1  5084 182 PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMA, A TUMOR WITH PREDILECTION FOR THE MIDDLE-AGED ADULT: CASE REPORT WITH METHYLATION CLASSIFICATION AND REVIEW OF 16 LITERATURE CASES. EPENDYMOMAS HAVE RARELY BEEN DESCRIBED TO CONTAIN PIGMENT OTHER THAN MELANIN, NEUROMELANIN, LIPOFUSCIN OR A COMBINATION. IN THIS CASE REPORT, WE PRESENT A PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMA IN THE FOURTH VENTRICLE OF AN ADULT PATIENT AND REVIEW 16 ADDITIONAL CASES OF PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMA FROM THE LITERATURE. A 46-YEAR-OLD FEMALE SHOWED UP WITH HEARING LOSS, HEADACHES, AND NAUSEA. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING REVEALED A 2.5 CM CONTRAST-ENHANCING CYSTIC MASS IN THE FOURTH VENTRICLE, WHICH WAS RESECTED. INTRAOPERATIVELY, THE TUMOR APPEARED GREY-BROWN, CYSTIC, AND WAS ADHERENT TO THE BRAINSTEM. ROUTINE HISTOLOGY REVEALED A TUMOR WITH TRUE ROSETTES, PERIVASCULAR PSEUDOROSETTES AND EPENDYMAL CANALS CONSISTENT WITH EPENDYMOMA, BUT ALSO SHOWED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ABUNDANT DISTENDED PIGMENTED TUMOR CELLS THAT MIMICKED MACROPHAGES IN FROZEN AND PERMANENT SECTIONS. THE PIGMENTED CELLS WERE POSITIVE FOR GFAP AND NEGATIVE FOR CD163 CONSONANT WITH GLIAL TUMOR CELLS. THE PIGMENT WAS NEGATIVE FOR FONTANA-MASSON, POSITIVE FOR PERIODIC-ACID SCHIFF AND AUTOFLUORESCENT, WHICH COINCIDE WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPOFUSCIN. PROLIFERATION INDICES WERE LOW AND H3K27ME3 SHOWED PARTIAL LOSS. H3K27ME 3 IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO THE DNA PACKAGING PROTEIN HISTONE H3 THAT INDICATES THE TRI-METHYLATION OF LYSINE 27 ON HISTONE H3 PROTEIN. THIS METHYLATION CLASSIFICATION WAS COMPATIBLE WITH A POSTERIOR FOSSA GROUP B EPENDYMOMA (EPN_PFB). THE PATIENT WAS CLINICALLY WELL WITHOUT RECURRENCE AT THREE-MONTH POST-OPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP APPOINTMENT. OUR ANALYSIS OF ALL 17 CASES, INCLUDING THE ONE PRESENTED, SHOWS THAT PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMAS ARE MOST COMMON IN THE MIDDLE-AGED WITH A MEDIAN AGE OF 42 YEARS AND MOST HAVE A FAVORABLE OUTCOME. HOWEVER, ONE PATIENT THAT ALSO DEVELOPED SECONDARY LEPTOMENINGEAL MELANIN ACCUMULATIONS DIED. MOST (58.8%) ARISE IN THE 4TH VENTRICLE, WHILE SPINAL CORD (17.6%) AND SUPRATENTORIAL LOCATIONS (17.6%) WERE LESS COMMON. THE AGE OF PRESENTATION AND GENERALLY GOOD PROGNOSIS RAISE THE QUESTION OF WHETHER MOST OTHER POSTERIOR FOSSA PIGMENTED EPENDYMOMAS MAY ALSO FALL INTO THE EPN_PFB GROUP, BUT ADDITIONAL STUDY IS REQUIRED TO ADDRESS THAT QUESTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2   257  26 ADVANCES IN ONCOANAESTHESIA AND CANCER PAIN. INTRODUCTION: THE GROWING INTEREST ON HOW PERI-?OPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS, ESPECIALLY REGIONAL ANESTHESIA, DURING CANCER SURGERY CAN ALTER ONCOLOGICAL OUTCOME INCREASING DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL IS PROBABLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BIRTH OF THE NEW SUBSPECIALTY CALLED ONCO-ANESTHESIA. A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE CONCEPT OF ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT HAS OCCURRED RECENTLY OWING TO THE INNUMERABLE DIVERSE REVELATIONS FROM THE ONGOING RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD. DISCUSSION: LONG LASTING BUT REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAN OCCUR DUE TO SURGICAL STRESS AND PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHETIC MEDICATIONS. THE EXACT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE FACTORS AND TUMOR BIOLOGY IS BEING STUDIED FURTHER. A POPULAR TOPIC UNDER RESEARCH NOW IS THE INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL ANESTHESIA ON CANCER RECURRENCE. COMBINING NERVE BLOCKS WITH TOTAL INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA (TIVA) BRINGS DOWN THE REQUIREMENT OF OPIOIDS AND VOLATILE ANESTHETIC AGENTS IMPLICATED IN CANCER RECURRENCE. THE STUDY OF MECHANISM OF PAIN AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL HAS LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL MODES OF PREVENTION OF CHRONIC POST-SURGICAL PAIN. NEWER COMBINATION AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT THERAPIES -INTRAOPERATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOTHERAPY, ISOLATED LIMB PERFUSION, PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND ROBOTIC SURGERY REQUIRE SPECIALIZED ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT. THE COVID PANDEMIC INTRODUCED NEW GUIDELINES FOR SAFE MANAGEMENT OF ONCOSURGICAL PATIENTS .USE OF GENOMIC MAPPING TO PERSONALIZE PAIN MANAGEMENT WILL BE THE BREAKTHROUGH OF THE DECADE. CONCLUSION: THE DISCOVERY THAT ANESTHETIC STRATEGY COULD HAVE SIGNIFICANT ONCOLOGICAL SEQUEL IS A QUANTUM LEAP FORWARD. AVOIDING SOME ANESTHETIC MEDICATIONS MAY DECREASE CANCER RECURRENCE. COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CARE AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH WILL PAVE THE WAY TO UNCOVER SAFE ANESTHETIC PRACTICES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  4491  36 MONOSOMY 7 MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, TYPE 1: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS. LOSS OF CONSTITUTIONAL HETEROZYGOSITY IS A COMMON MOLECULAR FEATURE OF CANCERS IN WHICH INACTIVATION OF ONE OR MORE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS THOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE TO TUMORIGENESIS. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE GENE RESPONSIBLE FOR NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, TYPE 1 (NF-1), BELONGS TO THIS CLASS OF HERITABLE CANCER GENES. CHILDREN WITH NF-1 SHOW AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING JUVENILE CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (JCML) AND, PERHAPS, THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME (MPS) ASSOCIATED WITH BONE MARROW MONOSOMY 7 (MO 7). WE HAVE INVESTIGATED FIVE CHILDREN WITH MO 7: THREE WITH NF-1 AND TWO OTHERS WITH SUGGESTIVE EVIDENCE OF NF-1. SOUTHERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED IN FOUR PATIENTS SHOWED NO LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN BONE MARROW SPECIMENS USING PROBES LINKED TO THE NF-1 LOCUS ON THE LONG ARM OF CHROMOSOME 17. BOTH OF OUR PATIENTS WITH FAMILIAL NF-1 INHERITED THE DISEASE FROM THEIR MOTHERS, AS DID 14 OF 19 OTHER CASES OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH FAMILIAL NF-1. SEVENTEEN OF THESE 21 CHILDREN WERE BOYS. MYELOID LEUKEMIA DEVELOPED IN 12 BOYS AND FOUR GIRLS WHO INHERITED NF-1 FROM THEIR MOTHERS, AND IN FIVE BOYS WHO INHERITED THE DISEASE FROM THEIR FATHERS. FATHER-TO-DAUGHTER TRANSMISSION WAS NOT OBSERVED. TAKEN TOGETHER, THE PRESENCE OF CHROMOSOME 7 DELETIONS IN THE LEUKEMIAS OF CHILDREN WITH NF-1, A PATTERN OF INHERITANCE FAVORING MATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF NF-1, AND THE MARKED PREDILECTION FOR BOYS TO DEVELOP JCML AND MO 7 SUGGEST A MULTISTEP MECHANISM OF ONCOGENESIS IN WHICH EPIGENETIC FACTORS MIGHT PLAY A ROLE. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS REQUIRED TO DETERMINE IF THE NF-1 GENES IN THE LEUKEMIC BONE MARROWS OF THESE PATIENTS HAVE ACQUIRED POINT MUTATIONS OR SMALL DELETIONS.	1992	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4  5478  26 RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED STUDY OF 3 SCHEDULES OF LOW-DOSE DECITABINE IN HIGHER-RISK MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYPOMETHYLATING DRUGS IS NOW THE STANDARD OF CARE IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). RESPONSE RATES REMAIN LOW, AND MECHANISM-BASED DOSE OPTIMIZATION HAS NOT BEEN REPORTED. WE INVESTIGATED THE CLINICAL AND PHARMACODYNAMIC RESULTS OF DIFFERENT DOSE SCHEDULES OF DECITABINE. ADULTS WITH ADVANCED MDS OR CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) WERE RANDOMIZED TO 1 OF 3 DECITABINE SCHEDULES: (1) 20 MG/M2 INTRAVENOUSLY DAILY FOR 5 DAYS; (2) 20 MG/M2 SUBCUTANEOUSLY DAILY FOR 5 DAYS; AND (3) 10 MG/M2 INTRAVENOUSLY DAILY FOR 10 DAYS. RANDOMIZATION FOLLOWED A BAYESIAN ADAPTIVE DESIGN. NINETY-FIVE PATIENTS WERE TREATED (77 WITH MDS, AND 18 WITH CMML). OVERALL, 32 PATIENTS (34%) ACHIEVED A COMPLETE RESPONSE (CR), AND 69 (73%) HAD AN OBJECTIVE RESPONSE BY THE NEW MODIFIED INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP CRITERIA. THE 5-DAY INTRAVENOUS SCHEDULE, WHICH HAD THE HIGHEST DOSE-INTENSITY, WAS SELECTED AS OPTIMAL; THE CR RATE IN THAT ARM WAS 39%, COMPARED WITH 21% IN THE 5-DAY SUBCUTANEOUS ARM AND 24% IN THE 10-DAY INTRAVENOUS ARM (P < .05). THE HIGH DOSE-INTENSITY ARM WAS ALSO SUPERIOR AT INDUCING HYPOMETHYLATION AT DAY 5 AND AT ACTIVATING P15 EXPRESSION AT DAYS 12 OR 28 AFTER THERAPY. WE CONCLUDE THAT A LOW-DOSE, DOSE-INTENSITY SCHEDULE OF DECITABINE OPTIMIZES EPIGENETIC MODULATION AND CLINICAL RESPONSES IN MDS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5  5612  46 SAFETY AND ACTIVITY OF RRX-001 IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCER: A FIRST-IN-HUMAN, OPEN-LABEL, DOSE-ESCALATION PHASE 1 STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOUR FORMATION AND RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE AN ATTRACTIVE TARGET IN CANCER RESEARCH. RRX-001 IS ACTIVATED BY HYPOXIA AND INDUCES THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES THAT CAN EPIGENETICALLY MODULATE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE DEACETYLATION, AND LYSINE DEMETHYLATION. THE AIM OF THIS PHASE 1 STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF RRX-001. METHODS: IN THIS OPEN-LABEL, DOSE-ESCALATION, PHASE 1 STUDY, WE RECRUITED ADULT PATIENTS (AGED >18 YEARS) WITH HISTOLOGICALLY OR CYTOLOGICALLY CONFIRMED DIAGNOSIS OF ADVANCED, MALIGNANT, INCURABLE SOLID TUMOURS FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT SAN DIEGO, CA, USA, AND SARAH CANNON RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NASHVILLE, TN, USA. KEY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA INCLUDED EVALUABLE DISEASE, EASTERN COOPERATIVE GROUP PERFORMANCE STATUS OF 2 OR LESS, AN ESTIMATED LIFE EXPECTANCY OF AT LEAST 12 WEEKS, ADEQUATE LABORATORY PARAMETERS, DISCONTINUATION OF ALL PREVIOUS ANTINEOPLASTIC THERAPIES AT LEAST 6 WEEKS BEFORE INTERVENTION, AND NO RESIDUAL SIDE-EFFECTS FROM PREVIOUS THERAPIES. PATIENTS WERE ASSIGNED TO RECEIVE INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF RRX-001 AT INCREASING DOSES (10 MG/M(2), 16.7 MG/M(2), 24.6 MG/M(2), 33 MG/M(2), 55 MG/M(2), AND 83 MG/M(2)) EITHER ONCE OR TWICE-WEEKLY FOR AT LEAST 4 WEEKS, WITH AT LEAST THREE PATIENTS PER DOSE COHORT AND ALLOWING A 2-WEEK OBSERVATION PERIOD BEFORE DOSE ESCALATION. SAMPLES FOR SAFETY AND PHARMACOKINETICS ANALYSIS, INCLUDING STANDARD CHEMISTRY AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PANELS, WERE TAKEN ON EACH TREATMENT DAY. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO ASSESS SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND DOSE-LIMITING TOXIC EFFECTS OF RRX-001, TO DETERMINE SINGLE-DOSE PHARMACOKINETICS, AND TO IDENTIFY A RECOMMENDED DOSE FOR PHASE 2 TRIALS. ALL ANALYSES WERE DONE PER PROTOCOL. ACCRUAL IS COMPLETE AND FOLLOW-UP IS STILL ON-GOING. THIS TRIAL IS REGISTERED WITH CLINICALTRIALS.GOV, NUMBER NCT01359982. FINDINGS: BETWEEN OCT 10, 2011, AND MARCH 18, 2013, WE ENROLLED 25 PATIENTS AND TREATED SIX PATIENTS IN THE 10 MG/M(2) COHORT, THREE PATIENTS IN THE 16.7 MG/M(2) COHORT, THREE PATIENTS IN THE 24.6 MG/M(2) COHORT, FOUR PATIENTS IN THE 33 MG/M(2) COHORT, THREE PATIENTS IN THE 55 MG/M(2), AND SIX PATIENTS IN THE 83 MG/M(2) COHORT. PAIN AT THE INJECTION SITE, MOSTLY GRADE 1 AND GRADE 2, WAS THE MOST COMMON ADVERSE EVENT RELATED TO TREATMENT, EXPERIENCED BY 21 (84%) PATIENTS. OTHER COMMON DRUG-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS INCLUDED ARM SWELLING OR OEDEMA (EIGHT [32%] PATIENTS), AND VEIN HARDENING (SEVEN [28%] PATIENTS). NO DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITIES WERE OBSERVED. TIME CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO MANAGEMENT OF INFUSION PAIN FROM RRX-001 RESULTED IN A MAXIMALLY FEASIBLE DOSE OF 83 MG/M(2). OF THE 21 EVALUABLE PATIENTS, ONE (5%) PATIENT HAD A PARTIAL RESPONSE, 14 (67%) PATIENTS HAD STABLE DISEASE, AND SIX (29%) PATIENTS HAD PROGRESSIVE DISEASE; ALL RESPONSES WERE ACROSS A VARIETY OF TUMOUR TYPES. FOUR PATIENTS WHO HAD RECEIVED RRX-001 WERE SUBSEQUENTLY RECHALLENGED WITH A TREATMENT THAT THEY HAD BECOME REFRACTORY TO; ALL FOUR RESPONDED TO THE RECHALLENGE. INTERPRETATION: RRX-001 IS A WELL-TOLERATED NOVEL COMPOUND WITHOUT CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT TOXIC EFFECTS AT THE TESTED DOSES. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY IS PROMISING AND, ON THE BASIS OF ALL FINDINGS, A DOSE OF 16.7 MG/M(2) WAS RECOMMENDED AS THE TARGETED DOSE FOR PHASE 2 TRIALS. FUNDING: EPICENTRX (FORMERLY RADIORX).	2015	

6  2924  25 GENERAL ANESTHETIC NEUROTOXICITY IN THE YOUNG: MECHANISM AND PREVENTION. GENERAL ANESTHESIA (GA) IS USUALLY CONSIDERED TO SAFELY INDUCE A REVERSIBLE UNCONSCIOUS STATE ALLOWING SURGERY TO BE PERFORMED WITHOUT PAIN. A GROWING NUMBER OF STUDIES, IN PARTICULAR PRE-CLINICAL STUDIES, HOWEVER, DEMONSTRATE THAT GENERAL ANESTHETICS CAN CAUSE NEURONAL DEATH AND EVEN LONG-TERM NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS. HEREIN, WE REPORT OUR LITERATURE REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS DATA OF THE NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER ANESTHESIA IN THE YOUNG. WE ALSO REVIEW AVAILABLE MECHANISTIC AND EPIGENETIC DATA OF GA EXPOSURE RELATED TO COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT PER SE AND THE POTENTIAL PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES INCLUDING NATURAL HERBAL COMPOUNDS TO ATTENUATE THOSE SIDE EFFECTS. IN SUMMARY, ANESTHETIC-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY MAY BE TREATABLE AND NATURAL HERBAL COMPOUNDS AND OTHER MEDICATIONS MAY HAVE GREAT POTENTIAL FOR SUCH USE BUT WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY BEFORE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS CAN BE INITIATED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  6185  27 THE IMPACT OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA ON REDOX STABILITY AND EPIGENETIC INFLAMMATION PATHWAYS: CROSSTALK ON PERIOPERATIVE ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY. WORLDWIDE, THE PREVALENCE OF SURGERY UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA HAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED, BOTH BECAUSE OF MODERN ANESTHETIC AND PAIN-CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND BECAUSE OF BETTER DIAGNOSIS AND THE INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF SURGICAL TECHNIQUES. APART FROM DEVELOPING NEW CONCEPTS IN THE SURGICAL FIELD, RESEARCHERS AND CLINICIANS ARE NOW WORKING ON MINIMIZING THE IMPACT OF SURGICAL TRAUMA AND OFFERING MINIMAL INVASIVE PROCEDURES DUE TO THE RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE FIELD OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT HAVE REVEALED A SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY AND PRO-OXIDATIVE IMPACT NOT ONLY IN THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD BUT ALSO IN THE LONG TERM, CONTRIBUTING TO MORE DIFFICULT RECOVERY, INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, AND A NEGATIVE FINANCIAL IMPACT. DETAILED MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ANALYSIS HAS SHOWN AN OVERPRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY AND PRO-OXIDATIVE SPECIES, RESPONSIBLE FOR AUGMENTING THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY STATUS AND MAKING POSTOPERATIVE RECOVERY MORE DIFFICULT. MOREOVER, THERE ARE A SERIES OF CHANGES IN CERTAIN EPIGENETIC STRUCTURES, THE MOST IMPORTANT BEING THE MICRORNAS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES THE MOST IMPORTANT MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT IMPACT THE SURGICAL PATIENT UNDERGOING GENERAL ANESTHESIA, AND IT PRESENTS A SERIES OF ANTIOXIDANT THERAPIES THAT CAN REDUCE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8  6598  32 TWINSUK: THE UK ADULT TWIN REGISTRY UPDATE. TWINSUK IS THE LARGEST COHORT OF COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULT TWINS IN THE UK. THE REGISTRY COMPRISES OVER 14,000 VOLUNTEER TWINS (14,838 INCLUDING MIXED, SINGLE AND TRIPLETS); IT IS PREDOMINANTLY FEMALE (82%) AND MIDDLE-AGED (MEAN AGE 59). IN ADDITION, OVER 1800 PARENTS AND SIBLINGS OF TWINS ARE REGISTERED VOLUNTEERS. DURING THE LAST 27 YEARS, TWINSUK HAS COLLECTED NUMEROUS QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES, PHYSICAL/COGNITIVE MEASURES AND BIOLOGICAL MEASURES ON OVER 8500 SUBJECTS. DATA WERE COLLECTED ALONGSIDE FOUR COMPREHENSIVE PHENOTYPING CLINICAL VISITS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TWIN RESEARCH AND GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, KING'S COLLEGE LONDON. SUCH COLLECTION METHODS HAVE RESULTED IN VERY DETAILED LONGITUDINAL CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, BEHAVIORAL, DIETARY AND SOCIOECONOMIC COHORT CHARACTERIZATION; IT PROVIDES A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PLATFORM FOR THE STUDY OF COMPLEX DISEASE DURING THE ADULT LIFE COURSE, INCLUDING THE PROCESS OF HEALTHY AGING. THE MAJOR STRENGTH OF TWINSUK IS THE AVAILABILITY OF SEVERAL 'OMIC' TECHNOLOGIES FOR A RANGE OF SAMPLE TYPES FROM PARTICIPANTS, WHICH INCLUDES GENOMEWIDE SCANS OF SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE VARIANTS, NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING, METABOLOMIC PROFILES, MICROBIOMICS, EXOME SEQUENCING, EPIGENETIC MARKERS, GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS, RNA SEQUENCING AND TELOMERE LENGTH MEASURES. TWINSUK FACILITATES AND ACTIVELY ENCOURAGES SHARING THE 'TWINSUK' RESOURCE WITH THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY - INTERESTED RESEARCHERS MAY REQUEST DATA VIA THE TWINSUK WEBSITE (HTTP://TWINSUK.AC.UK/RESOURCES-FOR-RESEARCHERS/ACCESS-OUR-DATA/) FOR THEIR OWN USE OR FUTURE COLLABORATION WITH THE STUDY TEAM. IN ADDITION, FURTHER COHORT DATA COLLECTION IS PLANNED VIA THE WELLCOME OPEN RESEARCH GATEWAY (HTTPS://WELLCOMEOPENRESEARCH.ORG/GATEWAYS). THE CURRENT ARTICLE PRESENTS AN UP-TO-DATE REPORT ON THE APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, NEW STUDY PROCEDURES IN THE COHORT AND FUTURE DIRECTION OF TWINSUK.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9  3797  19 INTERNATIONAL BREAST CANCER AND NUTRITION: A MODEL FOR RESEARCH, TRAINING AND POLICY IN DIET, EPIGENETICS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION. THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES PRESENTATIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BREAST CANCER AND NUTRITION WORKSHOP HELD DURING THE ASN SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS AND ANNUAL MEETING AT EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014 IN SAN DIEGO, CA, ON 28 APRIL 2014. AN INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION WAS DESCRIBED AMONG TEAMS FROM LOW-, MIDDLE-, AND HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, ESPECIALLY DIET, AND EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS THAT AFFECT THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE. SPEAKERS ADDRESSED OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES INVOLVED IN THIS TYPE OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, ASSESSING DIET AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF CULTURES, AND RESEARCH TOOLS AND DISCOVERIES FROM THIS GROUP.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10  4608  33 NEONATAL ANESTHESIA AND DYSREGULATION OF THE EPIGENOMEDAGGER. EACH YEAR, MILLIONS OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN ARE ANESTHETIZED FOR MEDICAL AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES. YET, A SUBSTANTIAL BODY OF PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ANESTHETICS ARE NEUROTOXINS THAT CAUSE RAPID AND WIDESPREAD APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH IN THE BRAINS OF INFANT RODENTS AND NONHUMAN PRIMATES. THESE ANIMALS HAVE PERSISTENT IMPAIRMENTS IN COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR MANY WEEKS OR MONTHS AFTER ANESTHESIA EXPOSURE, LEADING US TO HYPOTHESIZE THAT ANESTHETICS DO MORE THAN SIMPLY KILL BRAIN CELLS. INDEED, ANESTHETICS CAUSE CHRONIC NEUROPATHOLOGY IN NEURONS THAT SURVIVE THE INSULT, WHICH THEN INTERFERES WITH MAJOR ASPECTS OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, AND NEURONAL FUNCTION. UNDERSTANDING THE PHENOMENON OF ANESTHESIA-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY IS OF CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE BECAUSE CLINICAL STUDIES NOW REPORT THAT ANESTHESIA IN HUMAN INFANCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS. IN OUR SEARCH FOR MECHANISTIC EXPLANATIONS FOR WHY A YOUNG AND PLIABLE BRAIN CANNOT FULLY RECOVER FROM A RELATIVELY BRIEF PERIOD OF ANESTHESIA, WE HAVE ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE THAT NEONATAL ANESTHESIA CAN DYSREGULATE EPIGENETIC TAGS THAT INFLUENCE GENE TRANSCRIPTION SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE THE PHENOMENON OF ANESTHESIA-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY. WE THEN DISCUSS CHRONIC NEUROPATHOLOGY CAUSED BY NEONATAL ANESTHESIA, INCLUDING DISTURBANCES IN COGNITION, SOCIO-AFFECTIVE BEHAVIOR, NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY, AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. FINALLY, WE PRESENT EVIDENCE OF ANESTHESIA-INDUCED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION WITHIN THE DEVELOPING BRAIN THAT MAY BE TRANSMITTED INTERGENERATIONALLY TO ANESTHESIA-NAIVE OFFSPRING.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11  5283  29 PROPHYLACTIC OR PREEMPTIVE LOW-DOSE AZACITIDINE AND DONOR LYMPHOCYTE INFUSION TO PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. BECAUSE OF THE PERSISTENTLY HIGH RATES OF RELAPSE OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ALLO-HSCT), POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE THERAPY HAS BEEN PROPOSED. WE PREVIOUSLY INITIATED A PHASE II TRIAL IN WHICH EPIGENETIC THERAPY WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOTHERAPY IN AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE DISEASE RELAPSE. IN THAT STUDY, LOW-DOSE AZACITIDINE (AZA) AND ESCALATING DOSES OF DONOR LYMPHOCYTE INFUSION (DLI) WERE GIVEN AS POST-ALLO-HSCT MAINTENANCE TREATMENT. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZE A LARGER COHORT OF PATIENTS RECEIVING POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE THERAPY AND PROVIDE UPDATES ON SOME PATIENTS OF THE EARLIER STUDY. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY WERE TO ANALYZE THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE OF RELAPSE (CIR), OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS), AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (PFS) AND THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK AML OR MDS RECEIVING POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE TREATMENT WITH AZA WITH OR WITHOUT DLI. WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED 77 PATIENTS (54 WITH AML, 23 WITH MDS) CONSIDERED AT HIGH RISK BASED ON EITHER THEIR GENOMIC OR CLINICAL STATUS AT TRANSPLANTATION. FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION, THEY RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 CYCLE OF PROPHYLACTIC OR PREEMPTIVE LOW-DOSE AZA WITH OR WITHOUT ESCALATING DOSES OF DLI TO PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE. ALMOST ONE-HALF OF THE PATIENTS (47%) WERE ABLE TO RECEIVE THE FULL 12 CYCLES OF SCHEDULED AZA, AND A MAJORITY (79%) RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 DLI. WITH A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP OF 24 MONTHS, 19 PATIENTS (25%; 16 WITH AML, 3 WITH MDS) RELAPSED, AT A MEDIAN OF 9.8 MONTHS (RANGE, 4 TO 58.6 MONTHS), GIVING A 22% CIR AT 24 MONTHS. OS AND PFS AT 24 MONTHS WERE 70.8% AND 68.3%, RESPECTIVELY. THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCES OF GRADE II-IV ACUTE GVHD AND CHRONIC GVHD WERE 27.4% AND 45%, RESPECTIVELY. ONLY A MINORITY OF PATIENTS (11%) REQUIRED DELAYED ADMINISTRATION OF AZA. THESE FINDINGS CONFIRM THAT AZA-DLI MAINTENANCE IS BOTH TOLERABLE AND EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE RISK OF POST-TRANSPLANTATION RELAPSE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12   765  28 CC-486 MAINTENANCE AFTER STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. RELAPSE IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TREATMENT FAILURE AFTER ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ALLOSCT) IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS). INJECTABLE AZACITIDINE CAN IMPROVE POST-TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES BUT PRESENTS CHALLENGES WITH EXPOSURE AND COMPLIANCE. ORAL CC-486 ALLOWS EXTENDED DOSING TO PROLONG AZACITIDINE ACTIVITY. WE INVESTIGATED USE OF CC-486 MAINTENANCE THERAPY AFTER ALLOSCT. ADULTS WITH MDS OR AML IN MORPHOLOGIC COMPLETE REMISSION AT CC-486 INITIATION (42 TO 84 DAYS AFTER ALLOSCT) WERE INCLUDED. PATIENTS RECEIVED 1 OF 4 CC-486 DOSING SCHEDULES PER 28-DAY CYCLE FOR UP TO 12 CYCLES. ENDPOINTS INCLUDED SAFETY, PHARMACOKINETICS, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) INCIDENCE, RELAPSE/PROGRESSION RATE, AND SURVIVAL. OF 30 PATIENTS, 7 RECEIVED CC-486 ONCE DAILY FOR 7 DAYS PER CYCLE (200 MG, N = 3; 300 MG, N = 4) AND 23 FOR 14 DAYS PER CYCLE (150 MG, N = 4; 200 MG, N = 19 [EXPANSION COHORT]). GRADES 3 TO 4 ADVERSE EVENTS WERE INFREQUENT AND OCCURRED WITH SIMILAR FREQUENCY ACROSS REGIMENS. STANDARD CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS DID NOT ALTER CC-486 PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS. THREE PATIENTS (10%) EXPERIENCED GRADE III ACUTE GVHD AND 9 EXPERIENCED CHRONIC GVHD. OF 28 EVALUABLE PATIENTS, 6 (21%) RELAPSED OR HAD PROGRESSIVE DISEASE: 3 OF 7 PATIENTS (43%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 7-DAY DOSING AND 3 OF 23 (13%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 14-DAY DOSING. TRANSPLANT-RELATED MORTALITY WAS 3%. AT 19 MONTHS OF FOLLOW-UP, MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS NOT REACHED. ESTIMATED 1-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES WERE 86% AND 81% IN THE 7-DAY AND 14-DAY DOSING COHORTS, RESPECTIVELY. CC-486 MAINTENANCE WAS GENERALLY WELL TOLERATED, WITH LOW RATES OF RELAPSE, DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND GVHD. CC-486 MAINTENANCE MAY PERMIT EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE ALLOREACTIVE RESPONSE POSTALLOGRAFT. FINDINGS REQUIRE CONFIRMATION IN RANDOMIZED TRIALS. (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT01835587.).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13  3559  34 IMPACT OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS AND DEMENTIA IN RURAL WEST TEXAS: A HEALTHY AGING STUDY. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS, THAT CURRENTLY HAS NO KNOWN CURE. CAUSAL GENETIC FACTORS ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 1-2% OF AD PATIENTS. HOWEVER, OTHER CAUSAL FACTORS ARE STILL UNKNOWN FOR A MAJORITY OF AD PATIENTS. CURRENTLY, MULTIPLE FACTORS ARE IMPLICATED IN LATE-ONSET AD, INCLUDING UNHEALTHY DIET, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, CHRONIC CONDITIONS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. ALTHOUGH CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA ARE COMMON TO ALL RACES AND ETHNIC GROUPS, CONDITIONS THAT LEAD TO DEMENTIA ARE DIFFERENT IN TERMS OF LIFESTYLE, GENETIC PROFILE, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. INCREASING EVIDENCE ALSO SUGGESTS THAT SOME ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS AGE WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN THEIR 60-90S AS SEEN IN RURAL WEST TEXAS, WHILE SOME INDIVIDUALS PROGRESS WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS INTO THEIR 60S. TO UNDERSTAND THESE DISCRIMINATIONS, WE ASSESSED CURRENT LITERATURE ON DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF HEALTH IN RURAL WEST TEXAS. THIS PAPER ALSO OUTLINES OUR INITIATED CLINICAL STUDY WITH A PURPOSE OF UNDERSTANDING THE FACTORS THAT ALLOW SOME INDIVIDUALS TO LIVE WITHOUT COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AT THE AGE OF 60-90 YEARS, WHEREAS OTHERS DEVELOP DEFICITS IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION AROUND OR ABOVE 60 YEARS. OUR ONGOING STUDY HOPES TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS THAT DELAY AGING IN SOME INDIVIDUALS BY INVESTIGATING VARIOUS ASPECTS INCLUDING GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, ETHNICITY, BIOLOGY, CULTURE, AND LIFESTYLE. THIS WILL BE ACHIEVED BY GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT PARTICIPANTS' ETHNOGRAPHIC PROFILES, COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS, BLOOD-PROFILES, BRAIN SCANS, AND BLOOD-BASED GENOMIC ANALYSES IN RELATION TO LIFESTYLE. THE OUTCOMES OF OUR STUDY WILL PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO HEALTHY AGING IN RURAL WEST TEXAS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
14  4010  33 LOW MATERNAL ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASE IN METHYLATION AT THE MEG3-IG DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION IN FEMALE INFANTS. DIET IS DICTATED BY THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT, AS FOOD ACCESS AND AVAILABILITY MAY CHANGE DEPENDING ON WHERE ONE LIVES. MATERNAL DIET DURING PREGNANCY IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE IN UTERO ENVIRONMENT, AND MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOME. STUDIES LOOKING AT OVERALL DIET PATTERN IN RELATION TO DNA METHYLATION HAVE BEEN LACKING. THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET IS KNOWN FOR ITS HEALTH BENEFITS, INCLUDING DECREASED INFLAMMATION, WEIGHT LOSS, AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS STUDY ASSESSES THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET PATTERN DURING PREGNANCY AND INFANT DNA METHYLATION AT BIRTH. MEDITERRANEAN DIET ADHERENCE IN EARLY PREGNANCY WAS MEASURED IN 390 WOMEN ENROLLED IN THE NEWBORN EPIGENETIC STUDY, AND DNA METHYLATION WAS ASSESSED IN THEIR INFANTS AT BIRTH. MULTINOMIAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION WAS USED TO ASSESS THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND INFANT METHYLATION AT THE MEG3, MEG3-IG, PLEIOMORPHIC ADENOMA GENE-LIKE 1, INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 2 GENE, H19, MESODERM-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPT, NEURONATIN, PATERNALLY EXPRESSED GENE 3, SARCOGLYCAN AND PATERNALLY EXPRESSED GENE 10 REGIONS, MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING. INFANTS OF MOTHERS WITH A LOW ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET HAD A GREATER ODDS OF HYPO-METHYLATION AT THE MEG3-IG DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR). SEX-STRATIFIED MODELS SHOWED THAT THIS ASSOCIATION WAS PRESENT IN GIRLS ONLY. THIS STUDY PROVIDES EARLY EVIDENCE ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OVERALL DIET PATTERN AND METHYLATION AT THE 9 DMRS INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY, AND SUGGESTS THAT MATERNAL DIET CAN HAVE A SEX-SPECIFIC IMPACT ON INFANT DNA METHYLATION AT SPECIFIC IMPRINTED DMRS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15  5451  32 REPROGRAMMING CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO NEURONS TO STUDY GULF WAR ILLNESS. GULF WAR ILLNESS (GWI), WHICH AFFLICTS AT LEAST 25% OF VETERANS WHO SERVED IN THE 1990-1991 WAR IN THE PERSIAN GULF, IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY DEPLOYMENT EXPOSURES TO VARIOUS NEUROTOXICANTS, INCLUDING PESTICIDES, ANTI-NERVE GAS PILLS, AND LOW-LEVEL NERVE AGENTS INCLUDING SARIN/CYCLOSARIN. GWI IS A MULTISYMPTOM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY FATIGUE, JOINT PAIN, COGNITIVE PROBLEMS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS. THE MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS OF GWI (MEMORY PROBLEMS, POOR ATTENTION/CONCENTRATION, CHRONIC HEADACHES, MOOD ALTERATIONS, AND IMPAIRED SLEEP) SUGGEST THAT THE DISEASE PRIMARILY AFFECTS THE CNS. DEVELOPMENT OF URGENTLY NEEDED TREATMENTS DEPENDS ON EXPERIMENTAL MODELS APPROPRIATE FOR TESTING MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND FOR SCREENING THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS. RODENT MODELS HAVE BEEN USEFUL THUS FAR, BUT ARE LIMITED BY THEIR INABILITY TO ASSESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND TO THE DISEASE, AND BECAUSE DISEASE-VULNERABLE PROTEINS AND PATHWAYS MAY BE DIFFERENT IN HUMANS RELATIVE TO RODENTS. AS OF YET, NO POSTMORTEM TISSUE FROM THE VETERANS HAS BECOME AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH. WE ARE MOVING FORWARD WITH A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE STUDY OF GWI, WHICH UTILIZES CONTEMPORARY STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY TO CONVERT SOMATIC CELLS FROM GULF WAR VETERANS INTO PLURIPOTENT CELL LINES THAT CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED INTO VARIOUS CELL TYPES, INCLUDING NEURONS, GLIA, MUSCLE, OR OTHER RELEVANT CELL TYPES. SUCH CELL LINES ARE IMMORTAL AND WILL BE A RESOURCE FOR GWI RESEARCHERS TO PURSUE MECHANISTIC HYPOTHESES AND THERAPEUTICS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16  4062  31 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES AND AN INTEGRATED, LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. DESCRIBED AS THE 'INVISIBLE EPIDEMIC', NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. MOST ARE CAUSED BY PREVENTABLE FACTORS, INCLUDING POOR DIET, TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY. DIABETES, CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 38 MILLION (68%) OF GLOBAL DEATHS IN 2012. SINCE 1990, PROPORTIONATE NCD MORTALITY HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY AS POPULATIONS HAVE AGED AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES DECLINE. THE MAJORITY OF NCD DEATHS, ESPECIALLY PREMATURE NCD DEATHS (<70 YEARS, 82%), OCCUR IN LOW-INCOME AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, AND AMONG POOR COMMUNITIES WITHIN THEM. ADDRESSING NCDS IS RECOGNISED AS CENTRAL TO THE POST-2015 AGENDA; ACCORDINGLY, NCDS HAVE A SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE AND TARGET IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. WHILE DEATHS FROM NCDS OCCUR MAINLY IN ADULTHOOD, MANY HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN EARLY LIFE, INCLUDING THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OPERATING BEFORE CONCEPTION. GOOD NUTRITION BEFORE CONCEPTION AND INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING NCDS DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS (FROM CONCEPTION TO AGE 2 YEARS), CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE MAY BE MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN MANAGING ESTABLISHED NCDS IN LATER LIFE WITH COSTLY TESTS AND DRUGS. FOLLOWING A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, BEFORE DELIVERY AND DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE, CAN PREVENT NCDS AND SHOULD INFLUENCE GLOBAL HEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW SUCH AN APPROACH MAY BE PURSUED, INCLUDING THROUGH THE ENGAGEMENT OF NON-HEALTH SECTORS. IT ALSO EMPHASISES EVALUATING AND DOCUMENTING RELATED INITIATIVES TO UNDERWRITE SYSTEMATIC AND EVIDENCE-BASED CROSS-SECTORAL ENGAGEMENT ON NCD PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17  4532  26 MULTIMODAL ANALGESIA FOR PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS PRESENTING FOR SPINAL SURGERY. MULTIMODAL, NON-OPIOID BASED ANALGESIA HAS BECOME THE CORNERSTONE OF ERAS PROTOCOLS FOR EFFECTIVE ANALGESIA AFTER SPINAL SURGERY. OPIOID SIDE EFFECTS, DEPENDENCE AND LEGISLATION RESTRICTING LONG TERM OPIOID USE HAS LED TO A RESURGENCE IN INTEREST IN OPIOID SPARING TECHNIQUES. THE INCREASING ARRAY OF MULTIMODAL OPIOID SPARING ANALGESICS AVAILABLE FOR SPINAL SURGERY TARGETING NOVEL RECEPTORS, TRANSMITTERS, AND ALTERING EPIGENETICS CAN HELP PROVIDE AN OPTIMAL PERIOPERATIVE EXPERIENCE WITH LESS OPIOID SIDE EFFECTS AND LONG-TERM DEPENDENCE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF PAIN MAY ENHANCE OR SUPPRESS GENE EXPRESSION, WITHOUT ALTERING THE GENOME ITSELF. SUCH MECHANISMS ARE COMPLEX, DYNAMIC AND RESPONSIVE TO ENVIRONMENT. ALTERATIONS THAT OCCUR CAN AFFECT THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN MANAGEMENT AT A DNA LEVEL, MODIFYING PERCEIVED PAIN RELIEF. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETICS OF PAIN, SYSTEMIC LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND NEURAXIAL TECHNIQUES THAT CONTINUE TO REMAIN USEFUL FOR SPINAL SURGERY, NEUROPATHIC AGENTS, AS WELL AS OTHER COMMON AND LESS COMMON TARGET RECEPTORS FOR A TRULY MULTIMODAL APPROACH TO PERIOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  1392  29 DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN PREMATURE NEONATES. BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD) IS A FORM OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN PREMATURE INFANTS FOLLOWING RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AT BIRTH. WITH INCREASING SURVIVAL OF EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS, ALVEOLAR SIMPLIFICATION IS THE DEFINING LUNG CHARACTERISTIC OF INFANTS WITH BPD, AND ALONG WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, INCREASINGLY CONTRIBUTES TO BOTH RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THESE INFANTS. GROWTH RESTRICTED INFANTS, INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS OR FOLLOWING PROLONGED PRETERM RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES ARE AT PARTICULAR RISK FOR EARLY ONSET PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. ALTERED VASCULAR AND ALVEOLAR GROWTH PARTICULARLY IN CANALICULAR AND EARLY SACCULAR STAGES OF LUNG DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND OXYGEN THERAPY, RESULTS IN DEVELOPMENTAL LUNG ARREST LEADING TO BPD WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH). EARLY RECOGNITION OF PH IN INFANTS WITH RISK FACTORS IS IMPORTANT FOR OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF THESE INFANTS. SCREENING TOOLS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF PH ARE EVOLVING; HOWEVER, ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IS THE MAINSTAY FOR NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF PH IN INFANTS. CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARE BEING USED AS IMAGING MODALITIES, HOWEVER THEIR ROLE IN IMPROVING OUTCOMES IN THESE PATIENTS IS UNCERTAIN. FOLLOW-UP OF INFANTS AT RISK FOR PH WILL HELP NOT ONLY IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS, BUT ALSO IN APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT OF THESE INFANTS. AGGRESSIVE MANAGEMENT OF LUNG DISEASE, AVOIDANCE OF HYPOXEMIC EPISODES, AND OPTIMAL NUTRITION DETERMINE THE PROGRESSION OF PH, AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS, PARTICULARLY IN GROWTH-RESTRICTED INFANTS. INFANTS WITH DIAGNOSIS OF PH ARE MANAGED WITH PULMONARY VASODILATORS AND THOSE RESISTANT TO THERAPY NEED TO BE WORKED UP FOR THE PRESENCE OF CARDIO-VASCULAR ANOMALIES. THE MANAGEMENT OF INFANTS AND TODDLERS WITH PH, ESPECIALLY FOLLOWING PREMATURE BIRTH IS AN EMERGING FIELD. NONETHELESS, COMBINATION THERAPIES IN A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SETTING IMPROVES OUTCOMES FOR THESE INFANTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  6838  24 [INTRODUCTION OF TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN OMICS SCIENCE TO CLINICAL ANESTHESIA]. MUCH PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN OMICS RESEARCH FOLLOWING COMPLETION OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT. THIS COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS PRODUCED A NEW DISCIPLINE (I.E., BIOINFORMATICS), AND ITS FINDINGS CONTRIBUTED TO THE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF ANESTHESIOLOGY. GENOMES OF PATIENTS SHOW GENETIC VARIATIONS AND MAY PREDICT THE SENSITIVITY TO ANESTHETICS AND ANALGESICS, INCIDENCE OF ADVERSE EFFECTS, AND INTENSITY OF POSTSURGICAL PAIN. CHANGES IN THE TRANSCRIPTOMES OF PATIENTS MAY ALSO REFLECT ANESTHESIA-RELATED EXPRESSION PROFILES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF NEURONS IN THE BRAIN, AND INFORMATION ON SUCH CHANGES MAY CONTRIBUTE TO MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY IN ANESTHETIZED PATIENTS. IN ADDITION, NOVEL EPIGENOME RESEARCH MAY EXPLAIN WHY ENVIRONMENTS CHANGE THE PHENOTYPES OF CLINICAL ANESTHESIA. WE CURRENTLY HYPOTHESIZE THAT FEMALE GENDER IS ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION IN PAIN-RELATED AND VOMITING-RELATED GENE PROMOTER REGIONS AT THE GENOME-WIDE LEVEL AND THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANESTHESIA PRACTICE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20  3722  37 INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLATION DURING CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE BLADDER DISEASE (COBD) IMPROVES FUNCTION, PATHOLOGY AND EXPRESSION. PARTIAL BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION DUE TO PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA OR POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES, IS A WIDESPREAD CAUSE OF URINARY DYSFUNCTION, PATIENT DISCOMFORT AND ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMENSE HEALTH CARE COSTS. EVEN AFTER REMOVAL OR RELIEF OF OBSTRUCTION, THE FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF OBSTRUCTION REMAIN AS A CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE BLADDER DISEASE (COBD). EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, CONTRIBUTE TO THE PERSISTENT CHARACTER OF MANY CHRONIC DISEASES, AND MAY BE ALTERED IN COBD. WE TESTED WHETHER CANDIDATE GENES AND PATHWAYS AND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COBD WERE AFFECTED BY A HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT, DECITABINE (DAC). COBD WAS CREATED IN FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS BY SURGICAL LIGATION OF THE URETHRA FOR 6 WEEKS, FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF THE SUTURE. SHAM LIGATIONS WERE PERFORMED BY PASSING THE SUTURE BEHIND THE URETHRA. AFTER REMOVAL OF THE OBSTRUCTION OR SHAM REMOVAL, ANIMALS WERE RANDOMIZED TO DAC TREATMENT (1 MG/KG/3-TIMES/WEEK INTRAPERITONEALLY) OR VEHICLE (NORMAL SALINE). BLADDER FUNCTION WAS NON-INVASIVELY TESTED USING METABOLIC CAGES, BOTH ONE DAY PRIOR TO DE-OBSTRUCTION AT 6 WEEKS AND PRIOR TO SACRIFICE AT 10 WEEKS. RESIDUAL VOLUME AND BLADDER MASS WERE MEASURED FOR EACH BLADDER. BLADDERS WERE EXAMINED BY IMMUNOSTAINING AS WELL AS QPCR. THE EFFECTS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT)-3A KNOCKOUT OR OVEREXPRESSION ON SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (SMC) FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE WERE ALSO EXAMINED IN BLADDER SMC AND EX VIVO CULTURE. RESIDUAL VOLUMES OF THE DAC TREATED GROUP WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE NS GROUP. COMPARED TO COBD NS, COBD DAC TREATMENT HELPED PRESERVE MICTURITION VOLUME WITH A SIGNIFICANT RECOVERY OF THE VOIDING EFFICIENCY (RATIO OF THE MAXIMUM VOIDED VOLUME/MAXIMUM BLADDER CAPACITY) BY ONE THIRD (FIG. 1, P > 0.05). BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) VARIANTS 1 AND 5 WERE UPREGULATED BY COBD AND SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED BY DAC TREATMENT. DEPOSITION OF COLLAGEN IN THE COBD BLADDER WAS REDUCED BY DAC, BUT GROSS HYPERTROPHY REMAINED. IN BLADDER SMC, DNMT3A OVEREXPRESSION LED TO A LOSS OF CONTRACTILE FUNCTION AND PHENOTYPE. IN BLADDERS, PERSISTENTLY ALTERED BY COBD, INHIBITION OF DNA-METHYLATION ENHANCES FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, UNLIKE TREATMENT DURING PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION, WHICH EXACERBATES OBSTRUCTIVE PATHOLOGY. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS MAY RELATE TO THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN BDNF AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SIGNALING IN THE BLADDER.	2021