A VARIETY OF ETIOLOGIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THIAZOLIDINEDIONE AGENTS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR CLINICAL BENEFITS PRIMARILY IN PATIENTS WITH NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS, A COMMON METABOLIC LIVER DISORDER WITH HIGH POTENTIAL TO PROGRESS TO FIBROSIS AND LIVER-RELATED DEATH. ALTHOUGH SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN INITIAL PROMISE, NONE HAS ESTABLISHED LONG-TERM EFFICACY IN WELL-CONTROLLED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. THIS COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW COVERS THE 10-YEAR DISCOVERIES OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR PPARGAMMA REGULATION OF HSC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THEN FOCUSES ON THE ANIMAL INVESTIGATIONS AND CLINICAL TRIALS OF VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES TARGETING PPARGAMMA FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19  1942  41 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LIVER CANCER IN AFRICA: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A DISEASE OF GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE WITH MORTALITY ON THE RISE, DESPITE THE PREVENTABLE NATURE OF ITS RISK FACTORS ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA. IT IS NOW THE SIXTH MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE, FIFTH IN MALES, AND NINTH IN FEMALES. HCC INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY ARE PREDICTED TO INCREASE IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES CONSTRAINED BY LIMITED RESOURCES TO COMBAT ENDEMIC LEVELS OF VIRAL INFECTION AND SYNERGISTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. THE CHANGING NATURE OF HCC ETIOLOGY IS PARTICULARLY ILLUSTRATED HERE WITH THE TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE VIRAL HEPATITIS COEXISTING ALONGSIDE HIGH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) PREVALENCE AND RAPIDLY INCREASING URBANIZATION THAT HAVE PROMOTED A SHARP INCREASE IN ADDITIONAL RISK FACTORS LIKE COINFECTION, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND OBESITY. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN ETIOLOGY BETWEEN NORTH AFRICA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, RISK FACTORS LIKE CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C, AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE, AND IRON OVERLOAD PREDOMINATE. AGGRESSIVE HEPATITIS B GENOTYPES, COMBINED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS/HEPATITIS C VIRUS/HIV COINFECTIONS AND AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE, PROMOTE A MORE AGGRESSIVE MOLECULAR PHENOTYPE. IN PARALLEL TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR ETIOLOGY OF HCC, POLICY AND PLANNING INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS THE BURDEN OF HCC MUST BE ANCHORED WITHIN THE REALITY OF THE LIMITED RESOURCES AVAILABLE. ESTABLISHMENT AND COORDINATION OF CANCER REGISTRIES ACROSS AFRICA IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DATA NECESSARY TO GALVANIZE ACTION. PREVENTIVE MEASURES INCLUDING HEPATITIS B VACCINATION PROGRAMS, MEASURES TO PREVENT MATERNAL-TO-CHILD AND CHILD-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION, DELIVERY OF UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE ANTIRETROVIRAL AND ANTIVIRAL TREATMENTS, AND REDUCTION OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN EXPOSURE CAN CONTRIBUTE MARKEDLY TO REDUCE HCC INCIDENCE. FINALLY, THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMARKERS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS WILL NEED A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIQUE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HCC ON THE CONTINENT. WE PRESENT A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF HCC IN AFRICA, DISCUSSING PRESENT AND FUTURE TRENDS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20  3270  31 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN THE CONTEXT OF NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH): RECENT ADVANCES IN THE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF LIVER CANCER. HCC IS PARTICULARLY AGGRESSIVE AND IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF CANCER MORTALITY. IN RECENT DECADES, THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE OF HCC HAS UNDERGONE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. WHILE CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HAVE LONG BEEN IDENTIFIED AS THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR HCC, NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), PARALLELING THE WORLDWIDE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, HAS BECOME A GROWING CAUSE OF HCC IN THE US AND EUROPE. HERE, WE REVIEW THE RECENT ADVANCES IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AS WELL AS EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE MODELS THAT HAVE IMPROVED THE UNDERSTANDING OF NASH PROGRESSION TOWARD HCC. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH NASH-RELATED HCC AND POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2020